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Khaled ML, Ren Y, Kundalia R, Alhaddad H, Chen Z, Wallace GC, Evernden B, Ospina OE, Hall M, Liu M, Darville LN, Izumi V, Chen YA, Pilon-Thomas S, Stewart PA, Koomen JM, Corallo SA, Jain MD, Robinson TJ, Locke FL, Forsyth PA, Smalley I. Branched-chain keto acids promote an immune-suppressive and neurodegenerative microenvironment in leptomeningeal disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.18.572239. [PMID: 38187773 PMCID: PMC10769272 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) occurs when tumors seed into the leptomeningeal space and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to severe neurological deterioration and poor survival outcomes. We utilized comprehensive multi-omics analyses of CSF from patients with lymphoma LMD to demonstrate an immunosuppressive cellular microenvironment and identified dysregulations in proteins and lipids indicating neurodegenerative processes. Strikingly, we found a significant accumulation of toxic branched-chain keto acids (BCKA) in the CSF of patients with LMD. The BCKA accumulation was found to be a pan-cancer occurrence, evident in lymphoma, breast cancer, and melanoma LMD patients. Functionally, BCKA disrupted the viability and function of endogenous T lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, neurons, and meningeal cells. Treatment of LMD mice with BCKA-reducing sodium phenylbutyrate significantly improved neurological function, survival outcomes, and efficacy of anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy. This is the first report of BCKA accumulation in LMD and provides preclinical evidence that targeting these toxic metabolites improves outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Lotfy Khaled
- The Department of Metabolism and Physiology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Yuan Ren
- The Department of Metabolism and Physiology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ronak Kundalia
- The Department of Metabolism and Physiology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- The Department of Metabolism and Physiology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gerald C. Wallace
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Georgia Cancer Center at Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Evernden
- Department of Neuro Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Oscar E. Ospina
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - MacLean Hall
- Department of Immunology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Min Liu
- The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lancia N.F. Darville
- The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Victoria Izumi
- The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Y. Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shari Pilon-Thomas
- Department of Immunology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul A. Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - John M. Koomen
- The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Salvatore A. Corallo
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael D. Jain
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Timothy J. Robinson
- Therapeutic Radiology, Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale New Haven, 35 Park Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fredrick L. Locke
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Peter A. Forsyth
- Department of Neuro Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Inna Smalley
- The Department of Metabolism and Physiology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
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Amaral AU, Wajner M. Pathophysiology of maple syrup urine disease: Focus on the neurotoxic role of the accumulated branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain α-keto acids. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mescka CP, de Moura Coelho D, Sitta A, Catarino F, Donida B, Rosa AP, Gonzalez EA, Pinheiro CV, Poletto F, Baldo G, Dutra-Filho CS, Vargas CR. Preliminary results of PBA-loaded nanoparticles development and the effect on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rats submitted to a chemically induced chronic model of MSUD. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1015-1027. [PMID: 33620579 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a genetic disorder that leads the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine (Leu), isoleucine, valine and metabolites. The symptomatology includes psychomotor delay and mental retardation. MSUD therapy comprises a lifelong protein strict diet with low BCAA levels and is well established that high concentrations of Leu and/or its ketoacid are associated with neurological symptoms. Recently, it was demonstrated that the phenylbutyrate (PBA) have the ability to decrease BCAA concentrations. This work aimed the development of lipid-based nanoparticles loaded with PBA, capable of targeting to the central nervous system in order to verify its action mechanisms on oxidative stress and cell death in brain of rats subjected to a MSUD chronic model. PBA-loaded nanoparticles treatment was effective in significantly decreasing BCAA concentration in plasma and Leu in the cerebral cortex of MSUD animals. Furthermore, PBA modulate the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes, as well as preventing the oxidative damage to lipid membranes and proteins. PBA was also able to decrease the glial fibrillary acidic protein concentrations and partially decreased the reactive species production and caspase-3 activity in MSUD rats. Taken together, the data indicate that the PBA-loaded nanoparticles could be an efficient adjuvant in the MSUD therapy, protecting against oxidative brain damage and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Paula Mescka
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniella de Moura Coelho
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Angela Sitta
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Felipe Catarino
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna Donida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-000, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pereira Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-000, Brazil
| | - Esteban Alberto Gonzalez
- Centro de Terapia Gênica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Camila Vieira Pinheiro
- Centro de Terapia Gênica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Poletto
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Centro de Terapia Gênica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Carlos Severo Dutra-Filho
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-000, Brazil.
