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Redenšek Trampuž S, Vogrinc D, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Shared miRNA landscapes of COVID-19 and neurodegeneration confirm neuroinflammation as an important overlapping feature. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1123955. [PMID: 37008787 PMCID: PMC10064073 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDevelopment and worsening of most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, have been associated with COVID-19 However, the mechanisms associated with neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients and neurodegenerative sequelae are not clear. The interplay between gene expression and metabolite production in CNS is driven by miRNAs. These small non-coding molecules are dysregulated in most common neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19.MethodsWe have performed a thorough literature screening and database mining to search for shared miRNA landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurodegeneration. Differentially expressed miRNAs in COVID-19 patients were searched using PubMed, while differentially expressed miRNAs in patients with five most common neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis) were searched using the Human microRNA Disease Database. Target genes of the overlapping miRNAs, identified with the miRTarBase, were used for the pathway enrichment analysis performed with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Reactome.ResultsIn total, 98 common miRNAs were found. Additionally, two of them (hsa-miR-34a and hsa-miR-132) were highlighted as promising biomarkers of neurodegeneration, as they are dysregulated in all five most common neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19. Additionally, hsa-miR-155 was upregulated in four COVID-19 studies and found to be dysregulated in neurodegeneration processes as well. Screening for miRNA targets identified 746 unique genes with strong evidence for interaction. Target enrichment analysis highlighted most significant KEGG and Reactome pathways being involved in signaling, cancer, transcription and infection. However, the more specific identified pathways confirmed neuroinflammation as being the most important shared feature.DiscussionOur pathway based approach has identified overlapping miRNAs in COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases that may have a valuable potential for neurodegeneration prediction in COVID-19 patients. Additionally, identified miRNAs can be further explored as potential drug targets or agents to modify signaling in shared pathways.Graphical AbstractShared miRNA molecules among the five investigated neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19 were identified. The two overlapping miRNAs, hsa-miR-34a and has-miR-132, present potential biomarkers of neurodegenerative sequelae after COVID-19. Furthermore, 98 common miRNAs between all five neurodegenerative diseases together and COVID-19 were identified. A KEGG and Reactome pathway enrichment analyses was performed on the list of shared miRNA target genes and finally top 20 pathways were evaluated for their potential for identification of new drug targets. A common feature of identified overlapping miRNAs and pathways is neuroinflammation. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HD, Huntington’s disease; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MS, multiple sclerosis; PD, Parkinson’s disease.
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Kodali M, Madhu LN, Reger RL, Milutinovic B, Upadhya R, Gonzalez JJ, Attaluri S, Shuai B, Gitai DLG, Rao S, Choi JM, Jung SY, Shetty AK. Intranasally administered human MSC-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit NLRP3-p38/MAPK signaling after TBI and prevent chronic brain dysfunction. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:118-134. [PMID: 36427808 PMCID: PMC9974012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to lasting brain dysfunction with chronic neuroinflammation typified by nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in microglia. This study probed whether a single intranasal (IN) administration of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hMSC-EVs) naturally enriched with activated microglia-modulating miRNAs can avert chronic adverse outcomes of TBI. Small RNA sequencing confirmed the enrichment of miRNAs capable of modulating activated microglia in hMSC-EV cargo. IN administration of hMSC-EVs into adult mice ninety minutes after the induction of a unilateral controlled cortical impact injury resulted in their incorporation into neurons and microglia in both injured and contralateral hemispheres. A single higher dose hMSC-EV treatment also inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation after TBI, evidenced by reduced NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, activated caspase-1, interleukin-1 beta, and IL-18 levels in the injured brain. Such inhibition in the acute phase of TBI endured in the chronic phase, which could also be gleaned from diminished NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia of TBI mice receiving hMSC-EVs. Proteomic analysis and validation revealed that higher dose hMSC-EV treatment thwarted the chronic activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by IL-18, which decreased the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of the chronic activation of NLRP3-p38/MAPK signaling after TBI also prevented long-term cognitive and mood impairments. Notably, the animals receiving higher doses of hMSC-EVs after TBI displayed better cognitive and mood function in all behavioral tests than animals receiving the vehicle after TBI. A lower dose of hMSC-EV treatment also partially improved cognitive and mood function. Thus, an optimal IN dose of hMSC-EVs naturally enriched with activated microglia-modulating miRNAs can inhibit the chronic activation of NLRP3-p38/MAPK signaling after TBI and prevent lasting brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Leelavathi N Madhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Roxanne L Reger
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bojana Milutinovic
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jenny J Gonzalez
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel L G Gitai
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Shama Rao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jong M Choi
- Advanced Technology Core, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sung Y Jung
- The Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
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Proulx J, Stacy S, Park IW, Borgmann K. A Non-Canonical Role for IRE1α Links ER and Mitochondria as Key Regulators of Astrocyte Dysfunction: Implications in Methamphetamine use and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:906651. [PMID: 35784841 PMCID: PMC9247407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.906651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are one of the most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide essential support to neurons to ensure CNS health and function. During a neuropathological challenge, such as during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection or (METH)amphetamine exposure, astrocytes shift their neuroprotective functions and can become neurotoxic. Identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying astrocyte dysfunction are of heightened importance to optimize the coupling between astrocytes and neurons and ensure neuronal fitness against CNS pathology, including HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and METH use disorder. Mitochondria are essential organelles for regulating metabolic, antioxidant, and inflammatory profiles. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated signaling pathways, such as calcium and the unfolded protein response (UPR), are important messengers for cellular fate and function, including inflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis. Increasing evidence supports that the three arms of the UPR are involved in the direct contact and communication between ER and mitochondria through mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). The current study investigated the effects of HIV-1 infection and chronic METH exposure on astrocyte ER and mitochondrial homeostasis and then examined the three UPR messengers as potential regulators of astrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction. Using primary human astrocytes infected with pseudotyped HIV-1 or exposed to low doses of METH for 7 days, astrocytes had increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), cytosolic calcium flux and protein expression of UPR mediators. Notably, inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) was most prominently upregulated following both HIV-1 infection and chronic METH exposure. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the three UPR arms highlighted IRE1α as a key regulator of astrocyte metabolic function. To further explore the regulatory role of astrocyte IRE1α, astrocytes were transfected with an IRE1α overexpression vector followed by activation with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β. Overall, our findings confirm IRE1α modulates astrocyte mitochondrial respiration, glycolytic function, morphological activation, inflammation, and glutamate uptake, highlighting a novel potential target for regulating astrocyte dysfunction. Finally, these findings suggest both canonical and non-canonical UPR mechanisms of astrocyte IRE1α. Thus, additional studies are needed to determine how to best balance astrocyte IRE1α functions to both promote astrocyte neuroprotective properties while preventing neurotoxic properties during CNS pathologies.
