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Carniglia L, Turati J, Saba J, López Couselo F, Romero AC, Caruso C, Durand D, Lasaga M. Melanocortin-receptor 4 activation modulates proliferation and differentiation of rat postnatal hippocampal neural precursor cells. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110058. [PMID: 38960135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis is essential for learning and memory. Hippocampal neural precursor cells (NPCs) can be induced to proliferate and differentiate into either glial cells or dentate granule cells. Notably, hippocampal neurogenesis decreases dramatically with age, partly due to a reduction in the NPC pool and a decrease in their proliferative activity. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) improves learning, memory, neuronal survival and plasticity. Here, we used postnatally-isolated hippocampal NPCs from Wistar rat pups (male and female combined) to determine the role of the melanocortin analog [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH (NDP-MSH) in proliferation and fate acquisition of NPCs. Incubation of growth-factor deprived NPCs with 10 nM NDP-MSH for 6 days increased the proportion of Ki-67- and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells, compared to the control group, and these effects were blocked by the MC4R antagonist JKC-363. NDP-MSH also increased the proportion of glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP)/Ki-67, GFAP/sex-determining region Y-box2 (SOX2) and neuroepithelial stem cell protein (NESTIN)/Ki-67-double positive cells (type-1 and type-2 precursors). Finally, NDP-MSH induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ protein expression, and co-incubation with the PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662 prevented the effect of NDP-MSH on NPC proliferation and differentiation. Our results indicate that in vitro activation of MC4R in growth-factor-deprived postnatal hippocampal NPCs induces proliferation and promotes the relative expansion of the type-1 and type-2 NPC pool through a PPAR-γ-dependent mechanism. These results shed new light on the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of melanocortins in hippocampal plasticity and provide evidence linking the MC4R and PPAR-γ pathways in modulation of hippocampal NPC proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Carniglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, piso 10, CP 1121, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Turati
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, piso 10, CP 1121, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Saba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, piso 10, CP 1121, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico López Couselo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, piso 10, CP 1121, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, piso 10, CP 1121, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, piso 10, CP 1121, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Durand
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, piso 10, CP 1121, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2155, piso 10, CP 1121, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Nakao-Ise Y, Narita T, Miyamoto S, Watanabe M, Tanaka T, Sowa Y, Iizumi Y, Masuda M, Fujii G, Hirai Y, Nakao T, Takakura H, Mutoh M. Induction of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma differentiation through NMYC suppression using PPAR-γ antagonist. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 73:191-197. [PMID: 37970556 PMCID: PMC10636585 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastomas are the most common extracranial solid tumors in children and have a unique feature of neuronal differentiation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is reported to have neuroprotective effects in addition to having antitumor effects in various cancers. Thus, we aimed to clarify the role of PPAR-γ agonist and antagonist in malignant neuroblastomas, which also possess neuronal features. In MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma CHP212 cells, treatment with the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 induced growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the PPAR-γ antagonist treatment changed cell morphology with increasing expression of the neuronal differentiation marker tubulin beta 3 (TUBB3) and induced G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Notably, the PPAR-γ antagonist treatment significantly decreased expression of NMYC, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4). It is implied that BRD4, NMYC, BCL2 suppression by the PPAR-γ antagonist resulted in cell growth inhibition, differentiation, and apoptosis induction. In our in vivo study, the PPAR-γ antagonist treatment induced CHP212 cells differentiation and resultant tumor growth inhibition. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of tumor cell differentiation and suggest that PPAR-γ antagonist is a new therapeutic and prevention option for neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Nakao-Ise
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takumi Narita
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Motoki Watanabe
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology & Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, 7-1 Kashima-cho, Gifu 500-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yosuke Iizumi
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Masuda
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Central Radioisotope Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hirai
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nakao
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hideki Takakura
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure city, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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3
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Alsaud MM, Alhowail AH, Aldubayan MA, Almami IS. The Ameliorative Effect of Pioglitazone against Neuroinflammation Caused by Doxorubicin in Rats. Molecules 2023; 28:4775. [PMID: 37375330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that is linked with complications such as cardiotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction, known as chemobrain. Chemobrain affects up to 75% of cancer survivors, and there are no known therapeutic options for its treatment. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of pioglitazone (PIO) against DOX-induced cognitive impairment. Forty Wistar female rats were equally divided into four groups: control, DOX-treated, PIO-treated, and DOX + PIO-treated. DOX was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg, i.p., twice a week for two weeks (cumulative dose, 20 mg/kg). PIO was dissolved in drinking water at a concentration of 2 mg/kg in the PIO and DOX-PIO groups. The survival rates, change in body weight, and behavioral assessment were performed using Y-maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and elevated plus maze (EPM), followed by estimation of neuroinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in brain homogenate and RT-PCR of a brain sample. Our results showed a survival rate of 40% and 65% in the DOX and DOX + PIO groups, respectively, compared with a 100% survival rate in the control and PIO treatment groups at the end of day 14. There was an insignificant increase in body weight in the PIO group and a significant reduction in the DOX and DOX + PIO groups as compared with the control groups. DOX-treated animals exhibited impairment of cognitive function, and the combination PIO showed reversal of DOX-induced cognitive impairment. This was evidenced by changes in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and also by mRNA expression of TNF- α, and IL-6. In conclusion, PIO treatment produced a reversal of DOX-induced memory impairment by alleviating neuronal inflammation by modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- May M Alsaud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Aldubayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtesam S Almami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Herrera-Arozamena C, Estrada-Valencia M, López-Caballero P, Pérez C, Morales-García JA, Pérez-Castillo A, Sastre ED, Fernández-Mendívil C, Duarte P, Michalska P, Lombardía J, Senar S, León R, López MG, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Resveratrol-Based MTDLs to Stimulate Defensive and Regenerative Pathways and Block Early Events in Neurodegenerative Cascades. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4727-4751. [PMID: 35245051 PMCID: PMC8958504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
By replacing a phenolic
ring of (E)-resveratrol
with an 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one heterocycle, new
resveratrol-based multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) were obtained.
They were evaluated in several assays related to oxidative stress
and inflammation (monoamine oxidases, nuclear erythroid 2-related
factor, quinone reductase-2, and oxygen radical trapping) and then
in experiments of increasing complexity (neurogenic properties and
neuroprotection vs okadaic acid). 5-[(E)-2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (4e) showed a well-balanced MTDL profile:
cellular activation of the NRF2-ARE pathway (CD = 9.83 μM),
selective inhibition of both hMAO-B and QR2 (IC50s = 8.05
and 0.57 μM), and the best ability to promote hippocampal neurogenesis.
It showed a good drug-like profile (positive in vitro central nervous
system permeability, good physiological solubility, no glutathione
conjugation, and lack of PAINS or Lipinski alerts) and exerted neuroprotective
and antioxidant actions in both acute and chronic Alzheimer models
using hippocampal tissues. Thus, 4e is an interesting
MTDL that could stimulate defensive and regenerative pathways and
block early events in neurodegenerative cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Herrera-Arozamena
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.,Programa de Doctorado en Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Estrada-Valencia
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia López-Caballero
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier, 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, E-28031 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier, 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric Del Sastre
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Mendívil
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Duarte
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrycja Michalska
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Lombardía
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Senar
- DrTarget Machine Learning, C/Alejo Carpentier 13, E-28806 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando de I+D del Medicamento, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IIS-IP), C/Diego de León 62, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Rosiglitazone Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury via Inhibiting Mitophagy and Inflammation of Neural Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5583512. [PMID: 35028008 PMCID: PMC8752267 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5583512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injury (SCI) are prevalent in clinical practice. Inhibition of hyperactive inflammation and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) is a promising treatment strategy for SCI. Our previous studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of rosiglitazone (Rosi) on SCI, but its roles in inflammation inhibition and proliferation of NSCs are unknown. METHODS SCI in a rat model was established, and the effects of Rosi on motor functions were assessed. The effects of Rosi on NSC proliferation and the underlying mechanisms were explored in details. RESULTS We showed that Rosi ameliorated impairment of moto functions in SCI rats, inhibited inflammation, and promoted proliferation of NSCs in vivo. Rosi increased ATP production through enhancing glycolysis but not oxidative phosphorylation. Rosi reduced mitophagy by downregulating PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) transcription to promote NSC proliferation, which was effectively reversed by an overexpression of PINK1 in vitro. Through KEGG analysis and experimental validations, we discovered that Rosi reduced the expression of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) which was a critical transcription factor of PINK1. Three FOXO1 consensus sequences (FCSs) were found in the first intron of the PINK1 gene, which could be potentially binding to FOXO1. The proximal FCS (chr 5: 156680169-156680185) from the translation start site exerted a more significant influence on PINK1 transcription than the other two FCSs. The overexpression of FOXO1 entirely relieved the inhibition of PINK1 transcription in the presence of Rosi. CONCLUSIONS Besides inflammation inhibition, Rosi suppressed mitophagy by reducing FOXO1 to decrease the transcription of PINK1, which played a pivotal role in accelerating the NSC proliferation.
