1
|
Menezes SA, Tasca T. Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases - from pathogenesis to future diagnostic tools. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105310. [PMID: 38316376 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are still a major public health problem especially among individuals of low socioeconomic status in underdeveloped countries. In recent years it has been demonstrated that parasites can release extracellular vesicles that participate in the host-parasite communication, immune evasion, and in governing processes associated with host infection. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures released into the extracellular space that can carry several types of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites, which directly impact the target cells. Extracellular vesicles have attracted wide attention due to their relevance in host-parasite communication and for their potential value in applications such as in the diagnostic biomarker discovery. This review of the literature aimed to join the current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in host-parasite interaction and summarize its molecular content, providing information for the acquisition of new tools that can be used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. These findings shed light to the potential of extracellular vesicle cargo derived from protozoan parasites as novel diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Almeida Menezes
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma I, Kataria P, Das J. Cerebral malaria pathogenesis: Dissecting the role of CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells as major effectors in disease pathology. Int Rev Immunol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38618863 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2024.2336539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection, with complex pathogenesis involving multiple factors, including the host's immunological response. T lymphocytes, specifically CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, are crucial in controlling parasite growth and activating cells for parasite clearance via cytokine secretion. Contrary to this, reports also suggest the pathogenic nature of T lymphocytes as they are often involved in disease progression and severity. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells migrate to the host's brain vasculature, disrupting the blood-brain barrier and causing neurological manifestations. CD4+ T helper cells on the other hand play a variety of functions as they differentiate into different subtypes which may function as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. The excessive pro-inflammatory response in CM can lead to multi-organ failure, necessitating a check mechanism to maintain immune homeostasis. This is achieved by regulatory T cells and their characteristic cytokines, which counterbalance the pro-inflammatory immune response. Maintaining a critical balance between pro and anti-inflammatory responses is crucial for determining disease outcomes in CM. A slight change in this balance may contribute to a disease severity owing to an extreme inflammatory response or unrestricted parasite growth, a potential target for designing immunotherapeutic treatment approaches. The review briefly discusses the pathogenesis of CM and various mechanisms responsible for the disruption of the blood-brain barrier. It also highlights the role of different T cell subsets during infection and emphasizes the importance of balance between pro and anti-inflammatory T cells that ultimately decides the outcome of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Noida, India
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Kataria
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Noida, India
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Das
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Noida, India
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dey S, Mohapatra S, Khokhar M, Hassan S, Pandey RK. Extracellular Vesicles in Malaria: Shedding Light on Pathogenic Depths. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:827-844. [PMID: 38320272 PMCID: PMC10928723 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum, remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The epidemiological data for 2021 revealed a staggering toll, with 247 million reported cases and 619,000 fatalities attributed to the disease. This formidable global health challenge continues to perplex researchers seeking a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis. Recent investigations have unveiled the pivotal role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in this intricate landscape. These tiny, membrane-bound vesicles, secreted by diverse cells, emerge as pivotal communicators in malaria's pathogenic orchestra. This Review delves into the multifaceted roles of EVs in malaria pathogenesis, elucidating their impact on disease progression and immune modulation. Insights into EV involvement offer potential therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Integrating this information identifies targets to mitigate malaria's global impact. Moreover, this Review explores the potential of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in malaria. By deciphering the intricate dialogue facilitated by these vesicles, new avenues for intervention and novel strategies for disease management may emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Dey
- CSO
Department, Cellworks Research India Pvt
Ltd, Bengaluru 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Salini Mohapatra
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342005, India
| | - Sana Hassan
- Department
of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Dubai 345050, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang J, Zhu Q, Shen Y, Liang J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Tong G, Wang X, Zhang N, Yu K, Li Y, Zhao Y. CD8 + T cell infiltration and proliferation in the brainstem during experimental cerebral malaria. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14431. [PMID: 37697956 PMCID: PMC10916431 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral malaria (CM) is a lethal neuroinflammatory disease caused by Plasmodium infection. Immune cells and brain parenchyma cells contribute to the pathogenesis of CM. However, a systematic examination of the changes that occur in the brain parenchyma region during CM at the single-cell resolution is still poorly studied. AIMS To explore cell composition and CD8+ T cell infiltration, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on the brainstems of healthy and experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) mice. Then CD8+ T cell infiltration was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays. Subsequently, the characteristics of the brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were analyzed. Finally, the interactions between parenchyma cells and brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were studied with an astrocytes-CD8+ T cell cocultured model. RESULTS The brainstem is the most severely damaged site during ECM. ScRNA-seq revealed a large number of CD8+ T cells infiltrating into the brainstem in ECM mice. Brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were highly activated according to scRNA-seq, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry assays. Further analysis found a subset of ki-67+ CD8+ T cells that have a higher transcriptional level of genes related to T cell function, activation, and proliferation, suggesting that they were exposed to specific antigens presented by brain parenchyma cells. Brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were the only prominent source of IFN-γ in this single-cell analysis. Astrocytes, which have a high interferon response, act as cross-presenting cells to recruit and re-activate brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells. We also found that brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were highly expressed immune checkpoint molecule PD-1, while parenchyma cells showed up-regulation of PD-L1 after infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a novel interaction between brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells and parenchyma cells in the ECM brainstem, suggesting that the PD-1/PD-L1 signal pathway is a promising adjunctive therapeutic strategy for ECM targeting over-activated CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qinghao Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiao Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yuxiao Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Guodong Tong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ningning Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kangjie Yu
- Department of PathologyAir Force Hospital of Eastern TheaterNanjingChina