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Xing G, Ren M, Verma A. Divergent Induction of Branched-Chain Aminotransferases and Phosphorylation of Branched Chain Keto-Acid Dehydrogenase Is a Potential Mechanism Coupling Branched-Chain Keto-Acid-Mediated-Astrocyte Activation to Branched-Chain Amino Acid Depletion-Mediated Cognitive Deficit after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2482-2494. [PMID: 29764289 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are implicated in cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The mechanism remains unknown. BCAAs are catabolized by neuron-specific cytosolic and astrocyte-specific mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferases (BCATc, BCATm) to generate glutamate and branched-chain keto-acids (BCKAs) that are metabolized by the mitochondrial branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) whose activity is regulated by its phosphorylation state. BCKD phosphorylation by BCKD kinase (BCKDK) inactivates BCKD and cause neurocognitive dysfunction, whereas dephosphorylation by specific phosphatase restores BCKD activity. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed rapidly and significantly decreased BCATc messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, but significantly increased BCATm mRNA level post-CCI (controlled cortical impact). BCKD and BCKDK mRNA decreased significantly immediately after CCI-induced TBI (CCI) in the rat. Phosphorylated BCKD proteins (pBCKD) increased significantly in the ipsilateral-CCI hemisphere. Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly increased pBCKD proteins in ipsilateral astrocytes post-CCI. BCKD protein expression is higher in primarily cultured cortical neurons than in astrocytes, whereas pBCKD protein level is higher in astrocytes than in cortical neurons. Transforming growth factor beta treatment (10 μg/mL for 48 h) significantly increased pBCKD protein expression in astrocytes, whereas glutamate treatment (25 μM for 24 h) significantly decreased pBCKD protein in neurons. Because increased pBCKD would lead to increased BCKA accumulation, BCKA-mediated astrocyte activation, cell death, and cognitive dysfunction as found in maple syrup urine disease; thus, TBI may potentially induce cognitive deficit through diverting BCAA from glutamate production in neurons to BCKA production in astrocytes through the pBCKD-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xing
- 1 Department of Radiology and Imaging, Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function , The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Ming Ren
- 2 Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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Abi-Wardé MT, Roda C, Arnoux JB, Servais A, Habarou F, Brassier A, Pontoizeau C, Barbier V, Bayart M, Leboeuf V, Chadefaux-Vekemans B, Dubois S, Assoun M, Belloche C, Alili JM, Husson MC, Lesage F, Dupic L, Theuil B, Ottolenghi C, de Lonlay P. Long-term metabolic follow-up and clinical outcome of 35 patients with maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:783-792. [PMID: 28905140 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare disease that requires a protein-restricted diet for successful management. Little is known, however, about the psychosocial outcome of MSUD patients. This study investigates the relationship between metabolic and clinical parameters and psychosocial outcomes in a cohort of patients with neonatal-onset MSUD. METHODS Data on academic achievement, psychological care, family involvement, and biochemical parameters were collected from the medical records of neonatal MSUD patients treated at Necker Hospital (Paris) between 1964 and 2013. RESULTS Thirty-five MSUD patients with a mean age of 16.3 (2.1-49.0) years participated. Metabolic decompensations (plasma leucine >380 μmol/L) were more frequent during the first year of life and after 15 years, mainly due to infection and dietary noncompliance, respectively. Leucine levels increased significantly in adulthood: 61.5% of adults were independent and achieved adequate social and professional integration; 56% needed occasional or sustained psychological or psychiatric care (8/19, with externalizing, mood, emotional, and anxiety disorders being the most common). Patients needing psychiatric care were significantly older [mean and standard deviation (SD) 22.6 (7.7) years] than patients needing only psychological follow-up [mean (SD) 14.3 (8.9) years]. Patients with psychological follow-up experienced the highest lifetime number of decompensations; 45% of families had difficulty coping with the chronic disease. Parental involvement was negatively associated with the number of lifetime decompensations. CONCLUSION Adults had increased levels of plasma leucine, consistent with greater chronic toxicity. Psychological care was associated with age and number of decompensations. In addition, parental involvement appeared to be crucial in the management of MSUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Thérèse Abi-Wardé
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Célina Roda
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arnoux
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Aude Servais
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Nephrology-Transplantation, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Florence Habarou
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anais Brassier