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Laurent AJ, Bindslev N, Vukojević V, Terenius L. Iso-α-acids in Nonalcoholic and Alcoholic Beer Stimulate Growth of Neuron-like SH-SY5Y Cells and Neuroepithelial Stem Cells. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2021; 1:11-20. [PMID: 37101982 PMCID: PMC10125168 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing popularity of nonalcoholic beer, the association between beer drinking and alcohol intake is lost. In the present study, we show that nonalcoholic beer can stimulate the expansion of neuron-like cell lines and neuroepithelial stem cells in culture, yielding an effect comparable to that of alcoholic beer. One ingredient in beer is hops, which is derived from the flower of hop plants. The female flower contains humulones, which are transformed into iso-α-acids during wort boiling and give beer its bitter taste. In this study, we tested the effects of these iso-α-acids and/or alcohol on the proliferation of neuron-like cells and neuroepithelial stem cells in culture. Iso-α-acids enhanced cell expansion, showing a bimodal dose-response curve with peaks around 2-30 nM and 2-5 μM, of which nanomolar concentrations are relevant in beer drinking. The more lipophilic trans-iso-α-acids, found to a greater extent in beer foam, are even more potent. Our results indicate that iso-α-acids, acting via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors could be responsible for the observed effects. Altogether, our results indicate that nonalcoholic beer with ingredients such as iso-α-acids stimulate the proliferation of neuroepithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta J. Laurent
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Bindslev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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P75 neurotrophin receptor controls subventricular zone neural stem cell migration after stroke. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 387:415-431. [PMID: 34698916 PMCID: PMC8975773 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) originating from the subventricular zone (SVZ) contribute to the brain repair process. However, molecular mechanisms underlying CNS disease-induced SVZ NSPC-redirected migration to the lesion area are poorly understood. Here, we show that genetic depletion of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR−/−) in mice reduced SVZ NSPC migration towards the lesion area after cortical injury and that p75NTR−/− NSPCs failed to migrate upon BDNF stimulation in vitro. Cortical injury rapidly increased p75NTR abundance in SVZ NSPCs via bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor signaling. SVZ-derived p75NTR−/− NSPCs revealed an altered cytoskeletal network- and small GTPase family-related gene and protein expression. In accordance, BMP-treated non-migrating p75NTR−/− NSPCs revealed an altered morphology and α-tubulin expression compared to BMP-treated migrating wild-type NSPCs. We propose that BMP-induced p75NTR abundance in NSPCs is a regulator of SVZ NSPC migration to the lesion area via regulation of the cytoskeleton following cortical injury.
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8
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Valeri A, Mazzon E. Cannabinoids and Neurogenesis: The Promised Solution for Neurodegeneration? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206313. [PMID: 34684894 PMCID: PMC8541184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of neurons as irreplaceable cells does not hold true today. Experiments and evidence of neurogenesis, also, in the adult brain give hope that some compounds or drugs can enhance this process, helping to reverse the outcomes of diseases or traumas that once were thought to be everlasting. Cannabinoids, both from natural and artificial origins, already proved to have several beneficial effects (e.g., anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidants and analgesic action), but also capacity to increase neuronal population, by replacing the cells that were lost and/or regenerate a damaged nerve cell. Neurogenesis is a process which is not highly represented in literature as neuroprotection, though it is as important as prevention of nervous system damage, because it can represent a possible solution when neuronal death is already present, such as in neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this review is to resume the experimental evidence of phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids effects on neurogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo, in order to elucidate if they possess also neurogenetic and neurorepairing properties.
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9
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Mannan A, Garg N, Singh TG, Kang HK. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-ɣ): Molecular Effects and Its Importance as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2800-2831. [PMID: 34282491 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the PPAR family. PPAR-ɣ has been shown in several in vitro and in vivo models to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage by negatively controlling the expression of genes modulated by cerebral ischemic injury, indicating a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury. A extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the mechanistic role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and its modulation in Cerebral ischemic injury. PPAR-ɣ can interact with specific DNA response elements to control gene transcription and expression when triggered by its ligand. It regulates lipid metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, modulates antitumor mechanisms, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits inflammation. This review article provides insights on the current state of research into the neuroprotective effects of PPAR-ɣ in cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these effects are modulated, such as inhibition of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, suppression of pro-apoptotic production, modulation of transcription factors, and restoration of injured tissue through neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Harmeet Kaur Kang
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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10
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma: a novel therapeutic target for cognitive impairment and mood disorders that functions via the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:553-563. [PMID: 34138417 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural precursor cells occur not only during embryonic development but also within distinct regions of the adult brain through the process of adult neurogenesis. As neurogenesis can potentially regulate brain cognition and neuronal plasticity, the factors that enhance neurogenesis can be attractive therapeutic targets for improving cognitive function and regulating neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, including affective and mood disorders. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARγ is a target for insulin sensitizers and plays an essential role in regulating various metabolic processes, including adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, evidence demonstrates the role of PPARγ activation in regulating neurogenesis. The pharmacological activation of PPARγ using specific ligands increases the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, and prevents neurodegeneration and improves cognition and anxiety/depression-like behaviors in animal models. We summarize here recent reports on the role of PPARγ in adult neurogenesis, as well as the mechanisms involved, and suggest that PPARγ can serve as a potential therapeutic target for neurological and/or neurodegenerative diseases.
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11
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Saunders AM, Burns DK, Gottschalk WK. Reassessment of Pioglitazone for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:666958. [PMID: 34220427 PMCID: PMC8243371 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.666958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a quintessential 'unmet medical need', accounting for ∼65% of progressive cognitive impairment among the elderly, and 700,000 deaths in the United States in 2020. In 2019, the cost of caring for Alzheimer's sufferers was $244B, not including the emotional and physical toll on caregivers. In spite of this dismal reality, no treatments are available that reduce the risk of developing AD or that offer prolonged mitiagation of its most devestating symptoms. This review summarizes key aspects of the biology and genetics of Alzheimer's disease, and we describe how pioglitazone improves many of the patholophysiological determinants of AD. We also summarize the results of pre-clinical experiments, longitudinal observational studies, and clinical trials. The results of animal testing suggest that pioglitazone can be corrective as well as protective, and that its efficacy is enhanced in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but the dose-effect relations are not monotonic or sigmoid. Longitudinal cohort studies suggests that it delays the onset of dementia in individuals with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus, which small scale, unblinded pilot studies seem to confirm. However, the results of placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trials have not borne this out, and we discuss possible explanations for these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Saunders
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Daniel K. Burns
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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12
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Sağır D. Dose-dependent effects of prenatal exposure of pioglitazone, the PPARγ agonist, on the hippocampus development and learning and memory performance of rat offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 421:115544. [PMID: 33894214 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that pioglitazone, defined as a PPARγ agonist, has neuron-protective properties in nervous system disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pioglitazone administration at different doses during prenatal period on the neurons, glial cells and learning-memory levels in the hippocampus of rat offspring. Pregnant rats were divided into three groups; Low-Dose Pioglitazone (LDP), High-Dose Pioglitazone (HDP) and control (C) (n = 3). Pregnant rats in the HDP and LDP groups were given pioglitazone at 30 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg doses, respectively, by gavage once a day during their pregnancy. No procedure was applied to the rats in the control group. Morris water tank test was applied to offspring obtained from postnatal 24th to 28th day. The offspring were sacrificed on the 29th postal day and their brain tissues removed. Stereological, histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze brain tissues. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that there were delays in learning and memory, the number of pyramidal neurons decreased, and the density of cells stained with glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) positive increased in the HDP group compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the LDP and control groups in terms of these parameters (p > 0.05). Our results showed that pioglitazone administered in the prenatal period had an effect on the hippocampus development and learning and memory performance of rats, depending on the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Sağır
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Sinop University, 57000 Sinop, Turkey.