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Pandey HS, Kapoor R, Bindu, Seth P. Coronin 1A facilitates calcium mobilization and promotes astrocyte reactivity in HIV‐1 neuropathogenesis. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:254-272. [PMID: 35415462 PMCID: PMC8984076 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity, a phenomenon observed in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, can have both beneficial and detrimental manifestations which significantly affect neuronal physiology. In neuroAIDS, reactive astrocytes have been observed to severely affect the neuronal population present in their vicinity. Calcium signaling plays a central role in mediating astrocyte reactivity. Coronin 1A, an actin‐binding protein, majorly reported in hematopoietic cells, regulates cell activity in a calcium‐dependent manner, but its role in astrocyte physiology and reactivity is largely unknown. Using a well‐characterized primary culture of human astroglia and neurons, we explored the roles of coronin 1A in astrocyte physiology and its involvement in facilitating astrocyte reactivity. In this study, we report coronin 1A expression in human primary astrocytes and autopsy brain sections, and that it plays activity‐dependent roles by facilitating calcium mobilization from the intracellular stores. HIV‐1 Tat, a potent neurotoxicant that turns astrocytes reactive, augments coronin 1A expression, apart from affecting GFAP and pro‐inflammatory molecules. Also, the autopsy brain tissue of HIV‐1 infected individuals has a higher expression of coronin 1A. Downregulation of coronin 1A attenuated the HIV‐1 Tat‐induced deleterious effects of reactive astrocytes, measured as the upregulated expression of GFAP, pro‐inflammatory molecules, and enhanced release of IL‐6, and hence reduced astrocyte‐mediated neurodegeneration. Our findings also suggest that out of a pool of dysregulated miRNAs studied by us, hsa‐miR‐92b‐5p regulates coronin 1A expression under the effect of HIV‐1 Tat. These findings highlight the novel roles of coronin 1A in regulating astrocyte activity in stimulated conditions and astrocyte reactivity observed in HIV‐1 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hriday Shanker Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon Haryana India
| | - Rishabh Kapoor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon Haryana India
| | - Bindu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon Haryana India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section National Brain Research Centre Gurgaon Haryana India
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Proulx J, Park IW, Borgmann K. Cal'MAM'ity at the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Interface: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurodegeneration and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:715945. [PMID: 34744606 PMCID: PMC8566765 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.715945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle and serves as the primary site for intracellular calcium storage, lipid biogenesis, protein synthesis, and quality control. Mitochondria are responsible for producing the majority of cellular energy required for cell survival and function and are integral for many metabolic and signaling processes. Mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) are direct contact sites between the ER and mitochondria that serve as platforms to coordinate fundamental cellular processes such as mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics, calcium and lipid homeostasis, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, and intracellular stress responses. Given the importance of MAM-mediated mechanisms in regulating cellular fate and function, MAMs are now known as key molecular and cellular hubs underlying disease pathology. Notably, neurons are uniquely susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction and intracellular stress, which highlights the importance of MAMs as potential targets to manipulate MAM-associated mechanisms. However, whether altered MAM communication and connectivity are causative agents or compensatory mechanisms in disease development and progression remains elusive. Regardless, exploration is warranted to determine if MAMs are therapeutically targetable to combat neurodegeneration. Here, we review key MAM interactions and proteins both in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We further discuss implications of MAMs in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), as MAMs have not yet been explored in this neuropathology. These perspectives specifically focus on mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium dysregulation and ER stress as notable MAM-mediated mechanisms underlying HAND pathology. Finally, we discuss potential targets to manipulate MAM function as a therapeutic intervention against neurodegeneration. Future investigations are warranted to better understand the interplay and therapeutic application of MAMs in glial dysfunction and neurotoxicity.