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hellani F, Leleu I, Saidi N, Martin N, Lecoeur C, Werkmeister E, Koffi D, Trottein F, Yapo-Etté H, Das B, Abbadie C, Pied S. Role of astrocyte senescence regulated by the non- canonical autophagy in the neuroinflammation associated to cerebral malaria. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:20-35. [PMID: 38157948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is a fatal neuroinflammatory syndrome caused (in humans) by the protozoa Plasmodium (P.) falciparum. Glial cell activation is one of the mechanisms that contributes to neuroinflammation in CM. RESULT By studying a mouse model of CM (caused by P. berghei ANKA), we describe that the induction of autophagy promoted p21-dependent senescence in astrocytes and that CXCL-10 was part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Furthermore, p21 expression was observed in post-mortem brain and peripheral blood samples from patients with CM. Lastly, we found that the depletion of senescent astrocytes with senolytic drugs abrogated inflammation and protected mice from CM. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence for a novel mechanism through which astrocytes could be involved in the neuropathophysiology of CM. p21 gene expression in blood cell and an elevated plasma CXCL-10 concentration could be valuable biomarkers of CM in humans. In the end, we believe senolytic drugs shall open up new avenues to develop newer treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Hellani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Inès Leleu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Nasreddine Saidi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Martin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cécile Lecoeur
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Koffi
- Parasitology and Mycology Department, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast
| | - François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Hélène Yapo-Etté
- Institute of Forensic Medicine-Faculty of Health, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny of Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Bidyut Das
- SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Orissa, India
| | - Corinne Abbadie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille F-59019 Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jamil Al-Obaidi MM, Desa MNM. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in parasitic infections. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102. [PMID: 38284852 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Parasites have a significant impact on the neurological, cognitive, and mental well-being of humans, with a global population of over 1 billion individuals affected. The pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) injury in parasitic diseases remains limited, and prevention and control of parasitic CNS infections remain significant areas of research. Parasites, encompassing both unicellular and multicellular organisms, have intricate life cycles and possess the ability to infect a diverse range of hosts, including the human population. Parasitic illnesses that impact the central and peripheral nervous systems are a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in low- to middle-income nations. The precise pathways through which neurotropic parasites infiltrate the CNS by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause neurological harm remain incompletely understood. Investigating brain infections caused by parasites is closely linked to studying neuroinflammation and cerebral impairment. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in this process remain incomplete, but understanding the exact mechanisms could provide insight into their pathogenesis and potentially reveal novel therapeutic targets. This review paper explores the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of neurological disorders caused by parasites, including parasite-derived elements, host immune responses, and modifications in tight junctions (TJs) proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M Jamil Al-Obaidi
- University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Rustaq College of Education, Science Department (Biology Unit), Rrustaq, Sultante of Oman
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ndunge OBA, Shikani HJ, Dai M, Freeman BD, Desruisseaux MS. Effects of anti-tau immunotherapy on reactive microgliosis, cerebral endotheliopathy, and cognitive function in an experimental model of cerebral malaria. J Neurochem 2023; 167:441-460. [PMID: 37814468 PMCID: PMC10596299 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM), a potentially fatal encephalopathy caused primarily by infection with Plasmodium falciparum, results in long-term adverse neuro-psychiatric sequelae. Neural cell injury contributes to the neurological deficits observed in CM. Abnormal regulation of tau, an axonal protein pathologically associated with the formation of neurofibrillary lesions in neurodegenerative diseases, has been linked to inflammation and cerebral microvascular compromise and has been reported in human and experimental CM (ECM). Immunotherapy with a monoclonal antibody to pathological tau (PHF-1 mAB) in experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases has been reported to mitigate cognitive decline. We investigated whether immunotherapy with PHF-1 mAB prevented cerebral endotheliopathy, neural cell injury, and neuroinflammation during ECM. Using C57BL/6 mice infected with either Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA), which causes ECM, Plasmodium berghei NK65 (PbN), which causes severe malaria, but not ECM, or uninfected mice (Un), we demonstrated that when compared to PbN infection or uninfected mice, PbA infection resulted in significant memory impairment at 6 days post-infection, in association with abnormal tau phosphorylation at Ser202 /Thr205 (pSer202 /Thr205 ) and Ser396-404 (pSer396-404 ) in mouse brains. ECM also resulted in significantly higher expression of inflammatory markers, in microvascular congestion, and glial cell activation. Treatment with PHF-1 mAB prevented PbA-induced cognitive impairment and was associated with significantly less vascular congestion, neuroinflammation, and neural cell activation in mice with ECM. These findings suggest that abnormal regulation of tau protein contributes to cerebral vasculopathy and is critical in the pathogenesis of neural cell injury during CM. Tau-targeted therapies may ameliorate the neural cell damage and subsequent neurocognitive impairment that occur during disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry J. Shikani
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Minxian Dai
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Brandi D. Freeman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mahalia S. Desruisseaux
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Mahalia S. Desruisseaux, MD, Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208022, TAC S169B, New Haven, CT 06520-8022,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marin AA, Juillard A, Katzin AM, Carvalho LJ, Grau GE. Perillyl alcohol modulates activation, permeability and integrity of human brain endothelial cells induced by Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e230033. [PMID: 37403869 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe immunovasculopathy caused for Plasmodium falciparum infection, which is characterised by the sequestration of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain microvessels. Previous studies have shown that some terpenes, such as perillyl alcohol (POH), exhibit a marked efficacy in preventing cerebrovascular inflammation, breakdown of the brain-blood barrier (BBB) and brain leucocyte accumulation in experimental CM models. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effects of POH on the endothelium using human brain endothelial cell (HBEC) monolayers co-cultured with pRBCs. METHODOLOGY The loss of tight junction proteins (TJPs) and features of endothelial activation, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence. Microvesicle (MV) release by HBEC upon stimulation by P. falciparum was evaluated by flow cytometry. Finally, the capacity of POH to revert P. falciparum-induced HBEC monolayer permeability was examined by monitoring trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). FINDINGS POH significantly prevented pRBCs-induced endothelial adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) upregulation and MV release by HBEC, improved their trans-endothelial resistance, and restored their distribution of TJPs such as VE-cadherin, Occludin, and JAM-A. CONCLUSIONS POH is a potent monoterpene that is efficient in preventing P. falciparum-pRBCs-induced changes in HBEC, namely their activation, increased permeability and alterations of integrity, all parameters of relevance to CM pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Marin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette Juillard
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alejandro M Katzin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Jm Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Georges Er Grau
