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Yu M, Wang Z, Wang D, Aierxi M, Ma Z, Wang Y. Oxidative stress following spinal cord injury: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1538-1554. [PMID: 37272728 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a medical condition that results from severe trauma to the central nervous system; it imposes great psychological and economic burdens on affected patients and their families. The dynamic balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants is essential for maintaining normal cellular physiological functions. As important intracellular signaling molecules, ROS regulate numerous physiological activities, including vascular reactivity and neuronal function. However, excessive ROS can cause damage to cellular macromolecules, including DNA, lipids, and proteins; this damage eventually leads to cell death. This review discusses the mechanisms of oxidative stress in SCI and describes some signaling pathways that regulate oxidative injury after injury, with the aim of providing guidance for the development of novel SCI treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Medical College of Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Milikemu Aierxi
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanjun Ma
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yonggang Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Maruyama M, Sakai A, Fukunaga T, Miyagawa Y, Okada T, Hamada M, Suzuki H. Neat1 lncRNA organizes the inflammatory gene expressions in the dorsal root ganglion in neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185322. [PMID: 37614230 PMCID: PMC10442554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory neurons regulate inflammatory processes in innervated regions through neuro-immune communication. However, how their immune-modulating functions are regulated in concert remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Neat1 long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) organizes the proinflammatory gene expressions in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in chronic intractable neuropathic pain in rats. Neat1 was abundantly expressed in the DRG and was upregulated after peripheral nerve injury. Neat1 overexpression in primary sensory neurons caused mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, whereas its knockdown alleviated neuropathic pain. Bioinformatics analysis of comprehensive transcriptome changes indicated the inflammatory response was the most relevant function of genes upregulated through Neat1. Consistent with this, upregulation of proinflammatory genes in the DRG following nerve injury was suppressed by Neat1 knockdown. Expression changes of these proinflammatory genes were regulated through Neat1-mRNA interaction-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Notably, Neat1 increased proinflammatory genes by stabilizing its interacting mRNAs in neuropathic pain. Finally, Neat1 in primary sensory neurons contributed to spinal inflammatory processes that mediated peripheral neuropathic pain. These findings demonstrate that Neat1 lncRNA is a key regulator of neuro-immune communication in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyo Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Fukunaga
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Department of Computer Science, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Michiaki Hamada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- AIST-Waseda University Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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3
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McDonough KE, Hammond R, Wang J, Tierney J, Hankerd K, Chung JM, La JH. Spinal GABAergic disinhibition allows microglial activation mediating the development of nociplastic pain in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:215-224. [PMID: 36273650 PMCID: PMC9855286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we developed a murine model in which postinjury stimulation of an injured area triggers a transition to a nociplastic pain state manifesting as persistent mechanical hypersensitivity outside of the previously injured area. This hypersensitivity was maintained by sex-specific mechanisms; specifically, activated spinal microglia maintained the hypersensitivity only in males. Here we investigated whether spinal microglia drive the transition from acute injury-induced pain to nociplastic pain in males, and if so, how they are activated by normally innocuous stimulation after peripheral injury. Using intraplantar capsaicin injection as an acute peripheral injury and vibration of the injured paw as postinjury stimulation, we found that inhibition of spinal microglia prevents the vibration-induced transition to a nociplastic pain state. The transition was mediated by the ATP-P2X4 pathway, but not BDNF-TrkB signaling. Intrathecally injected GABA receptor agonists after intraplantar capsaicin injection prevented the vibration-induced transition to a nociplastic pain state. Conversely, in the absence of intraplantar capsaicin injection, intrathecally injected GABA receptor antagonists allowed the vibration stimulation of a normal paw to trigger the transition to a spinal microglia-mediated nociplastic pain state only in males. At the spinal level, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, but not prostaglandins, contributed to the maintenance of the nociplastic pain state in males. These results demonstrate that in males, the transition from acute injury-induced pain to nociplastic pain is driven by spinal microglia causing neuroinflammation and that peripheral injury-induced spinal GABAergic disinhibition is pivotal for normally innocuous stimulation to activate spinal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E McDonough
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Regan Hammond
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Jigong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Jessica Tierney
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Kali Hankerd
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Jin Mo Chung
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Jun-Ho La
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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4
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Acetylsalicylic Acid and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010067. [PMID: 36678565 PMCID: PMC9861965 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on mood disorders (MD) and on inflammatory parameters in preclinical and clinical studies have not yet been comprehensively evaluated. The aim of this study was to systematically summarize the available knowledge on this topic according to PRISMA guidelines. Data from preclinical and clinical studies were analyzed, considering the safety and efficacy of ASA in the treatment of MD and the correlation of inflammatory parameters with the effect of ASA treatment. Twenty-one studies were included. Both preclinical and clinical studies found evidence indicating the safety and efficacy of low-dose ASA in the treatment of all types of affective episodes in MD. Observational studies have indicated a reduced risk of all types of affective episodes in chronic low-dose ASA users (HR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.95, p < 0.0001). An association between ASA response and inflammatory parameters was found in preclinical studies, but this was not confirmed in clinical trials. Further long-term clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of ASA in recurrent MD, as well as assessing the linkage of ASA treatment with inflammatory phenotype and cytokines, are required. There is also a need for preclinical studies to understand the exact mechanism of action of ASA in MD.
