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Barros LF, Schirmeier S, Weber B. The Astrocyte: Metabolic Hub of the Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041355. [PMID: 38438188 PMCID: PMC11368191 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytic metabolism has taken center stage. Interposed between the neuron and the vasculature, astrocytes exert control over the fluxes of energy and building blocks required for neuronal activity and plasticity. They are also key to local detoxification and waste recycling. Whereas neurons are metabolically rigid, astrocytes can switch between different metabolic profiles according to local demand and the nutritional state of the organism. Their metabolic state even seems to be instructive for peripheral nutrient mobilization and has been implicated in information processing and behavior. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of astrocytic metabolism and its effects on metabolic homeostasis and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Felipe Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia 5110465, Chile
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Valdivia 5110693, Chile
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Biology, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bruno Weber
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Hu Y, Zou H, Zhong Z, Li Q, Zeng Q, Ouyang Q, Zou X, Wang M, Luo Y, Yao D. The Role of Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle in Neuropathic Orofacial Pain. J Oral Rehabil 2024. [PMID: 39209792 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of astrocytic energy metabolism alleviates neuropathic pain. OBJECTIVES To explore whether astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) played any role in neuropathic orofacial pain. METHODS Rats with partial transection of the right infraorbital nerve (p-IONX) or sham operation were intrathecally injected with acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), bithionol (a soluble adenylyl cyclase inhibitor), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid [α-CHCA, a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibitor] or vehicle once a day from postoperative day 1-14. The facial mechanical thresholds were tested on preoperative day 1 and 2 and postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14, expression of glucose transporters (GLUTs) and MCTs in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) were examined on the postoperative day 3 and neuronal activities in the Vc were examined in the p-IONX rats on postoperative days 3-5. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, the mechanical thresholds in the p-IONX group were significantly reduced at postoperative days 1-7, and the number of astrocytes expressing GLUT1 and MCT1/4, and neurons expressing MCT2 was significantly increased on postoperative day 3. In the p-IONX groups, neurons in the Vc were sensitised, and acetazolamide, bithionol and α-CHCA reversed the central sensitisation, significantly increased the mechanical thresholds at postoperative days 1-7 and decreased the number of astrocytes expressing GLUT1 and MCT1/4, and neurons expressing MCT2 at postoperative day 3 compared with those in the vehicle-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of ANLS alleviates p-IONX-related neuronal, behavioural and immunohistochemical changes, which suggests that ANLS plays an important role in trigeminal neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Hu
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hequn Zou
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Li
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qinghong Zeng
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian Ouyang
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xueliang Zou
- Jiangxi Mental Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yaxing Luo
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dongyuan Yao
- Neurological Institute of Jiangxi Province and Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University at Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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3
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Wolff C, John D, Winkler U, Hochmuth L, Hirrlinger J, Köhler S. Insulin and leptin acutely modulate the energy metabolism of primary hypothalamic and cortical astrocytes. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39175305 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes constitute a heterogeneous cell population within the brain, contributing crucially to brain homeostasis and playing an important role in overall brain function. Their function and metabolism are not only regulated by local signals, for example, from nearby neurons, but also by long-range signals such as hormones. Thus, two prominent hormones primarily known for regulating the energy balance of the whole organism, insulin, and leptin, have been reported to also impact astrocytes within the brain. In this study, we investigated the acute regulation of astrocytic metabolism by these hormones in cultured astrocytes prepared from the mouse cortex and hypothalamus, a pivotal region in the context of nutritional regulation. Utilizing genetically encoded, fluorescent nanosensors, the cytosolic concentrations of glucose, lactate, and ATP, along with glycolytic rate and the NADH/NAD+ redox state were measured. Under basal conditions, differences between the two populations of astrocytes were observed for glucose and lactate concentrations as well as the glycolytic rate. Additionally, astrocytic metabolism responded to insulin and leptin in both brain regions, with some unique characteristics for each cell population. Finally, both hormones influenced how cells responded to elevated extracellular levels of potassium ions, a common indicator of neuronal activity. In summary, our study provides evidence that insulin and leptin acutely regulate astrocytic metabolism within minutes. Additionally, while astrocytes from the hypothalamus and cortex share similarities in their metabolism, they also exhibit distinct properties, further underscoring the growing recognition of astrocyte heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wolff
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit John
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department II-Division of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pneumology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Winkler
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Hochmuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Köhler
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Sächsisches Krankenhaus Altscherbitz, Clinic for Neurology, Schkeuditz, Germany
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4