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vialard F, Allaeys I, Dong G, Phan MP, Singh U, Hébert MJ, Dieudé M, Langlais D, Boilard E, Labbé DP, Olivier M. Thermoneutrality and severe malaria: investigating the effect of warmer environmental temperatures on the inflammatory response and disease progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128466. [PMID: 37350957 PMCID: PMC10283000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Most studies using murine disease models are conducted at housing temperatures (20 - 22°C) that are sub-optimal (ST) for mice, eliciting changes in metabolism and response to disease. Experiments performed at a thermoneutral temperature (TT; 28 - 31°C) have revealed an altered immune response to pathogens and experimental treatments in murine disease model that have implications for their translation to clinical research. How such conditions affect the inflammatory response to infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) and disease progression is unknown. We hypothesized that changes in environmental temperature modulate immune cells and modify host response to malaria disease. To test this hypothesis, we conducted experiments to determine: (1) the inflammatory response to malarial agents injection in a peritonitis model and (2) disease progression in PbA-infected mice at TT compared to ST. Methods In one study, acclimatized mice were injected intraperitoneally with native hemozoin (nHZ) or Leishmania at TT (28 - 31°C) or ST, and immune cells, cytokine, and extracellular vesicle (EV) profiles were determined from the peritoneal cavity (PEC) fluid. In another study, PbA-infected mice were monitored until end-point (i.e. experimental malaria score ≥4). Results We found that Leishmania injection resulted in decreased cell recruitment and higher phagocytosis of nHZ in mice housed at TT. We found 398 upregulated and 293 downregulated proinflammatory genes in mice injected with nHZ, at both temperatures. We report the presence of host-derived EVs never reported before in a murine parasitic murine model at both temperatures. We observed metabolic changes in mice housed at TT, but these did not result to noticeable changes in disease progression compared to ST. Discussion To our knowledge, these experiments are the first to investigate the effect of thermoneutrality on a malaria murine model. We found important metabolic difference in mice housed at TT. Our results offer insights on how thermoneutrality might impact a severe malaria murine model and directions for more targeted investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Vialard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Allaeys
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Minh Phuong Phan
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Urvashi Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Josée Hébert
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Dieudé
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David P. Labbé
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Drummond RA. What fungal CNS infections can teach us about neuroimmunology and CNS-specific immunity. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101751. [PMID: 36989541 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the most poorly understood subjects within the field of medical mycology. Yet, the majority of deaths from invasive fungal infections are caused by brain-tropic fungi. In recent years, there have been several significant discoveries in the regulation of neuroinflammation and the role of the immune system in tissue homeostasis within the CNS. In this review, I highlight five important advances in the neuroimmunology field over the last decade and discuss how we should capitalise on these discoveries to better understand the pathogenesis of fungal CNS infections. In addition, the latest insights into fungal invasion tactics, microglia-astrocyte crosstalk and regulation of antifungal adaptive immune responses are summarised in the context of our contemporary understanding of CNS-specific immunity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Alloo J, Leleu I, Grangette C, Pied S. Parasite infections, neuroinflammation, and potential contributions of gut microbiota. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1024998. [PMID: 36569929 PMCID: PMC9772015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1024998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasitic diseases (including cerebral malaria, human African trypanosomiasis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, neurocysticercosis and neuroschistosomiasis) feature acute or chronic brain inflammation processes, which are often associated with deregulation of glial cell activity and disruption of the brain blood barrier's intactness. The inflammatory responses of astrocytes and microglia during parasite infection are strongly influenced by a variety of environmental factors. Although it has recently been shown that the gut microbiota influences the physiology and immunomodulation of the central nervous system in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's, the putative link in parasite-induced neuroinflammatory diseases has not been well characterized. Likewise, the central nervous system can influence the gut microbiota. In parasite infections, the gut microbiota is strongly perturbed and might influence the severity of the central nervous system inflammation response through changes in the production of bacterial metabolites. Here, we review the roles of astrocytes and microglial cells in the neuropathophysiological processes induced by parasite infections and their possible regulation by the gut microbiota.
Collapse
|
12
|
The IL-33/ST2 Pathway in Cerebral Malaria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113457. [PMID: 36362246 PMCID: PMC9658244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an immunomodulatory cytokine which plays critical roles in tissue function and immune-mediated diseases. IL-33 is abundant within the brain and spinal cord tissues where it acts as a key cytokine to coordinate the exchange between the immune and central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we report the recent advances to our knowledge regarding the role of IL-33 and of its receptor ST2 in cerebral malaria, and in particular, we highlight the pivotal role that IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway could play in brain and cerebrospinal barriers permeability. IL-33 serum levels are significantly higher in children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria than children without complications or noninfected children. IL-33 levels are correlated with parasite load and strongly decrease with parasite clearance. We postulate that sequestration of infected erythrocytes or merozoites liberation from schizonts could amplify IL-33 production in endothelial cells, contributing either to malaria pathogenesis or recovery.
Collapse
|
13
|
Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou Z, Zhou J, Liao J, Chen Z, Zheng Y. The Emerging Role of Astrocytic Autophagy in Central Nervous System Disorders. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3697-3708. [PMID: 35960484 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes act as "housekeeping cells" for maintaining cerebral homeostasis and play an important role in many disorders. Recent studies further highlight the contribution of autophagy to astrocytic functions, including astrogenesis, the astrocytic removal of neurotoxins or stressors, and astrocytic polarization. More importantly, genetic and pharmacological approaches have provided evidence that outlines the contributions of astrocytic autophagy to several brain disorders, including neurodegeneration, cerebral ischemia, and depression. In this study, we summarize the emerging role of autophagy in regulating astrocytic functions and discuss the contributions of astrocytic autophagy to different CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuchen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Protein Profiling of Malaria-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Distinct Subtypes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040397. [PMID: 35448366 PMCID: PMC9033066 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by obligate intracellular parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Red blood cells (RBCs) infected with different stages of Plasmodium spp. release extracellular vesicles (EVs). Extensive studies have recently shown that these EVs are involved in key aspects of the parasite’s biology and disease pathogenesis. However, they are yet to be fully characterized. The blood stages of Plasmodium spp., namely the rings, trophozoites and schizonts, are phenotypically distinct, hence, may induce the release of characteristically different EVs from infected RBCs. To gain insights into the biology and biogenesis of malaria EVs, it is important to characterize their biophysical and biochemical properties. By differential centrifugation, we isolated EVs from in vitro cultures of RBCs infected with different stages of Plasmodium falciparum. We performed a preliminary characterization of these EVs and observed that important EV markers were differentially expressed in EVs with different sedimentation properties as well as across EVs released from ring-, trophozoite- or schizont-infected RBCs. Our findings show that RBCs infected with different stages of malaria parasites release EVs with distinct protein expression profiles.
