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Chen W, Jiang S, Li S, Li C, Xu R. OSMR is a potential driver of inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2513-2521. [PMID: 38526287 PMCID: PMC11090450 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202419110-00031/figure1/v/2024-03-08T184507Z/r/image-tiff Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease, and the molecular mechanism underlying its pathology remains poorly understood. However, inflammation is known to play an important role in the development of this condition. To identify driver genes that affect the inflammatory response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as potential treatment targets, it is crucial to analyze brain tissue samples from patients with both sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and C9orf72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, in this study we used a network-driven gene analysis tool, NetBID2.0, which is based on SJARACNe, a scalable algorithm for the reconstruction of accurate cellular networks, to experimentally analyze sequencing data from patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The results showed that the OSMR gene is pathogenic in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and participates in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by mediating the neuroinflammatory response. Furthermore, there were differences in OSMR activity and expression between patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and those with C9orf72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These findings suggest that OSMR may be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shishi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital of Central South University, The Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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2
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Ulloa M, Macías F, Clapp C, Martínez de la Escalera G, Arnold E. Prolactin is an Endogenous Antioxidant Factor in Astrocytes That Limits Oxidative Stress-Induced Astrocytic Cell Death via the STAT3/NRF2 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1879-1901. [PMID: 38755517 PMCID: PMC11144156 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced death of neurons and astrocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. While significant progress has been made in identifying neuroprotective molecules against neuronal oxidative damage, little is known about their counterparts for astrocytes. Prolactin (PRL), a hormone known to stimulate astroglial proliferation, viability, and cytokine expression, exhibits antioxidant effects in neurons. However, its role in protecting astrocytes from oxidative stress remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the effect of PRL against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative insult in primary cortical astrocyte cultures. Incubation of astrocytes with PRL led to increased enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), resulting in higher total antioxidant capacity. Concomitantly, PRL prevented H2O2-induced cell death, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and protein and lipid oxidation. The protective effect of PRL upon H2O2-induced cell death can be explained by the activation of both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NRF2) transduction cascades. We demonstrated that PRL induced nuclear translocation and transcriptional upregulation of Nrf2, concurrently with the transcriptional upregulation of the NRF2-dependent genes heme oxygenase 1, Sod1, Sod2, and Gpx1. Pharmacological blockade of STAT3 suppressed PRL-induced transcriptional upregulation of Nrf2, Sod1 and Gpx1 mRNA, and SOD and GPX activities. Furthermore, genetic ablation of the PRL receptor increased astroglial susceptibility to H2O2-induced cell death and superoxide accumulation, while diminishing their intrinsic antioxidant capacity. Overall, these findings unveil PRL as a potent antioxidant hormone that protects astrocytes from oxidative insult, which may contribute to brain neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ulloa
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, México
| | - Fernando Macías
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Edith Arnold
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México.
- CONAHCYT-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México.
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3
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Ma Z, Chu L, Liu CF, Liu W, Wei J. Construction of a Joint Prediction Model for the Occurrence of Ischemic Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction Based on Bioinformatic Analysis. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:5967131. [PMID: 35419117 PMCID: PMC9001103 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5967131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) has imposed significant threat to both middle-aged and elderly people worldwide. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a rare but serious complication following IS, which can further increase patient disability and mortality rates. With the development of intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular treatment, the prognosis of IS has been greatly improved. However, the pathogenesis of IS complicated with AMI is still unclear. To fill this gap, this work uses bioinformatic analysis, where IS and AMI datasets were combined for differential gene analysis, and then, a ROC prediction model for target gene analysis was constructed. It is found that OSM gene has the highest prediction accuracy (AUC = 0.793), followed by IL6ST, IL6, JAK1, IL6R, and JAK2 genes. Joint prediction model showed higher accuracy in predicting the outcome of control and case (AUC = 0.918). The etiology of ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction is complicated. Their cooccurring pathological mechanisms and the conversion between the two diseases could not be explained by a single gene. Therefore, the joint prediction model in this work can provide a better prediction accuracy for research purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolei Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Lan Chu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Wupeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
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Wang J, Li X, Wang C, Li Y, Wang J, Fang R, Wang J, Chen J, Dong J. Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate reduces secretion of GDNF via interfering with estrogen pathway and downregulating ERK/c-fos signaling pathway in astrocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112592. [PMID: 34624416 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a typical endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that can increase the risk of central nervous system disease. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of DEHP exposure on GDNF secretion and the underlying mechanisms. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups and administered 0, 30, 300, or 750 mg/kg DEHP daily by oral gavage. In addition, primary astrocytes were exposed to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the main metabolite of DEHP. Our results showed that DEHP exposure reduced GDNF levels and downregulated the ERK/c-fos signaling pathway in the cerebral cortex of male, but not female, offspring. Moreover, exogenous estrogen could overcome the decreased GDNF levels in astrocytes caused by MEHP exposure. MEHP also decreased p300 levels and downregulated the ERK/c-fos signaling pathway in primary astrocytes. Honokiol restored GDNF levels following MEHP exposure by activating the ERK/c-fos signaling pathway, while the inhibitor U0126 further reduced the GDNF levels. These results suggested that DEHP exposure could interfere with the normal effects of estrogen in the brain and downregulate the ERK/c-fos signaling pathway to decrease the GDNF secretion from astrocytes in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Jinmiao Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Rui Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingsi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, PR China.
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5
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Oncostatin M: A mysterious cytokine in cancers. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107158. [PMID: 33187910 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), as a member of the Interleukin-6 family cytokines, plays a significant role in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancers. It is mainly secreted by T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages and was initially introduced as anti-cancer agent. However, in some cases, it promotes cancer progression. Overexpression of OSM and OSM receptor has been detected in various cancers including colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, myeloma, brain tumors, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and hepatoblastoma. STAT3 is the main downstream signaling molecule of OSM, which operates the leading role in modifications of cancer cells and enhancing cell growth, invasion, survival, and all other hallmarks of cancer cells. However, due to the presence of multiple signaling pathways, it can act contradictory in some cancers. In this review, we will discuss the emerging roles of OSM in cancer and elucidate its function in tumor control or progression and finally discuss therapeutic approaches designed to manipulate this cytokine in cancer.
