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Eftekharpour E, Shcholok T. Cre-recombinase systems for induction of neuron-specific knockout models: a guide for biomedical researchers. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:273-279. [PMID: 35900402 PMCID: PMC9396489 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene deletion has been a valuable tool for unraveling the mysteries of molecular biology. Early approaches included gene trapping and gene targetting to disrupt or delete a gene randomly or at a specific location, respectively. Using these technologies in mouse embryos led to the generation of mouse knockout models and many scientific discoveries. The efficacy and specificity of these approaches have significantly increased with the advent of new technology such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats for targetted gene deletion. However, several limitations including unwanted off-target gene deletion have hindered their widespread use in the field. Cre-recombinase technology has provided additional capacity for cell-specific gene deletion. In this review, we provide a summary of currently available literature on the application of this system for targetted deletion of neuronal genes. This article has been constructed to provide some background information for the new trainees on the mechanism and to provide necessary information for the design, and application of the Cre-recombinase system through reviewing the most frequent promoters that are currently available for genetic manipulation of neurons. We additionally will provide a summary of the latest technological developments that can be used for targeting neurons. This may also serve as a general guide for the selection of appropriate models for biomedical research.
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Quignon C, Beymer M, Gauthier K, Gauer F, Simonneaux V. Thyroid hormone receptors are required for the melatonin-dependent control of Rfrp gene expression in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:12072-12082. [PMID: 32776612 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000961r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammals adapt to seasons using a neuroendocrine calendar defined by the photoperiodic change in the nighttime melatonin production. Under short photoperiod, melatonin inhibits the pars tuberalis production of TSHβ, which, in turn, acts on tanycytes to regulate the deiodinase 2/3 balance resulting in a finely tuned seasonal control of the intra-hypothalamic thyroid hormone T3. Despite the pivotal role of this T3 signaling for synchronizing reproduction with the seasons, T3 cellular targets remain unknown. One candidate is a population of hypothalamic neurons expressing Rfrp, the gene encoding the RFRP-3 peptide, thought to be integral for modulating rodent's seasonal reproduction. Here we show that nighttime melatonin supplementation in the drinking water of melatonin-deficient C57BL/6J mice mimics photoperiodic variations in the expression of the genes Tshb, Dio2, Dio3, and Rfrp, as observed in melatonin-proficient mammals. Notably, we report that this melatonin regulation of Rfrp expression is no longer observed in mice carrying a global mutation of the T3 receptor, TRα, but is conserved in mice with a selective neuronal mutation of TRα. In line with this observation, we find that TRα is widely expressed in the tanycytes. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the melatonin-driven T3 signal regulates RFRP-3 neurons through non-neuronal, possibly tanycytic, TRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Quignon
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthew Beymer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - François Gauer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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DuBois JC, Ray AK, Gruber RC, Zhang Y, Aflakpui R, Macian-Juan F, Shafit-Zagardo B. Akt3-Mediated Protection Against Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1738. [PMID: 31404142 PMCID: PMC6669559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a major role in regulating multiple cellular processes. While the isoforms Akt1 and Akt2 are involved in apoptosis and insulin signaling, respectively, the role for Akt3 remains uncertain. Akt3 is predominantly expressed in the brain, and total deletion of Akt3 in mice results in a reduction in brain size and neurodegeneration following injury. Previously, we found that Akt3-/- mice have a significantly worse clinical course during myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model in which autoreactive immune cells enter the CNS, resulting in inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury. Spinal cords of Akt3-/- mice are severely demyelinated and have increased inflammation compared to WT, suggesting a neuroprotective role for Akt3 during EAE. To specifically address the role of Akt3 in neuroinflammation and maintaining neuronal integrity, we used several mouse strains with different manipulations to Akt3. During EAE, Akt3 Nmf350 mice (with enhanced Akt3 kinase activity) had lower clinical scores, a lag in disease onset, a delay in the influx of inflammatory cells into the CNS, and less axonal damage compared to WT mice. A significant increased efficiency of differentiation toward FOXP3 expressing iTregs was also observed in Akt3 Nmf350 mice relative to WT. Mice with a conditional deletion of Akt3 in CD4+ T-cells had an earlier onset of EAE symptoms, increased inflammation in the spinal cord and brain, and had fewer FOXP3+ cells and FOXP3 mRNA expression. No difference in EAE outcome was observed when Akt3 expression was deleted in neurons (Syn1-CKO). These results indicate that Akt3 signaling in T-cells and not neurons is necessary for maintaining CNS integrity during an inflammatory demyelinating disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Demyelinating Diseases/etiology