Collapse
|
16
|
Leleu I, Alloo J, Cazenave PA, Roland J, Pied S. Autophagy Pathways in the Genesis of Plasmodium-Derived Microvesicles: A Double-Edged Sword? Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030415. [PMID: 35330166 PMCID: PMC8955828 DOI: 10.3390/life12030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium species (spp.), is a deadly parasitic disease that results in approximately 400,000 deaths per year globally. Autophagy pathways play a fundamental role in the developmental stages of the parasite within the mammalian host. They are also involved in the production of Plasmodium-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play an important role in the infection process, either by providing nutrients for parasite growth or by contributing to the immunopathophysiology of the disease. For example, during the hepatic stage, Plasmodium-derived EVs contribute to parasite virulence by modulating the host immune response. EVs help in evading the different autophagy mechanisms deployed by the host for parasite clearance. During cerebral malaria, on the other hand, parasite-derived EVs promote an astrocyte-mediated inflammatory response, through the induction of a non-conventional host autophagy pathway. In this review, we will discuss the cross-talk between Plasmodium-derived microvesicles and autophagy, and how it influences the outcome of infection.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rodríguez AM, Rodríguez J, Giambartolomei GH. Microglia at the Crossroads of Pathogen-Induced Neuroinflammation. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221104566. [PMID: 35635133 PMCID: PMC9158411 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221104566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent findings point out that in the steady state the major role of microglia, is to instruct and regulate the correct function of the neuronal networks and different components of the neurovascular unit in the adult CNS, while providing immune surveillance. Paradoxically, during CNS infection immune activation of microglia generates an inflammatory milieu that contributes to the clearance of the pathogen but can, in the process, harm nearby cells of CNS. Most of the knowledge about the harmful effects of activated microglia on CNS has arisen from studies on neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we will focus on the beneficial role and detrimental functions of microglial cells on the neighboring cells of the CNS upon infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Rodríguez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM). CONICET. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, 28196Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Rodríguez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM). CONICET. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, 28196Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Hernán Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM). CONICET. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, 28196Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Opadokun T, Rohrbach P. Extracellular vesicles in malaria: an agglomeration of two decades of research. Malar J 2021; 20:442. [PMID: 34801056 PMCID: PMC8605462 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a complex parasitic disease, caused by Plasmodium spp. More than a century after the discovery of malaria parasites, this disease continues to pose a global public health problem and the pathogenesis of the severe forms of malaria remains incompletely understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have been increasingly researched in the field of malaria in a bid to fill these knowledge gaps. EVs released from Plasmodium-infected red blood cells and other host cells during malaria infection are now believed to play key roles in disease pathogenesis and are suggested as vital components of the biology of Plasmodium spp. Malaria-derived EVs have been identified as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. In this review, key findings of malaria EV studies over the last 20 years are summarized and critically analysed. Outstanding areas of research into EV biology are identified. Unexplored EV research foci for the future that will contribute to consolidating the potential for EVs as agents in malaria prevention and control are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Opadokun
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leleu I, Genete D, Desnoulez SS, Saidi N, Brodin P, Lafont F, Tomavo S, Pied S. A noncanonical autophagy is involved in the transfer of Plasmodium-microvesicles to astrocytes. Autophagy 2021; 18:1583-1598. [PMID: 34747313 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1993704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a neuroinflammatory disease induced by P. falciparum infection. In animal models, the neuro-pathophysiology of cerebral malaria results from the sequestration of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in microvessels that promotes the activation of glial cells in the brain. This activation provokes an exacerbated inflammatory response characterized by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to brain infiltration by pathogenic CD8+ T lymphocytes. Astrocytes are a major subtype of brain glial cells that play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system, the integrity of the brain-blood barrier and in mounting local innate immune responses. We have previously shown that parasitic microvesicles (PbA-MVs) are transferred from iRBCs to astrocytes. The present study shows that an unconventional LC3-mediated autophagy pathway independent of ULK1 is involved in the transfer and degradation of PbA-MVs inside the astrocytes. We further demonstrate that inhibition of the autophagy process by treatment with 3-methyladenine blocks the transfer of PbA-MVs, which remain localized in the astrocytic cell membrane and are not internalized. Moreover, bafilomycin A1, another drug against autophagy promotes the accumulation of PbA-MVs inside the astrocytes by inhibiting the fusion with lysosomes, and prevents ECM in mice infected with PbA. Finally, we establish that RUBCN/rubicon or ATG5 silencing impede astrocyte production in CCL2 and CXCL10 chemokines induced by PbA stimulation. Altogether, our data suggest that a non-canonical autophagy-lysosomal pathway may play a key role in cerebral malaria through regulation of brain neuro-inflammation by astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inès Leleu
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Genete
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Nasreddine Saidi
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Cnrs, Inserm, Chu Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stanislas Tomavo
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur De Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu J, Cai S, Zhao J, Xu K, Ji H, Wu C, Xiao J, Wu Y. Advances in the Relationship Between Pyroptosis and Diabetic Neuropathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753660. [PMID: 34712670 PMCID: PMC8545826 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a novel programmed cell death process that promotes the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) by activating inflammasomes and gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to cell swelling and rupture. Pyroptosis is involved in the regulation of the occurrence and development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, tumors, and nerve injury. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by long-term hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation. The people have paid more and more attention to the relationship between pyroptosis, diabetes, and its complications, especially its important regulatory significance in diabetic neurological diseases, such as diabetic encephalopathy (DE) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). This article will give an in-depth overview of the relationship between pyroptosis, diabetes, and its related neuropathy, and discuss the regulatory pathway and significance of pyroptosis in diabetes-associated neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shufang Cai
- Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Andoh NE, Gyan BA. The Potential Roles of Glial Cells in the Neuropathogenesis of Cerebral Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:741370. [PMID: 34692564 PMCID: PMC8529055 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.741370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological complication of malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It is one of the leading causes of death in children under 5 years of age in Sub-Saharan Africa. CM is associated with blood-brain barrier disruption and long-term neurological sequelae in survivors of CM. Despite the vast amount of research on cerebral malaria, the cause of neurological sequelae observed in CM patients is poorly understood. In this article, the potential roles of glial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, in cerebral malaria pathogenesis are reviewed. The possible mechanisms by which glial cells contribute to neurological damage in CM patients are also examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Efua Andoh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Department of Parasitology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben Adu Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Department of Immunology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Cerebral toxoplasmosis and cerebral malaria are two important neurological diseases caused by protozoan parasites. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the innate immune responses of microglia and astrocytes to Toxoplasma and Plasmodium infection. In both infections, these tissue-resident glial cells perform a sentinel function mediated by alarmin crosstalk that licenses adaptive type 1 immunity in the central nervous system. Divergent protective or pathogenic effects of type 1 activation of these astrocytes and microglia are revealed depending on the inherent lytic potential of the protozoan parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Nasuhidehnavi
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - George S Yap