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13
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Hypothesis validation of rosiglitazone a potential inhibitor against glycogen synthase kinase-3β, for the management of multifaceted pathophysiology of the diabetic wound: An insilico study. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109990. [PMID: 32592921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic wound (DW) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus that often ends up with amputation of the concerned organ. The current therapies for DW include glucose regulation, wound debridement, pressure off-loading, surgeries, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, maggot therapy, and so on. However, the majority are not meeting all the prerequisites of DW because of extensive pathology and cost associated with the strategies. So, to overcome the problems related to the existing conventional therapies, we hypothesized to repurpose the current drugs, which can target a receptor having a considerable role in the progression of DW might be beneficial. One major challenge of DW is multifaceted pathophysiology includes prolonged inflammation, increased infections, decreased cell proliferation, and migration. Many shreds of evidence disclosed that inhibition of GSK-3β could result in reduced inflammation and infection, followed by increased cell proliferation and migration. Thus, we selected the GSK-3β receptor as a ubiquitous target for the treatment of multifactorial pathophysiology of DW. In the current hypothetical study, we investigated the use of rosiglitazone as a therapeutic modulator against the GSK-3β receptor. To validate our hypothesis, computational studies such as molecular docking and MMGBSA were performed. From the in silico methods, it is evident that rosiglitazone established a higher binding affinity against the selected receptor. Further, the Molecular Dynamic simulation study has revealed stable interaction of rosiglitazone against GSK-3β complex. Thus, rosiglitazone might be a drug of choice in the therapeutic management of DW.
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Herrera-Arozamena C, Estrada-Valencia M, Pérez C, Lagartera L, Morales-García JA, Pérez-Castillo A, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Michalska P, Duarte P, León R, López MG, Mills A, Gago F, García-Yagüe ÁJ, Fernández-Ginés R, Cuadrado A, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Tuning melatonin receptor subtype selectivity in oxadiazolone-based analogues: Discovery of QR2 ligands and NRF2 activators with neurogenic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Estrada-Valencia M, Herrera-Arozamena C, Pérez C, Viña D, Morales-García JA, Pérez-Castillo A, Ramos E, Romero A, Laurini E, Pricl S, Rodríguez-Franco MI. New flavonoid - N, N-dibenzyl( N-methyl)amine hybrids: Multi-target-directed agents for Alzheimer´s disease endowed with neurogenic properties. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 34:712-727. [PMID: 31852270 PMCID: PMC6407579 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1581184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) is a valid approach for obtaining effective drugs for complex pathologies. MTDLs that combine neuro-repair properties and block the first steps of neurotoxic cascades could be the so long wanted remedies to treat neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). By linking two privileged scaffolds with well-known activities in ND-targets, the flavonoid and the N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine (DBMA) fragments, new CNS-permeable flavonoid - DBMA hybrids (1-13) were obtained. They were subjected to biological evaluation in a battery of targets involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other NDs, namely human cholinesterases (hAChE/hBuChE), β-secretase (hBACE-1), monoamine oxidases (hMAO-A/B), lipoxygenase-5 (hLOX-5) and sigma receptors (σ1R/σ2R). After a funnel-type screening, 6,7-dimethoxychromone - DBMA (6) was highlighted due to its neurogenic properties and an interesting MTD-profile in hAChE, hLOX-5, hBACE-1 and σ1R. Molecular dynamic simulations showed the most relevant drug-protein interactions of hybrid 6, which could synergistically contribute to neuronal regeneration and block neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Estrada-Valencia
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Herrera-Arozamena
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José A Morales-García
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols", Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Institute for Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols", Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; x
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; x
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), Trieste, Italy
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16
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Du F, Yuelling L, Lee EH, Wang Y, Liao S, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Zheng C, Peri S, Cai KQ, Ng JMY, Curran T, Li P, Yang ZJ. Leukotriene Synthesis Is Critical for Medulloblastoma Progression. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6475-6486. [PMID: 31300449 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Here, we examined the role of leukotrienes, well-known inflammatory mediators, in the tumorigenesis of hedgehog pathway-associated medulloblastoma, and tested the efficacies of antagonists of leukotriene biosynthesis in medulloblastoma treatment.Experimental Design: We examined the leukotriene levels in medulloblastoma cells by ELISA. We next tested whether leukotriene synthesis in medulloblastoma cells relied on activation of hedgehog pathway, or the presence of hedgehog ligand secreted by astrocytes. We then investigated whether leukotriene mediated hedgehog-induced Nestin expression in tumor cells. The functions of leukotriene in tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth in medulloblastoma were determined through knocking down 5-lipoxygenase (a critical enzyme for leukotriene synthesis) by shRNAs, or using 5-lipoxygenase-deficient mice. Finally, the efficacies of antagonists of leukotriene synthesis in medulloblastoma treatment were tested in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Leukotriene was significantly upregulated in medulloblastoma cells. Increased leukotriene synthesis relied on hedgehog ligand secreted by astrocytes, a major component of medulloblastoma microenvironment. Leukotriene stimulated tumor cells to express Nestin, a cytoskeletal protein essential for medulloblastoma growth. Genetic blockage of leukotriene synthesis dramatically suppressed medulloblastoma cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo. Pharmaceutical inhibition of leukotriene synthesis markedly repressed medulloblastoma cell proliferation, but had no effect on proliferation of normal neuronal progenitors. Moreover, antagonists of leukotriene synthesis exhibited promising tumor inhibitory efficacies on drug-resistant medulloblastoma. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a novel signaling pathway that is critical for medulloblastoma cell proliferation and tumor progression, and that leukotriene biosynthesis represents a promising therapeutic target for medulloblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Larra Yuelling
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric H Lee
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengyou Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M Y Ng
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Tom Curran
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Cortez I, Denner L, Dineley KT. Divergent Mechanisms for PPARγ Agonism in Ameliorating Aging-Related Versus Cranial Irradiation-Induced Context Discrimination Deficits. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:38. [PMID: 30930764 PMCID: PMC6427093 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major aspect of mammalian aging is the decline in functional competence of many self-renewing cell types, including adult-born neuronal precursors in a process termed neurogenesis. Adult neurogenesis is limited to specific brain regions in the mammalian brain, such as the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. Alterations in adult neurogenesis appear to be a common hallmark in different neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We and others have shown that PPARγ agonism improves cognition in preclinical models of AD as well as in several pilot clinical trials. Context discrimination is recognized as a cognitive task supported by proliferation and differentiation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus that we and others have previously shown declines with age. We therefore postulated that PPARγ agonism would positively impact context discrimination in middle-aged mice via mechanisms that influence proliferation and differentiation of adult-born neurons arising from the SGZ. To achieve our objective, 8-months old mice were left untreated or treated with the FDA-approved PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone then tested for context discrimination learning and memory, followed by immunofluorescence evaluation of hippocampal SGZ cell proliferation and neuron survival. We found that PPARγ agonism enhanced context discrimination performance in middle-aged mice concomitant with stimulated SGZ cell proliferation, but not new neuron survival. Focal cranial irradiation that destroys neurogenesis severely compromised context discrimination in middle-aged mice yet rosiglitazone treatment significantly improved cognitive performance through an anti-inflammatory mechanism and resurrection of the neurogenic niche. Thus, we have evidence for divergent mechanisms by which PPARγ agonism impinges upon aging-related versus cranial irradiation-induced deficits in context discrimination learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibdanelo Cortez
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Larry Denner
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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18
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Peripheral blood GILZ mRNA levels in depression and following electroconvulsive therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:304-310. [PMID: 30602137 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)-axis is commonly observed in patients with depression. The delayed feedback system that mediates inhibition of HPA-axis activation is regulated by glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) found in stress-responsive areas of the brain. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a key molecule in glucocorticoid biology and is thought to mediate the downstream anti-inflammatory effects of GRs. Previous reports suggest that GILZ levels are altered in the blood and brains of patients with, and animal models of, depression. However, no study has yet investigated the effects of antidepressant treatment on GILZ. Therefore, our aim was to examine peripheral blood GILZ mRNA levels in patients with depression (n = 88) compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 63), and in patients with depression following treatment with a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We also assessed the relationship between GILZ and mood and clinical outcomes following ECT. GILZ mRNA levels were assessed using qRT-PCR. GILZ levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with depression compared to controls (p < 0.002), and ECT further decreased GILZ levels (p = 0.05). Both of these results survived adjustment for potential covariates. However, we found no association between GILZ and mood scores. Overall, these results suggest that GILZ is involved in the pathophysiology of depression and the peripheral molecular response to ECT.