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Yang JX, Wang HF, Chen JZ, Li HY, Hu JC, Yu AA, Wen JJ, Chen SJ, Lai WD, Wang S, Jin Y, Yu J. Potential Neuroimmune Interaction in Chronic Pain: A Review on Immune Cells in Peripheral and Central Sensitization. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:946846. [PMID: 35859655 PMCID: PMC9289261 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.946846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a long-standing unpleasant sensory and emotional feeling that has a tremendous impact on the physiological functions of the body, manifesting itself as a dysfunction of the nervous system, which can occur with peripheral and central sensitization. Many recent studies have shown that a variety of common immune cells in the immune system are involved in chronic pain by acting on the peripheral or central nervous system, especially in the autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the mechanisms of regulation of the sensory nervous system by neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, T cells, and central glial cells. In addition, we discuss in more detail the influence of each immune cell on the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of chronic pain. Neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells as intrinsic immune cells can induce the transition from acute to chronic pain and its maintenance; B cells and T cells as adaptive immune cells are mainly involved in the initiation of chronic pain, and T cells also contribute to the resolution of it; the role of glial cells in the nervous system can be extended to the beginning and end of chronic pain. This article aims to promote the understanding of the neuroimmune mechanisms of chronic pain, and to provide new therapeutic ideas and strategies for the control of chronic pain at the immune cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xuan Yang
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Zhun Chen
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han-Yu Li
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Chen Hu
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - An-An Yu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun Wen
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Jia Chen
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Lai
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Wang
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Jin
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
- Jie Yu
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Luo D, Li X, Hou Y, Hou Y, Luan J, Weng J, Zhan J, Lin D. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate promotes spinal cord injury repair by inhibiting blood spinal cord barrier disruption in vitro and in vivo. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:669-679. [PMID: 34842291 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to microvascular damage and the destruction of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB), which can progress into secondary injuries, such as apoptosis and necrosis of neurons and glia, culminating in permanent neurological deficits. BSCB restoration is the primary goal of SCI therapy, although very few drugs can repair damaged barrier structure and permeability. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) is commonly used to treat cardiovascular disease. However, the therapeutic effects of STS on damaged BSCB during the early stage of SCI remain uncertain. Therefore, we exposed spinal cord microvascular endothelial cells to H2 O2 and treated them with different doses of STS. In addition to protecting the cells from H2 O2 -induced apoptosis, STS also reduced cellular permeability. In the in vivo model of SCI, STS reduced BSCB permeability, relieved tissue edema and hemorrhage, suppressed MMP activation and prevented the loss of tight junction and adherens junction proteins. Our findings indicate that STS treatment promotes SCI recovery, and should be investigated further as a drug candidate against traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Research Laboratory of Spine Degenerative Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Osteology and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- Research Laboratory of Spine Degenerative Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Osteology and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Hou
- Research Laboratory of Spine Degenerative Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Osteology and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Research Laboratory of Spine Degenerative Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Osteology and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyao Luan
- Laboratory of Osteology and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Second College of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxian Weng
- Laboratory of Osteology and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiheng Zhan
- Research Laboratory of Spine Degenerative Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Osteology and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingkun Lin
- Research Laboratory of Spine Degenerative Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Osteology and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Hsu WH, Han DS, Ku WC, Chao YM, Chen CC, Lin YL. Metabolomic and proteomic characterization of sng and pain phenotypes in fibromyalgia. Eur J Pain 2021; 26:445-462. [PMID: 34608709 PMCID: PMC9298249 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by chronic widespread pain. Its pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood, and effective diagnosis and treatments are lacking. This study aimed to identify significantly changed biosignatures in FM and propose a novel classification for FM based on pain and soreness (sng) symptoms. METHODS Urine and serum samples from 30 FM patients and 25 controls underwent metabolomic and proteomic profiling. RESULTS Compared with controls, FM patients showed significant differential expression of three metabolites in urine and five metabolites and eight proteins in serum. Of them, DETP, 4-guanidinobutanoic acid, SM(d18:1/18:0), PC(20:1(11Z)/18:0), S100A7, SERPINB3, galectin-7 and LYVE1 were first reported as potential biomarkers for FM. Furthermore, lactate, 2-methylmaleate and cotinine in urine and lactate, SM(d18:1/25:1), SM(d18:1/26:1) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and PCYOX1, ITIH4, PFN1, LRG1, C8G, C8A, CP, CDH5 and DBH in serum could differentiate pain- (PG) and sng-dominant groups (SG). Lactate, 2-methylmaleate, cotinine, PCYOX1, ITIH4, PFN1 and DBH have a higher level in SG. SM(d18:1/25:1), SM(d18:1/26:1), PGD2, LRG1, C8G, C8A, CP and CDH5 in SG are lower than PG. The omics results indicated disordered free radical scavenging, and lipid and amino acid metabolism networks and resulting NF-κB-dependent cytokine generation in FM. Lactate level was altered simultaneously in urine and serum and significantly higher in sng-dominant patients than others. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified potential biomarkers from FM patients. The selected biomarkers could discriminate sng and pain phenotypes in FM patients. These results could help elucidate the underlying pathological mechanisms for more effective diagnosis and therapy for FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Sheng Han
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.,Community and Geriatric Medicine Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Health Science and Wellness Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Ku
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Chao