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Clément Pontoizeau
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Barbier
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Manuella Bayart
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Leboeuf
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Chadefaux-Vekemans
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Dubois
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Murielle Assoun
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Claire Belloche
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Meidi Alili
- Pharmaceutical Establishment of APHP, AGEPS, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Fabrice Lesage
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dupic
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Theuil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital Bichat Claude Bernard, APHP, University Denis Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Chris Ottolenghi
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Strand JM, Skinnes R, Scheffler K, Rootvelt T, Woldseth B, Bjørås M, Eide L. Genome instability in Maple Syrup Urine Disease correlates with impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Metabolism 2014; 63:1063-70. [PMID: 24928662 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mitochondrial branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) catalyzes the degradation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), which have been shown to induce oxidative stress. Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is caused by impaired activity of BCKD, suggesting that oxidative stress and resulting DNA damage could contribute to pathology. We evaluated the potential effect of BCKD deficiency on genome integrity and mitochondrial function as a downstream target. METHODS Primary fibroblasts from MSUD patients and controls were either cultivated under normal conditions or exposed to metabolic or oxidative stress. DNA was analyzed for damage and mitochondrial function was evaluated by gene expression analyses, functional assays and immunofluorescent methods. RESULTS Patient fibroblasts accumulated damage in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA, with a corresponding reduction in mitochondrial transcription, mtDNA copy number and pyruvate dehydrogenase. We found no evidence of increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in patient fibroblasts under normal conditions, suggesting that the genotoxic effect is ascribed to accumulating metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Impaired BCKD activity as in MSUD, results in accumulation of DNA damage and corresponding mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne M Strand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Skinnes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katja Scheffler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Rootvelt
- Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berit Woldseth
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Eide
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Vogel KR, Arning E, Wasek BL, McPherson S, Bottiglieri T, Gibson KM. Brain-blood amino acid correlates following protein restriction in murine maple syrup urine disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:73. [PMID: 24886632 PMCID: PMC4022424 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional therapy for patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) entails restriction of protein intake to maintain acceptable levels of the branched chain amino acid, leucine (LEU), monitored in blood. However, no data exists on the correlation between brain and blood LEU with protein restriction, and whether correction in blood is reflected in brain. Methods To address this question, we fed intermediate MSUD mice diets of 19% (standard) and 6% protein, with collection of sera (SE), striata (STR), cerebellum (CE) and cortex (CTX) for quantitative amino acid analyses. Results LEU and valine (VAL) levels in all brain regions improved on average 28% when shifting from 19% to 6% protein, whereas the same improvements in SE were on average 60%. Isoleucine (ILE) in brain regions did not improve, while the SE level improved 24% with low-protein consumption. Blood-branched chain amino acids (LEU, ILE, and VAL in sera (SE)) were 362-434 μM, consistent with human values considered within control. Nonetheless, numerous amino acids in brain regions remained abnormal despite protein restriction, including glutamine (GLN), aspartate (ASP), glutamate (GLU), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), asparagine (ASN), citrulline (CIT) and serine (SER). To assess the specificity of these anomalies, we piloted preliminary studies in hyperphenylalaninemic mice, modeling another large neutral aminoacidopathy. Employing an identical dietary regimen, we found remarkably consistent abnormalities in GLN, ASP, and GLU. Conclusions Our results suggest that blood amino acid analysis may be a poor surrogate for assessing the outcomes of protein restriction in the large neutral amino acidopathies, and further indicate that chronic neurotransmitter disruptions (GLU, GABA, ASP) may contribute to long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - K Michael Gibson
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, 412 E, Spokane Falls Blvd,, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 347, P,O, Box 1495, 99210-1495 Spokane, WA, USA.