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Fernández-Moncada I, Lavanco G, Fundazuri UB, Bollmohr N, Mountadem S, Dalla Tor T, Hachaguer P, Julio-Kalajzic F, Gisquet D, Serrat R, Bellocchio L, Cannich A, Fortunato-Marsol B, Nasu Y, Campbell RE, Drago F, Cannizzaro C, Ferreira G, Bouzier-Sore AK, Pellerin L, Bolaños JP, Bonvento G, Barros LF, Oliet SHR, Panatier A, Marsicano G. A lactate-dependent shift of glycolysis mediates synaptic and cognitive processes in male mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6842. [PMID: 39122700 PMCID: PMC11316019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes control brain activity via both metabolic processes and gliotransmission, but the physiological links between these functions are scantly known. Here we show that endogenous activation of astrocyte type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors determines a shift of glycolysis towards the lactate-dependent production of D-serine, thereby gating synaptic and cognitive functions in male mice. Mutant mice lacking the CB1 receptor gene in astrocytes (GFAP-CB1-KO) are impaired in novel object recognition (NOR) memory. This phenotype is rescued by the gliotransmitter D-serine, by its precursor L-serine, and also by lactate and 3,5-DHBA, an agonist of the lactate receptor HCAR1. Such lactate-dependent effect is abolished when the astrocyte-specific phosphorylated-pathway (PP), which diverts glycolysis towards L-serine synthesis, is blocked. Consistently, lactate and 3,5-DHBA promoted the co-agonist binding site occupancy of CA1 post-synaptic NMDA receptors in hippocampal slices in a PP-dependent manner. Thus, a tight cross-talk between astrocytic energy metabolism and gliotransmission determines synaptic and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianluca Lavanco
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, ''G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Unai B Fundazuri
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nasrin Bollmohr
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Mountadem
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tommaso Dalla Tor
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pauline Hachaguer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Doriane Gisquet
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roman Serrat
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Astrid Cannich
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Yusuke Nasu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- CERVO Brain Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, INSERM, IRMETIST, U1313, Poitiers, France
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Universite Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - L Felipe Barros
- Centro de Estudios Cientificos, Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Stephane H R Oliet
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aude Panatier
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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5
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Looser ZJ, Faik Z, Ravotto L, Zanker HS, Jung RB, Werner HB, Ruhwedel T, Möbius W, Bergles DE, Barros LF, Nave KA, Weber B, Saab AS. Oligodendrocyte-axon metabolic coupling is mediated by extracellular K + and maintains axonal health. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:433-448. [PMID: 38267524 PMCID: PMC10917689 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of myelinated axons relies on homeostatic support from oligodendrocytes (OLs). To determine how OLs detect axonal spiking and how rapid axon-OL metabolic coupling is regulated in the white matter, we studied activity-dependent calcium (Ca2+) and metabolite fluxes in the mouse optic nerve. We show that fast axonal spiking triggers Ca2+ signaling and glycolysis in OLs. OLs detect axonal activity through increases in extracellular potassium (K+) concentrations and activation of Kir4.1 channels, thereby regulating metabolite supply to axons. Both pharmacological inhibition and OL-specific inactivation of Kir4.1 reduce the activity-induced axonal lactate surge. Mice lacking oligodendroglial Kir4.1 exhibit lower resting lactate levels and altered glucose metabolism in axons. These early deficits in axonal energy metabolism are associated with late-onset axonopathy. Our findings reveal that OLs detect fast axonal spiking through K+ signaling, making acute metabolic coupling possible and adjusting the axon-OL metabolic unit to promote axonal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe J Looser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zainab Faik
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Ravotto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henri S Zanker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Felipe Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aiman S Saab
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Barros LF, Ruminot I, Sandoval PY, San Martín A. Enlightening brain energy metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106211. [PMID: 37352985 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue metabolism is distributed across several cell types and subcellular compartments, which activate at different times and with different temporal patterns. The introduction of genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators that are imaged using time-lapse microscopy has opened the possibility of studying brain metabolism at cellular and sub-cellular levels. There are indicators for sugars, monocarboxylates, Krebs cycle intermediates, amino acids, cofactors, and energy nucleotides, which inform about relative levels, concentrations and fluxes. This review offers a brief survey of the metabolic indicators that have been validated in brain cells, with some illustrative examples from the literature. Whereas only a small fraction of the metabolome is currently accessible to fluorescent probes, there are grounds to be optimistic about coming developments and the application of these tools to the study of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - I Ruminot
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - P Y Sandoval
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A San Martín
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de La Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
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7
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Astroglial CB1 receptors, energy metabolism, and gliotransmission: an integrated signaling system? Essays Biochem 2023; 67:49-61. [PMID: 36645029 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key players in brain homeostasis and function. During the last years, several studies have cemented this notion by showing that these cells respond to neuronal signals and, via the release of molecules that modulate and support synaptic activity (gliotransmission) participates in the functions of the so-called tripartite synapse. Thus, besides their established control of brain metabolism, astrocytes can also actively control synaptic activity and behavior. Among the signaling pathways that shape the functions of astrocyte, the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor is emerging as a critical player in the control of both gliotransmission and the metabolic cooperation between astrocytes and neurons. In the present short review, we describe known and newly discovered properties of the astroglial CB1 receptors and their role in modulating brain function and behavior. Based on this evidence, we finally discuss how the functions and mode of actions of astrocyte CB1 receptors might represent a clear example of the inextricable relationship between energy metabolism and gliotransmission. These tight interactions will need to be taken into account for future research in astrocyte functions and call for a reinforcement of the theoretical and experimental bridges between studies on metabolic and synaptic functions of astrocytes.