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Singal CMS, Jaiswal P, Mehta A, Saleem K, Seth P. Role of EphrinA3 in HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211044359. [PMID: 34618621 PMCID: PMC8504696 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211044359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells perform important supporting functions for neurons through a dynamic crosstalk. Neuron–glia communication is the major phenomenon to sustain homeostatic functioning of the brain. Several interactive pathways between neurons and astrocytes are critical for the optimal functioning of neurons, and one such pathway is the ephrinA3–ephA4 signaling. The role of this pathway is essential in maintaining the levels of extracellular glutamate by regulating the excitatory amino acid transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2 on astrocytes. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and its proteins cause glutamate excitotoxicity due to excess glutamate levels at sites of high synaptic activity. This study unravels the effects of HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) from clade B on ephrinA3 and its role in regulating glutamate levels in astrocyte–neuron co-cultures of human origin. It was observed that the expression of ephrinA3 increases in the presence of HIV-1 Tat B, while the expression of EAAT1 and EAAT2 was attenuated. This led to reduced glutamate uptake and therefore high neuronal death due to glutamate excitotoxicity. Knockdown of ephrinA3 using small interfering RNA, in the presence of HIV-1 Tat B reversed the neurotoxic effects of HIV-1 Tat B via increased expression of glutamate transporters that reduced the levels of extracellular glutamate. The in vitro findings were validated in autopsy brain sections from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients and we found ephrinA3 to be upregulated in the case of HIV-1-infected patients. This study offers valuable insights into astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paritosh Jaiswal
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 29050National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
| | - Anuradha Mehta
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 29050National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
| | - Kanza Saleem
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 29050National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 29050National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, India
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Mitochondrial calcium signaling in the brain and its modulation by neurotropic viruses. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:8-16. [PMID: 33838333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays fundamental and diverse roles in brain cells as a second messenger of many signaling pathways. Given the high energy demand in the brain and the generally non-regenerative state of neurons, the role of brain mitochondrial calcium [Ca2+]m in particular, in regulating ATP generation and determination of cell fate by initiation or inhibition of programmed cell death (PCD) becomes critical. Since [Ca2+]m signaling has a central role in brain physiology, it represents an ideal target for viruses to hijack the Ca2+ machinery to favor their own persistence, replication and/or dissemination by modulating cell death. This review discusses the ways by which neurotropic viruses are known to exploit the [Ca2+]m signaling of their host cells to regulate cell death in the brain, particularly in neurons. We hope our review will highlight the importance of [Ca2+]m handling in the virus-infected brain and stimulate further studies towards exploring novel [Ca2+]m related therapeutic strategies for viral effects on the brain.
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Saliu IO, Bhagat R, Ojo OB, Akinmoladun AC, Olaleye MT, Seth P, Rema V. Reduction of anoxia-induced bioenergetic disturbance in astrocytes by methanol fruit extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera and in silico evaluation of the effect of its antioxidative constituents on excitotoxicity. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:264-276. [PMID: 33552925 PMCID: PMC7848610 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity are some of the pathophysiological abnormalities in hypoxia-induced brain injury. This study evaluated the intrinsic antioxidant property of methanol fruit extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (TT), traditionally used for managing brain diseases such as cerebral infarction in West Africa, and its ability to protect primary astrocytes from anoxia-induced cell death. The effect of the phytochemicals present in TT on excitotoxicity was assessed in silico, through docking with human glutamate synthetase (hGS). Chromatographic and spectrophotometric analyses of TT were performed. Primary astrocytes derived from neural stem cells were treated with TT and its effect on astrocyte viability was assessed. TT-treated astrocytes were then subjected to anoxic insult and, cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated. Molecular docking of hGS with detected phytochemicals in TT (aridanin, naringenin, ferulic acid, and scopoletin) was performed and the number of interactions with the lead compounds, aridanin, analyzed. HPLC-DAD analysis of TT revealed the presence of various bioactive phytochemicals. TT demonstrated notable antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. TT also protected astrocytes from anoxic insult by restoring cell viability and preventing alteration to mitochondrial membrane integrity. Aridanin, naringenin, ferulic acid, and scopoletin demonstrated good binding affinities with hGS indicating that Tetrapleura tetraptera is a potential source of new plant-based bioactives relevant in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Olabayode Saliu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340001, Nigeria.,Department of System and Cognitive Neuroscience, National Brain Research Center (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Reshma Bhagat
- Neurovirology Section, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Olubukola Benedicta Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340001, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi C Akinmoladun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340001, Nigeria