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19
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Bhargava P, Verma VK, Malik S, Khan SI, Bhatia J, Arya DS. Hesperidin regresses cardiac hypertrophy by virtue of PPAR‐γ agonistic, anti‐inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant properties. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22283. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poorva Bhargava
- Department of PharmacologyCardiovascular Research Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Vipin Kumar Verma
- Department of PharmacologyCardiovascular Research Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Salma Malik
- Department of PharmacologyCardiovascular Research Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Sana Irfan Khan
- Department of PharmacologyCardiovascular Research Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Jagriti Bhatia
- Department of PharmacologyCardiovascular Research Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Dharamvir Singh Arya
- Department of PharmacologyCardiovascular Research Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
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20
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Estrada Valencia M, Herrera-Arozamena C, de Andrés L, Pérez C, Morales-García JA, Pérez-Castillo A, Ramos E, Romero A, Viña D, Yáñez M, Laurini E, Pricl S, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Neurogenic and neuroprotective donepezil-flavonoid hybrids with sigma-1 affinity and inhibition of key enzymes in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:534-553. [PMID: 30025348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work we describe neurogenic and neuroprotective donepezil-flavonoid hybrids (DFHs), exhibiting nanomolar affinities for the sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) and inhibition of key enzymes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and monoamine oxidases (MAOs). In general, new compounds scavenge free radical species, are predicted to be brain-permeable, and protect neuronal cells against mitochondrial oxidative stress. N-(2-(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxamide (18) is highlighted due to its interesting biological profile in σ1R, AChE, 5-LOX, MAO-A and MAO-B. In phenotypic assays, it protects a neuronal cell line against mitochondrial oxidative stress and promotes maturation of neural stem cells into a neuronal phenotype, which could contribute to the reparation of neuronal tissues. Molecular modelling studies of 18 in AChE, 5-LOX and σ1R revealed the main interactions with these proteins, which will be further exploited in the optimization of new, more efficient DFHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Estrada Valencia
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Herrera-Arozamena
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Andrés
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Matilde Yáñez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture (DEA), University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Combined Rosiglitazone and Forskolin Have Neuroprotective Effects in SD Rats after Spinal Cord Injury. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:3897478. [PMID: 30034460 PMCID: PMC6032969 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3897478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist rosiglitazone inhibits NF-κB expression and endogenous neural stem cell differentiation into neurons and reduces the inflammatory cascade after spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms underlying rosiglitazone-mediated neuroprotective effects and regulation of the balance between the inflammatory cascade and generation of endogenous spinal cord neurons by using a spinal cord-derived neural stem cell culture system as well as SD rat SCI model. Activation of PPAR-γ could promote neural stem cell proliferation and inhibit PKA expression and neuronal formation in vitro. In the SD rat SCI model, the rosiglitazone + forskolin group showed better locomotor recovery compared to the rosiglitazone and forskolin groups. MAP2 expression was higher in the rosiglitazone + forskolin group than in the rosiglitazone group, NF-κB expression was lower in the rosiglitazone + forskolin group than in the forskolin group, and NeuN expression was higher in the rosiglitazone + forskolin group than in the forskolin group. PPAR-γ activation likely inhibits NF-κB, thereby reducing the inflammatory cascade, and PKA activation likely promotes neuronal cell regeneration.
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22
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Yao CJ, Chuang SE, Yang YY, Lai GM. Human Urine Extract Cell Differentiation Agent 2 Protects PC12 Cells from Serum Deprivation-Induced Apoptosis Accompanied with Priming of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activation and Differentiation Induction. Chin J Integr Med 2018:10.1007/s11655-018-2986-1. [PMID: 29455376 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of human urine extract cell differentiation agent 2 (CDA-2) by the model of serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and study the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Apoptosis of PC12 cells was induced by serum deprivation. CDA-2 at doses of 0.5-4 mg/mL was used to treat the serum-deprived PC12 cells. The cellular viability was measured by sulforhodamine B binding assay and the cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometer. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of differentiation markers and activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The cellular morphology was examined under an inverted microscope. RESULTS CDA-2 inhibited apoptotic cell death of serum-deprived PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of low- and mid-sized neurofilaments was observed in serum-deprived PC12 cells treated with CDA-2 or nerve growth factor (NGF). However, CDA-2 did not induce proliferation of these cells like NGF. The morphology of CDA-2 treated cells was changed from rounded to neuron-like flat polygonal shape in contrast to the extensive neurite outgrowth induced by NGF. CDA-2 transiently induced the phosphorylation of ERK in serum deprived-PC12 cells and the expression of neurofilaments induced by CDA-2 was attenuated by mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059. CONCLUSIONS Human urine extract CDA-2 showed a potential neuroprotective activity which may correlate with ERK activation and differentiation induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jung Yao
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan, China
| | - Shuang-En Chuang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, China
| | - Ya-Yu Yang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, China
| | - Gi-Ming Lai
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan, China.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan, China.
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, China.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11696, Taiwan, China.
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Oral pioglitazone ameliorates fructose-induced peripheral insulin resistance and hippocampal gliosis but not restores inhibited hippocampal adult neurogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:274-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Xu Y, Gu Q, Liu N, Yan Y, Yang X, Hao Y, Qu C. PPARγ Alleviates Right Ventricular Failure Secondary to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Rats. Int Heart J 2017; 58:948-956. [PMID: 29151490 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.16-591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling leading to right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and failure. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of nuclear receptors, has been proved to ameliorate PAH. However, its effect on PAH-induced right ventricular failure (RVF) remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in preventing monocrotaline (MCT)-induced RV dysfunction. The PAH model was induced by MCT administration. Male rats were administered with MCT to develop PAH and RVF formed by approximately day 30. Significant increase in RV area, RVAW resulted in an ascending RV index. However, the LV function including EF, FS, and LVID did not change significantly. PPARγ agonist prevented PAH-induced RVF by preserving RV index and preventing RVH. PPARγ's beneficial effects seem to result from various factors, including anti-apoptosis, preservation RV index, reversal of inflammation, improvement of glucolipid metabolism, reduction of ROS. In a word, PPARγ agonist prevents the development of RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University
| | - Qin Gu
- Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University
| | - Ning Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Xilan Yang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Yingying Hao
- Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University
| | - Chen Qu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
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25
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Gkikas D, Tsampoula M, Politis PK. Nuclear receptors in neural stem/progenitor cell homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4097-4120. [PMID: 28638936 PMCID: PMC11107725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, embryonic and adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) generate the enormous variety and huge numbers of neuronal and glial cells that provide structural and functional support in the brain and spinal cord. Over the last decades, nuclear receptors and their natural ligands have emerged as critical regulators of NSC homeostasis during embryonic development and adult life. Furthermore, substantial progress has been achieved towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms of nuclear receptors action in proliferative and differentiation capacities of NSCs. Aberrant expression or function of nuclear receptors in NSCs also contributes to the pathogenesis of various nervous system diseases. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of steroid, non-steroid, and orphan nuclear receptors in NSC fate decisions. These studies establish nuclear receptors as key therapeutic targets in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Tsampoula
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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26
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Li F, Zhu Y, Wan Y, Xie X, Ke R, Zhai C, Pan Y, Yan X, Wang J, Shi W, Li M. Activation of PPARγ inhibits HDAC1-mediated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and its potential mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:324-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Chiang MC, Cheng YC, Nicol CJ, Lin CH. The neuroprotective role of rosiglitazone in advanced glycation end product treated human neural stem cells is PPARgamma-dependent. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:121-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma on Brain and Peripheral Inflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:121-132. [PMID: 28975471 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases involving diabetes, stroke, cancer, or obesity. It is expressed in diverse cell types, including vessels, immune and glial cells, and neurons. PPARγ plays crucial roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, lipid metabolism, or glucose homeostasis. PPARγ ligands also exert effects on attenuating degenerative processes in the brain, as well as in peripheral systems, and it has been associated with the control of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, oxidative stress, neuronal death, neurogenesis, differentiation, and angiogenesis. This review will highlight key advances in the understanding of the PPARγ-related mechanisms responsible for neuroprotection after brain injuries, both ischemia and traumatic brain injury, and it will also cover the natural and synthetic agonist for PPARγ, angiotensin receptor blockers, and PPARγ antagonists, used in experimental and clinical research. A better understanding of the pleiotropic mechanisms and applications of these drugs to improve the recovery and to repair the acute and chronic induced neuroinflammation after brain injuries will pave the way for more effective therapeutic strategies after brain deficits.