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8
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Schoknecht K, Hirrlinger J, Eilers J. Transient astrocytic accumulation of fluorescein during spreading depolarizations. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106026. [PMID: 36731681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SDs) occur frequently in acute cerebral injuries. They are characterized by a breakdown of transmembrane ion gradients resulting in a reduced extracellular sodium ([Na+]o) and increased extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o). Elevated [K+]o induces astrocytic swelling, another feature of SD; however, the solutes that drive astrocytic swelling remain incompletely understood. We incidentally found astrocytic accumulation of fluorescein (Fluo) - a low molecular weight anionic dye - during SDs induced by elevated [K+]o. Herein, we aimed to explore the properties of astrocytic Fluo accumulation during SDs, electrical stimulation, [K+]o and glutamate elevation and elucidate underlying mechanisms and its relation to swelling. Experiments were performed in acute neocortical slices from adult male C57Bl6 mice and transgenic mice expressing tdTomato in parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons. We labeled astrocytes with sulforhodamine-101 (SR-101), measured Fluo kinetics using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy and recorded local field potentials (LFP) to detect SDs. Elevations of [K+]o lead to an increase of the astrocytic Fluo intensity in parallel with astrocytic swelling. Pharmacological inhibitors of sodium‑potassium ATPase (Na/K-ATPase), secondary-active transporters and channels were used to address the underlying mechanisms. Fluo accumulation as well as swelling were only prevented by inhibition of the sodium‑potassium ATPase. Application of glutamate or hypoosmolar solution induced astrocytic swelling independent of Fluo accumulation and glutamate opposed Fluo accumulation when co-administered with high [K+]o. Astrocytes accumulated Fluo and swelled during electrical stimulation and even more during SDs. Taken together, Fluo imaging can be used as a tool to visualize yet unidentified anion fluxes during [K+]o- but not glutamate- or hypoosmolarity induced astrocytic swelling. Fluo imaging may thereby help to elucidate mechanisms of astrocytic swelling and associated fluid movements between brain compartments during physiological and pathological conditions, e.g. SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Schoknecht
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Eilers
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Barros LF, Ruminot I, Sotelo-Hitschfeld T, Lerchundi R, Fernández-Moncada I. Metabolic Recruitment in Brain Tissue. Annu Rev Physiol 2023; 85:115-135. [PMID: 36270291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021422-091035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Information processing imposes urgent metabolic demands on neurons, which have negligible energy stores and restricted access to fuel. Here, we discuss metabolic recruitment, the tissue-level phenomenon whereby active neurons harvest resources from their surroundings. The primary event is the neuronal release of K+ that mirrors workload. Astrocytes sense K+ in exquisite fashion thanks to their unique coexpression of NBCe1 and α2β2 Na+/K+ ATPase, and within seconds switch to Crabtree metabolism, involving GLUT1, aerobic glycolysis, transient suppression of mitochondrial respiration, and lactate export. The lactate surge serves as a secondary recruiter by inhibiting glucose consumption in distant cells. Additional recruiters are glutamate, nitric oxide, and ammonium, which signal over different spatiotemporal domains. The net outcome of these events is that more glucose, lactate, and oxygen are made available. Metabolic recruitment works alongside neurovascular coupling and various averaging strategies to support the inordinate dynamic range of individual neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; .,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - I Ruminot
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; .,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - T Sotelo-Hitschfeld
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Lerchundi
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - I Fernández-Moncada
- NeuroCentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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10
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Vaccari-Cardoso B, Antipina M, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Lactate-Mediated Signaling in the Brain-An Update. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010049. [PMID: 36672031 PMCID: PMC9856103 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate is a universal metabolite produced and released by all cells in the body. Traditionally it was viewed as energy currency that is generated from pyruvate at the end of the glycolytic pathway and sent into the extracellular space for other cells to take up and consume. In the brain, such a mechanism was postulated to operate between astrocytes and neurons many years ago. Later, the discovery of lactate receptors opened yet another chapter in the quest to understand lactate actions. Other ideas, such as modulation of NMDA receptors were also proposed. Up to this day, we still do not have a consensus view on the relevance of any of these mechanisms to brain functions or their contribution to human or animal physiology. While the field develops new ideas, in this brief review we analyze some recently published studies in order to focus on some unresolved controversies and highlight the limitations that need to be addressed in future work. Clearly, only by using similar and overlapping methods, cross-referencing experiments, and perhaps collaborative efforts, we can finally understand what the role of lactate in the brain is and why this ubiquitous molecule is so important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vaccari-Cardoso
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Maria Antipina
- MEDBIO, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Universitetskaya Str., 2, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Correspondence:
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11
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Hirrlinger J, Nimmerjahn A. A perspective on astrocyte regulation of neural circuit function and animal behavior. Glia 2022; 70:1554-1580. [PMID: 35297525 PMCID: PMC9291267 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the past two decades have demonstrated that astrocytes are tightly associated with neurons and play pivotal roles in neural circuit development, operation, and adaptation in health and disease. Nevertheless, precisely how astrocytes integrate diverse neuronal signals, modulate neural circuit structure and function at multiple temporal and spatial scales, and influence animal behavior or disease through aberrant excitation and molecular output remains unclear. This Perspective discusses how new and state-of-the-art approaches, including fluorescence indicators, opto- and chemogenetic actuators, genetic targeting tools, quantitative behavioral assays, and computational methods, might help resolve these longstanding questions. It also addresses complicating factors in interpreting astrocytes' role in neural circuit regulation and animal behavior, such as their heterogeneity, metabolism, and inter-glial communication. Research on these questions should provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of astrocyte-neuron assemblies' role in neural circuit function, complex behaviors, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hirrlinger
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty,
University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for
Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for
Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
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12
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Abstract
The energy cost of information processing is thought to be chiefly neuronal, with a minor fraction attributed to glial cells. However, there is compelling evidence that astrocytes capture synaptic K+ using their Na+/K+ ATPase, and not solely through Kir4.1 channels as was once thought. When this active buffering is taken into account, the cost of astrocytes rises by >200%. Gram-per-gram, astrocytes turn out to be as expensive as neurons. This conclusion is supported by 3D reconstruction of the neuropil showing similar mitochondrial densities in neurons and astrocytes, by cell-specific transcriptomics and proteomics, and by the rates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Possible consequences for reactive astrogliosis and brain disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos - CECs, Valdivia, Chile
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13
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San Martín A, Arce-Molina R, Aburto C, Baeza-Lehnert F, Barros LF, Contreras-Baeza Y, Pinilla A, Ruminot I, Rauseo D, Sandoval PY. Visualizing physiological parameters in cells and tissues using genetically encoded indicators for metabolites. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 182:34-58. [PMID: 35183660 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of metabolism is undergoing a renaissance. Since the year 2002, over 50 genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators (GEFIs) have been introduced, capable of monitoring metabolites with high spatial/temporal resolution using fluorescence microscopy. Indicators are fusion proteins that change their fluorescence upon binding a specific metabolite. There are indicators for sugars, monocarboxylates, Krebs cycle intermediates, amino acids, cofactors, and energy nucleotides. They permit monitoring relative levels, concentrations, and fluxes in living systems. At a minimum they report relative levels and, in some cases, absolute concentrations may be obtained by performing ad hoc calibration protocols. Proper data collection, processing, and interpretation are critical to take full advantage of these new tools. This review offers a survey of the metabolic indicators that have been validated in mammalian systems. Minimally invasive, these indicators have been instrumental for the purposes of confirmation, rebuttal and discovery. We envision that this powerful technology will foster metabolic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A San Martín
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile.
| | - R Arce-Molina
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Aburto
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Y Contreras-Baeza
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Pinilla
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - I Ruminot
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - D Rauseo
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - P Y Sandoval
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
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Segura-Aguilar J, Mannervik B, Inzunza J, Varshney M, Nalvarte I, Muñoz P. Astrocytes protect dopaminergic neurons against aminochrome neurotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1861-1866. [PMID: 35142659 PMCID: PMC8848618 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes protect neurons by modulating neuronal function and survival. Astrocytes support neurons in several ways. They provide energy through the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, protect neurons from excitotoxicity, and internalize neuronal lipid droplets to degrade fatty acids for neuronal metabolic and synaptic support, as well as by their high capacity for glutamate uptake and the conversion of glutamate to glutamine. A recent reported astrocyte system for protection of dopamine neurons against the neurotoxic products of dopamine, such as aminochrome and other o-quinones, were generated under neuromelanin synthesis by oxidizing dopamine catechol structure. Astrocytes secrete glutathione transferase M2-2 through exosomes that transport this enzyme into dopaminergic neurons to protect these neurons against aminochrome neurotoxicity. The role of this new astrocyte protective mechanism in Parkinson´s disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine University of Chile; Nucleo de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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