| | - M Tolulope Olaleye
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, 340001, Nigeria
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Neurovirology Section, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Velayudhan Rema
- Department of System and Cognitive Neuroscience, National Brain Research Center (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
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Bhattacharya A, Jha V, Singhal K, Fatima M, Singh D, Chaturvedi G, Dholakia D, Kutum R, Pandey R, Bakken TE, Seth P, Pillai B, Mukerji M. Multiple Alu Exonization in 3'UTR of a Primate-Specific Isoform of CYP20A1 Creates a Potential miRNA Sponge. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 13:5958120. [PMID: 33434274 PMCID: PMC7802813 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alu repeats contribute to phylogenetic novelties in conserved regulatory networks in primates. Our study highlights how exonized Alus could nucleate large-scale mRNA-miRNA interactions. Using a functional genomics approach, we characterize a transcript isoform of an orphan gene, CYP20A1 (CYP20A1_Alu-LT) that has exonization of 23 Alus in its 3'UTR. CYP20A1_Alu-LT, confirmed by 3'RACE, is an outlier in length (9 kb 3'UTR) and widely expressed. Using publically available data sets, we demonstrate its expression in higher primates and presence in single nucleus RNA-seq of 15,928 human cortical neurons. miRanda predicts ∼4,700 miRNA recognition elements (MREs) for ∼1,000 miRNAs, primarily originated within these 3'UTR-Alus. CYP20A1_Alu-LT could be a potential multi-miRNA sponge as it harbors ≥10 MREs for 140 miRNAs and has cytosolic localization. We further tested whether expression of CYP20A1_Alu-LT correlates with mRNAs harboring similar MRE targets. RNA-seq with conjoint miRNA-seq analysis was done in primary human neurons where we observed CYP20A1_Alu-LT to be downregulated during heat shock response and upregulated in HIV1-Tat treatment. In total, 380 genes were positively correlated with its expression (significantly downregulated in heat shock and upregulated in Tat) and they harbored MREs for nine expressed miRNAs which were also enriched in CYP20A1_Alu-LT. MREs were significantly enriched in these 380 genes compared with random sets of differentially expressed genes (P = 8.134e-12). Gene ontology suggested involvement of these genes in neuronal development and hemostasis pathways thus proposing a novel component of Alu-miRNA-mediated transcriptional modulation that could govern specific physiological outcomes in higher primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Bhattacharya
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vineet Jha
- Persistent LABS, Persistent Systems Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Khushboo Singhal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mahar Fatima
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Dayanidhi Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Gaura Chaturvedi
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Dhwani Dholakia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rintu Kutum
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | | | - Pankaj Seth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Beena Pillai
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Priyanka, Wadhwa R, Chaudhuri R, Nag TC, Seth P. Novel role of mortalin in attenuating HIV-1 Tat-mediated astrogliosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:276. [PMID: 32951595 PMCID: PMC7504834 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, activation of astrocytes induces imbalance in physiological functions due to perturbed astrocytic functions that unleashes toxicity on neurons. This leads to inflammatory response finally culminating into neurocognitive dysfunction. In neuroAIDS, HIV-1 protein, transactivator of transcription (Tat) is detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients. Mortalin, a multifunctional protein, has anti-inflammatory role following its activation in various stress conditions. Recent studies demonstrate downregulation of mortalin in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored the mechanisms of mortalin in modulating HIV-1 Tat-mediated neuroinflammation. METHODS Expression of mortalin in autopsy section in normal and diseased individuals were examined using immunohistochemistry. To decipher the role of mortalin in HIV-1 Tat-induced activation, human fetal brain-derived astrocytes were transiently transfected with Tat and mortalin using expression vectors. HIV-1 Tat-mediated damage was analyzed using RT-PCR and western blotting. Modulatory role of mortalin was examined by coexpressing it with Tat, followed by examination of mitochondrial morphodynamics using biochemical assay and confocal and electron microscopy. Extracellular ATP release was monitored using luciferase assay. Neuroinflammation in astrocytes was examined using flow cytometry, dye based study, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and western blotting. Indirect neuronal damage was also analyzed. RESULTS HIV-1 Tat downregulates the expression of mortalin in astrocytes, and this is corroborated with autopsy sections of HIV-1 patients. We found that overexpression of mortalin with Tat reduced inflammation and also rescued astrocytic-mediated neuronal death. Using bioinformatics, we discovered that binding of mortalin with Tat leads to Tat degradation and rescues the cell from neuroinflammation. Blocking of proteosomal pathway rescued the Tat degradation and revealed the ubiquitination of Tat. CONCLUSION Overall, our data demonstrated the protective role of mortalin in combating HIV-1 Tat-mediated damage. We also showed that mortalin could degrade Tat through direct binding with HIV-1 Tat. Overexpression of mortalin in the presence of Tat could significantly reduce cytotoxic effects of Tat in astrocytes. Indirect neuronal death was also found to be rescued. Our in vitro findings were validated as we found attenuated expression of mortalin in the autopsy sections of HIV-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Rituparna Chaudhuri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | | | - Pankaj Seth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India.