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chua CLL, Ng IMJ, Yap BJM, Teo A. Factors influencing phagocytosis of malaria parasites: the story so far. Malar J 2021; 20:319. [PMID: 34271941 PMCID: PMC8284020 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are seven known species of Plasmodium spp. that can infect humans. The human host can mount a complex network of immunological responses to fight infection and one of these immune functions is phagocytosis. Effective and timely phagocytosis of parasites, accompanied by the activation of a regulated inflammatory response, is beneficial for parasite clearance. Functional studies have identified specific opsonins, particularly antibodies and distinct phagocyte sub-populations that are associated with clinical protection against malaria. In addition, cellular and molecular studies have enhanced the understanding of the immunological pathways and outcomes following phagocytosis of malaria parasites. In this review, an integrated view of the factors that can affect phagocytosis of infected erythrocytes and parasite components, the immunological consequences and their association with clinical protection against Plasmodium spp. infection is provided. Several red blood cell disorders and co-infections, and drugs that can influence phagocytic capability during malaria are also discussed. It is hoped that an enhanced understanding of this immunological process can benefit the design of new therapeutics and vaccines to combat this infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ida May Jen Ng
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bryan Ju Min Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Teo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tandoh KZ, Wilson MD, Quashie NB, Duah-Quashie NO. Implicating extracellular vesicles in Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin resistance development. Traffic 2021; 22:194-200. [PMID: 33860593 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a disease of significant public health impact today. With the risk of emerging artemisinin resistance stalling malaria control efforts, the need to deepen our understanding of the parasite's biology is dire. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vital to the biology of P. falciparum and play a role in the pathogenesis of malaria. Recent studies have also shown that EVs may play a role in the development of artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum. Here, we highlight evidence on EVs in P. falciparum biology and malaria pathogenesis and argue that there is sufficient ground to propose a role for EVs in the development of P. falciparum artemisinin resistance. We suggest that EVs are actively secreted functional organelles that contribute to cellular homeostasis in P. falciparum-infected red blood cells under artemisinin pressure. Further exploration of this hypothesized EVs-based molecular mechanism of artemisinin resistance will aid the discovery of novel antimalarial therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwesi Z Tandoh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Neils B Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nancy O Duah-Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ngo-Thanh H, Thuy TD, Suzue K, Kamitani W, Yokoo H, Isoda K, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H, Imai T. Long-term acrylamide exposure exacerbates brain and lung pathology in a mouse malaria model. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112132. [PMID: 33737113 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of dietary acrylamide (ACR), a carcinogen, results in the dysfunction of various organs and the immune system. However, the impact of ACR exposure on the progression of infectious diseases is unknown. This study investigated the effect of ACR on the progression of malaria infection using a mouse model of malaria. C57BL/6 mice were continuously treated with ACR at a dose of 20 mg/kg bodyweight/day for six weeks (long-term exposure) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Next, the mice were infected with the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei NK65 (PbNK). Parasitemia and survival rate were analyzed in the different treatment groups. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of ACR exposure on the morphology of various organs. Long-term ACR exposure exacerbated PbNK-induced multiorgan dysfunction. MRI and histopathological analysis revealed signs of encephalomeningitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome in the PbNK-infected long-term ACR exposure mice, which decreased the survival rate of mice, but not in the PbNK-infected long-term PBS exposure group. These findings enhance our understanding of the impact of ACR on the progression of infectious diseases, such as malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Ngo-Thanh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Trang Dam Thuy
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Isoda
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lima MN, Freitas RJRX, Passos BABR, Darze AMG, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Maron-Gutierrez T. Neurovascular Interactions in Malaria. Neuroimmunomodulation 2021; 28:108-117. [PMID: 33951667 DOI: 10.1159/000515557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium infection and remains a serious public health problem worldwide, despite control efforts. Malaria can progress to severe forms, affecting multiple organs, including the brain causing cerebral malaria (CM). CM is the most severe neurological complication of malaria, and cognitive and behavior deficits are commonly reported in surviving patients. The number of deaths from malaria has been reducing in recent years, and as a consequence, neurological sequelae have been more evident. Neurological damage in malaria might be related to the neuroinflammation, characterized by glia cell activation, neuronal apoptosis and changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of the BBB. Endothelial and pericytes cells in the cerebral microvasculature and neural cells, as astrocytes, neurons, and microglia, compose the NVU. The NVU can be disturbed by parasite metabolic products, such as heme and hemozoin, or cytokines that can promote activation of endothelial and glial cells and lead to increased BBB permeability and subsequently neurodegeneration. In this review, we will approach the main changes that happen in the cells of the NVU due to neuroinflammation caused by malaria infection, and elucidate how the systemic pathophysiology is involved in the onset and progression of CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maiara N Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo J R X Freitas
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A B R Passos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria G Darze
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ngo-Thanh H, Sasaki T, Suzue K, Yokoo H, Isoda K, Kamitani W, Shimokawa C, Hisaeda H, Imai T. Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: another site disrupted during experimental cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:1167-1175. [PMID: 32882285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is one of the most severe pathologies of malaria; it induces neuro-cognitive sequelae and has a high mortality rate. Although many factors involved in the development of cerebral malaria have been discovered, its pathogenic mechanisms are still not completely understood. Most studies on cerebral malaria have focused on the blood-brain barrier, despite the importance of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which protects the brain from peripheral inflammation. Consequently, the pathological role of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in cerebral malaria is currently unknown. To examine the status of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in cerebral malaria and malaria without this pathology (non-cerebral malaria), we developed a new method for evaluating the permeabilization of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier during cerebral malaria in mice, using Evans blue dye and a software-assisted image analysis. Using C57BL/6J (B6) mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain as an experimental cerebral malaria model and B6 mice infected with P. berghei NK65 strain or Plasmodium yoelii as non-cerebral malaria models, we revealed that the permeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier increased during experimental cerebral malaria but not during non-cerebral malaria. We observed haemorrhaging in the cerebral ventricles and hemozoin-like structures in the choroid plexus, which is a key component of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, in cerebral malaria mice. Taken together, this evidence indicates that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is disrupted in experimental cerebral malaria, whereas it remains intact in non-cerebral malaria. We also found that P. berghei ANKA parasites and CD8+ T cells are involved in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier disruption in experimental cerebral malaria. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying cerebral malaria might help in the development of effective strategies to prevent and manage cerebral malaria in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Ngo-Thanh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signal, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Isoda
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Imai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Constanzo J, Midavaine É, Fouquet J, Lepage M, Descoteaux M, Kirby K, Tremblay L, Masson-Côté L, Geha S, Longpré JM, Paquette B, Sarret P. Brain irradiation leads to persistent neuroinflammation and long-term neurocognitive dysfunction in a region-specific manner. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109954. [PMID: 32360786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-term cognitive deficits are observed after treatment of brain tumors or metastases by radiotherapy. Treatment optimization thus requires a better understanding of the effects of radiotherapy on specific brain regions, according to their sensitivity and interconnectivity. In the present study, behavioral tests supported by immunohistology and magnetic resonance imaging provided a consistent picture of the persistent neurocognitive decline and neuroinflammation after the onset of irradiation-induced necrosis in the right primary somatosensory cortex of Fischer rats. Necrosis surrounded by neovascularization was first detected 54 days after irradiation and then spread to 110 days in the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory region, striatum and right ventricle, resulting in fiber bundle disruption and demyelination in the corpus callosum of the right hemisphere. These structural damages translated into selective behavioral changes including spatial memory loss, disinhibition of anxiety-like behaviors, hyperactivity and pain hypersensitivity, but no significant alteration in motor coordination and grip strength abilities. Concomitantly, activated microglia and reactive astrocytes, accompanied by infiltration of leukocytes (CD45+) and T-cells (CD3+) cooperated to shape the neuroinflammation response. Overall, our study suggests that the slow and gradual onset of cellular damage would allow adaptation in brain regions that are susceptible to neuronal plasticity; while other cerebral structures that do not have this capacity would be more affected. The planning of radiotherapy, adjusted to the sensitivity and adaptability of brain structures, could therefore preserve certain neurocognitive functions; while higher doses of radiation could be delivered to brain areas that can better adapt to this treatment. In addition, strategies to block early post-radiation events need to be explored to prevent the development of long-term cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Constanzo