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan Mouse Clinic, Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang Z, Deng M, Huang J, Wu J, Li Z, Xing M, Wang J, Guo Q, Zou W. Microglial annexin A3 downregulation alleviates bone cancer-induced pain through inhibiting the Hif-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. Pain 2021; 161:2750-2762. [PMID: 32569086 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone cancer-induced pain (BCP) is a challenging clinical problem because traditional therapies are often only partially effective. Annexin A3 (ANXA3) is highly expressed in microglia in the spinal cord, and its expression is upregulated during BCP. However, the roles of microglial ANXA3 in the development and maintenance of BCP and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study was performed on male mice using a metastatic lung BCP model. Adeno-associated virus shANXA3 (AAV-shANXA3) was injected intrathecally 14 days before and 7 days after bone cancer induction, and relevant pain behaviors were assessed by measuring the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold, paw withdrawal thermal latency, and spontaneous hind limb lifting. ANXA3 protein expression was downregulated in microglial N9 cells by lentiviral transfection (LV-shANXA3). ANXA3, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels, and Hif-1α transactivation activity regulated by ANXA3 were measured. As a result, ANXA3 was expressed in microglia, and its expression significantly increased during BCP. ANXA3 knockdown reversed pain behaviors but did not prevent pain development. Moreover, ANXA3 knockdown significantly reduced Hif-1α and VEGF expression levels in vitro and in vivo. And overexpression of Hif-1α or VEGF blocked the effects of AAV-shANXA3 on BCP. ANXA3 knockdown in N9 cells significantly decreased the p-PKC protein expression in the cocultured neurons. Finally, ANXA3 overexpression significantly increased Hif-1α transactivation activity in 293T cells. Therefore, microglial ANXA3 downregulation alleviates BCP by inhibiting the Hif-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, which indicates that ANXA3 may be a potential target for the treatment of BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meiling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangju Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengyiqi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Manyu Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Li Y, Kim WM, Kim SH, You HE, Kang DH, Lee HG, Choi JI, Yoon MH. Prostaglandin D 2 contributes to cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain in rats via DP2 receptor in the spinal cord. Korean J Pain 2021; 34:27-34. [PMID: 33380565 PMCID: PMC7783857 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2021.34.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major reason for stopping or changing anticancer therapy. Among the proposed pathomechanisms underlying CIPN, proinflammatory processes have attracted increasing attention. Here we assessed the role of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) signaling in cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain. Methods CIPN was induced by intraperitoneal administration of cisplatin 2 mg/kg for 4 consecutive days using adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. PGD2 receptor DP1 and/or DP2 antagonists were administered intrathecally and the paw withdrawal thresholds were measured using von Frey filaments. Spinal expression of DP1, DP2, hematopoietic PGD synthase (H-PGDS), and lipocalin PGD synthase (L-PGDS) proteins were analyzed by western blotting. Results The DP1 and DP2 antagonist AMG 853 and the selective DP2 antagonist CAY10471, but not the DP1 antagonist MK0524, significantly increased the paw withdrawal threshold compared to vehicle controls (P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). Western blotting analyses revealed comparable protein expression levels in DP1 and DP2 in the spinal cord. In the CIPN group the protein expression level of L-PGDS, but not of H-PGDS, was significantly increased compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions The findings presented here indicate that enhanced PGD2 signaling, via upregulation of L-PGDS in the spinal cord, contributes to mechanical allodynia via DP2 receptors in a cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain model in rats, and that a blockade of DP2 receptor activation may present a novel therapeutic target for managing CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woong Mo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Eung You
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung Gon Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Il Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ha Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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10
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Roh J, Go EJ, Park JW, Kim YH, Park CK. Resolvins: Potent Pain Inhibiting Lipid Mediators via Transient Receptor Potential Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584206. [PMID: 33363143 PMCID: PMC7758237 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a serious condition that occurs in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). It is caused by inflammation or nerve damage that induces the release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells and/or protein kinase activation in neuronal cells. Both nervous systems are closely linked; therefore, inflammation or nerve damage in the PNS can affect the CNS (central sensitization). In this process, nociceptive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel activation and expression are increased. As a result, nociceptive neurons are activated, and pain signals to the brain are amplified and prolonged. In other words, suppressing the onset of pain signals in the PNS can suppress pain signals to the CNS. Resolvins, endogenous lipid mediators generated during the resolution phase of acute inflammation, inhibit nociceptive TRP ion channels and alleviate chronic pain. This paper summarizes the effect of resolvins in chronic pain control and discusses future scientific perspectives. Further study on the effect of resolvins on neuropathic pain will expand the scope of pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Roh
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Go
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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11
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Kanda H, Kobayashi K, Yamanaka H, Okubo M, Dai Y, Noguchi K. Localization of prostaglandin E2 synthases and E-prostanoid receptors in the spinal cord in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147153. [PMID: 33049240 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator which plays a role in the generation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In the peripheral nervous system, PGE2 sensitizes nociceptive afferent neurons through E-prostanoid (EP) receptors. In the central nervous system, PGE2 modulates pain sensitivity and contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. However, the distribution of PGE2 and EP receptors in the spinal cord remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the expression of PGE2 synthases (microsomal PGE synthase [mPGES]-1, mPGES-2, and cytosolic PGE synthase [cPGES]) and EP receptors (EP1-4) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. We identified that mPGES-1 mRNA was upregulated in spinal endothelial cells after nerve injury and exhibited co-localization with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We detected that mPGES-2 mRNA and cPGES mRNA were expressed in spinal neurons and noted that their expression level was not affected by nerve injury. With respect to EP receptors, EP2 mRNA and EP4 mRNA were expressed in spinal neurons in the dorsal horn. EP3 mRNA was expressed in motor neurons, whereas EP1 mRNA was not detected in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) upregulated mPGES-1 mRNA in blood vessels in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of a TNFα-neutralizing antibody partially inhibited the upregulation of mPGES-1 mRNA after nerve injury. These results indicate that PGE2 is synthesized by COX-2/mPGES-1 in spinal endothelial cells after nerve injury. These results suggest that in neuropathic pain condition, endothelial cell-derived PGE2 may act on EP2 and EP4 receptors on spinal neurons and modulate pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Kanda
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kimiko Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masamichi Okubo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Noguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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12