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Prajapati B, Fatima M, Fatma M, Maddhesiya P, Arora H, Naskar T, Devasenapathy S, Seth P, Sinha S. Temporal transcriptome analysis of neuronal commitment reveals the preeminent role of the divergent lncRNA biotype and a critical candidate gene during differentiation. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:28. [PMID: 32351715 PMCID: PMC7181654 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
lncRNA genes can be genic or "intergenic". "Genic" RNAs can be further divided into six biotypes. Through genome-wide analysis of a publicly available data set on corticogenesis, we found that the divergent lncRNA (XH) biotype, comprising the lncRNA and the coding gene being in opposite directions in a head-to-head manner, was most prominent during neural commitment. Within this biotype, a coding gene/divergent RNA pair of the BASP1 gene and the uncharacterized RNA loc285696 (hitherto referred as BASP1-AS1) formed a major HUB gene during neuronal differentiation. Experimental validation during the in vitro differentiation of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) showed that BASP1-AS1 regulates the expression of its adjacent coding gene, BASP1. Both transcripts increased sharply on the first day of neuronal differentiation of hNPCs, to fall steadily thereafter, reaching very low levels in differentiated neurons. BASP1-AS1 RNA and the BASP1 gene formed a molecular complex that also included the transcription factor TCF12. TCF12 is coded by the DYX1 locus, associated with inherited dyslexia and neurodevelopmental defects. Knockdown of BASP1-AS1, BASP1, or TCF12 impaired the neuronal differentiation of hNPCs, as seen by reduction in DCX and TUJ1-positive cells and by reduced neurite length. There was also increased cell proliferation. A common set of critical genes was affected by the three molecules in the complex. Our study thus identified the role of the XH biotype and a novel mediator of neuronal differentiation-the complex of BASP1-AS1, BASP1, and TCF12. It also linked a neuronal differentiation pathway to inherited dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahar Fatima
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana India
| | - Mena Fatma
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana India
| | | | - Himali Arora
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana India
| | - Teesta Naskar
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana India
| | | | - Pankaj Seth
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana India
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029 India
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12
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Singh D, Agrawal A, Singal CMS, Pandey HS, Seth P, Sharma SK. Sinomenine inhibits amyloid beta-induced astrocyte activation and protects neurons against indirect toxicity. Mol Brain 2020; 13:30. [PMID: 32127013 PMCID: PMC7055015 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta is a major constituent of the plaques found in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A growing body of research work suggests that neuroinflammation plays important roles in the development of AD. Thus, considerable efforts are directed towards identification of compounds that can reduce or inhibit neuroinflammation. Here, we show that sinomenine, a compound present in a Chinese medicinal plant, Sinomenium acutum, inhibits oligomeric amyloid beta-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and inflammation-related molecules from astrocytic cells. The conditioned medium from oligomeric amyloid beta-treated astrocytic cells induces cell death in the hippocampal neuronal cells. Importantly, sinomenine inhibits this cell death. In addition, this compound has inhibitory effects on the production of ROS, NO and inflammation-related factors from oligomeric amyloid-beta treated human astrocytes. Finally, the conditioned medium from oligomeric amyloid beta-treated human astrocytes induces cell death in the primary culture of human neurons, which is inhibited by sinomenine. Thus, sinomenine inhibits amyloid beta-induced production of toxic factors from astrocytes, and confers protection to hippocampal neuronal cells as well as human neurons against indirect toxicity. The results suggest that this compound could provide beneficial effects in AD and other neurodegenerative conditions by reducing inflammation and neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Singh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122052, Haryana, India
| | - Apurva Agrawal
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122052, Haryana, India
| | | | | | - Pankaj Seth
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122052, Haryana, India
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13
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Faia C, Plaisance-Bonstaff K, Peruzzi F. In vitro models of HIV-1 infection of the Central Nervous System. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. DISEASE MODELS 2020; 32:5-11. [PMID: 33692833 PMCID: PMC7938360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV-1 infection affect more than half of persons living with HIV (PLWH) under retroviral therapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and the complex cellular network communication underlying neurological dysfunction is critical for the development of an effective therapy. As with other neurological disorders, challenges to studying HIV infection of the brain include limited access to clinical samples and proper reproducibility of the complexity of brain networks in cellular and animal models. This review focuses on cellular models used to investigate various aspects of neurological dysfunction associated with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Faia
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and S Stanley Scott Cancer Center
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology
| | | | - Francesca Peruzzi
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and S Stanley Scott Cancer Center
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology
- Department of Medicine
- Corresponding author: Francesca Peruzzi, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, Tel: (504) 210-2978,
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14
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Rafi SK, Fernández-Jaén A, Álvarez S, Nadeau OW, Butler MG. High Functioning Autism with Missense Mutations in Synaptotagmin-Like Protein 4 (SYTL4) and Transmembrane Protein 187 (TMEM187) Genes: SYTL4- Protein Modeling, Protein-Protein Interaction, Expression Profiling and MicroRNA Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3358. [PMID: 31323913 PMCID: PMC6651166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a 7-year-old male with high functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and maternally-inherited rare missense variant of Synaptotagmin-like protein 4 (SYTL4) gene (Xq22.1; c.835C>T; p.Arg279Cys) and an unknown missense variant of Transmembrane protein 187 (TMEM187) gene (Xq28; c.708G>T; p. Gln236His). Multiple in-silico predictions described in our study indicate a potentially damaging status for both X-linked genes. Analysis of predicted atomic threading models of the mutant and the native SYTL4 proteins suggest a potential structural change induced by the R279C variant which eliminates the stabilizing Arg279-Asp60 salt bridge in the N-terminal half of the SYTL4, affecting the functionality of the protein's critical RAB-Binding Domain. In the European (Non-Finnish) population, the allele frequency for this variant is 0.00042. The SYTL4 gene is known to