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29
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Yuan J, Ge H, Liu W, Zhu H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Yang Y, Yin Y, Chen W, Wu W, Yang Y, Lin J. M2 microglia promotes neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis from neural stem/progenitor cells via the PPARγ signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19855-19865. [PMID: 28423639 PMCID: PMC5386728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are an important source of cells for cell replacement therapy after nerve injury. How to induce NSPCs differentiation towards neurons and oligodendrocytes is a challenging issue in neuroscience research. In the present study, we polarized microglia into M1 and M2 phenotype, used their supernatants to induce NSPCs differentiation, and investigated the effects of different microglia phenotypes on NSPCs differentiation and their mechanisms. We discovered that, after exposure to M1 phenotype supernatant, NSPCs differentiated into fewer Tuj-1+ and Olig2+ cells, but more GFAP+ cells. Meanwhile, a significantly increased number of Tuj-1+ and Olig2+ cells and smaller number of GFAP+ cells were generated by M2 microglia supernatant-induced NSPCs differentiation. We also observed that 15d-PGJ2, an endogenous ligand of PPARγ, was elevated in M2 phenotype supernatant and could activate PPARγ expression in NSPCs, whereas use of the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662, could reduce the percentage of differentiated neurons and oligodendrocytes. Our study results confirm that M2 microglia supernatant can activate the PPARγ signaling pathway and promote neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis from NSPCs differentiation. The present study provides a further theoretical basis for induction of NSPCs oriented differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yaxing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wanjiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiangkai Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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30
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Melatonin as a versatile molecule to design novel multitarget hybrids against neurodegeneration. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:765-780. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an indoleamine produced mainly in the pineal gland. The natural decline of melatonin levels with aging strongly contributes to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Pleiotropic actions displayed by melatonin prevent several processes involved in neurodegeneration such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and/or apoptosis. This review focuses on a number of melatonin hybrids resulting from the juxtaposition of tacrine, berberine, tamoxifen, curcumin, N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine, among others, with potential therapeutic effects for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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31
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Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper in Central Nervous System Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8063-8070. [PMID: 27889894 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a large network of intercommunicating cells that function to maintain tissue health and homeostasis. Considerable evidence suggests that glucocorticoids exert both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects on the CNS. Glucocorticoids act by binding two related receptors in the cytoplasm, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid receptor complex mediates cellular responses by transactivating target genes and by protein: protein interactions. The paradoxical effects of glucocorticoids on neuronal survival and death have been attributed to the concentration and the ratio of mineralocorticoid to glucocorticoid receptor activation. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a recently identified protein transcriptionally upregulated by glucocorticoids. Constitutively, expressed in many tissues including brain, GILZ mediates many of the actions of glucocorticoids. It mimics the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of glucocorticoids but exerts differential effects on stem cell differentiation and lineage development. Recent experimental data on the effects of GILZ following induced stress or trauma suggest potential roles in CNS diseases. Here, we provide a short overview of the role of GILZ in CNS health and discuss three potential rationales for the role of GILZ in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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32
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PPAR Gamma in Neuroblastoma: The Translational Perspectives of Hypoglycemic Drugs. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:3038164. [PMID: 27799938 PMCID: PMC5069360 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3038164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common and aggressive pediatric cancer, characterized by a remarkable phenotypic diversity and high malignancy. The heterogeneous clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to fatal metastatic disease, is attributable to NB biology and genetics. Despite major advances in therapies, NB is still associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Thus, novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches are required, mainly to improve treatment outcomes of high-risk NB patients. Among neuroepithelial cancers, NB is the most studied tumor as far as PPAR ligands are concerned. PPAR ligands are endowed with antitumoral effects, mainly acting on cancer stem cells, and constitute a possible add-on therapy to antiblastic drugs, in particular for NB with unfavourable prognosis. While discussing clinical background, this review will provide a synopsis of the major studies about PPAR expression in NB, focusing on the potential beneficial effects of hypoglycemic drugs, thiazolidinediones and metformin, to reduce the occurrence of relapses as well as tumor regrowth in NB patients.
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33
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Morales-Garcia JA, Echeverry-Alzate V, Alonso-Gil S, Sanz-SanCristobal M, Lopez-Moreno JA, Gil C, Martinez A, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A. Phosphodiesterase7 Inhibition Activates Adult Neurogenesis in Hippocampus and Subventricular Zone In Vitro and In Vivo. Stem Cells 2016; 35:458-472. [PMID: 27538853 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) enzyme is one of the enzymes responsible for controlling intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the immune and central nervous system. We have previously shown that inhibitors of this enzyme are potent neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, we also demonstrated that PDE7 inhibition induces endogenous neuroregenerative processes toward a dopaminergic phenotype. Here, we show that PDE7 inhibition controls stem cell expansion in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (SGZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the adult rat brain. Neurospheres cultures obtained from SGZ and SVZ of adult rats treated with PDE7 inhibitors presented an increased proliferation and neuronal differentiation compared to control cultures. PDE7 inhibitors treatment of neurospheres cultures also resulted in an increase of the levels of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein, suggesting that their effects were indeed mediated through the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. In addition, adult rats orally treated with S14, a specific inhibitor of PDE7, presented elevated numbers of proliferating progenitor cells, and migrating precursors in the SGZ and the SVZ. Moreover, long-term treatment with this PDE7 inhibitor shows a significant increase in newly generated neurons in the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus. Also a better performance in memory tests was observed in S14 treated rats, suggesting a functional relevance for the S14-induced increase in SGZ neurogenesis. Taken together, our results indicate for the first time that inhibition of PDE7 directly regulates proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural stem cells, improving spatial learning and memory tasks. Stem Cells 2017;35:458-472.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Echeverry-Alzate
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sanz-SanCristobal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Lopez-Moreno
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Promotes Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Express Connexin43 via the Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smads Signaling in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:885-99. [PMID: 26275398 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we hypothesized that activation of PPAR-γ enhanced MSCs survival and their therapeutic efficacy via upregulating the expression of Cx43. METHODS MI was induced in 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomized into five groups: MI group and four intervention groups, including the MSCs group, combined therapy group (MSCs+ pioglitazone), pioglitazone group and PBS group. Two weeks later, 5 × 10(6) MSCs labeled with PKH26 in PBS were injected into the infarct anterior ventricular free wall in the MSCs and combined therapy groups, and PBS alone was injected into the infarct anterior ventricular free wall in the PBS group. Pioglitazone (3 mg/kg/day) was given to the combined therapy and pioglitazone groups by oral gavage at the same time for another 2 weeks. Myocardial function and relevant signaling molecules involved were all examined thereafter. RESULTS Heart function was enhanced after MSCs treatment for 2 weeks post MI. A significant improvement of heart function was observed in the combined therapy group in contrast to the other three intervention groups. Compared with the MSCs group, there was a higher level of PPAR-γ in the combined therapy group; Cx43 was remarkably increased in different regions of the left ventricle; TGF-β1 was decreased in the infarct zone and border zone. To the downstream signaling molecules, mothers against Smad proteins including Smad2 and Smad3 presented a synchronized alteration with TGF-β1; no differences of the expressions of ERK1/2 and p38 could be discovered in the left ventricular cardiac tissue. CONCLUSIONS MSCs transplantation combined with pioglitazone administration improved cardiac function more effectively after MI. Activation of PPAR-γ could promote MSCs to express Cx43. Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway might be involved in the process.