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Guo K, Eid SA, Elzinga SE, Pacut C, Feldman EL, Hur J. Genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation and gene expression identifies candidate genes for human diabetic neuropathy. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:123. [PMID: 32787975 PMCID: PMC7425575 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DPN are poorly understood, we and others have shown that altered gene expression and DNA methylation are implicated in disease pathogenesis. However, how DNA methylation might functionally impact gene expression and contribute to nerve damage remains unclear. Here, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptomic and methylomic profiles of sural nerves from T2D patients with DPN. RESULTS Unbiased clustering of transcriptomics data separated samples into groups, which correlated with HbA1c levels. Accordingly, we found 998 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 929 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) between the groups with the highest and lowest HbA1c levels. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs and DMGs were enriched for pathways known to play a role in DPN, including those related to the immune system, extracellular matrix (ECM), and axon guidance. To understand the interaction between the transcriptome and methylome in DPN, we performed an integrated analysis of the overlapping genes between DEGs and DMGs. Integrated functional and network analysis identified genes and pathways modulating functions such as immune response, ECM regulation, and PI3K-Akt signaling. CONCLUSION These results suggest for the first time that DNA methylation is a mechanism regulating gene expression in DPN. Overall, DPN patients with high HbA1c have distinct alterations in sural nerve DNA methylome and transcriptome, suggesting that optimal glycemic control in DPN patients is an important factor in maintaining epigenetic homeostasis and nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Rd. Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
| | - Stephanie A. Eid
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Sarah E. Elzinga
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Crystal Pacut
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Rd. Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037 USA
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13
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Chen G, Zhang YQ, Qadri YJ, Serhan CN, Ji RR. Microglia in Pain: Detrimental and Protective Roles in Pathogenesis and Resolution of Pain. Neuron 2019; 100:1292-1311. [PMID: 30571942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous signaling molecules are altered in microglia and contribute to the pathogenesis of pain. Here, we discuss how microglial signaling regulates spinal cord synaptic plasticity in acute and chronic pain conditions with different degrees and variations of microgliosis. We highlight that microglial mediators such as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are powerful neuromodulators that regulate synaptic transmission and pain via neuron-glial interactions. We also reveal an emerging role of microglia in the resolution of pain, in part via specialized pro-resolving mediators including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. We also discuss a possible role of microglia in chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yawar J Qadri
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Hale Transformative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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14
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Buisseret B, Alhouayek M, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Endocannabinoid and Prostanoid Crosstalk in Pain. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:882-896. [PMID: 31160168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interfering with endocannabinoid (eCB) metabolism to increase their levels is a proven anti-nociception strategy. However, because the eCB and prostanoid systems are intertwined, interfering with eCB metabolism will affect the prostanoid system and inversely. Key to this connection is the production of the cyclooxygenase (COX) substrate arachidonic acid upon eCB hydrolysis as well as the ability of COX to metabolize the eCBs anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) into prostaglandin-ethanolamides (PG-EA) and prostaglandin-glycerol esters (PG-G), respectively. Recent studies shed light on the role of PG-Gs and PG-EAs in nociception and inflammation. Here, we discuss the role of these complex systems in nociception and new opportunities to alleviate pain by interacting with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Buisseret
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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15
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Theken KN. Variability in analgesic response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 139:63-70. [PMID: 30393163 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used agents for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, it has long been recognized that there is substantial inter-individual variability in the analgesic response to NSAIDs, reflecting the complex interplay between mechanisms of pain, differences between distinct NSAIDs, and patient-specific factors such as genetic variation. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding how these factors contribute to variability in the analgesic response to NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Theken
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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16
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Corwin C, Nikolopoulou A, Pan AL, Nunez-Santos M, Vallabhajosula S, Serrano P, Babich J, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Prostaglandin D2/J2 signaling pathway in a rat model of neuroinflammation displaying progressive parkinsonian-like pathology: potential novel therapeutic targets. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:272. [PMID: 30236122 PMCID: PMC6146649 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, which is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited knowledge is available on mechanisms by which prostaglandins contribute to PD neurodegeneration. To address this gap, we focused on the prostaglandin PGD2/J2 signaling pathway, because PGD2 is the most abundant prostaglandin in the brain, and the one that increases the most under pathological conditions. Moreover, PGJ2 is spontaneously derived from PGD2. METHODS In this study, we determined in rats the impact of unilateral nigral PGJ2-microinfusions on COX-2, lipocalin-type PGD2 synthase (L-PGDS), PGD2/J2 receptor 2 (DP2), and 15 hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). Nigral dopaminergic (DA) and microglial distribution and expression levels of these key factors of the prostaglandin D2/J2 pathway were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. PGJ2-induced motor deficits were assessed with the cylinder test. We also determined whether oral treatment with ibuprofen improved the PD-like pathology induced by PGJ2. RESULTS PGJ2 treatment induced progressive PD-like pathology in the rats. Concomitant with DA neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), PGJ2-treated rats exhibited microglia and astrocyte activation and motor deficits. In DA neurons, COX-2, L-PGDS, and 15-PGDH levels increased significantly in PGJ2-treated rats compared to controls, while DP2 receptor levels were unchanged. In microglia, DP2 receptors were basically non-detectable, while COX-2 and L-PGDS levels increased upon PGJ2-treatment, and 15-PGDH remained unchanged. 15-PGDH was also detected in oligodendrocytes. Notably, ibuprofen prevented most PGJ2-induced PD-like pathology. CONCLUSIONS The PGJ2-induced rat model develops progressive PD pathology, which is a hard-to-mimic aspect of this disorder. Moreover, prevention of most PGJ2-induced PD-like pathology with ibuprofen suggests a positive feedback mechanism between PGJ2 and COX-2 that could lead to chronic neuroinflammation. Notably, this is the first study that analyzes the nigral dopaminergic and microglial distribution and levels of factors of the PGD2/J2 signaling pathway in rodents. Our findings support the notions that upregulation of COX-2 and L-PGDS may be important in the PGJ2 evoked PD-like pathology, and that neuronal DP2 receptor antagonists and L-PGDS inhibitors may be novel pharmacotherapeutics to relieve neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration in PD, circumventing the adverse side effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Allen L Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mariela Nunez-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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17
