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Yao R, Wang B, Ren C, Qu X, Luo M, Zhang Q, Wang H, Dong F, Wu X, Yang L, Yu H. Olig2 overexpression accelerates the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in vitro. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:511-7. [PMID: 25200136 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) transplantation is receiving considerable attention in the field of regenerative medicine therapy for demyelinating diseases. Although embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been successfully induced to differentiate into OPCs with cytokines cocktails in vitro, the regulatory roles of many key transcription factors in this process are not clear. Here, we introduced oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (Olig2), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, into mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to investigate its effects on the differentiation of mESCs into OPCs. The results showed that Olig2 overexpression alone did not affect pluripotency of mESCs, but in the stimulation of differentiating cocktails, Olig2 accelerated mESCs to differentiate into OPCs, shortening the induction time span from normal 21 days to 11 days. Further study demonstrated the Olig2-mESCs derived OPCs were able to differentiate into C-type natriuretic peptid (CNP) and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) positive mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in vitro, suggesting these induced OPCs might be favorable for myelin regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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2
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McCreedy DA, Brown CR, Butts JC, Xu H, Huettner JE, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. A new method for generating high purity motoneurons from mouse embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2041-55. [PMID: 24842774 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A common problem with using embryonic stem (ES) cells as a source for analysis of gene expression, drug toxicity, or functional characterization studies is the heterogeneity that results from many differentiation protocols. The ability to generate large numbers of high purity differentiated cells from pluripotent stem cells could greatly enhance their utility for in vitro characterization studies and transplantation in pre-clinical injury models. Population heterogeneity is particularly troublesome for post-mitotic neurons, including motoneurons, because they do not proliferate and are quickly diluted in culture by proliferative phenotypes, such as glia. Studies of motoneuron biology and disease, in particular amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, can benefit from high purity motoneuron cultures. In this study, we engineered a transgenic-ES cell line where highly conserved enhancer elements for the motoneuron transcription factor Hb9 were used to drive puromycin N-acetyltransferase expression in ES cell-derived motoneurons. Antibiotic selection with puromycin was then used to obtain high purity motoneuron cultures following differentiation of mouse ES cells. Purity was maintained during maturation allowing the production of consistent, uniform populations of cholinergic ES cell-derived motoneurons. Appropriate functional properties of purified motoneurons were verified by acetylcholinesterase activity and electrophysiology. Antibiotic selection, therefore, can provide an inexpensive alternative to current methods for isolating ES cell-derived motoneurons at high purity that does not require specialized laboratory equipment and provides a unique platform for studies in motoneuron development and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A McCreedy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130
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McCreedy DA, Rieger CR, Gottlieb DI, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Transgenic enrichment of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived progenitor motor neurons. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:368-78. [PMID: 22297157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold great potential for replacing neurons following injury or disease. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of ESCs may be hindered by heterogeneity in ESC-derived populations. Drug selection has been used to purify ESC-derived cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells but has not been applied to specific neural lineages. In this study we investigated positive selection of progenitor motor neurons (pMNs) through transgenic expression of the puromycin resistance enzyme, puromycin N-acetyl-transferase (PAC), under the Olig2 promoter. The protein-coding region in one allele of Olig2 was replaced with PAC to generate the P-Olig2 cell line. This cell line provided specific puromycin resistance in cells that express Olig2, while Olig2(-) cells were killed by puromycin. Positive selection significantly enriched populations of Olig2(+) pMNs. Committed motoneurons (MNs) expressing Hb9, a common progeny of pMNs, were also enriched by the end of the selection period. Selected cells remained viable and differentiated into mature cholinergic MNs and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Drug resistance may provide a scalable and inexpensive method for enriching desired neural cell types for use in research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A McCreedy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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4
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Bieberich E. There is more to a lipid than just being a fat: sphingolipid-guided differentiation of oligodendroglial lineage from embryonic stem cells. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:1601-11. [PMID: 21136155 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Robert K. Yu's research showed for the first time that the composition of glycosphingolipids is tightly regulated during embryo development. Studies in our group showed that the glycosphingolipid precursor ceramide is also critical for stem cell differentiation and apoptosis. Our new studies suggest that ceramide and its derivative, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), act synergistically on embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation. When using neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from ES cells for transplantation, residual pluripotent stem (rPS) cells pose a significant risk of tumor formation after stem cell transplantation. We show here that rPS cells did not express the S1P receptor S1P1, which left them vulnerable to ceramide or ceramide analog (N-oleoyl serinol or S18)-induced apoptosis. In contrast, ES cell-derived NPCs expressed S1P1 and were protected in the presence of S1P or its pro-drug analog FTY720. Consistent with previous studies, FTY720-treated NPCs differentiated predominantly toward oligodendroglial lineage as tested by the expression of the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) markers Olig2 and O4. As the consequence, a combined administration of S18 and FTY720 to differentiating ES cells eliminated rPS cells and promoted oligodendroglial differentiation. In addition, we show that this combination promoted differentiation of ES cell-derived NPCs toward oligodendroglial lineage in vivo after transplantation into mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street Room CA4012, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Stock K, Nolden L, Edenhofer F, Quandel T, Brüstle O. Transcription factor-based modulation of neural stem cell differentiation using direct protein transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2439-49. [PMID: 20352468 PMCID: PMC2889284 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to conventional gene transfer strategies, the direct introduction of recombinant proteins into cells bypasses the risk of insertional mutagenesis and offers an alternative to genetic intervention. Here, we explore whether protein transduction of the gliogenic transcription factor Nkx2.2 can be used to promote oligodendroglial differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived neural stem cells (NSC). To that end, a recombinant cell-permeant form of Nkx2.2 protein was generated. Exposure of ESC-derived NSC to the recombinant protein and initiation of differentiation resulted in a two-fold increase in the number of oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, Nkx2.2-transduced cells exhibited a more mature oligodendroglial phenotype. Comparative viral gene transfer studies showed that the biological effect of Nkx2.2 protein transduction is comparable to that obtained by lentiviral transduction. The results of this proof-of-concept study depict direct intracellular delivery of transcription factors as alternative modality to control lineage differentiation in NSC cultures without genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Stock
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE and BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE and BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Nolden
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE and BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE and BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE and BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE and BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tamara Quandel
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE and BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE and BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Jiang P, Selvaraj V, Deng W. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursors. J Vis Exp 2010:1960. [PMID: 20489683 PMCID: PMC3149995 DOI: 10.3791/1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (>80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Xue H, Wu S, Papadeas ST, Spusta S, Swistowska AM, MacArthur CC, Mattson MP, Maragakis NJ, Capecchi MR, Rao MS, Zeng X, Liu Y. A targeted neuroglial reporter line generated by homologous recombination in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 27:1836-46. [PMID: 19544414 DOI: 10.1002/stem.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we targeted Olig2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays an important role in motoneuron and oligodendrocyte development, in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line BG01 by homologous recombination. One allele of Olig2 locus was replaced by a green fluorescent protein (GFP) cassette with a targeting efficiency of 5.7%. Targeted clone R-Olig2 (like the other clones) retained pluripotency, typical hESC morphology, and a normal parental karyotype 46,XY. Most importantly, GFP expression recapitulated endogenous Olig2 expression when R-Olig2 was induced by sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid, and GFP-positive cells could be purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Consistent with previous reports on rodents, early GFP-expressing cells appeared biased to a neuronal fate, whereas late GFP-expressing cells appeared biased to an oligodendrocytic fate. This was corroborated by myoblast coculture, transplantation into the rat spinal cords, and whole genome expression profiling. The present work reports an hESC reporter line generated by homologous recombination targeting a neural lineage-specific gene, which can be differentiated and sorted to obtain pure neural progenitor populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Xue
- Primary and Stem Cell Systems, Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
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Improved spatial learning performance of fat-1 mice is associated with enhanced neurogenesis and neuritogenesis by docosahexaenoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11370-5. [PMID: 19549874 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904835106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA), highly enriched in the central nervous system, is critical for brain development and function. It has been shown that DHA deficiency impairs cognitive performance whereas DHA supplementation improves the condition. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of DHA in brain development and function remain to be elucidated. By using transgenic fat-1 mice rich in endogenous n-3 PUFA, we show that increased brain DHA significantly enhances hippocampal neurogenesis shown by an increased number of proliferating neurons and neuritogenesis, evidenced by increased density of dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. Concurrently, fat-1 mice exhibit a better spatial learning performance in the Morris water maze compared with control WT littermates. In vitro experiments further demonstrate that DHA promotes differentiation and neurite outgrowth of neuronal cells derived from mouse ES cells and increases the proliferation of cells undergoing differentiation into neuronal lineages from the ES cells. These results together provide direct evidence for a promoting effect of DHA on neurogenesis and neuritogenesis and suggest that this effect may be a mechanism underlying its beneficial effect on behavioral performance.