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Olson KC, Chen G, Lynch CJ. Quantification of branched-chain keto acids in tissue by ultra fast liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2013; 439:116-22. [PMID: 23684523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain keto acids (BCKAs) are associated with increased susceptibility to several degenerative diseases. However, BCKA concentrations in tissues or the amounts of tissue available are frequently at the limit of detection for standard plasma methods. To accurately and quickly determine tissue BCKAs, we have developed a sensitive ultra fast liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS) method. BCKAs from deproteinized tissue extractions were o-phenylenediamine (OPD) derivatized, ethyl acetate extracted, lyophilized in a vacuum centrifuge, and reconstituted in 200 mM ammonium acetate. Samples were injected onto a Shimadzu UFLC system coupled to an AB-Sciex 5600 Triple TOF mass spectrometer instrument that detected masses of the OPD BCKA products using a multiple reaction monitoring method. An OPD-derivatized (13)C-labeled keto acid was used as an internal standard. Application of the method for C57BL/6J (wild-type) and PP2Cm knockout mouse tissues, including kidney, adipose tissue, liver, gastrocnemius, and hypothalamus, is shown. The lowest tissue concentration measured by this method was 20 nM, with the standard curve covering a wide range (7.8-32,000 nM). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry run times for this assay were less than 5 min, facilitating high throughput, and the OPD derivatives were found to be stable over several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine C Olson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Souza DG, Bellaver B, Souza DO, Quincozes-Santos A. Characterization of adult rat astrocyte cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60282. [PMID: 23555943 PMCID: PMC3610681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, a major class of glial cells, regulate neurotransmitter systems, synaptic processing, ion homeostasis, antioxidant defenses and energy metabolism. Astrocyte cultures derived from rodent brains have been extensively used to characterize astrocytes' biochemical, pharmacological and morphological properties. The aims of this study were to develop a protocol for routine preparation and to characterize a primary astrocyte culture from the brains of adult (90 days old) Wistar rats. For this we used enzymatic digestion (trypsin and papain) and mechanical dissociation. Medium exchange occurred from 24 h after obtaining a culture and after, twice a week up to reach the confluence (around the 4th to 5th week). Under basal conditions, adult astrocytes presented a polygonal to fusiform and flat morphology. Furthermore, approximately 95% the cells were positive for the main glial markers, including GFAP, glutamate transporters, glutamine synthetase and S100B. Moreover, the astrocytes were able to take up glucose and glutamate. Adult astrocytes were also able to respond to acute H2O2 exposure, which led to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a decrease in glutamate uptake. The antioxidant compound resveratrol was able to protect adult astrocytes from oxidative damage. A response of adult astrocytes to an inflammatory stimulus with LPS was also observed. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton were induced in stimulated astrocytes, most likely by a mechanism dependent on MAPK and Rho A signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings indicate that the culture model described in this study exhibits the biochemical and physiological properties of astrocytes and may be useful for elucidating the mechanisms related to the adult brain, exploring changes between neonatal and adult astrocytes, as well as investigating compounds involved in cytotoxicity and cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Guerini Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Many inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are associated with irreversible brain injury. For many, it is unclear how metabolite intoxication or substrate depletion accounts for the specific neurologic findings observed. IEM-associated brain injury patterns are characterized by whether the process involves gray matter, white matter, or both, and beyond that, whether subcortical or cortical gray matter nuclei are involved. Despite global insults, IEMs may result in selective injury to deep gray matter nuclei or white matter. This manuscript reviews the neuro-imaging patterns of neural injury in selected disorders of metabolism involving small molecule and macromolecular disorders (ie, Phenylketonuria, urea cycle disorders, and maple syrup urine disease) and discusses the contribution of diet and nutrition to the prevention or exacerbation of injury in selected inborn metabolic disorders. Where known, a review of the roles of individual differences in blood-brain permeability and transport mechanisms in the etiology of these disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Gropman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center and the George Washington University of the Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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11