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Élora Midavaine
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jérémie Fouquet
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Maxime Descoteaux
- Computer Science Department, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Karyn Kirby
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Laurence Masson-Côté
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Service of Radiation Oncology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sameh Geha
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Benoit Paquette
- Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen KY, Cheng CJ, Cheng CC, Jhan KY, Chen YJ, Wang LC. The excretory/secretory products of fifth-stage larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis induces autophagy via the Sonic hedgehog pathway in mouse brain astrocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008290. [PMID: 32479527 PMCID: PMC7289448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongyliasis is induced by the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis and leads to eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in humans. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) are important investigation targets for studying the relationship between hosts and nematodes. These products assist worms in penetrating the blood-brain barrier and avoiding the host immune response. Autophagy is a catabolic process that is responsible for digesting cytoplasmic organelles, proteins, and lipids and removing them through lysosomes. This process is essential to cell survival and homeostasis during nutritional deficiency, cell injury and stress. In this study, we investigated autophagy induction upon treatment with the ESPs of the fifth-stage larvae (L5) of A. cantonensis and observed the relationship between autophagy and the Shh pathway. First, the results showed that A. cantonensis infection induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction and pathological changes in the brain. Moreover, A. cantonensis L5 ESPs stimulated autophagosome formation and the expression of autophagy molecules, such as LC3B, Beclin, and p62. The data showed that upon ESPs treatment, rapamycin elevated cell viability through the activation of the autophagy mechanism in astrocytes. Finally, we found that ESPs induced the activation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway and that the expression of autophagy molecules was increased through the Shh signaling pathway. Collectively, these results suggest that A. cantonensis L5 ESPs stimulate autophagy through the Shh signaling pathway and that autophagy has a protective effect in astrocytes. In helminthes, Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) contains a wide range of molecules, including proteins, lipids, glycans, and nucleic acids, that assist in the penetration of host defensive barriers, reduction of oxidative stress, and avoid the host immune attack. It has been known as a key factor for parasite development, including feeding, invasion and molting. Therefore, ESPs is a valuable target for the investigation of the host-parasite relationships. However, only a few researches about the function of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis ESPs have been verified to date. Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis, a blood-feeding nematode, and it is an important causative agent of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in human. Recent our studies have demonstrated that the A. cantonensis ESPs can induce oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune response. In this study, we will use a mouse astrocytes as a model to investigate the signaling mechanisms of autophagy induction by ESPs treatment. First, the Microarray, Western blotting, and Transmission electron microscopy data demonstrated that A. cantonensis ESPs can induce autophagy generation in astrocytes. Next, ESPs-induced autophagy was activated via Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and it has a protective potential for astrocytes. These finding will provide new insights into the mechanisms and effects of the A. cantonensis ESPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ju Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Jhan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Leitner WW, Haraway M, Pierson T, Bergmann-Leitner ES. Role of Opsonophagocytosis in Immune Protection against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E264. [PMID: 32486320 PMCID: PMC7350021 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for immune correlates of protection continues to slow vaccine development. To date, only vaccine-induced antibodies have been confirmed as direct immune correlates of protection against a plethora of pathogens. Vaccine immunologists, however, have learned through extensive characterizations of humoral responses that the quantitative assessment of antibody responses alone often fails to correlate with protective immunity or vaccine efficacy. Despite these limitations, the simple measurement of post-vaccination antibody titers remains the most widely used approaches for vaccine evaluation. Developing and performing functional assays to assess the biological activity of pathogen-specific responses continues to gain momentum; integrating serological assessments with functional data will ultimately result in the identification of mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity and will guide vaccine development. One of these functional readouts is phagocytosis of antigenic material tagged by immune molecules such as antibodies and/or complement components. This review summarizes our current understanding of how phagocytosis contributes to immune defense against pathogens, the pathways involved, and defense mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to deal with the threat of phagocytic removal and destruction of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W. Leitner
- Basic Immunology Branch, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Megan Haraway
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Tony Pierson
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen Z, Hu Y, Lu R, Ge M, Zhang L. MicroRNA-374a-5p inhibits neuroinflammation in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy via regulating NLRP3 inflammasome targeted Smad6. Life Sci 2020; 252:117664. [PMID: 32304765 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is still an important cause of neurological dysfunction. At present, there is no reliable biochemical index in clinical examination. Increasing evidence demonstrates that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the process of HIE, and miR-374a-5p is down-regulated in HIE infants. In this study, the aim is to investigate the role and mechanism of miR-374a-5p in HIE. MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish model of neonatal HIE, pathologic changes and inflammatory response of brain tissues were measured. Subsequently, primary microglia were induced by LPS (1 μg/ml) in vitro, the miR-374a-5p mimic, Ad-Smad6 adenovirus vector and NLRP3 siRNA oligo were applied for microglial transfection. Furthermore, the target relationship between miR-374a-5p and Smad6 was analyzed, while microglia activity and inflammatory factor (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) levels were detected. KEY FINDINGS Herein, we found that over-expression of miR-374a-5p significantly attenuated brain injury and strongly inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in neonatal rat HIE model. In vitro, miR-374a-5p inhibited LPS-induced microglial pro-inflammatory cytokines production by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, Smad6 was identified as a direct target of miR-374a-5p, and miR-374a-5p had a negative regulatory effect on Smad6 expression. By targeting Smad6, miR-374a-5p inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory signals in microglia and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory factors. SIGNIFICANCE Our study recognized that miR-374a-5p as a novel regulator of microglial activation in neonatal HIE highlighted potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, P.R. China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ruifeng Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Min Ge
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Correa R, Caballero Z, De León LF, Spadafora C. Extracellular Vesicles Could Carry an Evolutionary Footprint in Interkingdom Communication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:76. [PMID: 32195195 PMCID: PMC7063102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute particles secreted by the cells of living organisms. Although the functional role of EVs is not yet clear, recent work has highlighted their role in intercellular communication. Here, we expand on this view by suggesting that EVs can also mediate communication among interacting organisms such as hosts, pathogens and vectors. This inter-kingdom communication via EVs is likely to have important evolutionary consequences ranging from adaptation of parasites to specialized niches in the host, to host resistance and evolution and maintenance of parasite virulence and transmissibility. A potential system to explore these consequences is the interaction among the human host, the mosquito vector and Plasmodium parasite involved in the malaria disease. Indeed, recent studies have found that EVs derived from Plasmodium infected red blood cells in humans are likely mediating the parasite's transition from the asexual to sexual stage, which might facilitate transmission to the mosquito vector. However, more work is needed to establish the adaptive consequences of this EV signaling among different taxa. We suggest that an integrative molecular approach, including a comparative phylogenetic analysis of the molecules (e.g., proteins and nucleic acids) derived from the EVs of interacting organisms (and their closely-related species) in the malaria system will prove useful for understanding interkingdom communication. Such analyses will also shed light on the evolution and persistence of host, parasite and vector interactions, with implications for the control of vector borne infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correa