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Swiatek-Machado K, Kaminska B. STAT Signaling in Glioma Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:203-222. [PMID: 32034715 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that function as downstream effectors of cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling. The canonical JAK/STAT signaling pathway involves the activation of Janus kinases (JAK) or growth factors receptor kinases, phosphorylation of STAT proteins, their dimerization and translocation into the nucleus where STATs act as transcription factors with pleiotropic downstream effects. STAT signaling is tightly controlled with restricted kinetics due to action of its negative regulators. While STAT1 is believed to play an important role in growth arrest and apoptosis, and to act as a tumor suppressor, STAT3 and 5 are involved in promoting cell cycle progression, cellular transformation, and preventing apoptosis. Aberrant activation of STATs, in particular STAT3 and STAT5, have been found in a large number of human tumors, including gliomas and may contribute to oncogenesis. In this chapter, we have (1) summarized the mechanisms of STAT activation in normal and malignant signaling; (2) discussed evidence for the critical role of constitutively activated STAT3 and STAT5 in glioma pathobiology; (3) disclosed molecular and pharmacological strategies to interfere with STAT signaling for potential therapeutic intervention in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Swiatek-Machado
- Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, PL 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Transcription Regulation, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, PL 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
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Liu S, Yan R, Chen B, Pan Q, Chen Y, Hong J, Zhang L, Liu W, Wang S, Chen JL. Influenza Virus-Induced Robust Expression of SOCS3 Contributes to Excessive Production of IL-6. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1843. [PMID: 31474976 PMCID: PMC6706793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a major public health threat in the world, as indicated by the severe pneumonia caused by its infection annually. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) involved excessive inflammatory response to IAV infection profoundly contributes to the virus pathogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms underlying such a response are poorly understood. Here we found from both in vivo and in vitro studies that IAV not only induced a surge of IL-6 release, but also greatly upregulated expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3), the potent suppressor of IL-6-associated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Interestingly, there existed a cytokine-independent mechanism of the robust induction of SOCS3 by IAV at early stages of the infection. Furthermore, we employed SOCS3-knockdown transgenic mice (TG), and surprisingly observed from virus challenge experiments using these mice that disruption of SOCS3 expression provided significant protection against IAV infection, as evidenced by attenuated acute lung injury, a higher survival rate of infected animals and lower viral load in infected tissues as compared with those of wild-type littermates under the same condition. The activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) and the expression of its target gene IL-6 were suppressed in SOCS3-knockdown A549 cells and the TG mice after infection with IAV. Moreover, we defined that enhanced STAT3 activity caused by SOCS3 silencing was important for the regulation of NFκB and IL-6. These findings establish a critical role for IL-6-STAT3-SOCS3 axis in the pathogenesis of IAV and suggest that influenza virus may have evolved a strategy to circumvent IL-6/STAT3-mediated immune response through upregulating SOCS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoxiang Yan
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Biao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qidong Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxuan Hong
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Convery O, Gargan S, Kickham M, Schroder M, O'Farrelly C, Stevenson NJ. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein, p7, suppresses inflammatory responses to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3. FASEB J 2019; 33:8732-8744. [PMID: 31163989 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800629rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viruses use a spectrum of immune evasion strategies that enable infection and replication. The acute phase of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by nonspecific and often mild clinical symptoms, suggesting an immunosuppressive mechanism that, unless symptomatic liver disease presents, allows the virus to remain largely undetected. We previously reported that HCV induced the regulatory protein suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3, which inhibited TNF-α-mediated inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism by which HCV up-regulates SOCS3 remains unknown. Here we show that the HCV protein, p7, enhances both SOCS3 mRNA and protein expression. A p7 inhibitor reduced SOCS3 induction, indicating that p7's ion channel activity was required for optimal up-regulation of SOCS3. Short hairpin RNA and chemical inhibition revealed that both the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and MAPK pathways were required for p7-mediated induction of SOCS3. HCV-p7 expression suppressed TNF-α-mediated IκB-α degradation and subsequent NF-κB promoter activity, revealing a new and functional, anti-inflammatory effect of p7. Together, these findings identify a molecular mechanism by which HCV-p7 induces SOCS3 through STAT3 and ERK activation and demonstrate that p7 suppresses proinflammatory responses to TNF-α, possibly explaining the lack of inflammatory symptoms observed during early HCV infection.-Convery, O., Gargan, S., Kickham, M., Schroder, M., O'Farrelly, C., Stevenson, N. J. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein, p7, suppresses inflammatory responses to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Convery
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Gargan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nigel J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Houben E, Hellings N, Broux B. Oncostatin M, an Underestimated Player in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1165. [PMID: 31191538 PMCID: PMC6549448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the central nervous system (CNS) was believed to be an immune privileged organ. In the last decades, it became apparent that the immune system interacts with the CNS not only in pathological, but also in homeostatic situations. It is now clear that immune cells infiltrate the healthy CNS as part of immune surveillance and that immune cells communicate through cytokines with CNS resident cells. In pathological conditions, an enhanced infiltration of immune cells takes place to fight the pathogen. A well-known family of cytokines is the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family. All members are important in cell communication and cell signaling in the immune system. One of these members is oncostatin M (OSM), for which the receptor is expressed on several cells of the CNS. However, the biological function of OSM in the CNS is not studied in detail. Here, we briefly describe the general aspects related to OSM biology, including signaling and receptor binding. Thereafter, the current understanding of OSM during CNS homeostasis and pathology is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Houben
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Han J, Feng Z, Xie Y, Li F, Lv B, Hua T, Zhang Z, Sun C, Su D, Ouyang Q, Cai Y, Zou Y, Tang Y, Sun H, Jiang X. Oncostatin M-induced upregulation of SDF-1 improves Bone marrow stromal cell migration in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. Exp Neurol 2019; 313:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Induction of Interleukin 10 by Borrelia burgdorferi Is Regulated by the Action of CD14-Dependent p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and cAMP-Mediated Chromatin Remodeling. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00781-17. [PMID: 29311239 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00781-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genotype influences the severity of murine Lyme borreliosis, caused by the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi C57BL/6 (B6) mice develop mild Lyme arthritis, whereas C3H/HeN (C3H) mice develop severe Lyme arthritis. Differential expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) has long been associated with mouse strain differences in Lyme pathogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism(s) of this genotype-specific IL-10 regulation remained elusive. Herein we reveal a cAMP-mediated mechanism of IL-10 regulation in B6 macrophages that is substantially diminished in C3H macrophages. Under cAMP and CD14-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, B6 macrophages stimulated with B. burgdorferi produce increased amounts of IL-10 and decreased levels of arthritogenic cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). cAMP relaxes chromatin, while p38 increases binding of the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and specific protein 1 (SP1) to the IL-10 promoter, leading to increased IL-10 production in B6 bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs). Conversely, macrophages derived from arthritis-susceptible C3H mice possess significantly less endogenous cAMP, produce less IL-10, and thus are ill equipped to mitigate the damaging consequences of B. burgdorferi-induced TNF. Intriguingly, an altered balance between anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines and CD14-dependent regulatory mechanisms also is operative in primary human peripheral blood-derived monocytes, providing potential insight into the clinical spectrum of human Lyme disease. In line with this notion, we have demonstrated that cAMP-enhancing drugs increase IL-10 production in myeloid cells, thus curtailing inflammation associated with murine Lyme borreliosis. Discovery of novel treatments or repurposing of FDA-approved cAMP-modulating medications may be a promising avenue for treatment of patients with adverse clinical outcomes, including certain post-Lyme complications, in whom dysregulated immune responses may play a role.