directly interact with several members of the RAB family of genes, such as, RAB27A, RAB27B, RAB8A, and RAB3A which are known autism spectrum disorder genes. The SYTL4 gene also directly interacts with three known autism genes: STX1A, SNAP25 and STXBP1. Through a literature-based analytical approach, we identified three of five (60%) autism-associated serum microRNAs (miRs) with high predictive power among the total of 298 mouse Sytl4 associated/predicted microRNA interactions. Five of 13 (38%) miRs were differentially expressed in serum from ASD individuals which were predicted to interact with the mouse equivalent Sytl4 gene. TMEM187 gene, like SYTL4, is a protein-coding gene that belongs to a group of genes which host microRNA genes in their introns or exons. The novel Q236H amino acid variant in the TMEM187 in our patient is near the terminal end region of the protein which is represented by multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models, preventing comparative structural analysis of the variant harboring region. Like SYTL4, the TMEM187 gene is expressed in the brain and interacts with four known ASD genes, namely, HCFC1; TMLHE; MECP2; and GPHN. TMM187 is in linkage with MECP2, which is a well-known determinant of brain structure and size and is a well-known autism gene. Other members of the TMEM gene family, TMEM132E and TMEM132D genes are associated with bipolar and panic disorders, respectively, while TMEM231 is a known syndromic autism gene. Together, TMEM187 and SYTL4 genes directly interact with recognized important ASD genes, and their mRNAs are found in extracellular vesicles in the nervous system and stimulate target cells to translate into active protein. Our evidence shows that both these genes should be considered as candidate genes for autism. Additional biological testing is warranted to further determine the pathogenicity of these gene variants in the causation of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed K Rafi
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | | | - Sara Álvarez
- Genomics and Medicine, NIM Genetics, 28108 Madrid, Spain
| | - Owen W Nadeau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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15
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Pandey HS, Seth P. Friends Turn Foe-Astrocytes Contribute to Neuronal Damage in NeuroAIDS. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:286-297. [PMID: 31236774 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a wide variety of roles in the central nervous system (CNS). Various facets of astrocyte-neuron interplay, investigated for the past few decades, have placed these most abundant and important glial cell types to be of supreme importance for the maintenance of the healthy CNS. Interestingly, glial dysfunctions have proven to be the major contributor to neuronal loss in several CNS disorders and pathologies. Specifically, in the field of neuroAIDS, glial dysfunction-mediated neuronal stress is a major factor contributing to the HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. As there is increasing evidence that astrocytes harbor HIV-1 and serve as "safe haven" for the dormant virus in the brain, the indirect pathway of neuronal damage has taken over the direct neuronal damage in its contribution to HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. In this review, we provide a brief insight into the astrocyte functions and dysfunctions in different CNS conditions with an elaborated insight into neuroAIDS. Detailed understanding of the role of astrocytes in neuroAIDS will help in the better therapeutic management of the neurological problems associated with HIV-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hriday Shanker Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Nainwal Road, NH-8, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Nainwal Road, NH-8, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India.
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16
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Li CW, Chen BS. Investigating HIV-Human Interaction Networks to Unravel Pathogenic Mechanism for Drug Discovery: A Systems Biology Approach. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:77-95. [PMID: 29468972 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180219155324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two big issues in the study of pathogens are determining how pathogens infect hosts and how the host defends itself against infection. Therefore, investigating host-pathogen interactions is important for understanding pathogenicity and host defensive mechanisms and treating infections. METHODS In this study, we used omics data, including time-course data from high-throughput sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and human microRNA (miRNA) and protein-protein interaction to construct an interspecies protein-protein and miRNA interaction (PPMI) network of human CD4+ T cells during HIV-1 infection through system modeling and identification. RESULTS By applying a functional annotation tool to the identified PPMI network at each stage of HIV infection, we found that repressions of three miRNAs, miR-140-5p, miR-320a, and miR-941, are involved in the development of autoimmune disorders, tumor proliferation, and the pathogenesis of T cells at the reverse transcription stage. Repressions of miR-331-3p and miR-320a are involved in HIV-1 replication, replicative spread, anti-apoptosis, cell proliferation, and dysregulation of cell cycle control at the integration/replication stage. Repression of miR-341-5p is involved in carcinogenesis at the late stage of HIV-1 infection. CONCLUSION By investigating the common core proteins and changes in specific proteins in the PPMI network between the stages of HIV-1 infection, we obtained pathogenic insights into the functional core modules and identified potential drug combinations for treating patients with HIV-1 infection, including thalidomide, oxaprozin, and metformin, at the reverse transcription stage; quercetin, nifedipine, and fenbendazole, at the integration/replication stage; and staurosporine, quercetin, prednisolone, and flufenamic acid, at the late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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17
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McNamara MC, Sharifi F, Okuzono J, Montazami R, Hashemi NN. Microfluidic Manufacturing of Alginate Fibers with Encapsulated Astrocyte Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1603-1613. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Prajapati B, Fatma M, Maddhesiya P, Sodhi MK, Fatima M, Dargar T, Bhagat R, Seth P, Sinha S. Identification and epigenetic analysis of divergent long non-coding RNAs in multilineage differentiation of human Neural Progenitor Cells. RNA Biol 2018; 16:13-24. [PMID: 30574830 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1553482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs have emerged as an important regulatory layer in biological systems. Of the various types of lncRNAs, one class (designated as divergent RNAs/XH), which is in head-to-head overlap with the coding genes, has emerged as a critical biotype that regulates development and cellular differentiation. This work aimed to analyze previously published data on differential expression, epigenetic and network analysis in order to demonstrate the association of divergent lncRNAs, a specific biotype with the differentiation of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). We have analyzed various available RNAseq databases that address the neuronal and astrocytic differentiation of hNPCs and identified differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) during cell-fate determination. Key DELs identified from the databases were experimentally verified by us in our in-vitro hNPC differentiation system. We also analyzed the change in promoter activity using ChIP-seq datasets of the histone markers H3K4me3 (activation) and H3K27me3 (inactivation) of these DELs. Additionally, we explored the change in the euchromatinization state of DELs (by analyzing DNase-seq data) during lineage-specific differentiation of hNPCs and performed their network analysis. We were able to identify differences between neuronal and astrocytic differentiation of hNPCs at the level of divergent DELs epigenetic markers, DNAase hypersensitive sites and gene expression network. Divergent lncRNAs are more involved in neuronal rather than astrocytic differentiation, while the sense downstream lncRNA biotype appears to be more involved in astrocytic differentiation. By studying the lncRNA involvement of distinct biotypes, we have been able to indicate the preferential role of a particular biotype during lineage-specific differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Prajapati
