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Hogan A, Mut M. Neurosteroids in Glioma: A Novel Therapeutic Concept. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:975. [PMID: 39202716 PMCID: PMC11355226 DOI: 10.3390/life14080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma, a diverse group of brain and spinal cord tumors arising from glial cells, is characterized by varying degrees of malignancy, with some types exhibiting highly aggressive behavior, rapid proliferation, and invasive growth patterns, posing significant therapeutic challenges. This review delves into the complex interactions between glioma cells, neurotransmitters, and neurosteroids, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets. Key neurotransmitters, like glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), play crucial roles in glioma growth, invasion, and treatment response. This review examines the involvement of neurosteroids in glioma biology and explores innovative therapeutic strategies targeting these systems. It encompasses the biosynthesis and mechanisms of neurosteroids, interactions between gliomas and neurotransmitters, the spatial distribution of neurosteroid synthesis in gliomas, the role of ion channels, hormonal influences, enzyme modulation, and the neuroimmune system in glioma progression. Additionally, it highlights the potential of neurosteroids to modulate these pathways for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hogan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Melike Mut
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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2
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Hu A, Sun L, Lin H, Liao Y, Yang H, Mao Y. Harnessing innate immune pathways for therapeutic advancement in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:68. [PMID: 38523155 PMCID: PMC10961329 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune pathway is receiving increasing attention in cancer therapy. This pathway is ubiquitous across various cell types, not only in innate immune cells but also in adaptive immune cells, tumor cells, and stromal cells. Agonists targeting the innate immune pathway have shown profound changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and improved tumor prognosis in preclinical studies. However, to date, the clinical success of drugs targeting the innate immune pathway remains limited. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that activation of the innate immune pathway can paradoxically promote tumor progression. The uncertainty surrounding the therapeutic effectiveness of targeted drugs for the innate immune pathway is a critical issue that needs immediate investigation. In this review, we observe that the role of the innate immune pathway demonstrates heterogeneity, linked to the tumor development stage, pathway status, and specific cell types. We propose that within the TME, the innate immune pathway exhibits multidimensional diversity. This diversity is fundamentally rooted in cellular heterogeneity and is manifested as a variety of signaling networks. The pro-tumor effect of innate immune pathway activation essentially reflects the suppression of classical pathways and the activation of potential pro-tumor alternative pathways. Refining our understanding of the tumor's innate immune pathway network and employing appropriate targeting strategies can enhance our ability to harness the anti-tumor potential of the innate immune pathway and ultimately bridge the gap from preclinical to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuheng Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), and Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine (Ministry of Education), and Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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3
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Reghu G, Vemula PK, Bhat SG, Narayanan S. Harnessing the innate immune system by revolutionizing macrophage-mediated cancer immunotherapy. J Biosci 2024; 49:63. [PMID: 38864238 PMCID: PMC11286319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising and safer alternative to conventional cancer therapies. It involves adaptive T-cell therapy, cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based therapies. However, most of these modalities encounter restrictions in solid tumours owing to a dense, highly hypoxic and immune-suppressive microenvironment as well as the heterogeneity of tumour antigens. The elevated intra-tumoural pressure and mutational rates within fastgrowing solid tumours present challenges in efficient drug targeting and delivery. The tumour microenvironment is a dynamic niche infiltrated by a variety of immune cells, most of which are macrophages. Since they form a part of the innate immune system, targeting macrophages has become a plausible immunotherapeutic approach. In this review, we discuss several versatile approaches (both at pre-clinical and clinical stages) such as the direct killing of tumour-associated macrophages, reprogramming pro-tumour macrophages to anti-tumour phenotypes, inhibition of macrophage recruitment into the tumour microenvironment, novel CAR macrophages, and genetically engineered macrophages that have been devised thus far. These strategies comprise a strong and adaptable macrophage-toolkit in the ongoing fight against cancer and by understanding their significance, we may unlock the full potential of these immune cells in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Reghu
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, India
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4
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Long S, Huang G, Ouyang M, Xiao K, Zhou H, Hou A, Li Z, Zhong Z, Zhong D, Wang Q, Xiang S, Ding X. Epigenetically modified AP-2α by DNA methyltransferase facilitates glioma immune evasion by upregulating PD-L1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:365. [PMID: 37330579 PMCID: PMC10276877 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) ensures that tumor cells escape T-cell-mediated tumor immune surveillance. However, gliomas are characteristic of the low immune response and high-resistance therapy, it is necessary to understand molecular regulatory mechanisms in glioblastoma, especially the limited regulation of PD-L1 expression. Herein, we show that low expression of AP-2α is correlated with high expression of PD-L1 in high-grade glioma tissues. AP-2α binds directly to the promoter of the CD274 gene, not only inhibits the transcriptional activity of PD-L1 but enhances endocytosis and degradation of PD-L1 proteins. Overexpression of AP-2α in gliomas enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated proliferation, effector cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity in vitro. Tfap2a could increase the cytotoxic effect of Cd8+ T cells in CT26, B16F10, and GL261 tumor-immune models, improve anti-tumor immunity, and promote the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy. Finally, the EZH2/H3K27Me3/DNMT1 complex mediates the methylation modification of AP-2α gene and maintains low expression of AP-2α in gliomas. 5-Aza-dC (Decitabine) treatment combines with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy to efficiently suppress the progression of GL261 gliomas. Overall, these data support a mechanism of epigenetic modification of AP-2α that contributes to tumor immune evasion, and reactivation of AP-2α synergizes with anti-PD-1 antibodies to increase antitumor efficacy, which may be a broadly applicable strategy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Long
