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Scarisbrick IA. PARting Neuroinflammation with Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Pepducins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:8-11. [PMID: 38169447 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Regenerative Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota
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Yoon H, Triplet EM, Simon WL, Choi CI, Kleppe LS, De Vita E, Miller AK, Scarisbrick IA. Blocking Kallikrein 6 promotes developmental myelination. Glia 2022; 70:430-450. [PMID: 34626143 PMCID: PMC8732303 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein related peptidase 6 (Klk6) is a secreted serine protease highly expressed in oligodendrocytes and implicated in demyelinating conditions. To gain insights into the significance of Klk6 to oligodendrocyte biology, we investigated the impact of global Klk6 gene knockout on CNS developmental myelination using the spinal cord of male and female mice as a model. Results demonstrate that constitutive loss of Klk6 expression accelerates oligodendrocyte differentiation developmentally, including increases in the expression of myelin proteins such as MBP, PLP and CNPase, in the number of CC-1+ mature oligodendrocytes, and myelin thickness by the end of the first postnatal week. Co-ordinate elevations in the pro-myelinating signaling pathways ERK and AKT, expression of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase, and myelin regulatory transcription factor were also observed in the spinal cord of 7d Klk6 knockouts. LC/MS/MS quantification of spinal cord lipids showed sphingosine and sphingomyelins to be elevated in Klk6 knockouts at the peak of myelination. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)-derived from Klk6 knockouts, or wild type OPCs-treated with a Klk6 inhibitor (DFKZ-251), also showed increased MBP and PLP. Moreover, inhibition of Klk6 in OPC cultures enhanced brain derived neurotrophic factor-driven differentiation. Altogether, these findings suggest that oligodendrocyte-derived Klk6 may operate as an autocrine or paracrine rheostat, or brake, on pro-myelinating signaling serving to regulate myelin homeostasis developmentally and in the adult. These findings document for the first time that inhibition of Klk6 globally, or specifically in oligodendrocyte progenitors, is a strategy to increase early stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin production in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Erin M. Triplet
- Regenerative Sciences Program, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Laurel S. Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
| | - Elena De Vita
- University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
- Regenerative Sciences Program, Mayo Clinic School of Biomedical Sciences Rochester 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Minnesota USA 55905
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Zhao JF, Ren T, Li XY, Guo TL, Liu CH, Wang X. Research Progress on the Role of Microglia Membrane Proteins or Receptors in Neuroinflammation and Degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:831977. [PMID: 35281298 PMCID: PMC8913711 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.831977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are intrinsic immune cells of the central nervous system and play a dual role (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) in the homeostasis of the nervous system. Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia serves as an important stage of ischemic hypoxic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage disease, neurodegeneration and neurotumor of the nervous system and is present through the whole course of these diseases. Microglial membrane protein or receptor is the basis of mediating microglia to play the inflammatory role and they have been found to be upregulated by recognizing associated ligands or sensing changes in the nervous system microenvironment. They can then allosterically activate the downstream signal transduction and produce a series of complex cascade reactions that can activate microglia, promote microglia chemotactic migration and stimulate the release of proinflammatory factor such as TNF-α, IL-β to effectively damage the nervous system and cause apoptosis of neurons. In this paper, several representative membrane proteins or receptors present on the surface of microglia are systematically reviewed and information about their structures, functions and specific roles in one or more neurological diseases. And on this basis, some prospects for the treatment of novel coronavirus neurological complications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tong Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Lin Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chun-Hui Liu,
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Dalian No. 3 People’s Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Xun Wang,
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4
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Critical Role of Astrocyte NAD + Glycohydrolase in Myelin Injury and Regeneration. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8644-8667. [PMID: 34493542 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2264-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Western-style diets cause disruptions in myelinating cells and astrocytes within the mouse CNS. Increased CD38 expression is present in the cuprizone and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models of demyelination and CD38 is the main nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-depleting enzyme in the CNS. Altered NAD+ metabolism is linked to both high fat consumption and multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we identify increased CD38 expression in the male mouse spinal cord following chronic high fat consumption, after focal toxin [lysolecithin (LL)]-mediated demyelinating injury, and in reactive astrocytes within active MS lesions. We demonstrate that CD38 catalytically inactive mice are substantially protected from high fat-induced NAD+ depletion, oligodendrocyte loss, oxidative damage, and astrogliosis. A CD38 inhibitor, 78c, increased NAD+ and attenuated neuroinflammatory changes induced by saturated fat applied to astrocyte cultures. Conditioned media from saturated fat-exposed astrocytes applied to oligodendrocyte cultures impaired myelin protein production, suggesting astrocyte-driven indirect mechanisms of oligodendrogliopathy. In cerebellar organotypic slice cultures subject to LL-demyelination, saturated fat impaired signs of remyelination effects that were mitigated by concomitant 78c treatment. Significantly, oral 78c increased counts of oligodendrocytes and remyelinated axons after focal LL-induced spinal cord demyelination. Using a RiboTag approach, we identified a unique in vivo brain astrocyte translatome profile induced by 78c-mediated CD38 inhibition in mice, including decreased expression of proinflammatory astrocyte markers and increased growth