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12
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da Fonseca ACC, Amaral R, Garcia C, Geraldo LH, Matias D, Lima FRS. Microglia in Cancer: For Good or for Bad? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 949:245-261. [PMID: 27714693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant tumor of astrocytic origin that is highly invasive, proliferative and angiogenic. Despite current advances in multimodal therapies, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with glioblastoma is nearly always fatal. The glioblastoma microenvironment has a tremendous influence over the tumor growth and spread. Microglia and macrophages are abundant cells in the tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates that glioblastoma recruits these cell populations and signals in a way that microglia and macrophages are subverted to promote tumor progression. In this chapter, we discuss some aspects of the interaction between microglia and glioblastoma, consequences of this interaction for tumor progression and the possibility of microglial cells being used as therapeutic vectors, which opens up new alternatives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Rackele Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Celina Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Diana Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil.
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Moidunny S, Matos M, Wesseling E, Banerjee S, Volsky DJ, Cunha RA, Agostinho P, Boddeke HW, Roy S. Oncostatin M promotes excitotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate uptake in astrocytes: implications in HIV-associated neurotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:144. [PMID: 27287400 PMCID: PMC4903004 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of oncostatin M (OSM), an interleukin-6 cytokine family member, have been observed in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and Alzheimer's disease. However, the function of OSM in these disease conditions is unclear. Since deficient glutamate uptake by astrocytes is instrumental in HAND-associated neurotoxicity, we hypothesized that OSM impairs glutamate uptake in astrocytes and thereby promotes neuronal excitotoxicity. METHODS Primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and BV2 cell line were used. The expression of glutamate transporters (GLAST/EAAT1 and GLT-1/EAAT2) was investigated using real-time PCR and Western blot, and their activity was assessed by measuring (3)H-D-aspartate uptake. Neuronal toxicity was measured using the colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and immunocytochemistry. A chimeric HIV-1 that infects murine cells (EcoHIV/NL4-3-GFP virus (EcoHIV)) was used to investigate whether the virus induces OSM, OSM receptor (OSMR)-β, glycoprotein 130 (gp130), GLT-1, GLAST (mRNA and protein), and OSM release (ELISA) in cultured BV2 cells, primary microglia, or astrocytes. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using one-way ANOVA (to allow multiple comparisons) and two-tailed Student's t test. RESULTS OSM treatment (10 ng/mL) time-dependently reduced GLAST and GLT-1 expression and inhibited (3)H-D-aspartate uptake in cultured astrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect prevented by the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)3 inhibitor AG490. Down-regulation of astrocytic glutamate transport by OSM resulted in NMDA receptor-dependent excitotoxicity in cortical neurons. Infection with EcoHIV induced OSM gene expression and protein release in BV2 cells and microglia, but not in astrocytes. Conversely, EcoHIV caused a fivefold increase in OSMR-β mRNA (but not gp130) and protein in astrocytes, but not in microglia, which did not express OSMR-β protein. Finally, astrocytic expression of GLAST gene was unaffected by EcoHIV, whereas GLT-1 mRNA was increased by twofold. CONCLUSIONS We provide first evidence that activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling by OSM inhibits glutamate uptake in astrocytes, which results in neuronal excitotoxicity. Our findings with EcoHIV suggest that targeting OSMR-β signaling in astrocytes might alleviate HIV-1-associated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsudheen Moidunny
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Matos
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Evelyn Wesseling
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David J Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hendrikus W Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Sénécal V, Deblois G, Beauseigle D, Schneider R, Brandenburg J, Newcombe J, Moore CS, Prat A, Antel J, Arbour N. Production of IL-27 in multiple sclerosis lesions by astrocytes and myeloid cells: Modulation of local immune responses. Glia 2015; 64:553-69. [PMID: 26649511 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby human glial cells modulate local immune responses are not fully understood. Interleukin-27 (IL-27), a pleiotropic cytokine, has been shown to dampen the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but it is still unresolved whether IL-27 plays a role in the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS). IL-27 contribution to local modulation of immune responses in the brain of MS patients was investigated. The expression of IL-27 subunits (EBI3 and p28) and its cognate receptor IL-27R (the gp130 and TCCR chains) was elevated within post-mortem MS brain lesions compared with normal control brains. Moreover, astrocytes (GFAP(+) cells) as well as microglia and macrophages (Iba1(+) cells) were important sources of IL-27. Brain-infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes expressed the IL-27R specific chain (TCCR) implying that these cells could respond to local IL-27 sources. In primary cultures of human astrocytes inflammatory cytokines increased IL-27 production, whereas myeloid cell inflammatory M1 polarization and inflammatory cytokines enhanced IL-27 expression in microglia and macrophages. Astrocytes in postmortem tissues and in vitro expressed IL-27R. Moreover, IL-27 triggered the phosphorylation of the transcription regulator STAT1, but not STAT3 in human astrocytes; indeed IL-27 up-regulated MHC class I expression on astrocytes in a STAT1-dependent manner. These findings demonstrated that IL-27 and its receptor were elevated in MS lesions and that local IL-27 can modulate immune properties of astrocytes and infiltrating immune cells. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting IL-27 may influence not only peripheral but also local inflammatory responses within the brain of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sénécal
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Gabrielle Deblois
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Diane Beauseigle
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Raphael Schneider
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Jonas Brandenburg
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 1PJ, England
| | - Craig S Moore
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B4