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama.,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Zuleima Caballero
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama
| | - Luis F De León
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Babatunde KA, Yesodha Subramanian B, Ahouidi AD, Martinez Murillo P, Walch M, Mantel PY. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cellular Cross Talk in Malaria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:22. [PMID: 32082312 PMCID: PMC7005784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection caused by the Plasmodium species is a complex disease in which a fine balance between host and parasite factors determine the disease severity. While in some individuals, the infection will trigger only a mild and uncomplicated disease, other individuals will develop severe complications which lead to death. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by infected red blood cells (iRBCs), as well as other host cells, are important regulators of the balance that determines the disease outcome. In addition, EVs constitute a robust mode of cell-to-cell communication by transferring signaling cargoes between parasites, and between parasites and host, without requiring cellular contact. The transfer of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA through EVs not only modulate the immune response, it also mediates cellular communication between parasites to synchronize the transmission stage. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding EV roles during malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Adebayo Babatunde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Ambroise Dioum Ahouidi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.,Institute for Health Research, Epidemiological Surveillance and Training (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Michael Walch
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mbagwu SI, Lannes N, Walch M, Filgueira L, Mantel PY. Human Microglia Respond to Malaria-Induced Extracellular Vesicles. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010021. [PMID: 31878288 PMCID: PMC7168629 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the chief immune cells of the brain and have been reported to be activated in severe malaria. Their activation may drive towards neuroinflammation in cerebral malaria. Malaria-infected red blood cell derived-extracellular vesicles (MiREVs) are produced during the blood stage of malaria infection. They mediate intercellular communication and immune regulation, among other functions. During cerebral malaria, the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier can promote the migration of substances such as MiREVs from the periphery into the brain, targeting cells such as microglia. Microglia and extracellular vesicle interactions in different pathological conditions have been reported to induce neuroinflammation. Unlike in astrocytes, microglia–extracellular vesicle interaction has not yet been described in malaria infection. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the uptake of MiREVs by human microglia cells and their cytokine response. Human blood monocyte-derived microglia (MoMi) were generated from buffy coats of anonymous healthy donors using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation. The MiREVs were isolated from the Plasmodium falciparum cultures. They were purified by ultracentrifugation and labeled with PKH67 green fluorescent dye. The internalization of MiREVs by MoMi was observed after 4 h of co-incubation on coverslips placed in a 24-well plate at 37 °C using confocal microscopy. Cytokine-gene expression was investigated using rt-qPCR, following the stimulation of the MoMi cells with supernatants from the parasite cultures at 2, 4, and 24 h, respectively. MiREVs were internalized by the microglia and accumulated in the perinuclear region. MiREVs-treated cells increased gene expression of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα and reduced gene expression of the immune suppressive IL-10. Overall, the results indicate that MiREVs may act on microglia, which would contribute to enhanced inflammation in cerebral malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smart Ikechukwu Mbagwu
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi 435101, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (S.I.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Nils Lannes
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.I.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Figarella K, Wolburg H, Garaschuk O, Duszenko M. Microglia in neuropathology caused by protozoan parasites. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:333-349. [PMID: 31682077 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is the most severe consequence of some parasitic infections. Protozoal infections comprise a group of diseases that together affect billions of people worldwide and, according to the World Health Organization, are responsible for more than 500000 deaths annually. They include African and American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and amoebiasis. Mechanisms underlying invasion of the brain parenchyma by protozoa are not well understood and may depend on parasite nature: a vascular invasion route is most common. Immunosuppression favors parasite invasion into the CNS and therefore the host immune response plays a pivotal role in the development of a neuropathology in these infectious diseases. In the brain, microglia are the resident immune cells active in defense against pathogens that target the CNS. Beside their direct role in innate immunity, they also play a principal role in coordinating the trafficking and recruitment of other immune cells from the periphery to the CNS. Despite their evident involvement in the neuropathology of protozoan infections, little attention has given to microglia-parasite interactions. This review describes the most prominent features of microglial cells and protozoan parasites and summarizes the most recent information regarding the reaction of microglial cells to parasitic infections. We highlight the involvement of the periphery-brain axis and emphasize possible scenarios for microglia-parasite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Expression of CD300lf by microglia contributes to resistance to cerebral malaria by impeding the neuroinflammation. Genes Immun 2019; 21:45-62. [PMID: 31501529 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mapping and genome-wide studies provide evidence for the association of several genetic polymorphisms with malaria, a complex pathological disease with multiple severity degrees. We have previously described Berr1and Berr2 as candidate genes identified in the WLA/Pas inbreed mouse strain predisposing to resistance to cerebral malaria (CM) induced by P. berghei ANKA. We report in this study the phenotypic and functional characteristics of a congenic strain we have derived for Berr2WLA allele on the C57BL/6JR (B6) background. B6.WLA-Berr2 was found highly resistant to CM compared to C57BL/6JR susceptible mice. The mechanisms associated with CM resistance were analyzed by combining genotype, transcriptomic and immune response studies. We found that B6.WLA-Berr2 mice showed a reduced parasite sequestration and blood-brain barrier disruption with low CXCR3+ T cell infiltration in the brain along with altered glial cell response upon P. berghei ANKA infection compared to B6. In addition, we have identified the CD300f, belonging to a family of Ig-like encoding genes, as a potential candidate associated with CM resistance. Microglia cells isolated from the brain of infected B6.WLA-Berr2 mice significantly expressed higher level of CD300f compared to CMS mice and were associated with inhibition of inflammatory response.
Collapse
|
37
|
Tunon-Ortiz A, Lamb TJ. Blood brain barrier disruption in cerebral malaria: Beyond endothelial cell activation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007786. [PMID: 31247027 PMCID: PMC6597102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnulfo Tunon-Ortiz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Blood-Brain Barrier in Cerebral Malaria: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Intervention. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:516-528. [PMID: 31147271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a life-threatening complication of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The growing problem of drug resistance and the dearth of new antiparasitic drugs are a serious threat to the antimalaria treatment regimes. Studies on humans and the murine model have implicated the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the lethal course of the disease. Therefore, efforts to alleviate the BBB dysfunction could serve as an adjunct therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms associated with the disruption of the BBB. In addition, we discuss the current, still limited, knowledge on the contribution of different cell types, microparticles, and the kynurenine pathway in the regulation of BBB dysfunction, and how these molecules could be used as potential new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
39
|
Debs S, Cohen A, Hosseini-Beheshti E, Chimini G, Hunt NH, Grau GE. Interplay of extracellular vesicles and other players in cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:325-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
40
|