- Demyelinating Diseases/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwen C. DuBois
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alex K. Ray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ross C. Gruber
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ranee Aflakpui
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Fernando Macian-Juan
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Bridget Shafit-Zagardo
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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4
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Szibor M, Dhandapani PK, Dufour E, Holmström KM, Zhuang Y, Salwig I, Wittig I, Heidler J, Gizatullina Z, Gainutdinov T, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH, Nandania J, Velagapudi V, Wietelmann A, Rustin P, Gellerich FN, Jacobs HT, Braun T. Broad AOX expression in a genetically tractable mouse model does not disturb normal physiology. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:163-171. [PMID: 28067626 PMCID: PMC5312010 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and many lower organisms, but not mammals, express alternative oxidases (AOXs) that branch the mitochondrial respiratory chain, transferring electrons directly from ubiquinol to oxygen without proton pumping. Thus, they maintain electron flow under conditions when the classical respiratory chain is impaired, limiting excess production of oxygen radicals and supporting redox and metabolic homeostasis. AOX from Ciona intestinalis has been used to study and mitigate mitochondrial impairments in mammalian cell lines, Drosophila disease models and, most recently, in the mouse, where multiple lentivector-AOX transgenes conferred substantial expression in specific tissues. Here, we describe a genetically tractable mouse model in which Ciona AOX has been targeted to the Rosa26 locus for ubiquitous expression. The AOXRosa26 mouse exhibited only subtle phenotypic effects on respiratory complex formation, oxygen consumption or the global metabolome, and showed an essentially normal physiology. AOX conferred robust resistance to inhibitors of the respiratory chain in organello; moreover, animals exposed to a systemically applied LD50 dose of cyanide did not succumb. The AOXRosa26 mouse is a useful tool to investigate respiratory control mechanisms and to decipher mitochondrial disease aetiology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Szibor
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Praveen K Dhandapani
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Eric Dufour
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Kira M Holmström
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabelle Salwig
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Macromolecular Complexes", Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 2, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
- Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jatin Nandania
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Pierre Rustin
- INSERM UMR 1141 and Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France
| | - Frank N Gellerich
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg D-39118, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
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Richard S, Aguilera N, Thévenet M, Dkhissi-Benyahya O, Flamant F. Neuronal expression of a thyroid hormone receptor α mutation alters mouse behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2016; 321:18-27. [PMID: 28011173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans, alterations in thyroid hormone signalling are associated with mood and anxiety disorders, but the neural mechanisms underlying such association are poorly understood. The present study investigates the involvement of neuronal thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) in anxiety, using mouse genetics and Cre/loxP technology to specifically alter TRα signalling in neurons. We evaluated the behaviour of mice expressing a dominant negative, neuron-specific mutation of TRα (TRαAMI/Cre3 mice), using the elevated-plus maze, light-dark box and open-field tests. In a first experiment, mice were housed individually, and the behaviour of TRαAMI/Cre3 mice differed significantly from that of control littermates in these 3 tests, suggesting heightened anxiety. In a second experiment, designed to evaluate the robustness of the results with the same 3 tests, mice were housed in groups. In these conditions, the behaviour of TRαAMI/Cre3 mice differed from that of control littermates only in the light-dark box. Thus, TRαAMI/Cre3 mice appear to be more likely to develop anxiety under stressful housing conditions than control mice. These results suggest that in adult mice, thyroid hormone signalling in neurons, via TRα, is involved in the control of anxiety behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Richard
- IGFL, INRA, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS Lyon, 69 007 France.
| | - N Aguilera
- PBES, SFR Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMS3444, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, France
| | | | - O Dkhissi-Benyahya
- INSERM U846, Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute, Department of Chronobiology, University of Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France.
| | - F Flamant
- IGFL, INRA, Univ. Lyon 1, CNRS, ENS Lyon, 69 007 France.