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
| | - Mena Fatma
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
| | - Priya Maddhesiya
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
| | - Manjot Kour Sodhi
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
| | - Mahar Fatima
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
| | - Tanushri Dargar
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
| | - Reshma Bhagat
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- a Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience , National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon , Haryana , India.,b Department of Biochemistry , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
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19
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Hammond JW, Qiu WQ, Marker DF, Chamberlain JM, Greaves-Tunnell W, Bellizzi MJ, Lu SM, Gelbard HA. HIV Tat causes synapse loss in a mouse model of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder that is independent of the classical complement cascade component C1q. Glia 2018; 66:2563-2574. [PMID: 30325063 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation, increased proinflammatory cytokine production, and a reduction in synaptic density are key pathological features associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Even with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), more than 50% of HIV-positive individuals experience some type of cognitive impairment. Although viral replication is inhibited by cART, HIV proteins such as Tat are still produced within the nervous system that are neurotoxic, involved in synapse elimination, and provoke enduring neuroinflammation. As complement deposition on synapses followed by microglial engulfment has been shown during normal development and disease to be a mechanism for pruning synapses, we have tested whether complement is required for the loss of synapses that occurs after a cortical Tat injection mouse model of HAND. In Tat-injected animals evaluated 7 or 28 days after injection, levels of early complement pathway components, C1q and C3, are significantly elevated and associated with microgliosis and a loss of synapses. However, C1qa knockout mice have the same level of Tat-induced synapse loss as wild-type (WT) mice, showing that the C1q-initiated classical complement cascade is not driving synapse removal during HIV1 Tat-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennetta W Hammond
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Wen Q Qiu
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Daniel F Marker
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jeffrey M Chamberlain
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Will Greaves-Tunnell
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Matthew J Bellizzi
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Shao-Ming Lu
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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20
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Ischemic postconditioning confers cerebroprotection by stabilizing VDACs after brain ischemia. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1033. [PMID: 30305621 PMCID: PMC6180002 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning provides robust neuroprotection, therefore, determining the molecular events may provide promising targets for stroke treatment. Here, we showed that the expression of functional mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel proteins (VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3) reduced in rat vulnerable hippocampal CA1 subfield after global ischemia. Ischemic postconditioning restored VDACs to physiological levels. Stabilized VDACs contributed to the benefits of postconditioning. VDAC1 was required for maintaining neuronal Ca2+ buffering capacity. We found that microRNA-7 (miR-7) was responsible for postischemic decline of VDAC1 and VDAC3. Notably, miR-7 was more highly expressed in the peripheral blood of patients with acute ischemic stroke compared to healthy controls. Inhibition of miR-7 attenuated neuronal loss and ATP decline after global ischemia, but also diminished the infarct volume with improved neurological functions after focal ischemia. Thus, ischemic postconditioning protects against mitochondrial damage by stabilizing VDACs. MiR-7 may be a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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21
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Miller D, Shaerzadeh F, Phan L, Sharif N, Gamble-George J, McLaughlin J, Streit WJ, Khoshbouei H. HIV-1 Tat regulation of dopamine transmission and microglial reactivity is brain region specific. Glia 2018; 66:1915-1928. [PMID: 29733459 PMCID: PMC6185750 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transactivator of transcription protein, HIV-1 Tat, is linked to neuroAIDS, where degeneration of dopamine neurons occurs. Using a mouse model expressing GFAP-driven Tat protein under doxycycline (Dox) regulation, we investigated microglial-neuronal interactions in the rostral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Immunohistochemistry for microglia and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) showed that the ratio of microglia to dopamine neurons is smaller in the SNc than in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and that this difference is maintained following 7-day Dox exposure in wild type animals. Administration of Dox to wild types had no effect on microglial densities. In addressing the sensitivity of neurons to potentially adverse effects of HIV-1 Tat, we found that HIV-1 Tat exposure in vivo selectively decreased TH immunoreactivity in the SNc but not in the VTA, while levels of TH mRNA in the SNc remained unchanged. HIV-1 Tat induction in vivo did not alter the total number of neurons in these brain regions. Application of Tat (5 ng) into dopamine neurons with whole-cell patch pipette decreased spontaneous firing activity. Tat induction also produced a decline in microglial cell numbers, but no microglial activation. Thus, disappearance of dopaminergic phenotype is due to a loss of TH immunoreactivity rather than to neuronal death, which would have triggered microglial activation. We conclude that adverse effects of HIV-1 Tat produce a hypodopamine state by decreasing TH immunoreactivity and firing activity of dopamine neurons. Reduced microglial numbers after Tat exposure in vivo suggest impaired microglial functions and altered bidirectional interactions between dopamine neurons and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Fatemeh Shaerzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Leah Phan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Nesrin Sharif