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Ibudilast produces anti-allodynic effects at the persistent phase of peripheral or central neuropathic pain in rats: Different inhibitory mechanism on spinal microglia from minocycline and propentofylline. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:263-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Microglia in neuropathic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:138-152. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Sommakia S, Baker OJ. Regulation of inflammation by lipid mediators in oral diseases. Oral Dis 2017; 23:576-597. [PMID: 27426637 PMCID: PMC5243936 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators (LM) of inflammation are a class of compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids that play a wide role in modulating inflammatory responses. Some LM possess pro-inflammatory properties, while others possess proresolving characteristics, and the class switch from pro-inflammatory to proresolving is crucial for tissue homeostasis. In this article, we review the major classes of LM, focusing on their biosynthesis and signaling pathways, and their role in systemic and, especially, oral health and disease. We discuss the detection of these LM in various body fluids, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We also present data showing gender-related differences in salivary LM levels in healthy controls, leading to a hypothesis on the etiology of inflammatory diseases, particularly Sjögren's syndrome. We conclude by enumerating open areas of research where further investigation of LM is likely to result in therapeutic and diagnostic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Sommakia
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Olga J. Baker
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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20
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Arachidonic acid containing phosphatidylcholine increases due to microglial activation in ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn following spared sciatic nerve injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177595. [PMID: 28542572 PMCID: PMC5443509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury induces substantial molecular changes in the somatosensory system that leads to maladaptive plasticity and cause neuropathic pain. Understanding the molecular pathways responsible for the development of neuropathic pain is essential to the development of novel rationally designed therapeutics. Although lipids make up to half of the dry weight of the spinal cord, their relation with the development of neuropathic pain is poorly understood. We aimed to elucidate the regulation of spinal lipids in response to neuropathic peripheral nerve injury in mice by utilizing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry, which allows visualization of lipid distribution within the cord. We found that arachidonic acid (AA) containing [PC(diacyl-16:0/20:4)+K]+ was increased temporarily at superficial ipsilateral dorsal horn seven days after spared nerve injury (SNI). The spatiotemporal changes in lipid concentration resembled microglia activation as defined by ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) immunohistochemistry. Suppression of microglial function through minocycline administration resulted in attenuation of hypersensitivity and reduces [PC(diacyl-16:0/20:4)+K]+ elevation in the spinal dorsal horn. These data suggested that AA containing [PC(diacyl-16:0/20:4)+K]+ is related to hypersensitivity evoked by SNI and implicate microglial cell activation in this lipid production.
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21
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Galán-Arriero I, Serrano-Muñoz D, Gómez-Soriano J, Goicoechea C, Taylor J, Velasco A, Ávila-Martín G. The role of Omega-3 and Omega-9 fatty acids for the treatment of neuropathic pain after neurotrauma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1629-1635. [PMID: 28495596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosaexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), mediate neuroactive effects in experimental models of traumatic peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury. Cellular mechanisms of PUFAs include reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, enhanced neurotrophic support, and activation of cell survival pathways. Bioactive Omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (OA) and 2-hydroxy oleic acid (2-OHOA), also show therapeutic effects in neurotrauma models. These FAs reduces noxious hyperreflexia and pain-related anxiety behavior following peripheral nerve injury and improves sensorimotor function following spinal cord injury (SCI), including facilitation of descending inhibitory antinociception. The relative safe profile of neuroactive fatty acids (FAs) holds promise for the future clinical development of these molecules as analgesic agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iriana Galán-Arriero
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Diego Serrano-Muñoz
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Julio Gómez-Soriano
- GIFTO, Nursing and Physiotherapy Faculty, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, 45072 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Carlos Goicoechea
- Pharmacology and Nutrition Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julian Taylor
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Stoke Mandeville Spinal Research, National Spinal Injuries Centre, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, HP21 8AL Aylesbury, UK; Harris Manchester College, OX1 3TD University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Ana Velasco
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Gerardo Ávila-Martín
- Sensorimotor Function Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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Microglial TNFα Induces COX2 and PGI2 Synthase Expression in Spinal Endothelial Cells during Neuropathic Pain. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0064-17. [PMID: 28451639 PMCID: PMC5399753 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0064-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are typical lipid mediators that play a role in homeostasis and disease. They are synthesized from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) and COX2. Although COX2 has been reported to be upregulated in the spinal cord after nerve injury, its expression and functional roles in neuropathic pain remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression of Cox2, PGI2 synthase (Pgis), and prostaglandin I2 receptor (IP receptor) mRNA in the rat spinal cord after spared nerve injury (SNI). Levels of Cox2 and Pgis mRNA increased in endothelial cells from 24 to 48 h after nerve injury. IP receptor mRNA was constitutively expressed in dorsal horn neurons. A COX2 inhibitor and IP receptor antagonists attenuated pain behavior in the early phase of neuropathic pain. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between COX2 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in the spinal cord of a rat SNI model. Levels of TNFα mRNA transiently increased in the spinal microglia 24 h after SNI. The TNF receptors Tnfr1 and Tnfr2 mRNA were colocalized with COX2. Intrathecal injection of TNFα induced Cox2 and Pgis mRNA expression in endothelial cells. These results revealed that microglia-derived TNFα induced COX2 and PGIS expression in spinal endothelial cells and that endothelial PGI2 played a critical role in neuropathic pain via neuronal IP receptor. These findings further suggest that the glia–endothelial cell interaction of the neurovascular unit via transient TNFα is involved in the generation of neuropathic pain.