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6
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Zhan X, Cao M, Yoo AS, Zhang Z, Chen L, Crabtree GR, Wu JI. Generation of BAF53b-Cre transgenic mice with pan-neuronal Cre activities. Genesis 2015; 53:440-8. [PMID: 26077106 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and functional studies of genes in neurons in mouse models require neuron-specific Cre lines. The current available neuronal Cre transgenic or knock-in lines either result in expression in a subset of neurons or expression in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Previously we identified BAF53b as a neuron-specific subunit of the chromatin remodeling BAF complexes. Using a bacteria artificial chromosome (BAC) construct containing the BAF53b gene, we generated a Cre transgenic mouse under the control of BAF53b regulatory elements. Like the endogenous BAF53b gene, we showed that BAF53b-Cre is largely neuron-specific. In both central and peripheral nervous systems, it was expressed in all developing neurons examined and was not observed in neural progenitors or glial cells. In addition, BAF53b-Cre functioned in primary cultures in a pan-neuron-specific manner. Thus, BAF53b-Cre mice will be a useful genetic tool to manipulate gene expression in developing neurons for molecular, biochemical, and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhan
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mou Cao
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew S Yoo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zilai Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- Department of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California
| | - Jiang I Wu
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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7
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Tsou RC, Bence KK. Central regulation of metabolism by protein tyrosine phosphatases. Front Neurosci 2013; 6:192. [PMID: 23308070 PMCID: PMC3538333 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulators of intracellular signaling pathways via the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosyl residues on various receptor and non-receptor substrates. The phosphorylation state of central nervous system (CNS) signaling components underlies the molecular mechanisms of a variety of physiological functions including the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current evidence implicating PTPs as central regulators of metabolism, specifically highlighting their interactions with the neuronal leptin and insulin signaling pathways. We discuss the role of a number of PTPs (PTP1B, SHP2, TCPTP, RPTPe, and PTEN), reviewing the findings from genetic mouse models and in vitro studies which highlight these phosphatases as key central regulators of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Tsou
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Krajewska M, You Z, Rong J, Kress C, Huang X, Yang J, Kyoda T, Leyva R, Banares S, Hu Y, Sze CH, Whalen MJ, Salmena L, Hakem R, Head BP, Reed JC, Krajewski S. Neuronal deletion of caspase 8 protects against brain injury in mouse models of controlled cortical impact and kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24341. [PMID: 21957448 PMCID: PMC3174961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute brain injury is an important health problem. Given the critical position of caspase 8 at the crossroads of cell death pathways, we generated a new viable mouse line (Ncasp8−/−), in which the gene encoding caspase 8 was selectively deleted in neurons by cre-lox system. Methodology/Principal Findings Caspase 8 deletion reduced rates of neuronal cell death in primary neuronal cultures and in whole brain organotypic coronal slice cultures prepared from 4 and 8 month old mice and cultivated up to 14 days in vitro. Treatments of cultures with recombinant murine TNFα (100 ng/ml) or TRAIL (250 ng/mL) plus cyclohexamide significantly protected neurons against cell death induced by these apoptosis-inducing ligands. A protective role of caspase 8 deletion in vivo was also demonstrated using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and seizure-induced brain injury caused by kainic acid (KA). Morphometric analyses were performed using digital imaging in conjunction with image analysis algorithms. By employing virtual images of hundreds of brain sections, we were able to perform quantitative morphometry of histological and immunohistochemical staining data in an unbiased manner. In the TBI model, homozygous deletion of caspase 8 resulted in reduced lesion volumes, improved post-injury motor performance, superior learning and memory retention, decreased apoptosis, diminished proteolytic processing of caspases and caspase substrates, and less neuronal degeneration, compared to wild type, homozygous cre, and caspase 8-floxed control mice. In the KA model, Ncasp8−/− mice demonstrated superior survival, reduced seizure severity, less apoptosis, and reduced caspase 3 processing. Uninjured aged knockout mice showed improved learning and memory, implicating a possible role for caspase 8 in cognitive decline with aging. Conclusions Neuron-specific deletion of caspase 8 reduces brain damage and improves post-traumatic functional outcomes, suggesting an important role for this caspase in pathophysiology of acute brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryla Krajewska
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zerong You
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juan Rong
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Kress
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xianshu Huang
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jinsheng Yang
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Kyoda
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Leyva
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Banares
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chia-Hung Sze
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Razqallah Hakem
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian P. Head
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John C. Reed
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SK); (JCR)
| | - Stan Krajewski
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SK); (JCR)
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Nowakowski A, Alonso-Martín S, González-Manchón C, Larrucea S, Fernández D, Vilar M, Cerdán S, Ayuso MS, Parrilla R. Ventricular enlargement associated with the panneural ablation of the podocalyxin gene. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 43:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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10
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Krajewska M, Banares S, Zhang EE, Huang X, Scadeng M, Jhala US, Feng GS, Krajewski S. Development of diabesity in mice with neuronal deletion of Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1312-24. [PMID: 18403587 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes, termed "diabesity," are serious health problems that are increasing in frequency. However, the molecular mechanisms and neuronal regulation of these metabolic disorders are not fully understood. We show here that Shp2, a widely expressed Src homology 2-containing Tyr phosphatase, plays a critical role in the adult brain to control food intake, energy balance, and metabolism. Mice with a neuron-specific, conditional Shp2 deletion were generated by crossing a pan-neuronal Cre-line (CRE3) with Shp2(flox/flox) mice. These congenic mice, CRE3/Shp2-KO, developed obesity and diabetes and the associated pathophysiological complications that resemble those encountered in humans, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, insulin and leptin resistance, vasculitis, diabetic nephropathy, urinary bladder infections, prostatitis, gastric paresis, and impaired spermatogenesis. This mouse model may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of diabesity in humans and provide a tool to study the in vivo complications of uncontrolled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryla Krajewska
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gavériaux-Ruff C, Kieffer BL. Conditional gene targeting in the mouse nervous system: Insights into brain function and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 113:619-34. [PMID: 17289150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conditional gene knockout represents an extremely powerful approach to study the function of single genes in the nervous system. The Cre-LoxP system is the most advanced technology for spatial and temporal control of genetic inactivation, and there is rapid progress using this methodology in neuroscience research. In this approach, mice with LoxP sites flanking the gene of interest (floxed mice) are bred with transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of a selected promoter (Cre mice). This promoter is critical in that it determines the time and site of Cre expression. Cre enzyme, in turn, recombines the floxed gene and produces gene knockout. Here we review Cre mouse lines that have been developed to target either the entire brain, selected brain areas, or specific neuronal populations. We then summarize phenotypic consequences of conditional gene targeting in the brain for more than 40 genes, as reported to date. For many broadly expressed genes, brain-restricted knockout has overcome lethality of conventional knockout (KO) and has highlighted a specific role of the encoded protein in some aspect of brain function. In the case of neural genes, data from null mutants in specific brain sites or neurons has refined our understanding of the role of individual molecules that regulate complex behaviors or synaptic plasticity within neural circuits. Among the many developing functional genomic approaches, conditional gene targeting in the mouse has become an excellent tool to elucidate the function of the approximately 5000 known or unknown genes that operate in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gavériaux-Ruff
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.
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