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Joyonna Gamble-George
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jay McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Wolfgang J. Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
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22
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Nahon-Crystal E, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Gupta R. VDAC1, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:87-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Kong JN, Zhu Z, Itokazu Y, Wang G, Dinkins MB, Zhong L, Lin HP, Elsherbini A, Leanhart S, Jiang X, Qin H, Zhi W, Spassieva SD, Bieberich E. Novel function of ceramide for regulation of mitochondrial ATP release in astrocytes. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:488-506. [PMID: 29321137 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that amyloid β peptide (Aβ42) activated neutral SMase 2 (nSMase2), thereby increasing the concentration of the sphingolipid ceramide in astrocytes. Here, we show that Aβ42 induced mitochondrial fragmentation in wild-type astrocytes, but not in nSMase2-deficient cells or astrocytes treated with fumonisin B1 (FB1), an inhibitor of ceramide synthases. Unexpectedly, ceramide depletion was concurrent with rapid movements of mitochondria, indicating an unknown function of ceramide for mitochondria. Using immunocytochemistry and super-resolution microscopy, we detected ceramide-enriched and mitochondria-associated membranes (CEMAMs) that were codistributed with microtubules. Interaction of ceramide with tubulin was confirmed by cross-linking to N-[9-(3-pent-4-ynyl-3-H-diazirine-3-yl)-nonanoyl]-D-erythro-sphingosine (pacFACer), a bifunctional ceramide analog, and binding of tubulin to ceramide-linked agarose beads. Ceramide-associated tubulin (CAT) translocated from the perinuclear region to peripheral CEMAMs and mitochondria, which was prevented in nSMase2-deficient or FB1-treated astrocytes. Proximity ligation and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that ceramide depletion reduced association of tubulin with voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), an interaction known to block mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Ceramide-depleted astrocytes contained higher levels of ATP, suggesting that ceramide-induced CAT formation leads to VDAC1 closure, thereby reducing mitochondrial ATP release, and potentially motility and resistance to Aβ42 Our data also indicate that inhibiting ceramide generation may protect mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Na Kong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael B Dinkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Liansheng Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Silvia Leanhart
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Rehabilitation Center, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center of Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA .,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, Maldonado EN, Krelin Y. VDAC1 at the crossroads of cell metabolism, apoptosis and cell stress. Cell Stress 2017; 1:11-36. [PMID: 30542671 PMCID: PMC6287957 DOI: 10.15698/cst2017.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents current knowledge related to VDAC1 as a multi-functional mitochondrial protein acting on both sides of the coin, regulating cell life and death, and highlighting these functions in relation to disease. It is now recognized that VDAC1 plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria. The location of VDAC1 at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) allows the control of metabolic cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell and also enables interaction of VDAC1 with proteins involved in metabolic and survival pathways. Along with regulating cellular energy production and metabolism, VDAC1 is also involved in the process of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by mediating the release of apoptotic proteins and interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins. VDAC1 functions in the release of apoptotic proteins located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space via oligomerization to form a large channel that allows passage of cytochrome c and AIF and their release to the cytosol, subsequently resulting in apoptotic cell death. VDAC1 also regulates apoptosis via interactions with apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as hexokinase, Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, some of which are also highly expressed in many cancers. This review also provides insight into VDAC1 function in Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, and presents VDAC1 as a hub protein interacting with over 100 proteins. Such interactions enable VDAC1 to mediate and regulate the integration of mitochondrial functions with cellular activities. VDAC1 can thus be considered as standing at the crossroads between mitochondrial metabolite transport and apoptosis and hence represents an emerging cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Eduardo N Maldonado
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. USA
| | - Yakov Krelin
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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Shoshan-Barmatz V, De S. Mitochondrial VDAC, the Na +/Ca 2+ Exchanger, and the Ca 2+ Uniporter in Ca 2+ Dynamics and Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 981:323-347. [PMID: 29594867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release play pivotal roles in cellular physiology by regulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling, energy metabolism, and cell death. Ca2+ transport across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (IMM, OMM, respectively), is mediated by several proteins, including the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) in the OMM, and the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and Na+-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux transporter, (the NCLX), both in the IMM. By transporting Ca2+ across the OMM to the mitochondrial inner-membrane space (IMS), VDAC1 allows Ca2+ access to the MCU, facilitating transport of Ca2+ to the matrix, and also from the IMS to the cytosol. Intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ controls energy production and metabolism by modulating critical enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fatty acid oxidation. Thus, by transporting Ca2+, VDAC1 plays a fundamental role in regulating mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative phosphorylation, and Ca2+ crosstalk among mitochondria, cytoplasm, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). VDAC1 has also been recognized as a key protein in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and apoptosis stimuli induce overexpression of the protein in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The overexpressed VDAC1 undergoes oligomerization leading to the formation of a channel, through which apoptogenic agents can be released. Here, we review the roles of VDAC1 in mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, in apoptosis, and in diseases associated with mitochondria dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Soumasree De
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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