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23
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Grösch S, Niederberger E, Geisslinger G. Investigational drugs targeting the prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway for the treatment of inflammatory pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:51-61. [PMID: 27841017 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1260544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of pain, inflammation and fever. Although they are effective for a huge number of users, their analgesic properties are not sufficient for several patients and the occurrence of side effects still constitutes a big challenge during long term therapy. Areas covered: This review gives an overview about the first and second generations of NSAIDs (COX1/2 non-selective, COX-2 selective), and their main side effects which gave still an urgent need for safer drugs and for the establishment of novel treatment strategies (improved safety, tolerability, patient convenience). The current developments of a possible third generation NSAID class comprise changes in the formulation of already approved drugs, combination therapies, dual cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase inhibitors, NO- and H2S-releasing NSAIDs, prostaglandin synthase inhibitors and EP receptor modulators, respectively. Literature search has been done with PubMed NCBI. Expert opinion: Currently, there is no newly developed drug that is superior to the already approved selective and non-selective NSAIDs. Several novel approaches show promising analgesic efficacy but side effects are still an important problem. Solutions might be constituted by combination therapies allowing administration of lower drug doses or by individualized therapies targeting molecules apart from COX, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grösch
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Ellen Niederberger
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- a Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES , Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
- b Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group for Translational Medicine & Pharmacology (TMP) , Frankfurt/Main , Germany
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24
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Kopp MA, Liebscher T, Watzlawick R, Martus P, Laufer S, Blex C, Schindler R, Jungehulsing GJ, Knüppel S, Kreutzträger M, Ekkernkamp A, Dirnagl U, Strittmatter SM, Niedeggen A, Schwab JM. SCISSOR-Spinal Cord Injury Study on Small molecule-derived Rho inhibition: a clinical study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010651. [PMID: 27466236 PMCID: PMC4964175 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The approved analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and indometacin block the small GTPase RhoA, a key enzyme that impedes axonal sprouting after axonal damage. Inhibition of the Rho pathway in a central nervous system-effective manner requires higher dosages compared with orthodox cyclooxygenase-blocking effects. Preclinical studies on spinal cord injury (SCI) imply improved motor recovery after ibuprofen/indometacin-mediated Rho inhibition. This has been reassessed by a meta-analysis of the underlying experimental evidence, which indicates an overall effect size of 20.2% regarding motor outcome achieved after ibuprofen/indometacin treatment compared with vehicle controls. In addition, ibuprofen/indometacin may also limit sickness behaviour, non-neurogenic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), neuropathic pain and heterotopic ossifications after SCI. Consequently, 'small molecule'-mediated Rho inhibition after acute SCI warrants clinical investigation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Protocol of an investigator-initiated clinical open-label pilot trial on high-dose ibuprofen treatment after acute traumatic, motor-complete SCI. A sample of n=12 patients will be enrolled in two cohorts treated with 2400 mg/day ibuprofen for 4 or 12 weeks, respectively. The primary safety end point is an occurrence of serious adverse events, primarily gastroduodenal bleedings. Secondary end points are pharmacokinetics, feasibility and preliminary effects on neurological recovery, neuropathic pain and heterotopic ossifications. The primary safety analysis is based on the incidence of severe gastrointestinal bleedings. Additional analyses will be mainly descriptive and casuistic. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The clinical trial protocol was approved by the responsible German state Ethics Board, and the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices. The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, the principles of Good Clinical Practice and all further applicable regulations. This safety and pharmacokinetics trial informs the planning of a subsequent randomised controlled trial. Regardless of the result of the primary and secondary outcome assessments, the clinical trial will be reported as a publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02096913; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Kopp
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Liebscher
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Watzlawick
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Blex
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schindler
- Division of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard J Jungehulsing
- Department of Neurology, Jüdisches Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Knüppel
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Martin Kreutzträger
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Ekkernkamp
- Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics Clinic, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Department of Neurology, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Andreas Niedeggen
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Division, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA Department of Neuroscience and Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
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Lau YM, Wong SC, Tsang SW, Lau WK, Lu AP, Zhang H. Cellular sources of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 up-regulation in the spinal dorsal horn after spinal nerve ligation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:452-63. [PMID: 23899306 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies suggested that the development of neuropathic pain associated with neural injury may be partly due to up-regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) in the central nervous system. However, the cellular sources of COX-1 and COX-2 up-regulation following nerve injury are unclear. METHODS We investigated the spinal cellular sources of COX-1 and COX-2 in association with allodynia following L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL). RESULTS Post-SNL pain-related behaviour was shown by increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation. There was a significant increase in both COX-1 and COX-2 immunoreactivity (P < 0.01) on the ipsilateral side of spinal dorsal horn. Double immunofluorescence labelling demonstrated that COX-1 immunoreactive cells colocalized chiefly with dorsal horn neuronal nuclei and microglia, whereas COX-2 was expressed in neuronal cytoplasm. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that while spinal dorsal horn neurones are important source of COX-1 and COX-2 after nerve injury, microglia also contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, partly by producing additional COX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Man Lau