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35
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Zhang SS, Huang ZW, Li LX, Fu JJ, Xiao B. Identification of CD200+ colorectal cancer stem cells and their gene expression profile. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2252-60. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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36
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Estrada M, Herrera-Arozamena C, Pérez C, Viña D, Romero A, Morales-García JA, Pérez-Castillo A, Rodríguez-Franco MI. New cinnamic - N-benzylpiperidine and cinnamic - N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine hybrids as Alzheimer-directed multitarget drugs with antioxidant, cholinergic, neuroprotective and neurogenic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:376-386. [PMID: 27267007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe new families of multi-target directed ligands obtained by linking antioxidant cinnamic-related structures with N-benzylpiperidine (NBP) or N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine (DBMA) fragments. Resulting hybrids, in addition to their antioxidant and neuroprotective properties against mitochondrial oxidative stress, are active at relevant molecular targets in Alzheimer's disease, such as cholinesterases (hAChE and hBuChE) and monoamine oxidases (hMAO-A and hMAO-B). Hybrids derived from umbellic - NBP (8), caffeic - NBP (9), and ferulic - DBMA (12) displayed balanced biological profiles, with IC50s in the low-micromolar and submicromolar range for hChEs and hMAOs, and an antioxidant potency comparable to vitamin E. Moreover, the caffeic - NBP hybrid 9 is able to improve the differentiation of adult SGZ-derived neural stem cells into a neuronal phenotype in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Estrada
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Herrera-Arozamena
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Pytlowanciv EZ, Pinto-Fochi ME, Reame V, Gobbo MG, Ribeiro DL, Taboga SR, Góes RM. Differential ontogenetic exposure to obesogenic environment induces hyperproliferative status and nuclear receptors imbalance in the rat prostate at adulthood. Prostate 2016; 76:662-78. [PMID: 26847797 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental data indicate that high-fat diet (HFD) may alter proliferative activity and prostate health. However, the consequences of HFD exposure during different periods of ontogenetic development on prostate histophysiology remain to be elucidated. Herein, we compare the influence of obesogenic environment (OE) due to maternal obesity and HFD at different periods of life on proliferative activity and nuclear receptors frequency in the rat ventral prostate and a possible relationship with metabolic and hormonal alterations. METHODS Male Wistar rats (19 weeks old), treated with balanced chow (Control group-C; 3% high-fat, 3.5 Kcal/g), were compared with those exposed to HFD (20% high-fat, 4.9 kcal/g) during gestation (G-maternal obesity), gestation and lactation (GL), from post-weaning to adulthood (WA), from lactation to adulthood (LA) and from gestation to adulthood (GA). After the experimental period, the ventral prostate lobes were removed and analyzed with different methods. RESULTS Metabolic data indicated that G and GL rats became insulin resistant and WA, LA, and GA became insulin resistant and obese. There was a strong inverse correlation between serum testosterone (∼133% lower) and leptin levels (∼467% higher) in WA, LA, and GA groups. Estrogen serum levels increased in GA, and insulin levels increased in all groups, especially in WA (64.8×). OE-groups exhibited prostatic hypertrophy, since prostate weight increased ∼40% in G, GL, LA, and GA and 31% in WA. As indicated by immunohistochemistry, all HFD-groups except G exhibited an increase in epithelial cell proliferation (PCNA-positive) and a decrease in frequency of AR- and ERβ-positive epithelial cells; there was also an increment of ERα-positive stromal cells in comparison with control. Cells containing PPARγ increased in both epithelium and stroma of all OE groups and those expressing LXRα decreased, particularly in groups OE-exposed during gestation (G, GL and GA). CONCLUSIONS OE leads to prostate hypertrophy regardless of the period of development and, except when restricted to gestation, leads to a hyperproliferative status which was correlated to downregulation of AR and LXRα and upregulation of ERα and PPARγ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Zanin Pytlowanciv
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Etelvina Pinto-Fochi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Reame
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Guimarães Gobbo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Lisboa Ribeiro
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rolland M, Li X, Sellier Y, Martin H, Perez-Berezo T, Rauwel B, Benchoua A, Bessières B, Aziza J, Cenac N, Luo M, Casper C, Peschanski M, Gonzalez-Dunia D, Leruez-Ville M, Davrinche C, Chavanas S. PPARγ Is Activated during Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Inhibits Neuronogenesis from Human Neural Stem Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005547. [PMID: 27078877 PMCID: PMC4831785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of permanent sequelae of the central nervous system, including sensorineural deafness, cerebral palsies or devastating neurodevelopmental abnormalities (0.1% of all births). To gain insight on the impact of HCMV on neuronal development, we used both neural stem cells from human embryonic stem cells (NSC) and brain sections from infected fetuses and investigated the outcomes of infection on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ), a transcription factor critical in the developing brain. We observed that HCMV infection dramatically impaired the rate of neuronogenesis and strongly increased PPARγ levels and activity. Consistent with these findings, levels of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), a known PPARγ agonist, were significantly increased in infected NSCs. Likewise, exposure of uninfected NSCs to 9-HODE recapitulated the effect of infection on PPARγ activity. It also increased the rate of cells expressing the IE antigen in HCMV-infected NSCs. Further, we demonstrated that (1) pharmacological activation of ectopically expressed PPARγ was sufficient to induce impaired neuronogenesis of uninfected NSCs, (2) treatment of uninfected NSCs with 9-HODE impaired NSC differentiation and (3) treatment of HCMV-infected NSCs with the PPARγ inhibitor T0070907 restored a normal rate of differentiation. The role of PPARγ in the disease phenotype was strongly supported by the immunodetection of nuclear PPARγ in brain germinative zones of congenitally infected fetuses (N = 20), but not in control samples. Altogether, our findings reveal a key role for PPARγ in neurogenesis and in the pathophysiology of HCMV congenital infection. They also pave the way to the identification of PPARγ gene targets in the infected brain. Congenital infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) might result in permanent neurological sequelae, including sensorineural deafness, cerebral palsies or devastating neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Infants with such sequelae represent about 0.1% of all live births (>5500 per year in the USA). Given the considerable health and societal burden, a better insight on disease pathogenesis is urgently needed to design new therapeutic or prognostic tools. Here, we studied the impact of HCMV on neuronal development, using human neural progenitors (NSC) as a disease model. In particular, we investigated the outcome of infection on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ, a key protein in the regulation of metabolism, inflammation and cell differentiation. We disclosed that HCMV infection strongly increases levels and activity of PPARγ in NSCs. In vitro experiments showed that PPARγ activity inhibits the differentiation of NSCs into neurons. We also found increased PPARγ expression in brains of in utero infected fetuses, but not in controls, suggesting that PPARγ is a key effector of HCMV infection also in vivo. Our study provides new insights on the pathogenesis of HCMV infection and paves the way to the discovery of PPARγ-related molecules secreted in the infected brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Rolland
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yann Sellier
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Teresa Perez-Berezo
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Rauwel
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bettina Bessières
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Aziza
- Département d'Anatomie Pathologique, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Minhua Luo
- Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Charlotte Casper
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Neonatal Unit, Children’s Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Peschanski
- I-STEM, INSERM U861, AFM, Evry, France
- CECS, UEVE U861, Evry, France
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marianne Leruez-Ville
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christian Davrinche
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Chavanas
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, CNRS UMR 5282, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Gao D, Zhang Y, Yang F, Lin Y, Zhang Q, Xia Z. In vitro Screening and Evaluation of 37 Traditional Chinese Medicines for Their Potential to Activate Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors-γ. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:120-7. [PMID: 27076748 PMCID: PMC4809166 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.177909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-γ is widely used as an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones, the agonists of PPARγ, has been popularly utilized as insulin sensitizers in the therapy of type 2 diabetes whereas numerous severe side-effects may also occur concomitantly. OBJECTIVE The PPARγ activation activity of different polar extracts, including petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, residual of ethanol, the precipitate part of water and the supernatant of water extracts, from 37 traditional Chinese medicines were systematically evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS HeLa cells were transiently co-transfected with the re-constructed plasmids of GAL4-PPARγ-ligand binding domain and pGL4.35. The activation of PPARγ by different polarity extracts were evaluated based on the PPARγ transactivation assay and rosiglitazone was used as positive control. RESULTS Seven medicines (root bark of Lycium barbarum, Anoectochilus sroxburghii, the rhizome of Phragmites australis, Pterocephalus hookeri, Polygonatum sibiricum, fruit of Gleditsia sinensis, and Epimedium brevicornu) were able to significantly activate PPARγ. CONCLUSION As seven medicines were able to activate PPARγ, the anti-diabetic activity of them is likely to be mediated by this nuclear receptor. SUMMARY Lots of the tested medicinal products had activation effects on activating PPARγEthyl acetate extracts of root bark of L.barbarum, rhizome of P.saustralis and fruit of G.siasinensis showed good PPARγ activation effect similar or higher than that of positive control, 0.5 μg/mL rosiglitazonePetroleum ether extracts of A.roxburghii, P. hookeri, P. sibiricum, E.brevicornu also can significantly activate PPARγ, the effects of them were higher than t0.5 μg/mL rosiglitazoneSchisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., the fruit Cornus officinalis Siebold and Zucc., Alisma plantago-aquatica L. and the root of Trichosanthes Kirilowii Maxim., traditional anti-diabetic mediciness in China, had no effects on the activation of PPARγ. Abbreviations used: PPARγ: Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors-γ, TCMs: Traditional Chinese medicines, TZDs: Thiazolidinediones, LBD: Ligand binding domain, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, FBS: Fetal bovine serum, DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yonglan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Fengqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yexin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Qihui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Zhining Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