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Jack Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B4
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Université De Montréal and CRCHUM Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
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McCormick SM, Heller NM. Regulation of Macrophage, Dendritic Cell, and Microglial Phenotype and Function by the SOCS Proteins. Front Immunol 2015; 6:549. [PMID: 26579124 PMCID: PMC4621458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells of dynamic phenotype that rapidly respond to external stimuli in the microenvironment by altering their phenotype to respond to and to direct the immune response. The ability to dynamically change phenotype must be carefully regulated to prevent uncontrolled inflammatory responses and subsequently to promote resolution of inflammation. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins play a key role in regulating macrophage phenotype. In this review, we summarize research to date from mouse and human studies on the role of the SOCS proteins in determining the phenotype and function of macrophages. We will also touch on the influence of the SOCS on dendritic cell (DC) and microglial phenotype and function. The molecular mechanisms of SOCS function in macrophages and DCs are discussed, along with how dysregulation of SOCS expression or function can lead to alterations in macrophage/DC/microglial phenotype and function and to disease. Regulation of SOCS expression by microRNA is discussed. Novel therapies and unanswered questions with regard to SOCS regulation of monocyte-macrophage phenotype and function are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McCormick
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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16
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Hermanns HM. Oncostatin M and interleukin-31: Cytokines, receptors, signal transduction and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chao CC, Kan D, Lu KS, Chien CL. The role of microRNA-30c in the self-renewal and differentiation of C6 glioma cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:211-23. [PMID: 25698399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphere formation, one method for identifying self-renewal ability, has been used to report that cancer stem-like cells exist in rat C6 glioma cells. Recent studies suggested that cancer stem-like cells share the stem cell properties of self-renewal and multipotent ability of neural stem cells and might be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the mechanism of miRNA involvement in the sphere formation and neural differentiation abilities of cancer stem-like cells is poorly understood. RESULTS We found that miRNA-30c could assist in sphere formation of C6 cells under defined conditions in neural stem cell medium DMEM/F12-bFGF-EGF-B27. Moreover, overexpression of miRNA-30c might reduce 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)-induced neural differentiation, as the expression of neural markers, especially glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), decreased. Further experiments revealed that miRNA-30c inhibited the IBMX-induced astrocyte differentiation via targeting the upstream genes and inactivating phosphorylation of STAT3 of the JAK-STAT3 pathway. Subsequently, the expression of GFAP was reduced and the number of astrocyte differentiation from C6 cells decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that miRNA-30c could play a regulatory role in self-renewal and neural differentiation in C6 glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Chao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Daphne Kan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, 6F., No. 2, Syu-Jhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, 6F., No. 2, Syu-Jhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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18
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Ehlting C, Böhmer O, Hahnel MJ, Thomas M, Zanger UM, Gaestel M, Knoefel WT, Schulte Am Esch J, Häussinger D, Bode JG. Oncostatin M regulates SOCS3 mRNA stability via the MEK-ERK1/2-pathway independent of p38(MAPK)/MK2. Cell Signal 2015; 27:555-67. [PMID: 25562430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)3 expression context dependently involves regulation of SOCS3 transcript stability as previously demonstrated for MAPK activated protein kinase (MK)2-dependent regulation of SOCS3 expression by TNFα (Ehlting et al., 2007). In how far the IL-6-type cytokine OSM, which in contrast to IL-6 is a strong activator of p38(MAPK)/MK2 signalling, also involves regulation of transcript stability and activation of MK2 to induce SOCS3 expression is unclear. In contrast to IL-6, OSM induces SOCS3 expression in murine fibroblasts and in primary human and murine hepatocytes, but not in macrophages because the latter lack the OSM receptor (OSMR)β subunit. Evidence is provided that regulation of OSM-induced expression of SOCS3 involves MEK1- and Erk1/2-mediated stabilization of the SOCS3 transcript. Consistently, OSM-induced stabilization of the SOCS3 transcript is impaired in the presence of inhibitors that specifically block activation of MEK1/2 (U0126) and ERK1/2 (FR180204) or upon knock-down of ERK1/2 expression using specific siRNA. As a potential target site that integrates the stability regulating effect of OSM and OSM-induced activation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 a region containing three copies of a pentameric AUUUA motif located within position 2422 and 2541 in closed proximity to the 3' UTR of the SOCS3 transcript has been identified. Unexpectedly, activation of the p38(MAPK)/MK2 pathway, which apart from STAT3 and ERK1/2, is also strongly activated by OSM in human and murine hepatocytes and murine fibroblasts is dispensable for stabilization of the SOCS3 transcript as suggested from inhibitor studies using the p38(MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 or from the analysis of MK2-deficient hepatocytes. However, analysis of MK2-deficient macrophages and hepatocytes revealed that, although MK2 is dispensable for regulation of OSM-induced SOCS3 expression, MK2 is essential for LPS-induced OSM production in macrophages and limits the overall availability of the OSMRβ subunit in hepatocytes. Thus MK2 plays a role for the induction and sensing of OSM-mediated intercellular signalling between macrophages and hepatocytes during LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ehlting
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Böhmer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Hahnel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfram T Knoefel
- Department of Surgery (A), Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Schulte Am Esch