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9
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Zhang X, Horrell SA, Delaney D, Gottlieb DI. Embryonic stem cells as a platform for analyzing neural gene transcription. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1841-9. [PMID: 18436864 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for improved methods to analyze transcriptional control of mammalian stem cell genes. We propose that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) will have broad utility as a model system, because they can be manipulated genetically and then differentiated into many cell types in vitro, avoiding the need to make mice. Results are presented demonstrating the utility of ESCs for analyzing cis-acting sequences using Olig2 as a model gene. Olig2 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in the development of a ventral compartment of the nervous system and the oligodendrocyte lineage. The functional role of an upstream region (USR) of the Olig2 gene was investigated in ESCs engineered at the undifferentiated stage and then differentiated into ventral neural cells with sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid. Deletion of the USR from the native gene via gene targeting eliminates expression in ventral neural cells differentiated in cell culture. The USR is also essential for regulated expression of an Olig2 transgene inserted at a defined foreign chromosomal site. A subregion of the USR has nonspecific promoter activity in transient transfection assays in cells that do not express Olig2. Taken together, the data demonstrate that the USR contains a promoter for the Olig2 gene and suggest that repression contributes to specific expression. The technology used in this study can be applied to a wide range of genes and cell types and will facilitate research on cis-acting DNA elements of mammalian genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Box 8108, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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10
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Barthelery M, Salli U, Vrana KE. Nuclear proteomics and directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 16:905-19. [PMID: 17999636 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, regenerative medicine has been the subject of intense interest due, in large part, to our growing knowledge of embryonic stem (ES) cell biology. ES cells give rise to cell lineages from the three primordial germ layers--endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. This process needs to be channeled if these cells are to be differentiated efficiently and used subsequently for therapeutic purposes. Indeed, an important area of investigation involves directed differentiation to influence the lineage commitment of these pluripotent cells in vitro. Various strategies involving timely growth factor supplementation, cell co-cultures, and gene transfection are used to drive lineage specific emergence. The underlying goal is to control directly the center of gene expression and cellular programming--the nucleus. Gene expression is enabled, managed, and sustained by the collective actions and interactions of proteins found in the nucleus--the nuclear proteome--in response to extracellular signaling. Nuclear proteomics can inventory these nuclear proteins in differentiating cells and decipher their dynamics during cellular phenotypic commitment. This review details what is currently known about nuclear effectors of stem cell differentiation and describes emerging techniques in the discovery of nuclear proteomics that will illuminate new transcription factors and modulators of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barthelery
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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11