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Guixiang Huang
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Mi Ouyang
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Anyi Hou
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zhe Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Dongmei Zhong
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Qinghao Wang
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Shuanglin Xiang
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ding
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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5
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Zhang H, Bao M, Liao D, Zhang Z, Tian Z, Yang E, Luo P, Jiang X. Identification of INSRR as an immune-related gene in the tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Med Oncol 2023; 40:161. [PMID: 37099121 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common malignant tumors in the central nervous system. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in tumor proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune escape. However, little is known about TME in gliomas. The purpose of this study was to explore the biomarkers associated with TME in glioblastoma (GBM) to predict immunotherapy effectiveness and prognosis in patients. Based on RNA-seq transcriptome data and clinical features of 1222 samples (113 normal samples and 1109 tumor samples) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, the ImmuneScore, StromalScore, and ESTIMATEScore were calculated by ESTIMATE algorithm. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially mutated genes (DMGs) were determined in the TCGA GBM cohort. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to investigate the enrichment pathways of INSRR genes with abnormal expression. The proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) was evaluated by CIBERSORT. Frequent mutations of TP53, EGFR, and PTEN occurred in high and low immune scores. The cross-analysis of DEGs and DMGs revealed that INSRR was an immune-related biomarker in the TCGA GBM cohort. According to GSEA, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway with INSRR abnormal expression were IgA-produced intestinal immune network and Alzheimer's disease, oxidative phosphorylation, and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Additionally, INSRR expression was correlated with dendritic cells activated, dendritic cells resting, T cells CD8, and T cell gamma delta. INSRR is associated with the immune microenvironment in GBM and is used as a biomarker to predict immune invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofuzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an No. 127, Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mingdong Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an No. 127, Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an No. 127, Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an No. 127, Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhicheng Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an No. 127, Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Erwan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an No. 127, Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an No. 127, Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an No. 127, Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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6
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Shang B, Cui H, Xie R, Wu J, Shi H, Bi X, Feng L, Shou J. Neutrophil extracellular traps primed intercellular communication in cancer progression as a promising therapeutic target. Biomark Res 2023; 11:24. [PMID: 36859358 PMCID: PMC9977644 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the anti-infection response, neutrophils are linked to tumor progression through the secretion of inflammation components and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. NET is a web-like structure constituted by a chromatin scaffold coated with specific nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, such as histone and granule peptides. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that NETs are favorable factors to promote tumor growth, invasion, migration, and immunosuppression. However, the cell-cell interaction between NETs and other cells (tumor cells and immune cells) is complicated and poorly studied. This work is the first review to focus on the intercellular communication mediated by NETs in cancer. We summarized the complex cell-cell interaction between NETs and other cells in the tumor microenvironment. We also address the significance of NETs as both prognostic/predictive biomarkers and molecular targets for cancer therapy. Moreover, we presented a comprehensive landscape of cancer immunity, improving the therapeutic efficacy for advanced cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Shang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17# Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 PR China
| | - Honglei Cui
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17# Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 PR China
| | - Ruiyang Xie
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17# Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17# Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 PR China
| | - Hongzhe Shi
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17# Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 PR China
| | - Xingang Bi
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17# Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR, China.
| | - Jianzhong Shou
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17# Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR, China.