- Department of Surgery (A), Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Nam KW, Chae S, Song HY, Mar W, Han MD. The role of wogonin in controlling SOCS3 expression in neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1518-24. [PMID: 25035930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the wogonin-mediated increase in the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is unclear. Promoter deletion assay results revealed that wogonin-induced SOCS3 expression is dependent on the AP-1 consensus sequences and two STAT responsive elements (TTACAAGAA and TTCCAGGAA) in the 5'-flanking region of the SOCS3 gene in SH-SY5Y cells. Wogonin-induced SOCS3 expression was blocked by inhibitors of PI3K, Akt, Raf, p38, JNK, MEK, and STAT3, respectively. However, JAK2 inhibitors did not inhibit wogonin-induced SOCS3 expression. These results indicate that SOCS3-inducing effect of wogonin is caused by the activation of PI3K-mediated MAPK signaling pathways (Akt, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK), and the subsequent activation of AP-1 consensus sequences and STAT responsive elements in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Woo Nam
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Chae
- Herbal Quality Control Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 488 Expo, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongchon Mar
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Deuk Han
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Robson MJ, Turner RC, Naser ZJ, McCurdy CR, O'Callaghan JP, Huber JD, Matsumoto RR. SN79, a sigma receptor antagonist, attenuates methamphetamine-induced astrogliosis through a blockade of OSMR/gp130 signaling and STAT3 phosphorylation. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:180-9. [PMID: 24508558 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) exposure results in dopaminergic neurotoxicity in striatal regions of the brain, an effect that has been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Various aspects of neuroinflammation, including astrogliosis, are believed to be contributory factors in METH neurotoxicity. METH interacts with sigma receptors at physiologically relevant concentrations and treatment with sigma receptor antagonists has been shown to mitigate METH-induced neurotoxicity in rodent models. Whether these compounds alter the responses of glial cells within the central nervous system to METH however has yet to be determined. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether the sigma receptor antagonist, SN79, mitigates METH-induced striatal reactive astrogliosis. Male, Swiss Webster mice treated with a neurotoxic regimen of METH exhibited time-dependent increases in striatal gfap mRNA and concomitant increases in GFAP protein, indicative of astrogliosis. This is the first report that similar to other neurotoxicants that induce astrogliosis through the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling by stimulating gp-130-linked cytokine signaling resulting from neuroinflammation, METH treatment also increases astrocytic oncostatin m receptor (OSMR) expression and the phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyr-705) in vivo. Pretreatment with SN79 blocked METH-induced increases in OSMR, STAT3 phosphorylation and astrocyte activation within the striatum. Additionally, METH treatment resulted in striatal cellular degeneration as measured by Fluoro-Jade B, an effect that was mitigated by SN79. The current study provides evidence that sigma receptor antagonists attenuate METH-induced astrocyte activation through a pathway believed to be shared by various neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Robson
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan C Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Zachary J Naser
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jason D Huber
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Ablation of proximal tubular suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 enhances tubular cell cycling and modifies macrophage phenotype during acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2014; 85:1357-68. [PMID: 24402091 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) is an important intracellular negative regulator of several signaling pathways. We found that SOCS-3 is highly expressed in renal proximal tubules during acute kidney injury. To test the impact of this, conditional proximal tubular knockout mice (SOCS-3(sglt2Δ/sglt2Δ)) were created. These mice had better kidney function than their wild-type counterparts in aristolochic acid nephropathy and after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Kidneys of these knockout mice showed significantly more proximal tubular cell proliferation during the repair phase. A direct effect of SOCS-3 on tubular cell cycling was demonstrated by in vitro experiments showing a JAK/STAT pathway-dependent antimitotic effect of SOCS-3. Furthermore, acute damaged kidneys of the knockout mice contained increased numbers of F4/80(+) cells. Phenotypic analysis of these F4/80(+) cells indicated a polarization from classically activated to alternatively activated macrophages. In vitro, SOCS-3-overexpressing renal epithelial cells directly induced classical activation in cocultured macrophages, supporting the observed in vivo phenomenon. Thus, upregulation of SOCS-3 in stressed proximal tubules plays an important role during acute kidney injury by inhibition of reparative proliferation and by modulation of the macrophage phenotype. Antagonizing SOCS-3 could have therapeutic potential for acute kidney injury.
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23
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Abstract
ASC-2 (activating signal co-integrator-2, also known as AIB3 and NCoA6) is a transcriptional co-activator and regulates insulin secretion and β-cell survival. The present study was performed to elucidate the role of ASC-2 in the regulation of insulin sensitivity. Although islet cells from 10-week-old ASC-2+/- mice secreted less insulin than wild-type islets, there was no significant difference in glucose tolerance between ASC-2+/- and wild-type mice. However, ASC-2+/- mice did show increased insulin sensitivity compared with wild-type mice in insulin tolerance tests. Consistently, the levels of phosphorylated Akt were higher in ASC-2+/- hepatocytes than in wild-type hepatocytes after insulin treatment. Moreover, decreases in phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase mRNA in refed mice were more prominent in ASC-2+/- livers than in wild-type livers. Interestingly, the expression levels of SOCS1 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 1) and SOCS3, well-known insulin signalling inhibitors, were decreased in ASC-2+/- hepatocytes and increased in ASC-2-overexpressing hepatocytes. Furthermore, ASC-2 was recruited to the promoter region of SOCS1 and potentiated the transcription by SREBP-1c (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1c). This transcription-activating function of ASC-2 was diminished by mutations of SREBP-1c-binding sites in the SOCS1 promoter. Taken together, these results suggest that ASC-2 negatively affects hepatic insulin sensitivity, at least in part, through induction of the insulin signalling inhibitors SOCS1 and SOCS3.