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Braz J, Solorzano C, Wang X, Basbaum AI. Transmitting pain and itch messages: a contemporary view of the spinal cord circuits that generate gate control. Neuron 2014; 82:522-36. [PMID: 24811377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The original formulation of Gate Control Theory (GCT) proposed that the perception of pain produced by spinal cord signaling to the brain depends on a balance of activity generated in large (nonnociceptive)- and small (nociceptive)-diameter primary afferent fibers. The theory proposed that activation of the large-diameter afferent "closes" the gate by engaging a superficial dorsal horn interneuron that inhibits the firing of projection neurons. Activation of the nociceptors "opens" the gate through concomitant excitation of projection neurons and inhibition of the inhibitory interneurons. Sixty years after publication of the GCT, we are faced with an ever-growing list of morphologically and neurochemically distinct spinal cord interneurons. The present Review highlights the complexity of superficial dorsal horn circuitry and addresses the question whether the premises outlined in GCT still have relevance today. By examining the dorsal horn circuits that underlie the transmission of "pain" and "itch" messages, we also address the extent to which labeled lines can be incorporated into a contemporary view of GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Braz
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Carlos Solorzano
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xidao Wang
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Avila-Martin G, Galan-Arriero I, Ferrer-Donato A, Busquets X, Gomez-Soriano J, Escribá PV, Taylor J. Oral 2-hydroxyoleic acid inhibits reflex hypersensitivity and open-field-induced anxiety after spared nerve injury. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:111-22. [PMID: 24824524 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, fatty acids have been shown to modulate sensory function in animal models of neuropathic pain. In this study, the antinociceptive effect of 2-hydroxyoleic acid (2-OHOA) was assessed following spared nerve injury (SNI) with reflex and cerebrally mediated behavioural responses. METHODS Initial antinociceptive behavioural screening of daily administration of 2-OHOA (400 mg/kg, p.o.) was assessed in Wistar rats by measuring hindlimb reflex hypersensitivity to von Frey and thermal plate stimulation up to 7 days after SNI, while its modulatory effect on lumbar spinal dorsal horn microglia reactivity was assessed with OX-42 immunohistochemistry. In vitro the effect of 2-OHOA (120 μM) on cyclooxygenase protein expression (COX-2/COX-1 ratio) in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cells was tested with Western blot analysis. Finally, the effects of 2-OHOA treatment on the place escape aversion paradigm (PEAP) and the open-field-induced anxiety test were tested at 21 days following nerve injury compared with vehicle-treated sham and pregabalin-SNI (30 mg/kg, p.o.) control groups. RESULTS Oral 2-OHOA significantly reduced ipsilateral mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity up to 7 days after SNI. Additionally 2-OHOA decreased the COX-2/COX-1 ratio in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cells and OX-42 expression within the ipsilateral lumbar spinal dorsal horn 7 days after SNI. 2-OHOA significantly restored inner-zone exploration in the open-field test compared with the vehicle-treated sham group at 21 days after SNI. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of the modified omega 9 fatty acid, 2-OHOA, mediates antinociception and prevents open-field-induced anxiety in the SNI model in Wistar rats, which is mediated by an inhibition of spinal dorsal horn microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Avila-Martin
- Sensorimotor Function Group, SESCAM, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
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Yan X, Yadav R, Gao M, Weng HR. Interleukin-1 beta enhances endocytosis of glial glutamate transporters in the spinal dorsal horn through activating protein kinase C. Glia 2014; 62:1093-109. [PMID: 24677092 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Excessive activation of glutamate receptors in spinal dorsal horn neurons is a key mechanism leading to abnormal neuronal activation in pathological pain conditions. Previous studies have shown that activation of glutamate receptors in the spinal dorsal horn is enhanced by impaired glial glutamate transporter functions and proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). In this study, we for the first time revealed that spinal glial glutamate transporter activities in the neuropathic animals are attenuated by endogenous IL-1β. Specifically, we demonstrated that nerve injury results in an increased expression of IL-1β and activation of PKC in the spinal dorsal horn as well as suppression of glial glutamate uptake activities. We provided evidence that the nerve-injury induced suppression of glial glutamate uptake is at least in part ascribed to endogenous IL-1β and activation of PKC in the spinal dorsal horn. IL-1β reduces glial glutamate transporter activities through enhancing the endocytosis of both GLT-1 and GLAST glial glutamate transporters. The IL-1β induced trafficking of glial glutamate transporters is through the calcium/PKC signaling pathway, and the dynamin-dependent endocytosis, which is dependent on the integrity of actin filaments. The signaling pathway regulating glial glutamate transporters revealed in this study provides novel targets to attenuate aberrant activation of glutamate receptors in the spinal dorsal horn, which could ultimately help the development of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisheng Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Janbaz KH, Arif J, Saqib F, Imran I, Ashraf M, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaafar HZE, De Feo V. In-vitro and in-vivo validation of ethnopharmacological uses of methanol extract of Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:71. [PMID: 24559094 PMCID: PMC3974051 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isodon rugosus is used in folk Pakistan traditional practices to cure ailments related to gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Present study was undertaken to validate these folkloric uses. METHODS A crude methanol extract of the aerial parts of Isodon rugosus (Ir.Cr.) was used for both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The plant extract was tested on isolated rabbit jejunum preparations for possible presence of spasmolytic activity. Moreover, isolated rabbit tracheal and aorta preparations were used to ascertain the relaxant effects of the extract. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Ir.Cr were also determined as well as its antioxidant activity. The in vivo antiemetic activity of the extract was evaluated by using the chick emesis model, while the analgesic and antipyretic activities were conducted on albino mice. RESULTS The application of the crude extract of I. rugosus to isolated rabbit jejunum preparations exhibited relaxant effect (0.01-0.3 mg/ml). The Ir.Cr also relaxed K+(80 m M)-induced spastic contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum preparations and shifted the Ca+2 concentration response curves towards right (0.01-0.3 mg/ml). Similarly, the extract, when applied to the isolated rabbit tracheal preparations relaxed the carbachol (1 μM)--as well as K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions in a concentration range of 0.01-1.0 mg/ml. Moreover, it also relaxed (0.01-3.0 mg/ml) the phenylephrine (1 μM)- and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit aorta preparations. The Ir.Cr (80 mg/kg) demonstrated antipyretic activity on pyrogen-induced pyrexia in rabbits as compared to aspirin as standard drug. The Ir.Cr also exhibited anti-oxidant as well as inhibitory effect on acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase and lipoxygenase (0.5 mg/ml). CONCLUSIONS The observed relaxant effect on isolated rabbit jejunum, trachea and aorta preparations caused by Ir.Cr is possibly to be mediated through Ca+2 channel blockade and therefore may provided scientific basis to validate the folkloric uses of the plant in the management of gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular ailments. The observed antioxidant activity as well as the lipoxygenase inhibitory activity may validate its traditional use in pain and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hussain Janbaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Arif