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7
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Decraene B, Vanmechelen M, Clement P, Daisne JF, Vanden Bempt I, Sciot R, Garg AD, Agostinis P, De Smet F, De Vleeschouwer S. Cellular and molecular features related to exceptional therapy response and extreme long-term survival in glioblastoma. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36776000 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) remains the most common malignant primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis that rarely exceeds beyond 2 years despite extensive therapy, which consists of maximal safe surgical resection, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. Recently, it has become clear that GBM is not one homogeneous entity and that both intra-and intertumoral heterogeneity contributes significantly to differences in tumoral behavior which may consequently be responsible for differences in survival. Strikingly and in spite of its dismal prognosis, small fractions of GBM patients seem to display extremely long survival, defined as surviving over 10 years after diagnosis, compared to the large majority of patients. Although the underlying mechanisms for this peculiarity remain largely unknown, emerging data suggest that still poorly characterized both cellular and molecular factors of the tumor microenvironment and their interplay probably play an important role. We hereby give an extensive overview of what is yet known about these cellular and molecular features shaping extreme long survival in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Decraene
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Vanmechelen
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Clement
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J F Daisne
- Radiation Oncology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Vanden Bempt
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Sciot
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A D Garg
- KU Leuven, VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Agostinis
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI), Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F De Smet
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S De Vleeschouwer
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Microglia-T cell conversations in brain cancer progression. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:951-963. [PMID: 36075812 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The highly immunosuppressive and heterogeneous milieu of brain malignancies contributes to their dismal prognosis. Regardless of their cellular origin, brain tumors grow in an environment with various specialized organ-resident cells. Although homeostatic microglia contribute to a healthy brain, conversations between disease-associated microglia and T cells compromise their individual and collective capacity to curb malignant growth. We review the mechanisms of T cell-microglia interactions and discuss how their collaboration fosters heterogeneity and immunosuppression in brain cancers. Because of the importance of microglia and T cells in the brain tumor microenvironment, it is crucial to understand their interactions to derive innovative therapeutics.
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9
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The Yin and Yang of toll-like receptors in endothelial dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Xun Y, Yang H, Kaminska B, You H. Toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor-targeted immunotherapy against glioma. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:176. [PMID: 34715891 PMCID: PMC8555307 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma represents a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor which is resistant to current therapies and invariably recurs. Despite some advancements in anti-glioma therapies, patients’ prognosis remains poor. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the first line of defense in the immune system being the detectors of those associated with bacteria, viruses, and danger signals. In the glioma microenvironment, TLRs are expressed on both immune and tumor cells, playing dual roles eliciting antitumoral (innate and adaptive immunity) and protumoral (cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glioma stem cell maintenance) responses. Up to date, several TLR-targeting therapies have been developed aiming at glioma bulk and stem cells, infiltrating immune cells, the immune checkpoint axis, among others. While some TLR agonists exhibited survival benefit in clinical trials, it attracts more attention when they are involved in combinatorial treatment with radiation, chemotherapy, immune vaccination, and immune checkpoint inhibition in glioma treatment. TLR agonists can be used as immune modulators to enhance the efficacy of other treatment, to avoid dose accumulation, and what brings more interests is that they can potentiate immune checkpoint delayed resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by upregulating PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression, thus unleash powerful antitumor responses when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Herein, we focus on recent developments and clinical trials exploring TLR-based treatment to provide a picture of the relationship between TLR and glioma and their implications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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11
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Xu J, Guo R, Jia J, He Y, He S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 enhances peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity in patients with gastric cancer. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:67. [PMID: 34620075 PMCID: PMC8499526 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play central roles in the initiation of innate immune response, and also control adaptive immunity activation. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the regulation of TLR activation to CD8+ T cells has not been fully elucidated in gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two GC patients and twenty-three healthy controls were enrolled. Expression profile of TLRs in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells was investigated. Purified CD8+ T cells were stimulated with Pam3Csk4, an agonist of TLR2, and cytotoxic and co-inhibitory molecules in CD8+ T cells was measured. Direct and indirect contact coculture system between CD8+ T cells and AGS cells was set up. Modulation of TLR2 activation to CD8+ T cells was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release and cytokine secretion. RESULTS TLR2 mRNA and TLR2+ cell percentage was down-regulated in GC derived peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells from GC patients showed exhausted phenotype, which presented as decreased perforin/granzyme B, increased programmed death-1, and reduced cytotoxicity to AGS cells. TLR2 activation by Pam3Csk4 enhanced perforin and granzyme B expression in CD8+ T cells, however, did not affect either proinflammatory cytokine production or co-inhibitory molecules expression. Pam3Csk4 stimulation enhanced cytolytic activation of peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells from GC, but not those from healthy individuals. CONCLUSION The present data revealed an important immunomodulatory activity of TLR2 to CD8+ T cells in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Rd, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rongya Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Rd, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
