1
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Belozor OS, Vasilev A, Mileiko AG, Mosina LD, Mikhailov IG, Ox DA, Boitsova EB, Shuvaev AN, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S, Shuvaev AN. Memantine suppresses the excitotoxicity but fails to rescue the ataxic phenotype in SCA1 model mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116526. [PMID: 38574621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder of the cerebellum and brainstem. