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Kowalik MA, Taguchi K, Serra M, Caddeo A, Puliga E, Bacci M, Koshiba S, Inoue J, Hishinuma E, Morandi A, Giordano S, Perra A, Yamamoto M, Columbano A. Metabolic reprogramming in Nrf2-driven proliferation of normal rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 2024; 79:829-843. [PMID: 37603610 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cancer cells reprogram their metabolic pathways to support bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs and to maintain their redox balance. In several human tumors, the Keap1-Nrf2 system controls proliferation and metabolic reprogramming by regulating the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). However, whether this metabolic reprogramming also occurs in normal proliferating cells is unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the metabolic phenotype in normal proliferating hepatocytes, we induced cell proliferation in the liver by 3 distinct stimuli: liver regeneration by partial hepatectomy and hepatic hyperplasia induced by 2 direct mitogens: lead nitrate (LN) or triiodothyronine. Following LN treatment, well-established features of cancer metabolic reprogramming, including enhanced glycolysis, oxidative PPP, nucleic acid synthesis, NAD + /NADH synthesis, and altered amino acid content, as well as downregulated oxidative phosphorylation, occurred in normal proliferating hepatocytes displaying Nrf2 activation. Genetic deletion of Nrf2 blunted LN-induced PPP activation and suppressed hepatocyte proliferation. Moreover, Nrf2 activation and following metabolic reprogramming did not occur when hepatocyte proliferation was induced by partial hepatectomy or triiodothyronine. CONCLUSIONS Many metabolic changes in cancer cells are shared by proliferating normal hepatocytes in response to a hostile environment. Nrf2 activation is essential for bridging metabolic changes with crucial components of cancer metabolic reprogramming, including the activation of oxidative PPP. Our study demonstrates that matured hepatocytes exposed to LN undergo cancer-like metabolic reprogramming and offers a rapid and useful in vivo model to study the molecular alterations underpinning the differences/similarities of metabolic changes in normal and neoplastic hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Caddeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Puliga
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Oncology Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Bacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jin Inoue
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Hishinuma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Oncology Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Opazo MC, Rivera JC, Gonzalez PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Thyroid Gene Mutations in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Diagnosed With Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism: Implications for the Offspring's Health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:679002. [PMID: 34721286 PMCID: PMC8551387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.679002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetus and infants require appropriate thyroid hormone levels and iodine during pregnancy and lactation. Nature endorses the mother to supply thyroid hormones to the fetus and iodine to the lactating infant. Genetic variations on thyroid proteins that cause dyshormonogenic congenital hypothyroidism could in pregnant and breastfeeding women impair the delivery of thyroid hormones and iodine to the offspring. The review discusses maternal genetic variations in thyroid proteins that, in the context of pregnancy and/or breastfeeding, could trigger thyroid hormone deficiency or iodide transport defect that will affect the proper development of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Gonzalez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Cao L, Lou X, Zhou L, Wu Y. The decrease of T3 / T4 is not hypothyroidism - a new mutation of Serpina7 gene results in partial thyroglobulin deficiency. Pharmazie 2021; 76:428-430. [PMID: 34481533 DOI: 10.1691/ph.2021.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To explore an unusual cause of the decrease of T3/T4 through a new mutation of TBG gene in a family, so as to avoid habitual thinking and reduce subsequent over treatment. TSH, free total T4, T3 and free T4, T3 were determined by automatic chemiluminescence immunoassay. The TBG mutation was identified by direct DNA sequencing. A frameshift mutation of p. l372ffs * 32 was found in the TBG gene (c.1114delc) of the patient by direct DNA sequencing, and the proband of the family was heterozygous. In vitro expression showed that the affinity of TBG for T4 decreased. Further examination of the family members showed that T3 and T4 were decreased, while FT3, FT4 and TSH were normal. If the patients with low TT4 and TT3 but normal TSH are found, the serum TBG level and related genes should be detected to determine whether it is TBG deficiency and avoid wrong treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, China;,
| | - Xiaojia Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, China
| | - Yuedan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, China
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Wouters HJCM, Slagter SN, Muller Kobold AC, van der Klauw MM, Wolffenbuttel BHR. Epidemiology of thyroid disorders in the Lifelines Cohort Study (the Netherlands). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242795. [PMID: 33237973 PMCID: PMC7688129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone plays a pivotal role in human metabolism. In epidemiologic studies, adequate registration of thyroid disorders is warranted. We examined the prevalence of thyroid disorders, reported thyroid medication use, thyroid hormone levels, and validity of thyroid data obtained from questionnaires in the Lifelines Cohort Study. METHODS We evaluated baseline data of all 152180 subjects (aged 18-93 years) of the Lifelines Cohort Study. At baseline, participants were asked about previous thyroid surgery and current and previous thyroid hormone use. At follow-up (n = 136776, after median 43 months), incident thyroid disorders could be reported in an open, non-structured question. Data on baseline thyroid hormone measurements (TSH, FT4 and FT3) were available in a subset of 39935 participants. RESULTS Of the 152180 participants, mean (±SD) age was 44.6±13.1 years and 58.5% were female. Thyroid medication was used by 4790 participants (3.1%); the majority (98.2%) used levothyroxine, and 88% were females. 59.3% of levothyroxine users had normal TSH levels. The prevalence of abnormal TSH levels in those not using thyroid medication was 10.8%; 9.4% had a mildly elevated (4.01-10.0 mIU/L), 0.7% had suppressed (<0.40 mIU/L), while 0.7% had elevated (>10.0 mIU/L) TSH levels. Over 98% of subjects with TSH between 4 and 10 mIU/L had normal FT4. Open text questions allowing to report previous thyroid surgery and incident thyroid disorders proved not to be reliable and severely underestimated the true incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders. CONCLUSIONS Undetected thyroid disorders were prevalent in the general population, whereas the prevalence of thyroid medication use was 3.1%. Less than 60% of individuals using levothyroxine had a normal TSH level. The large group of individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism (9.4%) offers an excellent possibility to prospectively follow the natural course of this disorder. Both structured questions as well as linking to G.P.'s and pharmacists' data are necessary to improve the completeness and reliability of Lifelines' data on thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke J. C. M. Wouters
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra N. Slagter
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke C. Muller Kobold
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie M. van der Klauw
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Sanoh S, Hanada H, Kashiwagi K, Mori T, Goto-Inoue N, Suzuki KIT, Mori J, Nakamura N, Yamamoto T, Kitamura S, Kotake Y, Sugihara K, Ohta S, Kashiwagi A. Amiodarone bioconcentration and suppression of metamorphosis in Xenopus. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 228:105623. [PMID: 32956954 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace concentrations of a number of pharmaceutically active compounds have been detected in the aquatic environment in many countries, where they are thought to have the potential to exert adverse effects on non-target organisms. Amiodarone (AMD) is one such high-risk compound commonly used in general hospitals. AMD is known to alter normal thyroid hormone (TH) function, although little information is available regarding the specific mechanism by which this disruption occurs. Anuran tadpole metamorphosis is a TH-controlled developmental process and has proven to be useful as a screening tool for environmental pollutants suspected of disrupting TH functions. In the present study, our objective was to clarify the effects of AMD on Xenopus metamorphosis as well as to assess the bioconcentration of this pharmaceutical in the liver. We found that AMD suppressed spontaneous metamorphosis, including tail regression and hindlimb elongation in pro-metamorphic stage tadpoles, which is controlled by endogenous circulating TH, indicating that AMD is a TH antagonist. In transgenic X. laevis tadpoles carrying plasmid DNA containing TH-responsive element (TRE) and a 5'-upstream promoter region of the TH receptor (TR) βA1 gene linked to a green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene, triiodothyronine (T3) exposure induced a strong EGFP expression in the hind limbs, whereas the addition of AMD to T3 suppressed EGFP expression, suggesting that this drug interferes with the binding of T3 to TR, leading to the inhibition of TR-mediated gene expression. We also found AMD to be highly bioconcentrated in the liver of pro-metamorphic X. tropicalis tadpoles, and we monitored hepatic accumulation of this drug using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Our findings suggest that AMD imposes potential risk to aquatic wildlife by disrupting TH homeostasis, with further possibility of accumulating in organisms higher up in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hanada
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kashiwagi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Mori
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi T Suzuki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Junpei Mori
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Naoki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Kitamura
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan.
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Sugihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshinkai, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kashiwagi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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Kharrazian D, Herbert M, Vojdani A. Cross-Reactivity between Chemical Antibodies Formed to Serum Proteins and Thyroid Axis Target Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197324. [PMID: 33023043 PMCID: PMC7583776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In some instances, when chemicals bind to proteins, they have the potential to induce a conformational change in the macromolecule that may misfold in such a way that makes it similar to the various target sites or act as a neoantigen without conformational change. Cross-reactivity then can occur if epitopes of the protein share surface topology to similar binding sites. Alteration of peptides that share topological equivalence with alternating side chains can lead to the formation of binding surfaces that may mimic the antigenic structure of a variant peptide or protein. We investigated how antibodies made against thyroid target sites may bind to various chemical–albumin compounds where binding of the chemical has induced human serum albumin (HSA) misfolding. We found that specific monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies developed against thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, 5′-deiodinase, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) bound to various chemical HSA compounds. Our study identified a new mechanism through which chemicals bound to circulating serum proteins lead to structural protein misfolding that creates neoantigens, resulting in the development of antibodies that bind to key target proteins of the thyroid axis through protein misfolding. For demonstration of specificity of thyroid antibody binding to various haptenic chemicals bound to HSA, both serial dilution and inhibition studies were performed and proportioned to the dilution. A significant decline in these reactions was observed. This laboratory analysis of immune reactivity between thyroid target sites and chemicals bound to HSA antibodies identifies a new mechanism by which chemicals can disrupt thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Martha Herbert
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
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Quignon C, Beymer M, Gauthier K, Gauer F, Simonneaux V. Thyroid hormone receptors are required for the melatonin-dependent control of Rfrp gene expression in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:12072-12082. [PMID: 32776612 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000961r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammals adapt to seasons using a neuroendocrine calendar defined by the photoperiodic change in the nighttime melatonin production. Under short photoperiod, melatonin inhibits the pars tuberalis production of TSHβ, which, in turn, acts on tanycytes to regulate the deiodinase 2/3 balance resulting in a finely tuned seasonal control of the intra-hypothalamic thyroid hormone T3. Despite the pivotal role of this T3 signaling for synchronizing reproduction with the seasons, T3 cellular targets remain unknown. One candidate is a population of hypothalamic neurons expressing Rfrp, the gene encoding the RFRP-3 peptide, thought to be integral for modulating rodent's seasonal reproduction. Here we show that nighttime melatonin supplementation in the drinking water of melatonin-deficient C57BL/6J mice mimics photoperiodic variations in the expression of the genes Tshb, Dio2, Dio3, and Rfrp, as observed in melatonin-proficient mammals. Notably, we report that this melatonin regulation of Rfrp expression is no longer observed in mice carrying a global mutation of the T3 receptor, TRα, but is conserved in mice with a selective neuronal mutation of TRα. In line with this observation, we find that TRα is widely expressed in the tanycytes. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the melatonin-driven T3 signal regulates RFRP-3 neurons through non-neuronal, possibly tanycytic, TRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Quignon
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthew Beymer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karine Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - François Gauer
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (CNRS UPR 3212), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Wejaphikul K, Groeneweg S, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Chatterjee VK, Peeters RP, Meima ME, Visser WE. Insight Into Molecular Determinants of T3 vs T4 Recognition From Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptor α and β. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3491-3500. [PMID: 30817817 PMCID: PMC6599431 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The two major forms of circulating thyroid hormones (THs) are T3 and T4. T3 is regarded as the biologically active hormone because it binds to TH receptors (TRs) with greater affinity than T4. However, it is currently unclear what structural mechanisms underlie this difference in affinity. OBJECTIVE Prompted by the identification of a novel M256T mutation in a resistance to TH (RTH)α patient, we investigated Met256 in TRα1 and the corresponding residue (Met310) in TRβ1, residues previously predicted by crystallographic studies in discrimination of T3 vs T4. METHODS Clinical characterization of the RTHα patient and molecular studies (in silico protein modeling, radioligand binding, transactivation, and receptor-cofactor studies) were performed. RESULTS Structural modeling of the TRα1-M256T mutant showed that distortion of the hydrophobic niche to accommodate the outer ring of ligand was more pronounced for T3 than T4, suggesting that this substitution has little impact on the affinity for T4. In agreement with the model, TRα1-M256T selectively reduced the affinity for T3. Also, unlike other naturally occurring TRα mutations, TRα1-M256T had a differential impact on T3- vs T4-dependent transcriptional activation. TRα1-M256A and TRβ1-M310T mutants exhibited similar discordance for T3 vs T4. CONCLUSIONS Met256-TRα1/Met310-TRβ1 strongly potentiates the affinity of TRs for T3, thereby largely determining that T3 is the bioactive hormone rather than T4. These observations provide insight into the molecular basis for underlying the different affinity of TRs for T3 vs T4, delineating a fundamental principle of TH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karn Wejaphikul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - V Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: W. Edward Visser, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands. E-mail:
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Abstract
In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of thyroglobulin is conserved in all vertebrates. Upon thyroglobulin delivery from thyrocytes to the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland via the secretory pathway, multiple tyrosine residues can become iodinated to form mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) and/or di-iodotyrosine (DIT); however, selective tyrosine residues lead to preferential formation of T4 and T3 at distinct sites. T4 formation involves oxidative coupling between two DIT side chains, and de novo T3 formation involves coupling between an MIT donor and a DIT acceptor. Thyroid hormone synthesis is stimulated by TSH activating its receptor (TSHR), which upregulates the activity of many thyroid gene products involved in hormonogenesis. Additionally, TSH regulates post-translational changes in thyroglobulin that selectively enhance its capacity for T3 formation - this process is important in iodide deficiency and in Graves disease. 167 different mutations, many of which are newly discovered, are now known to exist in TG (encoding human thyroglobulin) that can lead to defective thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Silva TM, Moretto FCF, Sibio MTD, Gonçalves BM, Oliveira M, Olimpio RMC, Oliveira DAM, Costa SMB, Deprá IC, Namba V, Nunes MT, Nogueira CR. Triiodothyronine (T3) upregulates the expression of proto-oncogene TGFA independent of MAPK/ERK pathway activation in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, MCF7. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2019; 63:142-147. [PMID: 30916164 PMCID: PMC10522138 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the physiological action of triiodothyronine T3 on the expression of transforming growth factor α (TGFA) mRNA in MCF7 cells by inhibition of RNA Polymerase II and the MAPK/ERK pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell line was treated with T3 at a physiological dose (10-9M) for 10 minutes, 1 and 4 hour (h) in the presence or absence of the inhibitors, α-amanitin (RNA polymerase II inhibitor) and PD98059 (MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitor). TGFA mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. For data analysis, we used ANOVA, complemented with the Tukey test and Student t-test, with a minimum significance of 5%. RESULTS T3 increases the expression of TGFA mRNA in MCF7 cells in 4 h of treatment. Inhibition of RNA polymerase II modulates the effect of T3 treatment on the expression of TGFA in MCF7 cells. Activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway is not required for T3 to affect the expression of TGFA mRNA. CONCLUSION Treatment with a physiological concentration of T3 after RNA polymerase II inhibition altered the expression of TGFA. Inhibition of the MAPK/ERK pathway after T3 treatment does not interfere with the TGFA gene expression in a breast adenocarcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabata M. Silva
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernanda C. F. Moretto
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria T. De Sibio
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Bianca M. Gonçalves
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Miriane Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Regiane M. C. Olimpio
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Diego A. M. Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBotucatuSPBrasilUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Sarah M. B. Costa
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Igor C. Deprá
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Vickeline Namba
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria T. Nunes
- Universidade de São PauloUniversidade de São PauloInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasDepartamento de Fisiologia e BiofísicaSão PauloSPBrasilDepartamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Célia R. Nogueira
- Universidade Estadual PaulistaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaFaculdade de Medicina de BotucatuDepartamento de Medicina InternaBotucatuSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Park E, Jung J, Araki O, Tsunekawa K, Park SY, Kim J, Murakami M, Jeong SY, Lee S. Concurrent TSHR mutations and DIO2 T92A polymorphism result in abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10090. [PMID: 29973617 PMCID: PMC6031622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deiodinase 2 (DIO2) plays an important role in thyroid hormone metabolism and its regulation. However, molecular mechanism that regulates DIO2 activity remains unclear; only mutaions in selenocysteine insertion sequence binding protein 2 and selenocysteine tranfer RNA (tRNA[Ser]Sec) are reported to result in decreased DIO2 activity. Two patients with clinical evidence of abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism were identified and found to have TSHR mutations as well as DIO2 T92A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Primary-cultured fibroblasts from one patient present a high level of basal DIO2 enzymatic activity, possibly due to compensation by augmented DIO2 expression. However, this high enzymatic active state yet fails to respond to accelerating TSH. Consequently, TSHR mutations along with DIO2 T92A SNP ("double hit") may lead to a significant reduction in DIO2 activity stimulated by TSH, and thereby may have clinical relevance in a select population of hypothyroidism patients who might benefit from a T3/T4 combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkuk Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jung
- Department of Internal medicine, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Seon-Yong Jeong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sihoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory of Genomics and Translational Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Kollitz EM, De Carbonnel L, Stapleton HM, Lee Ferguson P. The Affinity of Brominated Phenolic Compounds for Human and Zebrafish Thyroid Receptor β: Influence of Chemical Structure. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:226-239. [PMID: 29409039 PMCID: PMC5920296 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brominated phenolic compounds (BPCs) are found in the environment, and in human and wildlife tissues, and some are considered to have endocrine disrupting activities. The goal of this study was to determine how structural differences of 3 BPC classes impact binding affinities for the thyroid receptor beta (TRβ) in humans and zebrafish. BPC classes included halogenated bisphenol A derivatives, halogenated oxidative transformation products of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), and brominated phenols. Affinities were assessed using recombinant TRβ protein in competitive binding assays with 125I-triiodothyronine (125I-T3) as the radioligand. Zebrafish and human TRβ displayed similar binding affinities for T3 (Ki = 0.40 and 0.49 nM) and thyroxine (T4, Ki = 6.7 and 6.8 nM). TRβ affinity increased with increasing halogen mass and atomic radius for both species, with the iodinated compounds having the highest affinity within their compound classes. Increasing halogen mass and radius increases the molecular weight, volume, and hydrophobicity of a compound, which are all highly correlated with increasing affinity. TRβ affinity also increased with the degree of halogenation for both species. Human TRβ displayed higher binding affinities for the halogenate bisphenol A compounds, whereas zebrafish TRβ displayed higher affinities for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trifluorophenol. Observed species differences may be related to amino acid differences within the ligand binding domains. Overall, structural variations impact TRβ affinities in a similar manner, supporting the use of zebrafish as a model for TRβ disruption. Further studies are necessary to investigate how the identified structural modifications impact downstream receptor activities and potential in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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13
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Yaglova NV, Sledneva YP, Nazimova SV, Obernikhin SS, Yaglov VV. Sex Differences in the Production of SLC5A5, Thyroid Peroxidase, and Thyroid Hormones in Pubertal Rats Exposed to Endocrine Disruptor Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) during Postnatal Ontogeny. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:430-433. [PMID: 29500802 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the expression of iodide transporter SLC5A5 and thyroid peroxidase in thyroid follicular epithelium and thyroid serum profile were assessed in pubertal rats exposed to endocrine disruptor DDT starting from the first postnatal day. It was found that exposure to DDT reduced expression of SLC5A5 in peripheral regions of thyroid lobes in males and in central regions in females. The most pronounced sex differences were observed in thyroid peroxidase expression that remained sensitive to thyroid stimulating hormone regulation in males and lost sensitivity to pituitary stimulation in females after exposure to disruptor, which determines more pronounced hypothyroidism in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Yaglova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yu P Sledneva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Nazimova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - V V Yaglov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Holzer G, Roux N, Laudet V. Evolution of ligands, receptors and metabolizing enzymes of thyroid signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:5-13. [PMID: 28342854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play important roles in vertebrates such as the control of the metabolism, development and seasonality. Given the pleiotropic effects of thyroid disorders (developmental delay, mood disorder, tachycardia, etc), THs signaling is highly investigated, specially using mammalian models. In addition, the critical role of TH in controlling frog metamorphosis has led to the use of Xenopus as another prominent model to study THs action. Nevertheless, animals regarded as non-model species can also improve our understanding of THs signaling. For instance, studies in amphioxus highlighted the role of Triac as a bona fide thyroid hormone receptor (TR) ligand. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the THs signaling in the different taxa forming the metazoans (multicellular animals) group. We mainly focus on three actors of the THs signaling: the ligand, the receptor and the deiodinases, enzymes playing a critical role in THs metabolism. By doing so, we also pinpoint many key questions that remain unanswered. How can THs accelerate metamorphosis in tunicates and echinoderms while their TRs have not been yet demonstrated as functional THs receptors in these species? Do THs have a biological effect in insects and cnidarians even though they do not have any TR? What is the basic function of THs in invertebrate protostomia? These questions can appear disconnected from pharmacological issues and human applications, but the investigation of THs signaling at the metazoans scale can greatly improve our understanding of this major endocrinological pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Holzer
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Natacha Roux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins UMR 7232, CNRS et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins UMR 7232, CNRS et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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15
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Ambrosio R, De Stefano MA, Di Girolamo D, Salvatore D. Thyroid hormone signaling and deiodinase actions in muscle stem/progenitor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:79-83. [PMID: 28630021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates such crucial biological functions as normal growth, development and metabolism of nearly all vertebrate tissues. In skeletal muscle, TH plays a critical role in regulating the function of satellite cells, the bona fide skeletal muscle stem cells. Deiodinases (D2 and D3) have been found to modulate the expression of various TH target genes in satellite cells. Regulation of the expression and activity of the deiodinases constitutes a cell-autonomous, pre-receptor mechanism that controls crucial steps during the various phases of myogenesis. Here, we review the roles of deiodinases in skeletal muscle stem cells, particularly in muscle homeostasis and upon regeneration. We focus on the role of T3 in stem cell functions and in commitment towards lineage progression. We also discuss how deiodinases might be therapeutically exploited to improve satellite-cell-mediated muscle repair in skeletal muscle disorders or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ambrosio
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Angela De Stefano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Girolamo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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16
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Orozco A, Lazcano I, Hernández-Puga G, Olvera A. Non-mammalian models reveal the role of alternative ligands for thyroid hormone receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:59-63. [PMID: 28267601 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, or THs, are well-known regulators of a wide range of biological processes that occur throughout the lifespan of all vertebrates. THs act through genomic mechanisms mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). The main product of the thyroid gland is thyroxine or T4, which can be further transformed by different biochemical pathways to produce at least 15 active or inactive molecules. T3, a product of T4 outer-ring deiodination, has been recognized as the main bioactive TH. However, growing evidence has shown that other TH derivatives are able to bind to, and/or activate TRs, to induce thyromimetic effects. The compiled data in this review points to at least two of these TR alternative ligands: TRIAC and T2. Taking this into account, non-mammalian models have proven to be advantageous to explore new TH derivatives with potential novel actions, prompting a re-evaluation of the role and mechanism of action of TR alternative ligands that were previously believed to be inactive. The functional implications of these ligands across different vertebrates may require us to reconsider current established notions of thyroid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro.76230, Mexico.
| | - Iván Lazcano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro.76230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Puga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro.76230, Mexico
| | - Aurora Olvera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro.76230, Mexico
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17
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Sower SA, Hausken KN. A lamprey view on the origins of neuroendocrine regulation of the thyroid axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:21-27. [PMID: 28412521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This mini review summarizes the current knowledge of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) endocrine system in lampreys, jawless vertebrates. Lampreys and hagfish are the only two extant members of the class of agnathans, the oldest lineage of vertebrates. The high conservation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in lampreys makes the lamprey model highly appropriate for comparative and evolutionary analyses. However, there are still many unknown questions concerning the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) axis in its regulation of thyroid activities in lampreys. As an example, the hypothalamic and pituitary hormone(s) that regulate the HPT axis have not been confirmed and/or characterized. Similar to gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates), lampreys produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from thyroid follicles that are suggested to be involved in larval development, metamorphosis, and reproduction. The existing data provide evidence of a primitive, overlapping yet functional HPG and HPT endocrine system in lamprey. We hypothesize that lampreys are in an evolutionary intermediate stage of hypothalamic-pituitary development, leading to the emergence of the highly specialized HPG and HPT endocrine axes in jawed vertebrates. Study of the ancient lineage of jawless vertebrates, the agnathans, is key to understanding the origins of the neuroendocrine system in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia A Sower
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Krist N Hausken
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Liu Y, Wu D, Xu Q, Yu L, Liu C, Wang J. Acute exposure to tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) affects growth and development of embryo-larval zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 2017; 191:17-24. [PMID: 28772162 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), is used as a flame retardant worldwide. It is an additive in materials and can be easily discharged into the surrounding environment. There is evidence linking TBOEP exposure to abnormal development and growth in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Here, using zebrafish embryo as a model, we investigated toxicological effects on developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) caused by TBOEP at concentrations of 0, 20, 200, 1000, 2000μg/L starting from 2h post-fertilization (hpf). Our findings revealed that TBOEP exposure caused developmental toxicity, such as malformation, growth delay and decreased heart rate in zebrafish larvae. Correlation analysis indicated that inhibition of growth was possibly due to down-regulation of expression of genes related to the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Furthermore, exposure to TBOEP significantly increased thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in whole larvae. In addition, changed expression of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis was observed, indicating that perturbation of HPT axis might be responsible for the developmental damage and growth delay induced by TBOEP. The present study provides a new set of evidence that exposure of embryo-larval zebrafish to TBOEP can cause perturbation of GH/IGF axis and HPT axis, which could result in developmental impairment and growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ding Wu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Qinglong Xu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Park S, Han CR, Park JW, Zhao L, Zhu X, Willingham M, Bodine DM, Cheng SY. Defective erythropoiesis caused by mutations of the thyroid hormone receptor α gene. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006991. [PMID: 28910278 PMCID: PMC5621702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mutations of the THRA gene exhibit classical features of hypothyroidism, including erythroid disorders. We previously created a mutant mouse expressing a mutated TRα1 (denoted as PV; Thra1PV/+ mouse) that faithfully reproduces the classical hypothyroidism seen in patients. Using Thra1PV/+ mice, we explored how the TRα1PV mutant acted to cause abnormalities in erythropoiesis. Thra1PV/+ mice exhibited abnormal red blood cell indices similarly as reported for patients. The total bone marrow cells and erythrocytic progenitors were markedly reduced in the bone marrow of Thra1PV/+ mice. In vitro terminal differentiation assays showed a significant reduction of mature erythrocytes in Thra1PV/+ mice. In wild-type mice, the clonogenic potential of progenitors in the erythrocytic lineage was stimulated by thyroid hormone (T3), suggesting that T3 could directly accelerate the differentiation of progenitors to mature erythrocytes. Analysis of gene expression profiles showed that the key regulator of erythropoiesis, the Gata-1 gene, and its regulated genes, such as the Klf1, β-globin, dematin genes, CAII, band3 and eALAS genes, involved in the maturation of erythrocytes, was decreased in the bone marrow cells of Thra1PV/+ mice. We further elucidated that the Gata-1 gene was a T3-directly regulated gene and that TRα1PV could impair erythropoiesis via repression of the Gata-1 gene and its regulated genes. These results provide new insights into how TRα1 mutants acted to cause erythroid abnormalities in patients with mutations of the THRA gene. Importantly, the Thra1PV/+ mouse could serve as a preclinical mouse model to identify novel molecular targets for treatment of erythroid disorders. Patients with mutations of the THRA gene exhibit erythroid disorders. The molecular pathogenesis underlying erythroid abnormalities is poorly understood. In Thra1PV/+ mice expressing a dominant negative mutant TRα1PV, we found abnormal red blood cell indices similar to patients. Total bone marrow cells, the clonogenic potential of erythrocytic progenitors, and terminal differentiation of erythrocytes were markedly decreased in Thra1PV/+ mice. We elucidated that Gata-1, a key erythroid gene, was directly positively regulated by TRα1. The erythroid defects in Thra1PV/+ mice were due, at least partly, to the TRα1PV-mediated suppression of the Gata-1 gene and its down-stream target genes. Over-expression of Gata-1 rescued impaired terminal differentiation. Our studies elucidated molecular mechanisms by which TRα1 mutants caused erythroid disorders in patients. The present study suggests that therapies aimed at GATA1 could be tested as a potential target in treating erythroid abnormalities in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeong Won Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark Willingham
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Bodine
- Hematopoiesis Section, National Human Geneome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Medici M, Chaker L, Peeters RP. A Step Forward in Understanding the Relevance of Genetic Variation in Type 2 Deiodinase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1775-1778. [PMID: 28482082 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
This article involves the study by Castagna et al. published in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism on the association and functional analyses of genetic variation in DIO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Disease, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Disease, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Disease, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
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Kozlova MB, Frantsiyants EM, Trepitaki LK, Kaplieva IV, Pogorelova YA, Sergostyants GZ, Airapetova TG, Chubaryan AV. Sex-Related Characteristics of Systemic Hormonal Homeostasis in Rats with Sarcoma C-45 Cells Transplanted to the Lung. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 162:788-791. [PMID: 28429223 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex-related systemic status of pituitary and thyroid hormones and cortisol was studied in rats on days 7 and 14 after transplantation of sarcoma C-45 cells into the lung. Females demonstrated slower development of the tumor process (49.0±10.7 vs. 32.0±3.9 days in males). Injection of tumor cells causes similar disorders in the levels of ACTH, thyrotropic hormone, and prolactin in males and females and opposite disorders in the thyroid and glucocorticoid homeostasis associated in males (in contrast to females) with reduction of cortisol level (by 1.9 times) and increase in the concentrations of total thyroxine forms (by 1.4 times) and triiodothyronine (by 2.9 times) by day 14. Early sex-related shifts in the status of hormone that are a component of the adaptive system attest to their possible relationship with different course of the malignant process in male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Kozlova
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - E M Frantsiyants
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - L K Trepitaki
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - I V Kaplieva
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Yu A Pogorelova
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - G Z Sergostyants
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - T G Airapetova
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - A V Chubaryan
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Mehaisen GMK, Eshak MG, Elkaiaty AM, Atta ARMM, Mashaly MM, Abass AO. Comprehensive growth performance, immune function, plasma biochemistry, gene expressions and cell death morphology responses to a daily corticosterone injection course in broiler chickens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172684. [PMID: 28235061 PMCID: PMC5325522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The massive meat production of broiler chickens make them continuously exposed to potential stressors that stimulate releasing of stress-related hormones like corticosterone (CORT) which is responsible for specific pathways in biological mechanisms and physiological activities. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate a wide range of responses related to broiler performance, immune function, plasma biochemistry, related gene expressions and cell death morphology during and after a 7-day course of CORT injection. A total number of 200 one-day-old commercial Cobb broiler chicks were used in this study. From 21 to 28 d of age, broilers were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups with 5 replicates of 20 birds each; the first group received a daily intramuscular injection of 5 mg/kg BW corticosterone dissolved in 0.5 ml ethanol:saline solution (CORT group), while the second group received a daily intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml ethanol:saline only (CONT group). Growth performance, including body weight (BW), daily weight gain (DG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FC), were calculated at 0, 3 and 7 d after the start of the CORT injections. At the same times, blood samples were collected in each group for hematological (TWBC's and H/L ratio), T- and B-lymphocytes proliferation and plasma biochemical assays (total protein, TP; free triiodothyronine hormone, fT3; aspartate amino transaminase, AST; and alanine amino transaminase, ALT). The liver, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen were dissected and weighed, and the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 gene (IGF-1) in liver and cell-death-program gene (caspase-9) in bursa were analyzed for each group and time; while the apoptotic/necrotic cells were morphologically detected in the spleen. From 28 to 35 d of age, broilers were kept for recovery period without CORT injection and the same sampling and parameters were repeated at the end (at 14 d after initiation of the CORT injection). In general, all parameters of broiler performance were negatively affected by the CORT injection. In addition, CORT treatment decreased the plasma concentration of fT3 and the mRNA expression of hepatic IGF-1. A significant increase in liver weight accompanied by an increase in plasma TP, AST and ALT was observed with CORT treatment, indicating an incidence of liver malfunction by CORT. Moreover, the relative weights of thymus, bursa and spleen decreased by the CORT treatment with low counts of TWBC's and low stimulation of T & B cells while the H/L ratio increased; indicating immunosuppressive effect for CORT treatment. Furthermore, high expression of caspase-9 gene occurred in the bursa of CORT-treated chickens, however, it was associated with a high necrotic vs. low apoptotic cell death pathway in the spleen. Seven days after termination of the CORT treatment in broilers, most of these aspects remained negatively affected by CORT and did not recover to its normal status. The current study provides a comprehensive view of different physiological modulations in broiler chickens by CORT treatment and may set the potential means to mount a successful defense against stress in broilers and other animals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M. K. Mehaisen
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariam G. Eshak
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Elkaiaty
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Magdi M. Mashaly
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O. Abass
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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23
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Gong Y, Tian H, Zhang X, Dong Y, Wang W, Ru S. Refuse leachate exposure causes changes of thyroid hormone level and related gene expression in female goldfish (Carassius auratus). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 48:46-52. [PMID: 27736670 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the potential thyroid disrupting effects of refuse leachate on females, female goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to 0.5% diluted leachates from each step of a leachate treatment process (i.e. raw leachate before treatment, after membrane bioreactor treatment, and the final treated leachate) for 21days. Raw leachate exposure caused disturbances in the thyroid cascade of female fish, as evidenced by the elevated plasma 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (p<0.05) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (p<0.01) levels as well as up-regulated hepatic and gonadal type I deiodinase (p<0.01), type II deiodinase (p<0.01) and thyroid receptor (p<0.05) mRNA levels. Thyroid disrupting potency decreased markedly as raw leachate progressed through the "membrane bioreactor + reverse osmosis" treatment but could still be detected in the treated leachate. As our results indicated, thyroid system in female goldfish was more sensitive to leachate exposure than that of the male fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Gambo Y, Matsumura M, Fujimori K. Triiodothyronine enhances accumulation of intracellular lipids in adipocytes through thyroid hormone receptor α via direct and indirect mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 431:1-11. [PMID: 27132806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3) enhanced the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes with elevation of the intracellular lipids through thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. However, the transcription of the SREBP-1c and HSL genes was decreased by T3. Such T3-mediated alterations were negated by TRα siRNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that the binding of TRα to the TR-responsive element (TRE) of the FAS promoter was elevated by T3. In contrast, the ability of TRα to bind to the TRE of the SREBP-1c promoter was decreased by T3. In addition, the binding of SREBP-1c to the SRE of the HSL promoter was lowered by T3. These results indicate that T3 increased the accumulation of intracellular lipids by enhancing the expression of the FAS gene through direct binding of TRα to the FAS promoter and simultaneously lowered the amount of lipolysis via reduced binding of T3-decreased SREBP-1c to the HSL promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurina Gambo
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Miki Matsumura
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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Alonso-Merino E, Martín Orozco R, Ruíz-Llorente L, Martínez-Iglesias OA, Velasco-Martín JP, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Fanjul-Rodríguez L, Contreras-Jurado C, Regadera J, Aranda A. Thyroid hormones inhibit TGF-β signaling and attenuate fibrotic responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3451-60. [PMID: 27247403 PMCID: PMC4914168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β, the most potent profibrogenic factor, acts by activating SMAD (mothers against decapentaplegic) transcription factors, which bind to SMAD-binding elements in target genes. Here, we show that the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3), through binding to its nuclear receptors (TRs), is able to antagonize transcriptional activation by TGF-β/SMAD. This antagonism involves reduced phosphorylation of SMADs and a direct interaction of the receptors with SMAD3 and SMAD4 that is independent of T3-mediated transcriptional activity but requires residues in the receptor DNA binding domain. T3 reduces occupancy of SMAD-binding elements in response to TGF-β, reducing histone acetylation and inhibiting transcription. In agreement with this transcriptional cross-talk, T3 is able to antagonize fibrotic processes in vivo. Liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride is attenuated by thyroid hormone administration to mice, whereas aged TR knockout mice spontaneously accumulate collagen. Furthermore, skin fibrosis induced by bleomycin administration is also reduced by the thyroid hormones. These findings define an important function of the thyroid hormone receptors and suggest TR ligands could have beneficial effects to block the progression of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Alonso-Merino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Martín Orozco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruíz-Llorente
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia A Martínez-Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Velasco-Martín
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Fanjul-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Contreras-Jurado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Regadera
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 20829 Madrid, Spain;