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Loureiro SO, Romão L, Alves T, Fonseca A, Heimfarth L, Neto VM, Wyse ATDS, Pessoa-Pureur R. Homocysteine induces cytoskeletal remodeling and production of reactive oxygen species in cultured cortical astrocytes. Brain Res 2010; 1355:151-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Skvorak KJ, Hager EJ, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Paul HS, Strom SC, Homanics GE, Sun Q, Jansen EEW, Jakobs C, Zinnanti WJ, Gibson KM. Hepatocyte transplantation (HTx) corrects selected neurometabolic abnormalities in murine intermediate maple syrup urine disease (iMSUD). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:1004-10. [PMID: 19699299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Skvorak et al. [1] demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of HTx in a murine model of iMSUD, confirming significant metabolic improvement and survival. To determine the effect of HTx on extrahepatic organs, we examined the metabolic effects of HTx in brain from iMSUD animals. Amino acid analysis revealed that HTx corrected increased ornithine, partially corrected depleted glutamine, and revealed a trend toward alloisoleucine correction. For amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters, decreased GABA was partially corrected with HTx, while the l-histidine dipeptide of GABA, homocarnosine, was decreased in iMSUD mice and hypercorrected following HTx. Elevated branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine, and valine) in MSUD can deplete brain tyrosine and tryptophan (the precursors of monoamine neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT)) through competition via the large neutral amino acid transporter. HTx corrected decreased DA levels and the DA metabolite, 3-methoxytyramine, and partially corrected the DA intermediate 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate (DOPAC) and 5-HT levels, despite normal tyrosine and tryptophan levels in iMSUD mouse brain. We further observed enhanced intracellular turnover of both DA and 5-HT in iMSUD mouse brain, both of which partially corrected with HTx. Our results suggest new pathomechanisms of neurotransmitter metabolism in this disorder and support the therapeutic relevance of HTx in iMSUD mice, while providing proof-of-principle that HTx has corrective potential in extrahepatic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Skvorak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, USA
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13
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Lu G, Sun H, She P, Youn JY, Warburton S, Ping P, Vondriska TM, Cai H, Lynch CJ, Wang Y. Protein phosphatase 2Cm is a critical regulator of branched-chain amino acid catabolism in mice and cultured cells. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1678-87. [PMID: 19411760 DOI: 10.1172/jci38151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids required for protein homeostasis, energy balance, and nutrient signaling. In individuals with deficiencies in BCAA, these amino acids can be preserved through inhibition of the branched-chain-alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex, the rate-limiting step in their metabolism. BCKD is inhibited by phosphorylation of its E1alpha subunit at Ser293, which is catalyzed by BCKD kinase. During BCAA excess, phosphorylated Ser293 (pSer293) becomes dephosphorylated through the concerted inhibition of BCKD kinase and the activity of an unknown intramitochondrial phosphatase. Using unbiased, proteomic approaches, we have found that a mitochondrial-targeted phosphatase, PP2Cm, specifically binds the BCKD complex and induces dephosphorylation of Ser293 in the presence of BCKD substrates. Loss of PP2Cm completely abolished substrate-induced E1alpha dephosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo. PP2Cm-deficient mice exhibited BCAA catabolic defects and a metabolic phenotype similar to the intermittent or intermediate types of human maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a hereditary disorder caused by defects in BCKD activity. These results indicate that PP2Cm is the endogenous BCKD phosphatase required for nutrient-mediated regulation of BCKD activity and suggest that defects in PP2Cm may be responsible for a subset of human MSUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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14
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Pessoa-Pureur R, Wajner M. Cytoskeleton as a potential target in the neuropathology of maple syrup urine disease: insight from animal studies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007; 30:664-72. [PMID: 17574538 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this short review we provide evidence that the branched-chain keto acids accumulating in the neurometabolic disorder maple syrup urine disease disturb rat cerebral cytoskeleton in a developmentally regulated manner. Alterations of protein phosphorylation leading to brain cytoskeletal misregulation and neural cell death caused by these metabolites are associated with energy deprivation, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity that may ultimately disrupt normal cell function and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pessoa-Pureur