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40
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Prati F, De Simone A, Armirotti A, Summa M, Pizzirani D, Scarpelli R, Bertozzi SM, Perez DI, Andrisano V, Perez-Castillo A, Monti B, Massenzio F, Polito L, Racchi M, Sabatino P, Bottegoni G, Martinez A, Cavalli A, Bolognesi ML. 3,4-Dihydro-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones as the First Dual BACE-1/GSK-3β Fragment Hits against Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1665-82. [PMID: 26171616 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main obstacles toward the discovery of effective anti-Alzheimer drugs is the multifactorial nature of its etiopathology. Therefore, the use of multitarget-directed ligands has emerged as particularly suitable. Such ligands, able to modulate different neurodegenerative pathways, for example, amyloid and tau cascades, as well as cognitive and neurogenic functions, are fostered to come. In this respect, we report herein on the first class of BACE-1/GSK-3β dual inhibitors based on a 3,4-dihydro-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one skeleton, whose hit compound 1 showed interesting properties in a preliminary investigation. Notably, compound 2, endowed with well-balanced potencies against the two isolated enzymes (IC50 of 16 and 7 μM against BACE-1 and GSK-3β, respectively), displayed effective neuroprotective and neurogenic activities and no neurotoxicity in cell-based assays. It also showed good brain permeability in a pharmacokinetic assessment in mice. Overall, triazinone derivatives, thanks to the simultaneous modulation of multiple points of the diseased network, might emerge as suitable candidates to be tested in in vivo Alzheimer's disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Prati
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechonology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro
6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto
237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Pizzirani
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rita Scarpelli
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sine Mandrup Bertozzi
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniel I. Perez
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biologicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu
9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto
237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Arturo
Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Nicolás
Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechonology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro
6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechonology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro
6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Polito
- Fondazione Golgi
Cenci, Corso San Martino 10, 20081 Abbiategrasso, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department
of Drug Sciences-Pharmacology, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli
12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Piera Sabatino
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biologicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu
9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechonology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro
6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria L. Bolognesi
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechonology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro
6/Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Bohrer C, Pfurr S, Mammadzada K, Schildge S, Plappert L, Hils M, Pous L, Rauch KS, Dumit VI, Pfeifer D, Dengjel J, Kirsch M, Schachtrup K, Schachtrup C. The balance of Id3 and E47 determines neural stem/precursor cell differentiation into astrocytes. EMBO J 2015; 34:2804-19. [PMID: 26438726 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) of the subventricular zone (SVZ) are an endogenous source for neuronal replacement in CNS disease. However, adult neurogenesis is compromised after brain injury in favor of a glial cell fate, which is mainly attributed to changes in the NSPC environment. Yet, it is unknown how this unfavorable extracellular environment translates into a transcriptional program altering NSPC differentiation. Here, we show that genetic depletion of the transcriptional regulator Id3 decreased the number of astrocytes generated from SVZ-derived adult NSPCs in the cortical lesion area after traumatic brain injury. Cortical brain injury resulted in rapid BMP-2 and Id3 up-regulation in the SVZ stem cell niche. Id3(-/-) adult NSPCs failed to differentiate into BMP-2-induced astrocytes, while NSPCs deficient for the Id3-controlled transcription factor E47 readily differentiated into astrocytes in the absence of BMP-2. Mechanistically, E47 repressed the expression of several astrocyte-specific genes in adult NSPCs. These results identify Id3 as the BMP-2-induced transcriptional regulator, promoting adult NSPC differentiation into astrocytes upon CNS injury and reveal a molecular link between environmental changes and NSPC differentiation in the CNS after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bohrer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pfurr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Könül Mammadzada
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schildge
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leandra Plappert
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lauriane Pous
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina S Rauch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Verónica I Dumit
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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de la Fuente Revenga M, Fernández-Sáez N, Herrera-Arozamena C, Morales-García JA, Alonso-Gil S, Pérez-Castillo A, Caignard DH, Rivara S, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Novel N-Acetyl Bioisosteres of Melatonin: Melatonergic Receptor Pharmacology, Physicochemical Studies, and Phenotypic Assessment of Their Neurogenic Potential. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4998-5014. [PMID: 26023814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a new family of melatonin-based compounds, in which the acetamido group of melatonin has been bioisosterically replaced by a series of reversed amides and azoles, such as oxazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, as well as other related five-membered heterocycles, namely, 1,3,4-oxadiazol(thio)ones, 1,3,4-triazol(thio)ones, and an 1,3,4-thiadiazole. New compounds were fully characterized at melatonin receptors (MT1R and MT2R), and results were rationalized by superimposition studies of their structures to the bioactive conformation of melatonin. We also found that several of these melatonin-based compounds promoted differentiation of rat neural stem cells to a neuronal phenotype in vitro, in some cases to a higher extent than melatonin. This unique profile constitutes the starting point for further pharmacological studies to assess the mechanistic pathways and the relevance of neurogenesis induced by melatonin-related structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario de la Fuente Revenga
- †Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Fernández-Sáez
- †Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Herrera-Arozamena
- †Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Morales-García
- ‡Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,§Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- ‡Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,§Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- ‡Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,§Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel-Henri Caignard
- ∥Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Silvia Rivara
- ⊥Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- †Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Xie X, Wang G, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Li F, Li S, Li M. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ameliorates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:537-542. [PMID: 26171162 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) suppresses the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and vascular remodeling in rats and humans, and therefore improves the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have not been completely understood. In the present study, the effects of PPARγ activation in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary artery remodeling in rats were investigated. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into three groups (n=6): Control (Con), PAH and PAH treated with rosiglitazone (MCT + Rosi). The right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), the ratio of the right to left ventricle plus septum weight [RV/(LV + S)], the percentage of medial wall thickness (%MT) and wall area (%WA) were used to evaluate the development of PAH. Tissue morphology was measured using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The protein levels of the phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), Akt (ser473) phosphorylation (p-Akt) and total Akt in intrapulmonary arteries were determined by western blot analysis. MCT treatment significantly increased the RVSP, which was reduced by rosiglitazone treatment. The ratio of RV/(LV + S), %MT and %WA induced by MCT were similarly inhibited, which was associated with the increase of PTEN expression and the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation levels by rosiglitazone. In conclusion, activation of PPARγ ameliorates the proliferation of PASMCs and vascular remodeling by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that the activation of PPARγ has potential benefits for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Guizuo Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fangwei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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de la Fuente Revenga M, Pérez C, Morales-García JA, Alonso-Gil S, Pérez-Castillo A, Caignard DH, Yáñez M, Gamo AM, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Neurogenic Potential Assessment and Pharmacological Characterization of 6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (Pinoline) and Melatonin-Pinoline Hybrids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:800-10. [PMID: 25815906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (pinoline) and N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) are both structurally related to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Here we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of melatonin rigid analogues resulting from the hybridization of both pinoline and melatonin structures. The pharmacological evaluation of melatonin-pinoline hybrids comprises serotonergic and melatonergic receptors, metabolic enzymes (monoamine oxidases), antioxidant potential, the in vitro blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurogenic studies. Pinoline at trace concentrations and 2-acetyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (2) were able to stimulate early neurogenesis and neuronal maturation in an in vitro model of neural stem cells isolated from the adult rat subventricular zone. Such effects are presumably mediated via serotonergic and melatonergic stimulation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario de la Fuente Revenga
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel-Henri Caignard
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Matilde Yáñez
- Facultad
de Farmacia, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, La Coruña, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana M. Gamo
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica
I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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45