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12
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Luo C, Wang S, Liao W, Zhang S, Xu N, Xie W, Zhang Y. Upregulation of the APOBEC3 Family Is Associated with a Poor Prognosis and Influences Treatment Response to Raf Inhibitors in Low Grade Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10390. [PMID: 34638749 PMCID: PMC8508917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) has been identified as a group of enzymes that catalyze cytosine deamination in single-stranded (ss) DNA to form uracil, causing somatic mutations in some cancers. We analyzed the APOBEC3 family in 33 TCGA cancer types and the results indicated that APOBEC3s are upregulated in multiple cancers and strongly correlate with prognosis, particularly in low grade glioma (LGG). Then we constructed a prognostic model based on family expression in LGG where the APOBEC3 family signature is an accurate predictive model (AUC of 0.85). Gene mutation, copy number variation (CNV), and a differential gene expression (DEG) analysis were performed in different risk groups, and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to clarify the role of various members in LGG; CIBERSORT algorithm was deployed to evaluate the landscape of LGG immune infiltration. We found that upregulation of the APOBEC3 family expression can strengthen Ras/MAPK signaling pathway, promote tumor progression, and ultimately reduce the treatment benefits of Raf inhibitors. Moreover, the APOBEC3 family was shown to enhance the immune response mediated by myeloid cells and interferon gamma, as well as PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression, implying that they have immunotherapy potential. Therefore, the APOBEC3 signature enables an efficient assessment of LGG patient survival outcomes and expansion of clinical benefits by selecting appropriate individualized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijie Liao
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shikuan Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaou Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.Z.); (N.X.); (W.X.)
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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13
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Wu H, Zhang Z, Xiao XY, Zhang ZY, Gao SL, Lu C, Zuo L, Zhang LF. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a candidate prognostic factor in testicular germ cell tumors as well as an indicator of immune function in the tumor microenvironment. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1939-1951. [PMID: 34002664 PMCID: PMC8806693 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1927560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular cancer is the most common malignant tumor in young men, and its incidence has increased in recent years. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the development and progression of tumors; however, the TME of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is poorly understood. In this study, we downloaded information for 156 TGCT cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, used the ESTIMATE method to determine immune and stromal scores, and used CIBERSORT to calculate the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs). The differentially expressed genes were subjected to a COX regression analysis and used for the construction of a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was identified as a predictive marker by combining the results of the Cox regression analysis and PPI network. A survival analysis showed that TLR2 was positively correlated with TGCT survival. A gene set enrichment analysis indicated that genes in the high TLR2 expression group were enriched for cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and the chemokine signaling pathway, and genes in the low TLR2 expression group were mainly enriched in the spliceosome. Regarding proportions of TICs, naive B cells and follicular helper T cells were negatively correlated with the expression of TLR2. This suggests that as TLR2 expression increases, the immunocompetence of the TME decreases. The expression of TLR2 may affect the prognosis of TGCT, suggesting that this locus can be used as a prognostic factor for TGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | - Zi-Yi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.,Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sheng-Lin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li-Feng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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14
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Hangai S, Kimura Y, Taniguchi T, Yanai H. Signal-transducing innate receptors in tumor immunity. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2578-2591. [PMID: 33570784 PMCID: PMC8253268 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal‐transducing innate receptors represent classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play crucial roles in the first line of the host defense against infections by the recognition of pathogen‐derived molecules. Because of their poorly discriminative nature compared with antigen receptors of the adaptive immune system, they also recognize endogenous molecules and evoke immune responses without infection, resulting in the regulation of tumor immunity. Therefore, PRRs may be promising targets for effective cancer immunotherapy, either by activating or inhibiting them. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of signal‐transducing PRRs in the regulation of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hangai
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kimura