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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Zamoner A, Funchal C, Jacques-Silva MC, Gottfried C, Barreto Silva FRM, Pessoa-Pureur R. Thyroid Hormones Reorganize the Cytoskeleton of Glial Cells Through Gfap Phosphorylation and Rhoa-Dependent Mechanisms. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:845-65. [PMID: 17334943 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (3,5,3'-triiodo-L: -thyronine, T3; 3,5,3',5'-L: -tetraiodothyronine, T4; TH) play crucial roles in the growth and differentiation of the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the actions of TH on proliferation, viability, cell morphology, in vitro phosphorylation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and actin reorganization in C6 glioma cells. We first observe that long-term exposure to TH stimulates cell proliferation without induce cell death. We also demonstrate that after 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h treatment with TH, C6 cells and cortical astrocytes show a process-bearing shape. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry with anti-actin and anti-GFAP antibodies reveals that TH induces reorganization of actin and GFAP cytoskeleton. We also observe an increased in vitro 32P incorporation into GFAP recovered into the high-salt Triton insoluble cytoskeletal fraction after 3 and 24 h exposure to 5 x 10(-8) and 10(-6) M T3, and only after 24 h exposure to 10(-9) M T4. These results show a T3 action on the phosphorylating system associated to GFAP and suggest a T3-independent effect of T4 on this cytoskeletal protein. In addition, C6 cells and astrocytes treated with lysophosphatidic acid, an upstream activator of the RhoA GTPase pathway, totally prevented the morphological alterations induced by TH, indicating that this effect could be mediated by the RhoA signaling pathway. Considering that IF network can be regulated by phosphorylation leading to reorganization of IF filamentous structure and that alterations of the microfilament organization may have important implications in glial functions, the effects of TH on glial cell cytoskeleton could be implicated in essential neural events such as brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Zamoner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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16
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de Lima Pelaez P, Funchal C, Loureiro SO, Heimfarth L, Zamoner A, Gottfried C, Latini A, Wajner M, Pessoa-Pureur R. Branched‐chain amino acids accumulating in maple syrup urine disease induce morphological alterations in C6 glioma cells probably through reactive species. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:181-9. [PMID: 17317075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val), which accumulate in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), on C6 glioma cell morphology and cytoskeletal reorganization by exposing the cultured cells to 1 and 5 mM BCAA. We observed that cells showed a fusiform shape with processes after 3 h treatment. Cell death was also observed when cells were incubated in the presence of the BCAA for 3 and 24 h. Val-treated cells presented the most dramatic morphological alterations. Immunocytochemistry with anti-actin and anti-GFAP antibodies revealed that all BCAA induced reorganization of actin and GFAP cytoskeleton. Although phosphorylation regulates intermediate filament (IF) assembly/disassembly, we verified that the BCAA did not change the in vitro phosphorylation of IF proteins either in C6 cells or in slices of cerebral cortex of rats during development (9-, 12-, 17- and 21-day-old). Furthermore, we observed that 3 h cell exposure to 5 mM of each BCAA resulted in a marked reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and significantly increased nitric oxide production. Finally, we observed that the morphological features caused by the BCAA on C6 cells were prevented by the use of the antioxidants GSH (1 mM) and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 0.5 mM). On the basis of the present results, we conclude that free radical attack might be involved in the cell morphological alterations, as well as, in the cytoskeletal reorganization elicited by the BCAA. It is therefore presumed that these findings could be involved in the neuropathological features observed in patients affected by MSUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila de Lima Pelaez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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17
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Funchal C, Latini A, Jacques-Silva MC, Dos Santos AQ, Buzin L, Gottfried C, Wajner M, Pessoa-Pureur R. Morphological alterations and induction of oxidative stress in glial cells caused by the branched-chain alpha-keto acids accumulating in maple syrup urine disease. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:640-50. [PMID: 16822590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by the accumulation of the branched-chain alpha-keto acids (BCKA) alpha-ketoisocaproic (KIC), alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric (KMV) and alpha-ketoisovaleric (KIV) and their respective branched-chain alpha-amino acids in body fluids and tissues. Affected MSUD patients have predominantly neurological features, including cerebral edema and atrophy whose pathophysiology is not well established. In the present study we investigated the effects of KIC, KMV and KIV on cell morphology, cytoskeleton reorganization, actin immunocontent and on various parameters of oxidative stress, namely total antioxidant reactivity (TAR), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide concentrations, and on the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in C6 glioma cells. We initially observed that C6 cultivated cells exposed for 3 h to the BCKA (1 and 10 mM) changed their usual rounded morphology to a fusiform or process-bearing cell appearance, while 24 h exposure to these organic acids elicited massive cell death. Rhodamine-labelled phalloidin analysis revealed that these organic acids induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton with no modifications on total actin content. It was also observed that 3h cell exposure to low doses of all BCKA (1 mM) resulted in a marked reduction of the non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, as determined by TAR and GSH measurements. In addition, KIC provoked a reduced activity of SOD and GPx, whereas KMV caused a diminution of SOD activity. In contrast, CAT activity was not modified by the metabolites. Furthermore, nitric oxide production was significantly increased by all BCKA. Finally, we observed that the morphological features caused by BCKA on C6 cells were prevented by the use of the antioxidants GSH (1.0 mM), alpha-tocopherol (trolox; 10 microM) and Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 500 microM). These results strongly indicate that oxidative stress might be involved in the cell morphological alterations and death, as well as in the cytoskeletal reorganization elicited by the BCKA. It is presumed that these findings are possibly implicated in the neuropathological features observed in patients affected by MSUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Funchal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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18
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Funchal C, Moretto MB, Vivian L, Zeni G, Rocha JBT, Pessoa-Pureur R. Diphenyl ditelluride- and methylmercury-induced hyperphosphorilation of the high molecular weight neurofilament subunit is prevented by organoselenium compounds in cerebral cortex of young rats. Toxicology 2006; 222:143-53. [PMID: 16564610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organotellurides are important intermediates in organic synthesis and, consequently, the occupational exposure to them is a constant risk for laboratory workers. These compounds can elicit many neurotoxic events in the central nervous system (CNS) that are associated with several neurological symptoms. In contrast, organoselenium compounds are considered to exert neuroprotective actions on such effects. Neurofilaments (NF) are important cytoskeletal proteins and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of NF is important to stabilize the cytoskeleton. In this work we investigated the potential protective ability of the selenium compounds ebselen and diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)(2) against the effect of diphenyl ditelluride (PhTe)(2) and methylmercury (MeHg) on the total (phosphorylated plus nonphosphorylated) and phosphorylated immunocontent of the high molecular weight neurofilament subunit (NF-H) from slices of cerebral cortex of 17-day-old rats. We observed that 1muM MeHg induced hyperphosphorylation, increasing the total immunocontent of this subunit of the high-salt Triton insoluble NF-H. Otherwise, 15muM (PhTe)(2) induced hyperphosphorylation of the high-salt Triton insoluble NF-H without altering the total immunocontent of this protein into the cytoskeletal fraction. Concerning the selenium compounds, 15muM (PhSe)(2) and 5muM ebselen did not induce alteration per se on the in vitro phosphorylation of NF-H. In addition, (PhSe)(2) and ebselen at these concentrations, presented a protective effect against the action of (PhTe)(2) and MeHg, on the immunoreactivity of NF-H. Considering that hyperphosphorylation of NF-H is associated with neuronal dysfunction it is probable that the effects of (PhTe)(2) and MeHg could be related to the remarkable neurotoxicity of these organocalcogenides. Furthermore the neuroprotective action of selenium compounds against (PhTe)(2) and MeHg effects could be a promising route to be exploited for a possible treatment of calcogenides poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Funchal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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19
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Funchal C, Dos Santos AQ, Jacques-Silva MC, Zamoner A, Gottfried C, Wajner M, Pessoa-Pureur R. Branched-chain alpha-keto acids accumulating in maple syrup urine disease induce reorganization of phosphorylated GFAP in C6-glioma cells. Metab Brain Dis 2005; 20:205-17. [PMID: 16167198 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-005-7208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the effects of the branched-chain keto acids (BCKA) alpha-ketoisocaproic (KIC), alpha-ketoisovaleric (KIV), and alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric (KMV) acids, metabolites accumulating in maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), on the in vitro phosphorylation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cytoskeletal reorganization in C6-glioma cells. We observed that after 3 h treatment with KIC, KIV, or KMV cells showed retracted cytoplasm with bipolar processes containing packed GFAP filaments as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Western Blot analysis by anti-GFAP monoclonal antibody demonstrated that BCKA were not able to alter GFAP immunocontent in total cell homogenate, but the immunocontent as well as the in vitro (32)P incorporation into GFAP recovered into the high salt Triton-insoluble cytoskeletal fraction were significantly increased. Western Blot using monoclonal antiphosphoserine antibody showed that BCKA induced increased immunocontent of phosphoserine-containing amino acids in several proteins in total cell homogenate. In addition, the immunocontent of phosphoserine-containing amino acids was also greatly increased in GFAP recovered in the high-salt Triton insoluble cytoskeletal fraction, corresponding