Reuterswärd P, Bergström S, Orikiiriza J, Lindquist E, Bergström S, Andersson Svahn H, Ayoglu B, Uhlén M, Wahlgren M, Normark J, Ribacke U, Nilsson P. Levels of human proteins in plasma associated with acute paediatric malaria. Malar J 2018; 17:426. [PMID: 30442134 PMCID: PMC6238294 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intimate interaction between the pathophysiology of the human host and the biology of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite results in a wide spectrum of disease outcomes in malaria. Development of severe disease is associated with a progressively augmented imbalance in pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to high parasite loads and sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes. Although these phenomena collectively constitute common denominators for the wide variety of discrete severe malaria manifestations, the mechanistic rationales behind discrepancies in outcome are poorly understood. Exploration of the human pathophysiological response by variations in protein profiles in plasma presents an excellent opportunity to increase the understanding. This is ultimately required for better prediction, prevention and treatment of malaria, which is essential for ongoing elimination and eradication efforts. Results An affinity proteomics approach was used to analyse 541 paediatric plasma samples collected from community controls and patients with mild or severe malaria in Rwanda. Protein profiles were generated with an antibody-based suspension bead array containing 255 antibodies targetting 115 human proteins. Here, 57 proteins were identified with significantly altered levels (adjusted p-values < 0.001) in patients with malaria compared to controls. From these, the 27 most significant proteins (adjusted p-values < 10−14) were selected for a stringent analysis approach. Here, 24 proteins showed elevated levels in malaria patients and included proteins involved in acute inflammatory response as well as cell adhesion. The remaining three proteins, also implicated in immune regulation and cellular adhesivity, displayed lower abundance in malaria patients. In addition, 37 proteins (adjusted p-values < 0.05) were identified with increased levels in patients with severe compared to mild malaria. This set includes, proteins involved in tissue remodelling and erythrocyte membrane proteins. Collectively, this approach has been successfully used to identify proteins both with known and unknown association with different stages of malaria. Conclusion In this study, a high-throughput affinity proteomics approach was used to find protein profiles in plasma linked to P. falciparum infection and malaria disease progression. The proteins presented herein are mainly involved in inflammatory response, cellular adhesion and as constituents of erythrocyte membrane. These findings have a great potential to provide increased conceptual understanding of host-parasite interaction and malaria pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2576-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Reuterswärd
- Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Bergström
- Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judy Orikiiriza
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Sven Bergström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Helene Andersson Svahn
- Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Burcu Ayoglu
- Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Normark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ribacke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Figarella K, Uzcategui NL, Mogk S, Wild K, Fallier-Becker P, Neher JJ, Duszenko M. Morphological changes, nitric oxide production, and phagocytosis are triggered in vitro in microglia by bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15002. [PMID: 30302029 PMCID: PMC6177420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The flagellated parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). By a mechanism not well understood yet, trypanosomes enter the central nervous system (CNS), invade the brain parenchyma, and cause a fatal encephalopathy if is not treated. Trypanosomes are fast dividing organisms that, without any immune response, would kill the host in a short time. However, infected individuals survive either 6-12 months or more than 3 years for the acute and chronic forms, respectively. Thus, only when the brain defense collapses a lethal encephalopathy will occur. Here, we evaluated interactions between trypanosomes and microglial cells, which are the primary immune effector cells within the CNS. Using co-cultures of primary microglia and parasites, we found clear evidences of trypanosome phagocytosis by microglial cells. Microglia activation was also evident; analysis of its ultrastructure showed changes that have been reported in activated microglia undergoing oxidative stress caused by infections or degenerative diseases. Accordingly, an increase of the nitric oxide production was detected in supernatants of microglia/parasite co-cultures. Altogether, our results demonstrate that microglial cells respond to the presence of the parasite, leading to parasite's engulfment and elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Figarella
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nestor L Uzcategui
- Institute for Anatomy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Stefan Mogk
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katleen Wild
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany and Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas J Neher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany and Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Systemic inflammation mediated by Plasmodium parasites is central to malaria disease and its complications. Plasmodium parasites reside in erythrocytes and can theoretically reach all host tissues via the circulation. However, actual interactions between parasitized erythrocytes and host tissues, along with the consequent damage and pathological changes, are limited locally to specific tissue sites. Such tissue specificity of the parasite can alter the outcome of malaria disease, determining whether acute or chronic complications occur. Here, we give an overview of the recent progress that has been made in understanding tissue-specific immunopathology during Plasmodium infection. As knowledge on tissue-specific host-parasite interactions accumulates, better treatment modalities and targets may emerge for intervention in malaria disease.
Collapse
|
43
|
Understanding host-parasite relationship: the immune central nervous system microenvironment and its effect on brain infections. Parasitology 2017; 145:988-999. [PMID: 29231805 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has been recognized as an immunologically specialized microenvironment, where immune surveillance takes a distinctive character, and where delicate neuronal networks are sustained by anti-inflammatory factors that maintain local homeostasis. However, when a foreign agent such as a parasite establishes in the CNS, a set of immune defences is mounted and several immune molecules are released to promote an array of responses, which ultimately would control the infection and associated damage. Instead, a host-parasite relationship is established, in the context of which a close biochemical coevolution and communication at all organization levels between two complex organisms have developed. The ability of the parasite to establish in its host is associated with several evasion mechanisms to the immune response and its capacity for exploiting host-derived molecules. In this context, the CNS is deeply involved in modulating immune functions, either protective or pathogenic, and possibly in parasitic activity as well, via interactions with evolutionarily conserved molecules such as growth factors, neuropeptides and hormones. This review presents available evidence on some examples of CNS parasitic infections inducing different morbi-mortality grades in low- or middle-income countries, to illustrate how the CNS microenvironment affect pathogen establishment, growth, survival and reproduction in immunocompetent hosts. A better understanding of the influence of the CNS microenvironment on neuroinfections may provide relevant insights into the mechanisms underlying these pathologies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Dunst J, Kamena F, Matuschewski K. Cytokines and Chemokines in Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:324. [PMID: 28775960 PMCID: PMC5517394 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is among the major causes of malaria-associated mortality and effective adjunctive therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. Central pathophysiological processes involved in the development of cerebral malaria include an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to Plasmodium infection, endothelial cell activation, and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, the sequence of events, which initiates these pathophysiological processes as well as the contribution of their complex interplay to the development of cerebral malaria remain incompletely understood. Several cytokines and chemokines have repeatedly been associated with cerebral malaria severity. Increased levels of these inflammatory mediators could account for the sequestration of leukocytes in the cerebral microvasculature present during cerebral malaria, thereby contributing to an amplification of local inflammation and promoting cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Herein, we highlight the current knowledge on the contribution of cytokines and chemokines to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria with particular emphasis on their roles in endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment, as well as their implication in the progression to blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, in both human cerebral malaria and in the murine experimental cerebral malaria model. A better molecular understanding of these processes could provide the basis for evidence-based development of adjunct therapies and the definition of diagnostic markers of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Song L, Pei L, Yao S, Wu Y, Shang Y. NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurological Diseases, from Functions to Therapies. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:63. [PMID: 28337127 PMCID: PMC5343070 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been identified as a causative factor of multiple neurological diseases. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a subcellular multiprotein complex that is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), can sense and be activated by a wide range of exogenous and endogenous stimuli such as microbes, aggregated and misfolded proteins, and adenosine triphosphate, which results in activation of caspase-1. Activated caspase-1 subsequently leads to the processing of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediates rapid cell death. IL-1β and IL-18 drive inflammatory responses through diverse downstream signaling pathways, leading to neuronal damage. Thus, the NLRP3 inflammasome is considered a key contributor to the development of neuroinflammation. In this review article, we briefly discuss the structure and activation the NLRP3 inflammasome and address the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in several neurological disorders, such as brain infection, acute brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we review a series of promising therapeutic approaches that target the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling including anti-IL-1 therapy, small molecule NLRP3 inhibitors and other compounds, however, these approaches are still experimental in neurological diseases. At present, it is plausible to generate cell-specific conditional NLRP3 knockout (KO) mice via the Cre system to investigate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which may be instrumental in the development of novel pharmacologic investigations for neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|