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Tu Y, Wang Y, Ding L, Zhang J, Wu W. Development of a Novel Thyroid Function Fluctuated Animal Model for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148595. [PMID: 26872324 PMCID: PMC4752469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The establishment of a suitable and stable animal model is critical for research on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). In clinical practice, we found that patients treated with I-131 often exhibit TAO; therefore, we aimed to establish a novel thyroid function fluctuated animal model of TAO by simulating the clinical treatment process. Methods We treated SD rats with I-131 to damage the thyroid and then used sodium levothyroxine (L-T4) to supplement the thyroid hormone (TH) levels every seven days, leading to a fluctuating level of thyroid hormones that simulated the status of clinical TAO patients. Rats administered normal saline were considered as a control. The weight, intraocular pressure, and serum T3, T4, TSH and TRAb levels of the rats were measured, and the pathological changes were analyzed by H&E staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results The experimental rats (TAO group) exhibited significantly reduced weight and elevated intraocular pressure compared with the control rats. Meanwhile, the serum levels of T3 and T4 were up-regulated in the TAO group, but the TSH level decreased during the 10-week study. Moreover, increased numbers of blood vessels and inflammatory cell infiltrations were observed in the orbital tissues of the TAO rats, while no abnormal changes occurred in the control rats. The orbital myofibrils in the TAO rats appeared fractured and dissolved, with twisted structures. Mitochondrial swelling and vacuoles within the endoplasmic reticulum, swelling nerve fibers, shedding nerve myelin, and macrophages were found in the TAO group. Conclusion Rats treated with I-131 and sodium levothyroxine exhibited characteristics similar to those of TAO patients in the clinic, providing an effective and simple method for the establishment of a stable animal model for research on the pathogenesis and treatment of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Tu
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
| | - Luna Ding
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
| | - Wencan Wu
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Taylor PN, Richmond R, Davies N, Sayers A, Stevenson K, Woltersdorf W, Taylor A, Groom A, Northstone K, Ring S, Okosieme O, Rees A, Nitsch D, Williams GR, Smith GD, Gregory JW, Timpson NJ, Tobias JH, Dayan CM. Paradoxical Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Thyroid Hormone Levels: A Study Using Mendelian Randomization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:730-8. [PMID: 26595101 PMCID: PMC4880123 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Free T3 (FT3) has been positively associated with body mass index (BMI) in cross-sectional studies in healthy individuals. This is difficult to reconcile with clinical findings in pathological thyroid dysfunction. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether childhood adiposity influences FT3 levels. DESIGN Mendelian randomization using genetic variants robustly associated with BMI. SETTING Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a population-based birth cohort. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3014 children who had thyroid function measured at age 7, who also underwent dual x-ray absorptiometry scans at ages 9.9 and 15.5 years and have genetic data available. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES FT3. RESULTS Observationally at age 7 years, BMI was positively associated with FT3: β-standardized (β-[std]) = 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.16), P = 4.02 × 10(-10); whereas FT4 was negatively associated with BMI: β-(std) = -0.08 (95% CI: -0.12, -0.04), P = 3.00 × 10(-5). These differences persisted after adjustment for age, sex, and early life environment. Genetic analysis indicated 1 allele change in BMI allelic score was associated with a 0.04 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.04) SD increase in BMI (P = 6.41 × 10(-17)). At age 7, a genetically determined increase in BMI of 1.89 kg/m(2) was associated with a 0.22 pmol/L (95% CI: 0.07, 0.36) increase in FT3 (P = .004) but no substantial change in FT4 0.01 mmol/L, (95% CI: -0.37, 0.40), P = .96. CONCLUSION Our analysis shows that children with a genetically higher BMI had higher FT3 but not FT4 levels, indicating that higher BMI/fat mass has a causal role in increasing FT3 levels. This may explain the paradoxical associations observed in observational analyses. Given rising childhood obesity levels, this relationship merits closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Richmond
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Neil Davies
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Sayers
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Stevenson
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Wolfram Woltersdorf
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Alix Groom
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Kate Northstone
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Susan Ring
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Onyebuchi Okosieme
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Aled Rees
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Dorothea Nitsch
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - John W Gregory
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group (P.N.T., O.O., J.W.G., C.M.D.) and Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (A.R.), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (R.R., N.D., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Social and Community Medicine (A.S., A.G., K.N., S.R.), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry (K.S.), Bristol Royal Infirmary University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom; Geschäftsleiter Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen (W.W.), D-04289 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (A.T.), Royal United Hospital, Bath, BA1 3NG United Kingdom; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology (D.N.), Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, CF14 4XN United Kingdom; Molecular Endocrinology Group (G.R.W.), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, WC1E 7HT United Kingdom; and Musculoskeletal Research Unit (J.H.T.), University of Bristol, Learning and Research Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom
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Lartey LJ, Werneck-de-Castro JP, O-Sullivan I, Unterman TG, Bianco AC. Coupling between Nutrient Availability and Thyroid Hormone Activation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30551-61. [PMID: 26499800 PMCID: PMC4683275 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the thyroid gland is stimulated by food availability via leptin-induced thyrotropin-releasing hormone/thyroid-stimulating hormone expression. Here we show that food availability also stimulates thyroid hormone activation by accelerating the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine via type 2 deiodinase in mouse skeletal muscle and in a cell model transitioning from 0.1 to 10% FBS. The underlying mechanism is transcriptional derepression of DIO2 through the mTORC2 pathway as defined in rictor knockdown cells. In cells kept in 0.1% FBS, there is DIO2 inhibition via FOXO1 binding to the DIO2 promoter. Repression of DIO2 by FOXO1 was confirmed using its specific inhibitor AS1842856 or adenoviral infection of constitutively active FOXO1. ChIP studies indicate that 4 h after 10% FBS-containing medium, FOXO1 binding markedly decreases, and the DIO2 promoter is activated. Studies in the insulin receptor FOXO1 KO mouse indicate that insulin is a key signaling molecule in this process. We conclude that FOXO1 represses DIO2 during fasting and that derepression occurs via nutritional activation of the PI3K-mTORC2-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lattoya J Lartey
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - João Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil, and
| | - InSug O-Sullivan
- the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Terry G Unterman
- the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612,
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29
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Peeters RP, Ng L, Ma M, Forrest D. The timecourse of apoptotic cell death during postnatal remodeling of the mouse cochlea and its premature onset by triiodothyronine (T3). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 407:1-8. [PMID: 25737207 PMCID: PMC4390549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis underlies various forms of tissue remodeling during development. Prior to the onset of hearing, thyroid hormone (T3) promotes cochlear remodeling, which involves regression of the greater epithelial ridge (GER), a transient structure of columnar cells adjacent to the mechanosensory hair cells. We investigated the timecourse of apoptosis in the GER and the influence of ectopic T3 on apoptosis. In saline-treated mice, activated caspase 3-positive cells were detected in the GER between postnatal days 7 and 13 and appeared progressively along the cochlear duct from base to apex over developmental time. T3 given on P0 and P1 advanced the overall program of apoptosis and remodeling by ~4 days. Thyroid hormone receptor β was required for these actions, suggesting a receptor-mediated process of initiation of apoptosis. Finally, T3 given only at P0 or P1 resulted in deafness in adult mice, thus revealing a transient period of susceptibility to long-term damage in the neonatal auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | - L Ng
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - M Ma
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - D Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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30
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Maslov LN, Vychuzhanova EA, Gorbunov AS, Tsybul'nikov SI, Khaliulin IG, Chauski E. [Role of thyroid system in adaptation to cold]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2014; 100:670-83. [PMID: 25665393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to cold promotes an increase in blood T3 and T4 levels in men and animals. The long-term cold exposure can induce a decrease in concentration of serum total and free T3 in human due to an enhancement of this hormone clearance. Endogenous catecholamines during adaptation to cold raise iodothyronine deiodinase D2 activity in brown fat due to α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Triiodothyronine is an inductor of iodothyronine deiodinase expression in brown fat, liver and kidney. Iodothyronine deiodinase D2 plays an important role in adaptation of organism to cold contributing to the high adrenergic reactivity of brown fat. At adaptation to cold T3 interacts with T3Rβ, it is formed T3Rβ-RXR complex, which binds to DNA with following transcription of UCP-1 and UCP-3 genes and UCP-1 and UCP-3 protein synthesis and uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in heat production, where T3Rβ is T3-receptor-β, RXR is retinoid X-receptor, UCP is uncoupling protein. Triiodothyronine contributes to normal response to adrenergic agents of brown fat due to T3Rα activation. Sympatho-adrenomedullary and thyroid systems act as synergists in adaptation to cold.
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31
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Mayerl S, Müller J, Bauer R, Richert S, Kassmann CM, Darras VM, Buder K, Boelen A, Visser TJ, Heuer H. Transporters MCT8 and OATP1C1 maintain murine brain thyroid hormone homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1987-99. [PMID: 24691440 DOI: 10.1172/jci70324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS), a severe form of psychomotor retardation with abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) parameters, is linked to mutations in the TH-specific monocarboxylate transporter MCT8. In mice, deletion of Mct8 (Mct8 KO) faithfully replicates AHDS-associated endocrine abnormalities; however, unlike patients, these animals do not exhibit neurological impairments. While transport of the active form of TH (T3) across the blood-brain barrier is strongly diminished in Mct8 KO animals, prohormone (T4) can still enter the brain, possibly due to the presence of T4-selective organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1C1). Here, we characterized mice deficient for both TH transporters, MCT8 and OATP1C1 (Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO). Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO mice exhibited alterations in peripheral TH homeostasis that were similar to those in Mct8 KO mice; however, uptake of both T3 and T4 into the brains of Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO mice was strongly reduced. Evidence of TH deprivation in the CNS of Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO mice included highly decreased brain TH content as well as altered deiodinase activities and TH target gene expression. Consistent with delayed cerebellar development and reduced myelination, Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO mice displayed pronounced locomotor abnormalities. Intriguingly, differentiation of GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex was highly compromised. Our findings underscore the importance of TH transporters for proper brain development and provide a basis to study the pathogenic mechanisms underlying AHDS.
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32
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Boguslawska J, Piekielko-Witkowska A, Wojcicka A, Kedzierska H, Poplawski P, Nauman A. Regulatory feedback loop between T3 and microRNAs in renal cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 384:61-70. [PMID: 24440748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs, short non-coding RNAs, influence key physiological processes, including hormonal regulation, by affecting the expression of genes. In this study we hypothesised that the expression of microRNAs targeting thyroid hormone pathway genes may be in turn regulated by thyroid hormone signalling. It is known that the expression of DIO1, a gene contributing to triiodothyronine (T3) signalling, is regulated by miR-224. Thus, we analysed mutual regulation between triiodothyronine pathway and miR-224/miR-452/GABRE cluster. Firstly, we found that miR-452 directly regulates the expression of thyroid hormone receptor TRβ1 in renal cancer cells. In turn, the expression of miR-224/452/GABRE cluster and other microRNAs targeting TRβ1 was influenced by T3 treatment and/or TR silencing. miR-452 expression correlated with intracellular T3 concentrations in renal tumours. In conclusion, we propose a new mechanism of feedback regulation, by which in renal cancer microRNAs regulate the expression of T3 pathway genes, while T3 in turn regulates expression of microRNAs.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Feedback, Physiological
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA-A/genetics
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta/genetics
- Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta/metabolism
- Triiodothyronine/biosynthesis
- Triiodothyronine/genetics
- Triiodothyronine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boguslawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Piekielko-Witkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Wojcicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - H Kedzierska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Poplawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Nauman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
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Markova N, Chernopiatko A, Schroeter CA, Malin D, Kubatiev A, Bachurin S, Costa-Nunes J, Steinbusch HMW, Strekalova T. Hippocampal gene expression of deiodinases 2 and 3 and effects of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine T2 in mouse depression paradigms. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:565218. [PMID: 24386638 PMCID: PMC3872397 DOI: 10.1155/2013/565218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Central thyroid hormone signaling is important in brain function/dysfunction, including affective disorders and depression. In contrast to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), the role of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), which until recently was considered an inactive metabolite of T3, has not been studied in these pathologies. However, both T3 and T2 stimulate mitochondrial respiration, a factor counteracting the pathogenesis of depressive disorder, but the cellular origins in the CNS, mechanisms, and kinetics of the cellular action for these two hormones are distinct and independent of each other. Here, Illumina and RT PCR assays showed that hippocampal gene expression of deiodinases 2 and 3, enzymes involved in thyroid hormone regulation, is increased in resilience to stress-induced depressive syndrome and after antidepressant treatment in mice that might suggest elevated T2 and T3 turnover in these phenotypes. In a separate experiment, bolus administration of T2 at the doses 750 and 1,500 mcg/kg but not 250 mcg/kg in naive mice reduced immobility in a two-day tail suspension test in various settings without changing locomotion or anxiety. This demonstrates an antidepressant-like effect of T2 that could be exploited clinically. In a wider context, the current study suggests important central functions of T2, whose biological role only lately is becoming to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalyia Markova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severnii proesd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | | | - Careen A. Schroeter
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Maastricht Medical Center in Annadal, Becanusstraat 17 A0, 6216 BX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Malin
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, WIMR 3016, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Baltiyskaia 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Baltiyskaia 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Sergey Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severnii proesd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - João Costa-Nunes
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Harry M. W. Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Maastricht Medical Center in Annadal, Becanusstraat 17 A0, 6216 BX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Pelayo S, Oliveira E, Thienpont B, Babin PJ, Raldúa D, André M, Piña B. Triiodothyronine-induced changes in the zebrafish transcriptome during the eleutheroembryonic stage: implications for bisphenol A developmental toxicity. Aquat Toxicol 2012; 110-111:114-122. [PMID: 22281776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid disruption during early development is a current matter of concern due to its significant human health implications. We present here a transcriptome analysis of thyroid hormone-regulated genes in zebrafish during the eleutheroembryonic stage (days 2-5 post fertilization) to detect potential markers of thyroid disruption. Exposure to 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyroxine (T3, 50 nM) induced changes in a minor portion (less than 2%) of the zebrafish transcriptome, with a significant fraction of genes involved in the haematopoietic system, eye formation, and ossification/skeletal system, including the thyroid receptor thra gene. Some of the transcriptomic changes were reflected macroscopically, as an allometric decrease of eye size and an increase on thra hybridization signal in the skeletal tissue. Using this information, changes on transcription of three genes (adult alpha globin gene si:ch211-5 k11.6, embryonic globin gene hbae3, and long wavelength cone opsin gene opn1/w1) were analyzed to monitor the effect of the suspected thyroid disrupter bisphenol A (BPA) on the thyroid system during this period of development of zebrafish. BPA acted as a weak T3 agonist when tested alone, but it strongly enhanced the effect of subsaturating concentrations of T3. In thyroxine immunofluorescence quantitative disruption tests (TIQDT), BPA did not prevent the ability of thyroid follicles to synthesize thyroxine, a landmark for direct goitrogens. Our results suggest that BPA potentiates the effect of endogenous T3 in early development and demonstrate the requirement for the use of in vivo, multi-endpoint methods to evaluate thyroid disruption hazards on early developmental processes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Pelayo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Chen Q, Yu L, Yang L, Zhou B. Bioconcentration and metabolism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) result in thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish larvae. Aquat Toxicol 2012; 110-111:141-148. [PMID: 22307006 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have the potential to disturb the thyroid endocrine system, but little is known of such effects or underlying mechanisms of BDE-209 in fish. In the present study, bioconcentration and metabolism of BDE-209 were investigated in zebrafish embryos exposed at concentrations of 0, 0.08, 0.38 and 1.92 mg/L in water until 14 days post-fertilization (dpf). Chemical analysis revealed that BDE-209 was accumulated in zebrafish larvae, while also metabolic products were detected, including octa- and nona-BDEs, with nona-BDEs being predominant. The exposure resulted in alterations of both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, indicating thyroid endocrine disruption. Gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis was further examined, and the results showed that the genes encoding corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHβ) were transcriptionally significantly up-regulated. Genes involved in thyroid development (Pax8 and Nkx2.1) and synthesis (sodium/iodide symporter, NIS, thyroglobulin, TG) were also transcriptionally up-regulated. Up-regulation of mRNA for thyronine deiodinase (Dio1 and Dio2) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ) was also observed. However, the genes encoding proteins involved in TH transport (transthyretin, TTR) and metabolism (uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyl-transferase, UGT1ab) were transcriptionally significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, protein synthesis of TG was significantly up-regulated, while that of TTR was significantly reduced. These results suggest that the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis can be evaluated to determine thyroid endocrine disruption by BDE-209 in developing zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Arrojo E Drigo R, Bianco AC. Type 2 deiodinase at the crossroads of thyroid hormone action. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1432-41. [PMID: 21679772 PMCID: PMC3163779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone action can be customized on a cell-specific fashion through the controlled action of the deiodinase group of enzymes, which are homodimeric thioredoxin fold containing selenoproteins. Whereas the type II deiodinase (D2) initiates thyroid hormone signaling by activating the pro-hormone thyroxine (T4) to the biologically active T3 molecule, the type III deiodinase (D3) terminates thyroid hormone action by catalyzing the inactivation of both T4 and T3 molecules. Deiodinases play a role in thyroid hormone homeostasis, development, growth and metabolic control by affecting the intracellular levels of T3 and thus gene expression on a cell-specific basis. Whereas both Dio2 and Dio3 are transcriptionally regulated, ubiquitination of D2 is a switch mechanism that controls D2 activity and intracellular T3 production. The hedgehog-inducible WSB-1 and the yeast Doa10 mammalian ortholog TEB4 are two E3 ligases that inactivate D2 via ubiquitination. Inactivation involves disruption of the D2:D2 dimer and can be reversed via two ubiquitin-specific proteases, USP20 and USP33, rescuing catalytic activity and T3 production. The ubiquitin-based switch mechanism that controls D2 activity illustrates how different cell types fine-tune thyroid hormone signaling, making D2 a suitable target for pharmacological intervention. This article reviews the cellular and molecular aspects of D2 regulation and the current models of D2-mediated thyroid hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arrojo E Drigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
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Abstract
Kallikrein-binding protein (KBP) is a component of the kallikrein-kinin system that mediates vasodilation and inhibits tumor growth by antagonizing vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis. We demonstrate that KBP gene expression is repressed by T(3) and modulated by the orphan nuclear receptor, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor 1 (COUP-TF1). In hypothyroid mice, KBP mRNA expression in the testis was increased 2.1-fold compared with euthyroid mice. We have identified two negative thyroid hormone response elements (nTREs) in the mouse KBP gene, nTRE1 located in the 5' flanking region (-53 to -29) and nTRE2, located in the first intron (104-132). We used functional assays, cofactor knockdown, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to characterize nTRE1 and nTRE2 in hepatic (HepG2) and testes (GC-1spg) cell lines. Reporter expression directed by both elements was enhanced with addition of thyroid hormone receptor and repressed with the addition of T(3). COUP-TF1 enhanced basal expression of both elements but blunted unliganded thyroid hormone receptor enhancement and T(3) repression of nTRE1 but not nTRE2. Both nTREs bound nuclear corepressor and binding increased in response to T(3). Nuclear corepressor knockdown resulted in loss of T(3) repression of both nTRE1 and nTRE2. COUP-TF1, which usually represses T(3) induction of positive thyroid hormone response elements, reverses T(3) repression mediated by nTRE1 in the mouse KBP gene. Endogenous KBP expression is repressed by T(3) and two functional nTREs, both of which are required, have been characterized in the KBP gene. COUP-TF1 may be an important factor to modulate expression of genes that are repressed by T(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Building 114, Room 230, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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Duarte-Guterman P, Trudeau VL. Transcript profiles and triiodothyronine regulation of sex steroid- and thyroid hormone-related genes in the gonad-mesonephros complex of Silurana tropicalis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 331:143-9. [PMID: 20837100 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In amphibians, the main role of thyroid hormones (THs) is to regulate metamorphosis; however, there is evidence that THs also affect gonadal sexual differentiation. In this study, Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis tadpoles were exposed to triiodothyronine (T3; 0, 0.5, 5 and 50 nM), the bioactive form of THs for 48h. Real-time RT-PCR analyses in the gonad-mesonephros complex (GMC) revealed that TH- and androgen-related genes were positively regulated, while estrogen receptor β was negatively regulated by T3. Together, these results are in agreement with the masculinizing effect of THs in amphibians. Profiles of TH- and sex steroid-related genes in the GMC during metamorphosis of S. tropicalis suggest that THs are important regulators of sex steroid-related gene expression in the GMC. This study provides evidence that the GMC is a target of THs but that a complex interplay exists between THs and sex steroids during gonadal sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Corsonello A, Montesanto A, Berardelli M, De Rango F, Dato S, Mari V, Mazzei B, Lattanzio F, Passarino G. A cross-section analysis of FT3 age-related changes in a group of old and oldest-old subjects, including centenarians' relatives, shows that a down-regulated thyroid function has a familial component and is related to longevity. Age Ageing 2010; 39:723-7. [PMID: 20843963 PMCID: PMC2956534 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afq116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: several studies suggest that a decreased thyroid activity might be favourable in oldest-old subjects and that subclinical thyroid hyperfunction may be detrimental. Objectives: to verify whether declining levels of circulating thyroid hormones may contribute to longevity. Design: cross-sectional observational study. Setting: all subjects were born in Calabria (southern Italy) and their ancestry in the region was ascertained up to the grandparents. Subjects: six hundred and four home-dwelling subjects (301 females, 303 males), divided into three groups: 278 individuals 60–85 years old; 179 children or nieces/nephews of centenarians who are 60–85 years old; 147 individuals older than 85 years. Methods: thyroid function parameters were measured in the frame of a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Results: FT3 and FT4 levels were negatively associated with age. Lower levels of FT3, FT4 and TSH were found in centenarians’ children and nieces/nephews with respect to age-matched controls. Indeed, being a relative of centenarians qualified as an independent correlate of thyroid parameters. Conclusions: age-related subtle thyroid hypofunction (either due to a familial component or due to a reset of the thyroid function occurring between the sixth and the eighth decade of life) appears to be related to longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corsonello
- Italian National Research Center on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | | | - Francesco De Rango
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Serena Dato
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mari
- Italian National Research Center on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Bruno Mazzei
- Italian National Research Center on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Cosenza, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Lattanzio
- Scientific Direction, Italian National Research Center on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- Address correspondence to: G. Passarino. Tel: (+39) 0984 492932; Fax: (+39) 0984 492911.
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40
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Croteau MC, Duarte-Guterman P, Lean DRS, Trudeau VL. Preexposure to ultraviolet B radiation and 4-tert-octylphenol affects the response of Rana pipiens tadpoles to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010; 29:1804-1815. [PMID: 20821635 DOI: 10.1002/etc.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multiple environmental stressors is negatively impacting the health of amphibians worldwide. Increased exposure to ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR) and chemical pollutants may affect amphibian populations by disrupting metamorphosis; however, the actual mechanisms by which these stressors affect development remain unknown. Because amphibian metamorphosis is controlled by thyroid hormones (TH), changes in developmental rates by environmental stress suggest a disruption of the thyroid system. Tadpoles were chronically exposed to environmental levels of UVBR (average of 0.15 W/m2) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP; 10 nM), alone and combined, prior to being challenged to exogenous TH triiodothyronine (T3; 5 or 50 nM). This experimental approach was taken to determine whether exposure to these stressors affects the ability of T3 to elicit specific molecular and morphological responses. Exposure to OP increased mRNA levels of thyroid receptors (TRs) alpha and beta, deiodinase type 2 (D2), and corticotropin releasing hormone in the brain and of D2 in the tail of tadpoles. 4-tert-octylphenol also enhanced T3-induced expression of D2 in the brain. The combination of UVBR and OP affected the expression of TR alpha in the brain and the responses of TR alpha and beta genes to T3 in the tail, demonstrating the importance of considering the effects of multiple stressors on amphibians. Tadpoles exposed to UVBR were developmentally delayed and exhibited slowed tail resorption and accelerated hindlimb development following exposure to T3. Together, these findings indicate that UVBR alters the rate of development and TH-dependent morphological changes at metamorphosis, and that exposure to UVBR and/or OP disrupts the expression of genes important for development and the biological action of T3 in peripheral tissues. Our group is the first to demonstrate that environmental levels of UVBR and/or OP can affect the thyroid system of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine C Croteau
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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41
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Freitas BC, Gereben B, Castillo M, Kalló I, Zeöld A, Egri P, Liposits Z, Zavacki AM, Maciel RM, Jo S, Singru P, Sanchez E, Lechan RM, Bianco AC. Paracrine signaling by glial cell-derived triiodothyronine activates neuronal gene expression in the rodent brain and human cells. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2206-17. [PMID: 20458138 PMCID: PMC2877954 DOI: 10.1172/jci41977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism in humans is characterized by severe neurological consequences that are often irreversible, highlighting the critical role of thyroid hormone (TH) in the brain. Despite this, not much is known about the signaling pathways that control TH action in the brain. What is known is that the prohormone thyroxine (T4) is converted to the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3) by type 2 deiodinase (D2) and that this occurs in astrocytes, while TH receptors and type 3 deiodinase (D3), which inactivates T3, are found in adjacent neurons. Here, we modeled TH action in the brain using an in vitro coculture system of D2-expressing H4 human glioma cells and D3-expressing SK-N-AS human neuroblastoma cells. We found that glial cell D2 activity resulted in increased T3 production, which acted in a paracrine fashion to induce T3-responsive genes, including ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), in the cocultured neurons. D3 activity in the neurons modulated these effects. Furthermore, this paracrine pathway was regulated by signals such as hypoxia, hedgehog signaling, and LPS-induced inflammation, as evidenced both in the in vitro coculture system and in in vivo rat models of brain ischemia and mouse models of inflammation. This study therefore presents what we believe to be the first direct evidence for a paracrine loop linking glial D2 activity to TH receptors in neurons, thereby identifying deiodinases as potential control points for the regulation of TH signaling in the brain during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C.G. Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melany Castillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anikó Zeöld
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Péter Egri
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rui M.B. Maciel
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sungro Jo
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Praful Singru
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edith Sanchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald M. Lechan
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Tupper Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bairras C, Redonnet A, Dabadie H, Gin H, Atgie C, Pallet V, Higueret P, Noël-Suberville C. RARgamma and TRbeta expressions are decreased in PBMC and SWAT of obese subjects in weight gain. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:29-37. [PMID: 20387030 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the expression of nuclear receptors at the peripheral level in obese subjects, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of different isoforms of retinoic acid receptor (RAR), triiodothyronine (TR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) were determined and compared in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT). Twelve lean subjects and 68 obese subjects divided into weight gain (WG), weight-stable (WS), and weight loss (WL) groups were studied. Nuclear receptor mRNA levels were assessed in PBMC and SWAT using a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. mRNA levels of RARgamma were significantly lower in PBMC of obese subjects (WG -19%, WS -30%, and WL -24.7%) as in SWAT of WG (-50%). Lower mRNA levels of TRbeta were observed in PBMC and SWAT of WG (-50.7% and -28%, respectively) just as for TRalpha in PBMC of WG (-19%). In contrast, retinoid X receptors alpha (RXRalpha) and RARalpha mRNA levels were higher in PBMC of obese subjects (+53% and +54.5% in WG, +56% and +67% in WS, and +68% and +49.7% in WL, respectively), while expression of RXRalpha was lower in SWAT of WG (-24.5%). As for PPARgamma, its mRNA level was significantly higher in PBMC of WG subjects (+34%) while its expression was not modified in SWAT, contrary to the PPARgamma2 isoform which was significantly higher. These data show that in both adipose tissue and blood compartment of obese subjects, expressions of RARgamma and TRbeta were downregulated. Thus, we suggest that the expression in PBMC of obese subjects may constitute new cellular indicators of nuclear receptor retinoid and thyroid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bairras
- Unité de Nutrition et Neurosciences (U2N), Université Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence, France
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Campinho MA, Galay-Burgos M, Sweeney GE, Power DM. Coordination of deiodinase and thyroid hormone receptor expression during the larval to juvenile transition in sea bream (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 165:181-94. [PMID: 19549532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that THs play an important role in the larval to juvenile transition in the marine teleost model, sea bream (Sparus auratus), key elements of the thyroid axis were analysed during development. Specific RT-PCR and Taqman quantitative RT-PCR were established and used to measure sea bream iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) genes, respectively. Expression of deiodinases genes (D1 and D2) which encode enzymes producing T3, TRs and T4 levels start to increase at 20-30 days post-hatch (dph; beginning of metamorphosis), peak at about 45 dph (climax) and decline to early larval levels after 90-100 dph (end of metamorphosis) when fish are fully formed juveniles. The profile of these different TH elements during sea bream development is strikingly similar to that observed during the TH driven metamorphosis of flatfish and suggests that THs play an analogous role in the larval to juvenile transition in this species and probably also in other pelagic teleosts. However, the effect of T3 treatment on deiodinases and TR transcript abundance in sea bream is not as clear cut as in larval flatfish and tadpoles indicating divergence in the responsiveness of TH axis elements and highlighting the need for further studies of this axis during development of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco António Campinho
- Comparative Molecular Endocrinology Group, Marine Science Centre (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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44
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Uribe RM, Zacarias M, Corkidi G, Cisneros M, Charli JL, Joseph-Bravo P. 17β-Oestradiol indirectly inhibits thyrotrophin-releasing hormone expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of female rats and blunts thyroid axis response to cold exposure. J Neuroendocrinol 2009; 21:439-48. [PMID: 19302192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Energy expenditure and thermogenesis are regultated by thyroid and sex hormones. Several parameters of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis function are modulated by 17β-oestradiol (E(2)) but its effects on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA levels remain unknown. We evaluated, by in situ hybridisation and Northern bloting, TRH expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) of cycling rats, 2 weeks-ovariectomised (OVX) and OVX animals injected s.c. during 1-4 days with E(2) (5, 50, 100 or 200 μg ⁄ kg) (OVX-E). Serum levels of E(2), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, corticosterone and triiodothyronine (T(3)) were quantified by radioimmunoassay. Increased serum E(2) levels were observed after 4 days injection of 50 μg ⁄ kg E(2) (to 68.5 ± 4.8 pg ⁄ ml) in OVX rats. PVN-TRH mRNA levels were slightly higher in OVX than in virgin females at dioestrous 1 or pro-oestrous, decreasing proportionally to increased serum E(2) levels. E(2) injections augmented serum T(3), prolactin, and corticosterone levels. Serum TSH levels augmented with 4 days 50 μg ⁄ kg E(2), but not with the higher doses that enhanced serum T(3) levels. Exposure to cold for 1 h resulted in marked HPT axis activation in OVX rats, increasing the levels of TRH mRNA along the rostro-caudal PVN areas, as well as serum TSH, T(3), corticosterone and prolactin levels. By contrast, no significant changes in any of these parameters were observed in cold-exposed OVX-E (50 μg ⁄ kg E(2)) rats. Very few PVN-TRHergic neurones expressed the oestrogen receptor type-α, suggesting that the effects of E(2) on PVN-TRH expression are indirect, most probably as a result of its multiple modulatory effects on circulating hormones and their receptor sensitivity. The blunted response of OVX-E rats to cold coincides with the effects of E(2) on the autonomic nervous system and increased cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Uribe