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Injury-independent induction of reactive gliosis in retina by loss of function of the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4657-62. [PMID: 22393024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107488109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Müller glia are the primary glial subtype in the retina and perform a wide range of physiological tasks in support of retinal function, but little is known about the transcriptional network that maintains these cells in their differentiated state. We report that selective deletion of the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 from mature Müller glia leads to the induction of reactive retinal gliosis in the absence of injury. Furthermore, Lhx2 expression is also down-regulated in Prph2(Rd2/Rd2) animals immediately before the onset of reactive gliosis. Analysis of conditional Lhx2 knockouts showed that gliosis was hypertrophic but not proliferative. Aging of experimental animals demonstrated that constitutive reactive gliosis induced by deletion of Lhx2 reduced rates of ongoing apoptosis and compromised both rod and cone photoreceptor function. Additionally, these animals showed a dramatically reduced ability to induce expression of secreted neuroprotective factors and displayed enhanced rates of apoptosis in light-damage assays. We provide in vivo evidence that Lhx2 actively maintains mature Müller glia in a nonreactive state, with loss of function initiating a specific program of nonproliferative hypertrophic gliosis.
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Wiejak J, Dunlop J, Gao S, Borland G, Yarwood SJ. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent SOCS-3 gene induction requires c-Jun, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and specificity protein 3 transcription factors. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:657-68. [PMID: 22311708 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SOCS-3 gene induction by cAMP-elevating agents or the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), in primary HUVECs was found to require PKCη- and PKCε-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. The minimal, ERK-responsive element of the SOCS-3 promoter was localized to a region spanning nucleotides -107 to the transcription start site and contains conserved binding sites for AP-1 and SP1/SP3 transcription factors, as well as proximal and distal signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT and dSTAT) binding elements. All three classes of transcription factor were activated in response to ERK activation. Moreover, representative protein components of each of these transcription factor binding sites, namely c-Jun, STAT3, and SP3, were found to undergo ERK-dependent phosphorylation within their respective transactivation domains. Mutational analysis demonstrated an absolute requirement for the SP1/SP3 binding element in controlling basal transcriptional activity of the minimal SOCS-3 promoter. In addition AP-1, pSTAT, and SP1/SP3 binding sites were required for ERK-dependent, PMA-stimulated SOCS-3 gene activation. The dSTAT site seems to be important for supporting activity of the AP-1 site, because combined deletion of both sites completely blocks transcriptional activation of SOCS-3 by PMA. Together these results describe novel, ERK-dependent regulation of transcriptional activity that requires codependent activation of multiple transcription factors within the same region of the SOCS-3 gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Wiejak
- The Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Schulz I, Engel C, Niestroj AJ, Zeitschel U, Menge K, Kehlen A, Meyer A, Rossner S, Demuth HU. Heteroarylketones inhibit astroglial interleukin-6 expression via a STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:86. [PMID: 21801384 PMCID: PMC3161871 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated brain levels of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6, which is mainly secreted from activated local astrocytes, contribute to pathological events including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Thus, inhibition of pathological IL-6 expression provides a rationale strategy for targeting the onset or further progression of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this study was to identify and to characterize new potent inhibitors of astrocytic IL-6 expression for further therapeutic development of novel anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs. Methods Oncostatin M (OSM)-treated human glioma U343 cells were used as model for induction of astrocytic IL-6 expression. This model was characterized by immunoblotting, siRNA technique, ELISA and qRT-PCR and used to screen low molecular weight compound libraries for IL-6-lowering effects. To validate bioactive compounds identified from library screens, bacterial lipopolysaccharide was used to induce IL-6 expression in cultivated primary astrocytes and in mice in vivo. To dissect underlying molecular mechanisms, protein extracts from OSM-treated U343 cells were analyzed by phospho-specific immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry as well as by co-immunoprecipitation. Results OSM-treatment (100 ng/ml; 24 h) led to 30-fold increase of IL-6 secretion from U343 cells. The temporal profile of IL-6 mRNA induction displayed a biphasic induction pattern with peak synthesis at 1 h (6.5-fold) and 16 h (5.5-fold) post stimulation. IL-6 protein release did not show that biphasic pattern and was detected as early as 3 h post stimulation reaching a maximum at 24 h. The screen of compound libraries identified a set of heteroarylketones (HAKs) as potent inhibitors of IL-6 secretion. HAK compounds affected the second peak in IL-6 mRNA synthesis, whereas the first peak was insensitive to HAK treatment. HAK compounds also suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 expression in primary murine astrocytes as well as in brain and plasma samples from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Finally, HAK compounds were demonstrated to specifically suppress the OSM-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 at serine 727 and the physical interaction of pSTAT3S727 with p65. Conclusion Heteroarylketone compounds are potent inhibitors of IL-6 expression in vitro and in vivo and may represent a new class of potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schulz
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, Halle/Saale, 06120, Germany
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Kanda N, Kamata M, Tada Y, Ishikawa T, Sato S, Watanabe S. Human β-defensin-2 enhances IFN-γ and IL-10 production and suppresses IL-17 production in T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:935-44. [PMID: 21367976 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory dermatosis with enhanced expression of hBD-2 in keratinocytes and infiltration of cytokine-producing T cells, which in turn, up- or down-regulate hBD-2 expression. We determined the serum levels of hBD-2 and cytokines in psoriasis patients and analyzed the effects of hBD-2 on cytokine production in human peripheral blood T cells. Serum hBD-2 levels in patients were higher than those in controls and correlated with PASI, serum IFN-γ, and IL-10 levels and correlated inversely with serum IL-17 levels. IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 enhanced, and IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13 suppressed hBD-2 secretion from keratinocytes. hBD-2 enhanced secretion and mRNA levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-22 and reduced those of IL-17 in CD3/28-stimulated T cells. These effects of hBD-2 were counteracted by PTX. hBD-2 induced phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and Akt in T cells. Inhibitors of these signals attenuated hBD-2-induced production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-22. hBD-2 suppressed phosphorylation of STAT3 and enhanced expression of SOCS3 in CD3/28-stimulated T cells. siRNA against SOCS3 reversed hBD-2-induced suppression of IL-17 production and STAT3 phosphorylation. JNK and MEK inhibitors suppressed hBD-2-induced expression of SOCS3. In