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Glaser T, Schmandt T, Brüstle O. Generation and potential biomedical applications of embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors. J Neurol Sci 2008; 265:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shin S, Xue H, Mattson MP, Rao MS. Stage-dependent Olig2 expression in motor neurons and oligodendrocytes differentiated from embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:131-41. [PMID: 17348811 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although embryonic stem (ES) cells are capable of forming any cell type in the body, the mechanisms that control cell type-specific differentiation are largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the process of differentiation to motor neurons and oligodendrocytes from mouse (Olig2GFP) ES cells. Mouse ES cells undergo a sequential process of differentiation over a 3-week period to generate motor neurons and oligodendrocytes. At day 7 of differentiation, Olig2-expressing cells are biased to a neuronal lineage. However, further differentiation (day 32) resulted in the majority of Olig2-expressing cells exhibiting an oligodendrocyte phenotype as well as a reduced ability to make motor neurons. Exposure of human ES cells to Sonic hedgehog (Shh) likewise resulted in enhanced motor neuron differentiation. Our results establish the requirements for directing ES cells to become motor neurons and oligodendrocytes and show that ES cell-derived Olig2 + cells can give rise to both motor neurons and oligodendrocytes, depending on the time at which differentiation is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Shin
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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13
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Guillaume DJ, Johnson MA, Li XJ, Zhang SC. Human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursors develop into neurons and integrate into the host brain. J Neurosci Res 2007; 84:1165-76. [PMID: 16941479 PMCID: PMC2735209 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Whether and how in-vitro-produced human neural precursors mature and integrate into the brain are crucial to the utility of human embryonic stem (hES) cells in treating neurological disorders. After transplantation into the ventricles of neonatal immune-deficient mice, hES-cell-derived neural precursors stopped expressing the cell division marker Ki67, except in neurogenic areas, and differentiated into neurons and then glia in a temporal course intrinsic to that of human cells regardless of location. The human cells located in the gray matter became neurons in the olfactory bulb and striatum, whereas those in the white matter produced exclusively glia. Importantly, the grafted human cells formed synapses. Thus, the in-vitro-produced human neural precursors follow their intrinsic temporal program to produce neurons and glia and, in response to environmental signals, generate cells appropriate to their target regions and integrate into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Correspondence to: Su-Chun Zhang, MD, PhD, Waisman Center, Rm, T613, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705. E-mail:
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Cazillis M, Rasika S, Mani S, Gressens P, Leliévre V. In vitro induction of neural differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells closely mimics molecular mechanisms of embryonic brain development. Pediatr Res 2006; 59:48R-53R. [PMID: 16549548 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000203566.01600.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ES cells) to proliferate and differentiate makes them promising tools in the field of cell therapy. In spite of the controversy surrounding the numerous ethical questions raised by this technology, it has been shown to have therapeutic potential for heart, lung, liver, bone and connective tissue regeneration. In addition, a very attractive aspect of this technology is its potential for the treatment of cerebral pathology. A number of studies using ES cell transplants report the differentiation of ES cells in the brain or spinal cord of rodents, and the improvement of locomotor and/or cognitive deficits caused by brain injury. This review offers a synthesis of recent advances in the field of both human and rodent stem cell manipulation to select populations of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In parallel, this review emphasizes the striking similarities that exist between genetically programmed embryonic development of the nervous system and the differentiation of ES cells in vitro.