factors. Our findings suggest that a high-fat diet impairs oligodendrocyte survival and differentiation through astrocyte-linked mechanisms mediated by the NAD+ase CD38 and highlights CD38 inhibitors as potential therapeutic candidates to improve myelin regeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Myelin disturbances and oligodendrocyte loss can leave axons vulnerable, leading to permanent neurologic deficits. The results of this study suggest that metabolic disturbances, triggered by consumption of a diet high in fat, promote oligodendrogliopathy and impair myelin regeneration through astrocyte-linked indirect nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent mechanisms. We demonstrate that restoring NAD+ levels via genetic inactivation of CD38 can overcome these effects. Moreover, we show that therapeutic inactivation of CD38 can enhance myelin regeneration. Together, these findings point to a new metabolic targeting strategy positioned to improve disease course in multiple sclerosis and other conditions in which the integrity of myelin is a key concern.
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Kim HN, Triplet EM, Radulovic M, Bouchal S, Kleppe LS, Simon WL, Yoon H, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor modulates astroglia-neuron trophic coupling and neural repair after spinal cord injury. Glia 2021; 69:2111-2132. [PMID: 33887067 PMCID: PMC8672305 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is implicated in diverse neuropathologies from neurodegenerative conditions to neurotrauma. PAR1 knockout mice show improved outcomes after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI), however information regarding the underpinning cellular and molecular mechanisms is lacking. Here we demonstrate that genetic blockade of PAR1 in female mice results in improvements in sensorimotor co-ordination after thoracic spinal cord lateral compression injury. We document improved neuron preservation with increases in Synapsin-1 presynaptic proteins and GAP43, a growth cone marker, after a 30 days recovery period. These improvements were coupled to signs of enhanced myelin resiliency and repair, including increases in the number of mature oligodendrocytes, their progenitors and the abundance of myelin basic protein. These significant increases in substrates for neural recovery were accompanied by reduced astrocyte (Serp1) and microglial/monocyte (CD68 and iNOS) pro-inflammatory markers, with coordinate increases in astrocyte (S100A10 and Emp1) and microglial (Arg1) markers reflective of pro-repair activities. Complementary astrocyte-neuron co-culture bioassays suggest astrocytes with PAR1 loss-of-function promote both neuron survival and neurite outgrowth. Additionally, the pro-neurite outgrowth effects of switching off astrocyte PAR1 were blocked by inhibiting TrkB, the high affinity receptor for brain derived neurotrophic factor. Altogether, these studies demonstrate unique modulatory roles for PAR1 in regulating glial-neuron interactions, including the capacity for neurotrophic factor signaling, and underscore its position at neurobiological intersections critical for the response of the CNS to injury and the capacity for regenerative repair and restoration of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Erin M. Triplet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Samantha Bouchal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Laurel S. Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Rochester MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester MN 55905
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester MN 55905
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6
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Aït Amiri S, Deboux C, Soualmia F, Chaaya N, Louet M, Duplus E, Betuing S, Nait Oumesmar B, Masurier N, El Amri C. Identification of First-in-Class Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 That Promote Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5667-5688. [PMID: 33949859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes severe motor, sensory, and cognitive impairments. Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK)6 is the most abundant serine protease secreted in the CNS, mainly by oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells of the CNS, and KLK6 is assumed to be a robust biomarker of MS, since it is highly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients. Here, we report the design and biological evaluation of KLK6's low-molecular-weight inhibitors, para-aminobenzyl derivatives. Interestingly, selected hit compounds were selective of the KLK6 proteolytic network encompassing KLK1 and plasmin that also participate in the development of MS physiopathology. Moreover, hits were found noncytotoxic on primary cultures of murine neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Among them, two compounds (32 and 42) were shown to promote the differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes in vitro constituting thus emerging leads for the development of regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Aït Amiri
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- Institut du Cerveau, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7725, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Nancy Chaaya
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Louet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Duplus
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8246-CNRS/INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Brahim Nait Oumesmar
- Institut du Cerveau, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7725, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
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Triplet EM, Kim HN, Yoon H, Radulovic M, Kleppe L, Simon WL, Choi CI, Walsh PJ, Dutton JR, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor links brain derived neurotrophic factor to neuron cholesterol production, resiliency and repair after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105294. [PMID: 33549720 PMCID: PMC8021459 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite concerted efforts to identify CNS regeneration strategies, an incomplete understanding of how the needed molecular machinery is regulated limits progress. Here we use models of lateral compression and FEJOTA clip contusion-compression spinal cord injury (SCI) to identify the thrombin receptor (Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1)) as an integral facet of this machine with roles in regulating neurite growth through a growth factor- and cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Functional recovery and signs of neural repair, including expression of cholesterol biosynthesis machinery and markers of axonal and synaptic integrity, were all increased after SCI in PAR1 knockout female mice, while PTEN was decreased. Notably, PAR1 differentially regulated HMGCS1, a gene encoding a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol production, across the neuronal and astroglial compartments of the intact versus injured spinal cord. Pharmacologic inhibition of cortical neuron PAR1 using vorapaxar in vitro also decreased PTEN and promoted neurite outgrowth in a cholesterol dependent manner, including that driven by suboptimal brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pharmacologic inhibition of PAR1 also augmented BDNF-driven HMGCS1 and cholesterol production by murine cortical neurons and by human SH-SY5Y and iPSC-derived neurons. The link between PAR1, cholesterol and BDNF was further highlighted by demonstrating that the deleterious effects of PAR1 over-activation are overcome by supplementing cultures with BDNF, cholesterol or by blocking an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, Gαi. These findings document PAR1-linked neurotrophic coupling mechanisms that regulate neuronal cholesterol metabolism as an important component of the machinery regulating CNS repair and point to new strategies to enhance neural resiliency after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Triplet