to the polymerized intermedite filament (IF) proteins present in the cell. In conclusion, our results indicate that KIC, KIV, or KMV increased the serine/threonine in vitro phosphorylation of GFAP leading to increased Triton-insoluble GFAP immunocontent and cytoskeletal reorganization. Considering IF networks can be regulated by phosphorylation of polypeptide subunits leading to reorganization of the IF filamentous structure, we could suppose that GFAP hyperphosphorylation and disorganization of cellular structure could be involved in the brain damage characteristic of MSUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Funchal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Funchal C, Gottfried C, de Almeida LMV, dos Santos AQ, Wajner M, Pessoa-Pureur R. Morphological Alterations and Cell Death Provoked by the Branched-Chain α-Amino Acids Accumulating in Maple Syrup Urine Disease in Astrocytes from Rat Cerebral Cortex. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:851-67. [PMID: 16133938 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-4938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
1. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited metabolic disorder predominantly characterized by neurological dysfunction and cerebral atrophy whose patophysiology is poorly known. 2. We investigated here whether the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val), which are the biochemical hallmark of this disorder, could alter astrocyte morphology and cytoskeleton reorganization by exposing cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of neonatal rats to various concentrations of the amino acids. A change of cell morphology from the usual polygonal to the appearance of fusiform or process-bearing cells was caused by the BCAA. Cell death was also observed when astrocytes were incubated in the presence of BCAA for longer periods. 3. Val-treated astrocytes presented the most dramatic morphological alterations. Immunocytochemistry with anti-actin and anti-GFAP antibodies revealed that all BCAA induced reorganization of actin and GFAP cytoskeleton. In addition, lysophosphatidic acid, an activator of RhoA GTPase pathway, was able to totally prevent the morphological alterations and cytoskeletal reorganization induced by Val, indicating that the RhoA signaling pathway was involved in these effects. 4. Furthermore, creatine attenuated the morphological alterations provoked by the BCAA, the protection being more pronounced for Val, suggesting that impairment of energy homeostasis is partially involved in BCAA cytotoxic action. The data indicate that the BCAA accumulating in MSUD are toxic to astrocyte cells, a fact that may be related to the pathogenesis of the neurological dysfunction of MSUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Funchal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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21
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Latini A, Rodriguez M, Borba Rosa R, Scussiato K, Leipnitz G, Reis de Assis D, da Costa Ferreira G, Funchal C, Jacques-Silva MC, Buzin L, Giugliani R, Cassina A, Radi R, Wajner M. 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid moderately impairs energy metabolism in brain of young rats. Neuroscience 2005; 135:111-20. [PMID: 16111821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxyglutaric acid (3HGA) accumulates in the inherited neurometabolic disorder known as glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. The disease is clinically characterized by severe neurological symptoms, frontotemporal atrophy and striatum degeneration. Because of the pathophysiology of the brain damage in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is not completed clear, we investigated the in vitro effect of 3HGA (0.01-5.0mM) on critical enzyme activities of energy metabolism, including the respiratory chain complexes I-V, creatine kinase isoforms and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in cerebral cortex and striatum from 30-day-old rats. Complex II activity was also studied in rat C6-glioma cells exposed to 3HGA. The effect of 3HGA was further investigated on the rate of oxygen consumption in mitochondria from rat cerebrum. We observed that 1.0mM 3HGA significantly inhibited complex II in cerebral cortex and C6 cells but not the other activities of the respiratory chain complexes. Creatine kinase isoforms and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase were also not affected by the acid. Furthermore, no inhibition of complex II activity occurred when mitochondrial preparations from cerebral cortex or striatum homogenates were used. In addition, 3HGA significantly lowered the respiratory control ratio in the presence of glutamate/malate and succinate under stressful conditions or when mitochondria were permeabilized with digitonin. Since 3HGA stimulated oxygen consumption in state IV and compromised ATP formation, it can be presumed that this organic acid might act as an endogenous uncoupler of mitochondria respiration. Finally, we observed that 3HGA changed C6 cell morphology from a round flat to a spindle-differentiated shape, but did not alter cell viability neither induced apoptosis. The data provide evidence that 3HGA provokes a moderate impairment of brain energy metabolism and do not support the view that 3HGA-induced energy failure would solely explain the characteristic brain degeneration observed in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Latini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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