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Perez‐Bouza A, Glaser T, Brüstle O. ES cell-derived glial precursors contribute to remyelination in acutely demyelinated spinal cord lesions. Brain Pathol 2005; 15:208-16. [PMID: 16196387 PMCID: PMC8095916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells have emerged as a powerful tool for disease modeling and neural regeneration. Transplantation studies in rodents indicate that ES cell-derived glial precursors (ESGPs) efficiently restore myelin in dysmyelinating mutants and chemically induced foci of myelin loss. Here we explore the myelination potential of ESGPs in an antibody/complement-induced demyelination model. Microinjection of an antibody to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and complement was employed to generate circumscribed areas of demyelination in the adult rat spinal cord. ESGPs transplanted into 2-day-old lesions were found to survive and differentiate into both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The engrafted cells remained largely confined to the lesion site and showed no evidence of tumor formation up until 4 weeks after transplantation. Within areas of pronounced microglial activation and macrophage extravasation, engrafted ES cell-derived oligodendrocytes contacted and enwrapped host axons and alongside endogenous glia, contributed to the formation of new myelin sheaths. These findings demonstrate that ESGPs transplanted into acutely demyelinated lesions can contribute to myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perez‐Bouza
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn LIFE & BRAIN Center and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tamara Glaser
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn LIFE & BRAIN Center and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn LIFE & BRAIN Center and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
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Vadivelu S, Becker D, McDonald JW. Generating chimeric spinal cord: a novel model for transplantable oligodendrocyte progenitors derived from embryonic stem cells. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19:E3. [PMID: 16190602 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2005.19.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ObjectTo identify and evaluate stem cell–derived oligodendrocytes obtained for cell transplantation therapies, the authors developed a novel model to examine single, adult oligodendrocytes in situ.MethodsGreen fluorescent protein–expressing, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were neural induced and additionally staged in an oligosphere preparatory step for high-yield derivation of oligodendrocyte progenitors. These transplantable, induced progenitors were injected into postnatal Day 2 rat pups, in which spinal cord sections were then examined at 3 and 9 weeks posttransplantation.ConclusionsTransplanted oligosphere ESCs survived and integrated anatomically into postnatal and adult white matter, generating targeted regions of chimeric spinal cord. A simple model for identifying adult oligodendrocytes in situ is presented, which is suitable for use in further studies examining functional myelination and derivation of oligodendrocytes from genetically engineered ESC lines, including human ESCs. Results from the model presented here demonstrate a unique method for examining transplantable oligodendrocyte progenitors derived from ESCs for repair of white matter disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Vadivelu
- The International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Cazillis M, Lelièvre V, Gressens P. Différenciation neurale des cellules souches embryonnaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2005; 21:484-90. [PMID: 15885197 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2005215484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent murine embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate into all cell types both in vivo and in vitro. Based on their capability to proliferate and differentiate, these ES cells appear as a very promising tool for cell therapy. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neural differentiation of the ES cells is a pre-requisite for selecting adequately the cells and conditions which will be able to correctly repair damaged brain and restore altered cognitive functions. Different methods allow obtaining neural cells from ES cells. Most of the techniques differentiate ES cells by treating embryoid bodies in order to keep an embryonic organization. More recent techniques, based on conditioned media, induce a direct differentiation of ES cells into neural cells, without going through the step of embryonic bodies. Beyond the fact that these techniques allow obtaining large numbers of neural precursors and more differentiated neural cells, these approaches also provide valuable information on the process of differentiation of ES cells into neural cells. Indeed, sequential studies of this process of differentiation have revealed that globally ES cells differentiating into neural cells in vitro recapitulate the molecular events governing the in vivo differentiation of neural cells. Altogether these data suggest that murine ES cells remain a highly valuable tool to obtain large amounts of precursor and differentiated neural cells as well as to get a better understanding of the mechanisms of neural differentiation, prior to a potential move towards the use of human ES cells in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Cazillis
- Inserm U.676, Physiopathologie et neuroprotection des atteintes du cerveau en développement, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75935 Paris Cedex 19, France.
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Xian HQ, Werth K, Gottlieb DI. Promoter analysis in ES cell-derived neural cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 327:155-62. [PMID: 15629444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural cells derived from ES cells in cell culture (ESNCs) have many of the properties of normal neural cells and provide a model of "neurogenesis-in-a-dish." Here we show that ESNCs provide a powerful system for analyzing neural gene transcription. ES cells are transfected with bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing Olig2, a gene with a key role in neural fate choice. One BAC is modified by recombineering to insert a reporter gene and a gene for selecting stably transfected clones. Another BAC contains a deletion of a suspected Olig2 promoter. Stable transgenic clones of ES cells are isolated, differentiated in culture, and the expression of transgenes is assayed. Differentiated cells dramatically up-regulate transgene expression and a deletion analysis reveals a basal promoter for Olig2. The combination of ESNCs and BAC recombineering will have broad application for analyzing gene transcription in the nervous system and will be applicable to human ES cells. The general approach should also be applicable to the many other cell lineages that can now be derived from mouse and human ES cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qing Xian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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