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, United States of America
| | - Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Maja Radulovic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Whitney L Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - James R Dutton
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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8
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Cortes D, Pera MF. The genetic basis of inter-individual variation in recovery from traumatic brain injury. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:5. [PMID: 33479258 PMCID: PMC7820607 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-00114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death among young people, and is increasingly prevalent in the aging population. Survivors of TBI face a spectrum of outcomes from short-term non-incapacitating injuries to long-lasting serious and deteriorating sequelae. TBI is a highly complex condition to treat; many variables can account for the observed heterogeneity in patient outcome. The limited success of neuroprotection strategies in the clinic has led to a new emphasis on neurorestorative approaches. In TBI, it is well recognized clinically that patients with similar lesions, age, and health status often display differences in recovery of function after injury. Despite this heterogeneity of outcomes in TBI, restorative treatment has remained generic. There is now a new emphasis on developing a personalized medicine approach in TBI, and this will require an improved understanding of how genetics impacts on long-term outcomes. Studies in animal model systems indicate clearly that the genetic background plays a role in determining the extent of recovery following an insult. A candidate gene approach in human studies has led to the identification of factors that can influence recovery. Here we review studies of the genetic basis for individual differences in functional recovery in the CNS in animals and man. The application of in vitro modeling with human cells and organoid cultures, along with whole-organism studies, will help to identify genes and networks that account for individual variation in recovery from brain injury, and will point the way towards the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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9
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Kim HN, Langley MR, Simon WL, Yoon H, Kleppe L, Lanza IR, LeBrasseur NK, Matveyenko A, Scarisbrick IA. A Western diet impairs CNS energy homeostasis and recovery after spinal cord injury: Link to astrocyte metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104934. [PMID: 32376475 PMCID: PMC7982964 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet high in fat and sucrose (HFHS), the so-called Western diet promotes metabolic syndrome, a significant co-morbidity for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we demonstrate that the spinal cord of mice consuming HFHS expresses reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor and shows impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle function, reductions in PLP and increases in astrogliosis, all prior to SCI. After SCI, Western diet impaired sensorimotor and bladder recovery, increased microgliosis, exacerbated oligodendrocyte loss and reduced axon sprouting. Direct and indirect neural injury mechanisms are suggested since HFHS culture conditions drove parallel injury responses directly and indirectly after culture with conditioned media from HFHS-treated astrocytes. In each case, injury mechanisms included reductions in IGF-1R, SIRT1 and PGC-1α and were prevented by metformin. Results highlight the potential for a Western diet to evoke signs of neural insulin resistance and injury and metformin as a strategy to improve mechanisms of neural neuroprotection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Monica R Langley
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Whitney L Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Neurosciuence Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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10
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Protein Degradome of Spinal Cord Injury: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2702-2726. [PMID: 32328876 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Degradomics is a proteomics sub-discipline whose goal is to identify and characterize protease-substrate repertoires. With the aim of deciphering and characterizing key signature breakdown products, degradomics emerged to define encryptic biomarker neoproteins specific to certain disease processes. Remarkable improvements in structural and analytical experimental methodologies as evident in research investigating cellular behavior in neuroscience and cancer have allowed the identification of specific degradomes, increasing our knowledge about proteases and their regulators and substrates along with their implications in health and disease. A physiologic balance between protein synthesis and degradation is sought with the activation of proteolytic enzymes such as calpains, caspases, cathepsins, and matrix metalloproteinases. Proteolysis is essential for development, growth, and regeneration; however, inappropriate and uncontrolled activation of the proteolytic system renders the diseased tissue susceptible to further neurotoxic processes. In this article, we aim to review the protease-substrate repertoires as well as emerging therapeutic interventions in spinal cord injury at the degradomic level. Several protease substrates and their breakdown products, essential for the neuronal structural integrity and functional capacity, have been characterized in neurotrauma including cytoskeletal proteins, neuronal extracellular matrix glycoproteins, cell junction proteins, and ion channels. Therefore, targeting exaggerated protease activity provides a potentially effective therapeutic approach in the management of protease-mediated neurotoxicity in reducing the extent of damage secondary to spinal cord injury.