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Taheri M, Salamian A, Ghaedi K, Peymani M, Izadi T, Nejati AS, Atefi A, Nematollahi M, Ahmadi Ghahrizjani F, Esmaeili M, Kiani Esfahani A, Irani S, Baharvand H, Nasr-Esfahani MH. A ground state of PPARγ activity and expression is required for appropriate neural differentiation of hESCs. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:1103-14. [PMID: 26481528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several evidences indicate stimulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARg), promotes neuronal differentiation. This study was conducted to testify the prominence of PPARγ during neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). METHODS PPARγ expression level was assessed during neural differentiation of hESCs. Meanwhile, the level of endogenous miRNAs, which could be engaged in regulation of PPARγ expression, was measured. Next, natural and synthetic components of PPARγ agonists and antagonist were implemented on neural progenitor formation during neural differentiation of hESCs. RESULTS Data showed an increasing wave of PPARγ expression level when human neural progenitors (NPs) were formed upon retinoic acid treatment. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the amount of PPARγ proteins during the differentiation of hESCs that is inconsistent with what we observed for RNA level. Our results indicated that miRNAs are not involved in the regulation of PPARγ expression, while proteasome-mediated degradation may to some degree be involved in this process. Among numerous treatments, PPARγ inactivation during NPs formation significantly decreased expression of NP markers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a ground state of PPARγ activity is required for NP formation of hESCs during early neural differentiation. However, high expression and activity of PPARγ could not enhance the required neural differentiation, whereas the PPARγ inactivation could negatively influence NP formation from hESCs by antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taheri
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Izadi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Shoaraye Nejati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Atefi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nematollahi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi Ghahrizjani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kiani Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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Morales-Garcia JA, Alonso-Gil S, Gil C, Martinez A, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A. Phosphodiesterase 7 inhibition induces dopaminergic neurogenesis in hemiparkinsonian rats. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:564-75. [PMID: 25925836 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in a specific brain region, the ventral midbrain. Parkinson's disease is diagnosed when approximately 50% of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) have degenerated and the others are already affected by the disease. Thus, it is conceivable that all therapeutic strategies, aimed at neuroprotection, start too late. Therefore, an urgent medical need exists to discover new pharmacological targets and novel drugs with disease-modifying properties. In this regard, modulation of endogenous adult neurogenesis toward a dopaminergic phenotype might provide a new strategy to target Parkinson's disease by partially ameliorating the dopaminergic cell loss that occurs in this disorder. We have previously shown that a phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitor, S14, exerts potent neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in different rodent models of Parkinson's disease, indicating that this compound could represent a novel therapeutic agent to stop the dopaminergic cell loss that occurs during the progression of the disease. In this report we show that, in addition to its neuroprotective effect, the PDE7 inhibitor S14 is also able to induce endogenous neuroregenerative processes toward a dopaminergic phenotype. We describe a population of actively dividing cells that give rise to new neurons in the SNpc of hemiparkinsonian rats after treatment with S14. In conclusion, our data identify S14 as a novel regulator of dopaminergic neuron generation. SIGNIFICANCE Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain. Currently, no cure and no effective disease-modifying therapy are available for Parkinson's disease; therefore, an urgent medical need exists to discover new pharmacological targets and novel drugs for the treatment of this disorder. The present study reports that an inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase 7 (S14) induces proliferation in vitro and in vivo of neural stem cells, promoting its differentiation toward a dopaminergic phenotype and therefore enhancing dopaminergic neuron generation. Because this drug is also able to confer neuroprotection of these cells in animal models of Parkinson's disease, S14 holds great promise as a therapeutic new strategy for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Santos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Bernal C, Araya C, Palma V, Bronfman M. PPARβ/δ and PPARγ maintain undifferentiated phenotypes of mouse adult neural precursor cells from the subventricular zone. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:78. [PMID: 25852474 PMCID: PMC4364249 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main niches of neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Stem and precursor cells in this region are the source for neurogenesis and oligodendrogesis, mainly in the olfactory bulb and corpus callosum, respectively. The identification of the molecular components regulating the decision of these cells to differentiate or maintain an undifferentiated state is important in order to understand the modulation of neurogenic processes in physiological and pathological conditions. PPARs are a group of transcription factors, activated by lipid ligands, with important functions in cellular differentiation and proliferation in several tissues. In this work, we demonstrate that mouse adult neural precursor cells (NPCs), in situ and in vitro, express PPARβ/δ and PPARγ. Pharmacological activation of both PPARs isoforms induces proliferation and maintenance of the undifferentiated phenotype. Congruently, inhibition of PPARβ/δ and PPARγ results in a decrease of proliferation and loss of the undifferentiated phenotype. Interestingly, PPARγ regulates the level of EGFR in adult NPCs, concurrent with it is function described in embryonic NPCs. Furthermore, we describe for the first time that PPARβ/δ regulates SOX2 level in adult NPCs, probably through a direct transcriptional regulation, as we identified two putative PPAR response elements in the promoter region of Sox2. EGFR and SOX2 are key players in neural stem/precursor cells self-renewal. Finally, rosiglitazone, a PPARγ ligand, increases PPARβ/δ level, suggesting a possible cooperation between these two PPARs in the control of cell fate behavior. Our work contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated to neural cell fate decision and places PPARβ/δ and PPARγ as interesting new targets of modulation of mammalian brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bernal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Araya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Development, Faculty of Science, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Bronfman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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48
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Nenov MN, Tempia F, Denner L, Dineley KT, Laezza F. Impaired firing properties of dentate granule neurons in an Alzheimer's disease animal model are rescued by PPARγ agonism. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1712-26. [PMID: 25540218 PMCID: PMC4359997 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00419.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates with medial temporal lobe dysfunction, including two areas essential for memory formation: the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus (DG). In the Tg2576 animal model for AD amyloidosis, activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) with rosiglitazone (RSG) ameliorates hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment and restores aberrant synaptic activity at the entorhinal cortex to DG granule neuron inputs. It is unknown, however, whether intrinsic firing properties of DG granule neurons in these animals are affected by amyloid-β pathology and if they are sensitive to RSG treatment. Here, we report that granule neurons from 9-mo-old wild-type and Tg2576 animals can be segregated into two cell types with distinct firing properties and input resistance that correlate with less mature type I and more mature type II neurons. The DG type I cell population was greater than type II in wild-type littermates. In the Tg2576 animals, the type I and type II cell populations were nearly equal but could be restored to wild-type levels through cognitive enhancement with RSG. Furthermore, Tg2576 cell firing frequency and spike after depolarization were decreased in type I and increased in type II cells, both of which could also be restored to wild-type levels upon RSG treatment. That these parameters were restored by PPARγ activation emphasizes the therapeutic value of RSG against early AD cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Larry Denner
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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49
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López-Iglesias B, Pérez C, Morales-García JA, Alonso-Gil S, Pérez-Castillo A, Romero A, López MG, Villarroya M, Conde S, Rodríguez-Franco MI. New Melatonin–N,N-Dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine Hybrids: Potent Neurogenic Agents with Antioxidant, Cholinergic, and Neuroprotective Properties as Innovative Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3773-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Iglesias
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G. López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villarroya
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo
Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Conde
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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50
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Morales-Garcia JA, Palomo V, Redondo M, Alonso-Gil S, Gil C, Martinez A, Perez-Castillo A. Crosstalk between phosphodiesterase 7 and glycogen synthase kinase-3: two relevant therapeutic targets for neurological disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:194-204. [PMID: 24437940 DOI: 10.1021/cn400166d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation has been increasingly recognized as a primary mechanism underlying acute brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Enhanced expression of diverse pro-inflammatory agents in glial cells has been shown to contribute to the cell death that takes place in these disorders. Previous data from our group have shown that different inhibitors of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) specific phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) enzymes are potent anti-inflammatory agents in different models of brain injury. In this study, we investigated cross-talk between PDE7 and GSK-3, two relevant therapeutic targets for neurological disorders, using a chemical approach. To this end, we compared specific inhibitors of GSK-3 and PDE7 with dual inhibitors of both enzymes with regard to anti-inflammatory effects in primary cultures of glial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Our results show that the GSK-3 inhibitors act exclusively by inhibition of this enzyme. By contrast, PDE7 inhibitors exert their effects via inhibition of PDE7 to increase intracellular cAMP levels but also through indirect inhibition of GSK-3. Activation of protein kinase A by cAMP results in phosphorylation of Ser9 of GSK-3 and subsequent inhibition. Our results indicate that the indirect inhibition of GSK-3 by PDE7 inhibitors is an important mechanism that should be considered in the future development of pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades
Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Redondo
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades
Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades
Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031-Madrid, Spain
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