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Hawa ZE Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Pakistan
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, Salerno University, Fisciano, Salerno, Pakistan
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Yoo S, Lim JY, Hwang SW. Resolvins: Endogenously-Generated Potent Painkilling Substances and their Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:664-76. [PMID: 24396341 PMCID: PMC3849791 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311060009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of many of pain-relieving drugs is based on mechanisms by which the drugs interfere with the body’s natural pain-mediating pathways. By contrast, although it is less popular, other drugs including opioids exert more powerful analgesic actions by augmenting endogenous inhibitory neural circuits for pain mediation. Recently, a novel endogenous pain-inhibitory principle was suggested and is now attracting both scientific and clinical attentions. The central players for the actions are particular body lipids: resolvins. Although research is in the preclinical phase, multiple hypotheses have actively been matured regarding the potency and molecular and neural processes of the analgesic effects of these substances. Consistently, accumulating experimental evidence has been demonstrating that treatment with these lipid substances is strongly effective at controlling diverse types of pain. Treatment of resolvins does not appear to disturb the body homeostasis as severely as many other therapeutic agents that interrupt the body’s natural signaling flow, which enables us to predict their fewer adverse effects. This paper serves as a review of currently documented painkilling actions of resolvins, summarizes the potential cellular and receptor-mediated mechanisms to date, and discusses the many clinical uses for these therapeutic lipids that have not yet been tested. Future scientific efforts will more concentrate to unveil such aspects of the substances and to construct clear proofs of concept for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjae Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
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Liu H, Li W, Rose ME, Pascoe JL, Miller TM, Ahmad M, Poloyac SM, Hickey RW, Graham SH. Prostaglandin D2 toxicity in primary neurons is mediated through its bioactive cyclopentenone metabolites. Neurotoxicology 2013; 39:35-44. [PMID: 23973622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is the most abundant prostaglandin in brain but its effect on neuronal cell death is complex and not completely understood. PGD2 may modulate neuronal cell death via activation of DP receptors or its metabolism to the cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs) PGJ2, Δ(12)-PGJ2 and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ2, inducing cell death independently of prostaglandin receptors. This study aims to elucidate the effect of PGD2 on neuronal cell death and its underlying mechanisms. PGD2 dose-dependently induced cell death in rat primary neuron-enriched cultures in concentrations of ≥10μM, and this effect was not reversed by treatment with either DP1 or DP2 receptor antagonists. Antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione which contain sulfhydryl groups that can bind to CyPGs, but not ascorbate or tocopherol, attenuated PGD2-induced cell death. Conversion of PGD2 to CyPGs was detected in neuronal culture medium; treatment with these CyPG metabolites alone exhibited effects similar to those of PGD2, including apoptotic neuronal cell death and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Disruption of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) protected neurons against hypoxia. These results support the hypothesis that PGD2 elicits its cytotoxic effects through its bioactive CyPG metabolites rather than DP receptor activation in primary neuronal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 811 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Piller N, Decosterd I, Suter MR. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction reference genes in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain: validation and literature search. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:266. [PMID: 23841944 PMCID: PMC3717014 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used, highly sensitive laboratory technique to rapidly and easily detect, identify and quantify gene expression. Reliable RT-qPCR data necessitates accurate normalization with validated control genes (reference genes) whose expression is constant in all studied conditions. This stability has to be demonstrated. We performed a literature search for studies using quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR in the rat spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain to verify whether any reference genes had previously been validated. We then analyzed the stability over time of 7 commonly used reference genes in the nervous system – specifically in the spinal cord dorsal horn and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). These were: Actin beta (Actb), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal proteins 18S (18S), L13a (RPL13a) and L29 (RPL29), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). We compared the candidate genes and established a stability ranking using the geNorm algorithm. Finally, we assessed the number of reference genes necessary for accurate normalization in this neuropathic pain model. Results We found GAPDH, HMBS, Actb, HPRT1 and 18S cited as reference genes in literature on studies using the SNI model. Only HPRT1 and 18S had been once previously demonstrated as stable in RT-qPCR arrays. All the genes tested in this study, using the geNorm algorithm, presented gene stability values (M-value) acceptable enough for them to qualify as potential reference genes in both DRG and spinal cord. Using the coefficient of variation, 18S failed the 50% cut-off with a value of 61% in the DRG. The two most stable genes in the dorsal horn were RPL29 and RPL13a; in the DRG they were HPRT1 and Actb. Using a 0.15 cut-off for pairwise variations we found that any pair of stable reference gene was sufficient for the normalization process. Conclusions In the rat SNI model, we validated and ranked Actb, RPL29, RPL13a, HMBS, GAPDH, HPRT1 and 18S as good reference genes in the spinal cord. In the DRG, 18S did not fulfill stability criteria. The combination of any two stable reference genes was sufficient to provide an accurate normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Piller
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Avenue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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