conclusion, hBD-2 may bind PTX-sensitive GPCR(s) on T cells and act as a stimulator by enhancing IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-22 production via JNK, MEK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt and as a regulator by suppressing IL-17 production via SOCS3 or by stimulating IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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Rajan P. STATus and Context within the Mammalian Nervous System. Mol Med 2011; 17:965-73. [PMID: 21607287 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective manipulation of human disease processes may be achieved by understanding transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic events that orchestrate cellular events. The levels of activation of specific molecules, spatial distribution and concentrations of relevant networks of signaling molecules along with the receptiveness of the chromatin to these signals are some of the parameters which dictate context. Effects elicited by the transcription factor signal transducers and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) are discussed with respect to the context within which Stat3-mediated effects are elicited within the developing and adult mammalian nervous system. Stat3 signals are pivotal to the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. They also participate in neuronal regeneration and cancers of the nervous system. An analysis of the context in which Stat3 activation occurs in these processes provides a potential predictive paradigm with which novel methods for intervention may be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithi Rajan
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Perruisseau-Carrier C, Jurga M, Forraz N, McGuckin CP. miRNAs stem cell reprogramming for neuronal induction and differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 43:215-27. [PMID: 21541853 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking the natural brain environment during neurogenesis represents the main challenge for efficient in vitro neuronal differentiation of stem cells. The discovery of miRNAs opens new possibilities in terms of modulation of stem cells lineage commitment and differentiation. Many studies demonstrated that in vitro transient overexpression or inhibition of brain-specific miRNAs in stem cells significantly directed differentiation along neuronal cell lineages. Modulating miRNA expression offers new pathways for post-transcriptional gene regulation and stem cell commitment. Neurotrophins and neuropoietins signaling pathways are the main field of investigation for neuronal commitment, differentiation, and maturation. This review will highlight examples of crosstalk between stem-cell-specific and brain-specific signaling pathways and key miRNA candidates for neuronal commitment. Recent progress on understanding miRNAs genetic networks offers promising prospects for their increasing application in the development of new cellular therapies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Perruisseau-Carrier
- CTI-LYON, Cell Therapy Research Institute, Parc Technologique de Lyon Saint-Priest, Saint-Priest, Lyon, France
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Baker BJ, Park KW, Qin H, Ma X, Benveniste EN. IL-27 inhibits OSM-mediated TNF-alpha and iNOS gene expression in microglia. Glia 2010; 58:1082-93. [PMID: 20468050 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of Oncostatin M (OSM), an interleukin-6 family cytokine, have been observed in multiple sclerosis (MS), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), and glioblastoma (GBM); however, its effects within the CNS are not well understood. OSM regulates gene expression primarily by activating the JAK/STAT, NF-kappaB, and/or MAPK pathways, in a cell-type specific manner. In our studies, OSM induces the production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from microglia in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. This expression also partially requires the intermediate production of TNF-alpha and subsequent NF-kappaB activation via TNF-R1. We also demonstrate that OSM-induced TNF-alpha production from microglia is neurotoxic. The IL-12 family member, IL-27, suppresses OSM-mediated TNF-alpha and iNOS expression at the transcriptional level by inhibiting activation of the NF-kappaB pathway, and rescues the neurotoxicity induced by OSM-stimulated microglia. These studies are the first to demonstrate the proinflammatory effects of OSM in microglia, and also identify IL-27 as a novel inhibitor of inflammatory processes in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi J Baker
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Glezer I, Rivest S. Oncostatin M is a novel glucocorticoid-dependent neuroinflammatory factor that enhances oligodendrocyte precursor cell activity in demyelinated sites. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:695-704. [PMID: 20083191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune reaction to tissue injury is a natural process, which can have detrimental effects in the absence of negative feedbacks by glucocorticoids (GCs). Although acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge is relatively harmless to the brain parenchyma of adult animals, the endotoxin is highly neurotoxic in animals that are treated with the GC receptor antagonist RU486. This study investigated the role of cytokines of the gp130-related family in these effects, because they are essential components of the inflammatory process that provide survival signals to neurons. Intracerebral LPS injection stimulated expression of several members of this family of cytokines, but oncostatin M (Osm) was the unique ligand to be completely inhibited by the RU486 treatment. OSM receptor (Osmr) is expressed mainly in astrocytes and endothelial cells following LPS administration and GCs are directly responsible for its transcriptional activation in the presence of the endotoxin. In a mouse model of demyelination, exogenous OSM significantly modulated the expression of genes involved in the mobilization of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), differentiation of oligodendrocyte, and production of myelin. In conclusion, the activation of OSM signaling is a mechanism activated by TLR4 in the presence of negative feedback by GCs on the innate immune system of the brain. OSM absence is associated with detrimental effects of LPS, whereas exogenous OSM favors repair response to demyelinated regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaias Glezer
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ma X, Reynolds SL, Baker BJ, Li X, Benveniste EN, Qin H. IL-17 enhancement of the IL-6 signaling cascade in astrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4898-906. [PMID: 20351184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have important physiological roles in CNS homeostasis and serve as a bridge between the CNS and immune system. IL-17 and IL-6 are important in many CNS disorders characterized by neuroinflammation. We examined the role of IL-17 on the IL-6 signaling cascade in primary astrocytes. IL-17 functioned in a synergistic manner with IL-6 to induce IL-6 expression in astrocytes. The synergistic effect involved numerous signaling pathways including NF-kappaB, JNK MAPK, and p38 MAPK. The NF-kappaB pathway inhibitor BAY-11, JNK inhibitor JNKi II, and p38 inhibitor SB203580 suppressed the synergistic effect of IL-6 and IL-17 on IL-6 expression. IL-17 synergized with IL-6 to enhance the recruitment of activated NF-kappaB p65, c-Fos, c-Jun, and the histone acetyltransferases CREB-binding protein and p300 to the IL-6 promoter in vivo to induce IL-6 transcription. This was accompanied by enhanced acetylation of histones H3 and H4 on the IL-6 promoter. Moreover, we elucidated an important role for suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 in IL-17 enhancement of IL-6 signaling in astrocytes. SOCS3 small interfering RNA knockdown and SOCS3 deletion in astrocytes augmented the synergistic effect of IL-6 and IL-17 due to an enhancement of activation of the NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways. These results indicate that astrocytes can