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11
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Blocking the Thrombin Receptor Promotes Repair of Demyelinated Lesions in the Adult Brain. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1483-1500. [PMID: 31911460 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2029-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin loss limits neurological recovery and myelin regeneration and is critical for restoration of function. We recently discovered that global knock-out of the thrombin receptor, also known as Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1), accelerates myelin development. Here we demonstrate that knocking out PAR1 also promotes myelin regeneration. Outcomes in two unique models of myelin injury and repair, that is lysolecithin or cuprizone-mediated demyelination, showed that PAR1 knock-out in male mice improves replenishment of myelinating cells and remyelinated nerve fibers and slows early axon damage. Improvements in myelin regeneration in PAR1 knock-out mice occurred in tandem with a skewing of reactive astrocyte signatures toward a prorepair phenotype. In cell culture, the promyelinating effects of PAR1 loss of function are consistent with possible direct effects on the myelinating potential of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), in addition to OPC-indirect effects involving enhanced astrocyte expression of promyelinating factors, such as BDNF. These findings highlight previously unrecognized roles of PAR1 in myelin regeneration, including integrated actions across the oligodendrocyte and astroglial compartments that are at least partially mechanistically linked to the powerful BDNF-TrkB neurotrophic signaling system. Altogether, findings suggest PAR1 may be a therapeutically tractable target for demyelinating disorders of the CNS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Replacement of oligodendroglia and myelin regeneration holds tremendous potential to improve function across neurological conditions. Here we demonstrate Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) is an important regulator of the capacity for myelin regeneration across two experimental murine models of myelin injury. PAR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor densely expressed in the CNS, however there is limited information regarding its physiological roles in health and disease. Using a combination of PAR1 knock-out mice, oligodendrocyte monocultures and oligodendrocyte-astrocyte cocultures, we demonstrate blocking PAR1 improves myelin production by a mechanism related to effects across glial compartments and linked in part to regulatory actions toward growth factors such as BDNF. These findings set the stage for development of new clinically relevant myelin regeneration strategies.
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Fan B, Wei Z, Yao X, Shi G, Cheng X, Zhou X, Zhou H, Ning G, Kong X, Feng S. Microenvironment Imbalance of Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:853-866. [PMID: 29871522 PMCID: PMC6050904 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718755778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), for which there currently is no cure, is a heavy burden on
patient physiology and psychology. The microenvironment of the injured spinal cord is
complicated. According to our previous work and the advancements in SCI research,
‘microenvironment imbalance’ is the main cause of the poor regeneration and recovery of
SCI. Microenvironment imbalance is defined as an increase in inhibitory factors and
decrease in promoting factors for tissues, cells and molecules at different times and
spaces. There are imbalance of hemorrhage and ischemia, glial scar formation,
demyelination and re-myelination at the tissue’s level. The cellular level imbalance
involves an imbalance in the differentiation of endogenous stem cells and the
transformation phenotypes of microglia and macrophages. The molecular level includes an
imbalance of neurotrophic factors and their pro-peptides, cytokines, and chemokines. The
imbalanced microenvironment of the spinal cord impairs regeneration and functional
recovery. This review will aid in the understanding of the pathological processes involved
in and the development of comprehensive treatments for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyou Fan
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijian Wei
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Yao
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guidong Shi
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- 2 Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- 1 National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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