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Inflammology, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Wouters R, Bevers S, Riva M, De Smet F, Coosemans A. Immunocompetent Mouse Models in the Search for Effective Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E19. [PMID: 33374542 PMCID: PMC7793150 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive intrinsic brain tumor in adults. Despite maximal therapy consisting of surgery and radio/chemotherapy, GBM remains largely incurable with a median survival of less than 15 months. GBM has a strong immunosuppressive nature with a multitude of tumor and microenvironment (TME) derived factors that prohibit an effective immune response. To date, all clinical trials failed to provide lasting clinical efficacy, despite the relatively high success rates of preclinical studies to show effectivity of immunotherapy. Various factors may explain this discrepancy, including the inability of a single mouse model to fully recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of GBM. It is therefore critical to understand the features and limitations of each model, which should probably be combined to grab the full spectrum of the disease. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge concerning immune composition, stem cell characteristics and response to standard-of-care and immunotherapeutics for the most commonly available immunocompetent mouse models of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Wouters
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- Oncoinvent, A.S., 0484 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sien Bevers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mont-Godinne Hospital, UCL Namur, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - An Coosemans
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
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16
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Different T-cell subsets in glioblastoma multiforme and targeted immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:134-143. [PMID: 33022290 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the standard treatment for GBM patients, but the 5-year survival rate of patients despite this treatment is low. Immunotherapy has attracted increasing attention in recent years. As the pioneer and the main effector cells of immunotherapy, T cells play a key role in tumor immunotherapy. However, the T cells in GBM microenvironment are inhibited by the highly immunosuppressive environment of GBM, posing huge challenges to T cell-based GBM immunotherapy. This review summarizes the effects of the GBM microenvironment on the infiltration and function of different T-cell subsets and the possible strategies to overcome immunosuppression, and thus enhance the effectiveness of GBM immunotherapy.
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17
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Kim HS, Chang CY, Yoon HJ, Kim KS, Koh HS, Kim SS, Lee SJ, Kane LP, Park EJ. Glial TIM-3 Modulates Immune Responses in the Brain Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1833-1845. [PMID: 32094297 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3), a potential immunotherapeutic target for cancer, has been shown to display diverse characteristics in a context-dependent manner. Thus, it would be useful to delineate the precise functional features of TIM-3 in a given situation. Here, we report that glial TIM-3 shows distinctive properties in the brain tumor microenvironment. TIM-3 was expressed on both growing tumor cells and their surrounding cells including glia and T cells in an orthotopic mouse glioma model. The expression pattern of TIM-3 was distinct from those of other immune checkpoint molecules in tumor-exposed and tumor-infiltrating glia. Comparison of cells from tumor-bearing and contralateral hemispheres of a glioma model showed that TIM-3 expression was lower in tumor-infiltrating CD11b+CD45mid glial cells but higher in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. In TIM-3 mutant mice with intracellular signaling defects and Cre-inducible TIM-3 mice, TIM-3 affected the expression of several immune-associated molecules including iNOS and PD-L1 in primary glia-exposed conditioned media (CM) from brain tumors. Further, TIM-3 was cross-regulated by TLR2, but not by TLR4, in brain tumor CM- or Pam3CSK4-exposed glia. In addition, following exposure to tumor CM, IFNγ production was lower in T cells cocultured with TIM-3-defective glia than with normal glia. Collectively, these findings suggest that glial TIM-3 actively and distinctively responds to brain tumor, and plays specific intracellular and intercellular immunoregulatory roles that might be different from TIM-3 on T cells in the brain tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE: TIM-3 is typically thought of as a T-cell checkpoint receptor. This study demonstrates a role for TIM-3 in mediating myeloid cell responses in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Young Chang
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Yoon
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sun Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seok Koh
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Fusion Technology Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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18
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Dixon GA, Pérez CA. Multiple Sclerosis and the Choroid Plexus: Emerging Concepts of Disease Immunopathophysiology. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 103:65-75. [PMID: 31780202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coexistence of multiple sclerosis and intracranial neoplasms is very rare, and whether this occurrence can be explained by a causal relationship or by coincidence remains a matter of debate. Possible roles of the choroid plexus as a site of tumor cell invasion and lymphocyte infiltration into the central nervous system have been hypothesized in recent studies. METHODS We describe a 13-year-old boy with concurrent multiple sclerosis and choroid plexus papilloma, then review the published literature with a focus on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis and the potential role of the choroid plexus in this process. RESULTS A growing body of evidence suggests that both physical and functional dysregulation of the choroid plexus may be a common mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of central nervous system inflammation. CONCLUSIONS In multiple sclerosis, the choroid plexus could act as a gateway for lymphocyte entry from the peripheral blood into the central nervous system at its earlier stages. However, future studies are needed to identify whether structural alterations of the choroid plexus play a role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and to provide suitable models to determine their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Dixon
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos A Pérez
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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