serve as a target of Th17 cells and IL-17 in the CNS, and SOCS3 participates in IL-17 functions in the CNS as a negative feedback regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Kandalam U, Clark MA. Angiotensin II activates JAK2/STAT3 pathway and induces interleukin-6 production in cultured rat brainstem astrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 159:110-6. [PMID: 19748527 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that tyrosine kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate angiotensin II (Ang II) effects in cultured rat astrocytes. In this study, we investigated whether Ang II induces Janus kinase (JAK) 2, signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) 3 phosphorylation, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in cultured brainstem rat astrocytes. Ang II increased JAK2 phosphorylation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Maximal phosphorylation of 1.7+/-0.4 fold above basal was observed at 15 min with 100 nM Ang II. Losartan (10 microM), an AT(1) receptor blocker, inhibited Ang II-mediated JAK2 phosphorylation, while 10 microM PD123319, an AT(2) receptor blocker, was ineffective. The JAK2 inhibitor, AG490 (50 microM), prevented Ang II JAK2 phosphorylation. Ang II also stimulated STAT3 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Maximal phosphorylation of 0.8+/-0.11 above basal was observed at 15 min with 100 nM Ang II. Treatment with AG490 reduced Ang II phosphorylation of STAT3 and Ang II-induced astrocyte growth suggesting that JAK2 is an upstream signal in these Ang II effects. Ang II also stimulated IL-6 secretion from brainstem astrocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Maximal IL-6 secretion of 0.7+/-0.2 above basal was observed with 100 nM Ang II after 48 h of treatment. Losartan decreased Ang II-induced IL-6 secretion while PD123319 was ineffective. Interestingly, AG490 reduced Ang II-stimulated IL-6 secretion. Our study showed for the first time that Ang II induced JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation and IL-6 secretion through activation of the Ang II AT(1) receptor in brainstem astrocytes. In addition, Ang II stimulated IL-6 secretion and astrocyte growth through the JAK2 pathway in brainstem astrocytes. These results provide new insights into pro-inflammatory and mitogenic signaling mechanisms of Ang II in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi Kandalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
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Hao Y, Yang X, Chen C, Yuan-Wang, Wang X, Li M, Yu Z. STAT3 signalling pathway is involved in the activation of microglia induced by 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:27-36. [PMID: 20070213 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903264507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microglia activation plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of central nervous system (CNS) insult. The aim of the present work was to investigate the activation of microglia and involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in microglia activation after 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, murine N9 microglial cells were exposed to 2.45 GHz EMF, the protein expressions of STAT3, Janus Tyrosine kinase 1 and 2(JAK1 and JAK2), phosphor-(Try705)STAT3 and DNA binding activity of STAT3 were examined by Western blot analysis and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). Levels of the nitric oxide (NO) derivative nitrite were determined in the culture medium by the Griess reaction. The mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were detected by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS A significant increase of STAT3 DNA-binding ability was noted after exposure. Consistent with this, EMF rapidly induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and activated JAK1 and JAK2. In addition, EMF exposure increased transcription levels of the inflammation-associated genes, iNOS and TNF-alpha, which are reported to contain STAT-binding elements in their promoter region. P6, a JAK inhibitor, reduced induction of iNOS and TNF-alpha, nuclear factor binding activity, and activation of STAT3 in EMF-stimulated microglia. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that EMF exposure can initiate the activation of microglia cells and STAT3 signalling involves in EMF-induced microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Hao
- Key laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic radiation Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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The prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and interleukin-8 expression in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2009; 28:3735-45. [PMID: 19668231 PMCID: PMC5987556 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The brain tumor glioblastoma remains one of the most aggressive and devastating tumors despite decades of effort to find more effective treatments. A hallmark of glioblastoma is the constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which regulates cell proliferation, inflammation, migration, and apoptosis. The prolyl isomerase Pin1 has been found to bind directly to the NF-κB protein, p65, and cause increases in NF-κB promoter activity in a breast cancer model. We now present evidence that this interaction occurs in glioblastoma and that it has important consequences on NF-κB signaling. We demonstrate that Pin1 levels are enhanced in primary glioblastoma tissues compared to controls, and that this difference in Pin1 expression affects the migratory capacity of glioblastoma-derived cells. Pin1 knockdown decreases the amount of activated, phosphorylated p65 in the nucleus, resulting in inhibition of the transcriptional program of the IL-8 gene. Through the use of microarray, we also observed changes in the expression levels of other NF-κB regulated genes due to Pin1 knockdown. Taken together, these data suggest that Pin1 is an important regulator of NF-κB in glioblastoma, and support the notion of using Pin1 as a therapeutic target in the future.
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Qin H, Niyongere SA, Lee SJ, Baker BJ, Benveniste EN. Expression and functional significance of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in astrocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:3167-76. [PMID: 18713987 PMCID: PMC2836124 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a number of important physiological roles in CNS homeostasis. Inflammation stimulates astrocytes to secrete cytokines and chemokines that guide macrophages/microglia and T cells to sites of injury/inflammation. Herein, we describe how these processes are controlled by the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, a family of proteins that negatively regulate adaptive and innate immune responses. In this study, we describe that the immunomodulatory cytokine IFN-beta induces SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 expression in primary astrocytes at the transcriptional level. SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 transcriptional activity is induced by IFN-beta through IFN-gamma activation site (GAS) elements within their promoters. Studies in STAT-1alpha-deficient astrocytes indicate that STAT-1alpha is required for IFN-beta-induced SOCS-1 expression, while STAT-3 small interfering RNA studies demonstrate that IFN-beta-induced SOCS-3 expression relies on STAT-3 activation. Specific small interfering RNA inhibition of IFN-beta-inducible SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in astrocytes enhances their proinflammatory responses to IFN-beta stimulation, such as heightened expression of the chemokines CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL3 (MIP-1alpha), CCL4 (MIP-1beta), CCL5 (RANTES), and CXCL10 (IP-10), and promoting chemotaxis of macrophages and CD4(+) T cells. These results indicate that IFN-beta induces SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in primary astrocytes to attenuate its own chemokine-related inflammation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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