- Departamento de Genética y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Radenne A, Akpa M, Martel C, Sawadogo S, Mauvoisin D, Mounier C. Hepatic regulation of fatty acid synthase by insulin and T3: evidence for T3 genomic and nongenomic actions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E884-94. [PMID: 18682535 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90438.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key enzyme of hepatic lipogenesis responsible for the synthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids. This enzyme is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by nutrients and hormones. In particular, glucose, insulin, and T(3) increase FAS activity, whereas glucagon and saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease it. In the present study we show that, in liver, T(3) and insulin were able to activate FAS enzymatic activity, mRNA expression, and gene transcription. We localized the T(3) response element (TRE) that mediates the T(3) genomic effect, on the FAS promoter between -741 and -696 bp that mediates the T(3) genomic effect. We show that both T(3) and insulin regulate FAS transcription via this sequence. The TRE binds a TR/RXR heterodimer even in the absence of hormone, and this binding is increased in response to T(3) and/or insulin treatment. The use of H7, a serine/threonine kinase inhibitor, reveals that a phosphorylation mechanism is implicated in the transcriptional regulation of FAS in response to both hormones. Specifically, we show that T(3) is able to modulate FAS transcription via a nongenomic action targeting the TRE through the activation of a PI 3-kinase-ERK1/2-MAPK-dependent pathway. Insulin also targets the TRE sequence, probably via the activation of two parallel pathways: Ras/ERK1/2 MAPK and PI 3-kinase/Akt. Finally, our data suggest that the nongenomic actions of T(3) and insulin are probably common to several TREs, as we observed similar effects on a classical DR4 consensus sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Radenne
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec, CP 8888, Succursale Centreville, Montreal, Canada H36 3P8
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Panicker V, Wilson SG, Spector TD, Brown SJ, Kato BS, Reed PW, Falchi M, Richards JB, Surdulescu GL, Lim EM, Fletcher SJ, Walsh JP. Genetic loci linked to pituitary-thyroid axis set points: a genome-wide scan of a large twin cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:3519-23. [PMID: 18611976 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that circulating concentrations of TSH, free T4, and free T3 are genetically regulated, but the genes responsible remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify genetic loci associated with these parameters. DESIGN We performed a multipoint, nonparametric genome-wide linkage scan of 613 female dizygotic twin pairs. All subjects were euthyroid (TSH 0.4-4.0 mU/liter) with negative thyroid peroxidase antibodies and no history of thyroid disease. The genome scan comprised 737 microsatellite markers supplemented with dinucleotide markers. Data were analyzed using residualized thyroid hormone data after adjustment for age, smoking, and body mass index. RESULTS Multipoint linkage analysis gave linkage peaks for free T4 on chromosome 14q13 and 18q21 [logarithm of odds (LOD) 2.4-3.2]; TSH on chromosomes 2q36, 4q32, and 9q34 (LOD 2.1-3.2); and free T3 on chromosomes 7q36, 8q22, and 18q21 (LOD 2.0-2.3). CONCLUSIONS This study has identified eight genomic locations with linkage of LOD of 2.0 or greater. These results should enable targeted positional candidate and positional cloning studies to advance our understanding of genetic control of the pituitary-thyroid axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Panicker
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia 6009
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Chan IH, Borowsky AD, Privalsky ML. A cautionary note as to the use of pBi-L and related luciferase/transgenic vectors in the study of thyroid endocrinology. Thyroid 2008; 18:665-6. [PMID: 18578620 PMCID: PMC2962860 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Panicker V, Wilson SG, Spector TD, Brown SJ, Falchi M, Richards JB, Surdulescu GL, Lim EM, Fletcher SJ, Walsh JP. Heritability of serum TSH, free T4 and free T3 concentrations: a study of a large UK twin cohort. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:652-9. [PMID: 17970774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormone action influences many metabolic and synthetic processes, but the degree of regulation attributed to genes and environmental factors affecting normal variation remains controversial. DESIGN We investigated the magnitude of the genetic and environmental determination of serum concentrations of free (f) T3, fT4, TSH and the fT4 x TSH product and their variation, in a large cohort of twin pairs. Female dizygous and monozygous twins (849 and 213 pairs, respectively) from the TwinsUK registry (mean age 45.5, range 18-80 years) were studied. RESULTS Comparison of thyroid parameters within various groups showed no differences between smoking categories, and higher serum TSH and lower fT3 in subjects with positive thyroid antibodies. Using structural equation modelling, we estimated the heritable contribution to serum thyroid parameters (with 95% confidence intervals) to be 65% (58%-71%) for TSH, 65% (58%-71%) for the fT4 x TSH product, 39% (20%-55%) for fT4 and 23% (3%-41%) for fT3. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that genetic regulation is a particularly important determinant of TSH and the fT4 x TSH product, and is a less important determinant of fT4 and fT3 concentrations in Caucasian women. These data from a large well-characterized cohort suggest that while there is a strong heritable contribution to serum TSH, variation in fT4 and fT3 concentrations may be less explained by genetic factors and more driven by environmental effects than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Panicker
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Blum JW, Elsasser TH, Greger DL, Wittenberg S, de Vries F, Distl O. Insulin-like growth factor type-1 receptor down-regulation associated with dwarfism in Holstein calves. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007; 33:245-68. [PMID: 16829014 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in endocrine functions can impact normal growth. Endocrine traits were studied in three dwarf calves exhibiting retarded but proportionate growth and four phenotypically normal half-siblings, sired by the same bull, and four unrelated control calves. Plasma 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations in dwarfs and half-siblings were in the physiological range and responded normally to injected thyroid-releasing hormone. Plasma glucagon concentrations were different (dwarfs, controls>half-siblings; P<0.05). Plasma growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin concentrations in the three groups during an 8-h period were similar, but integrated GH concentrations (areas under concentration curves) were different (dwarfs>controls, P<0.02; half-siblings>controls, P=0.08). Responses of GH to xylazine and to a GH-releasing-factor analogue were similar in dwarfs and half-siblings. Relative gene expression of IGF-1, IGF-2, GH receptor (GHR), insulin receptor, IGF-1 type-1 and -2 receptors (IGF-1R, IGF-2R), and IGF binding proteins were measured in liver and anconeus muscle. GHR mRNA levels were different in liver (dwarfs<controls, P<0.002; dwarfs<half-siblings, P=0.06; half-siblings<controls, P=0.08) but not in muscle. IGF-1R mRNA abundance in liver in half-siblings and controls was 2.4- and 2.5-fold higher (P=0.003 and P=0.001, respectively) and in muscle tissue was 2.3- and 1.8-fold higher (P=0.01 and P=0.08, respectively) than in dwarfs. Hepatic IGF-1R protein levels (Western blots) in muscle were 2.5-fold higher (P<0.05) and in liver and muscle (quantitative immunohistochemistry) were higher (P<0.02 and P<0.07, respectively) in half-siblings than in dwarfs. The reduced presence of IGF-1R may have been the underlying cause of dwarfism in studied calves.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western/veterinary
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/blood
- Cattle Diseases/genetics
- Cattle Diseases/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Dwarfism/blood
- Dwarfism/genetics
- Dwarfism/metabolism
- Dwarfism/veterinary
- Female
- Glucagon/blood
- Glucagon/genetics
- Growth Hormone/blood
- Growth Hormone/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/blood
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/physiology
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Pedigree
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/blood
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/blood
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatotropin/blood
- Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatotropin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Thyroxine/blood
- Thyroxine/genetics
- Triiodothyronine/blood
- Triiodothyronine/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Blum
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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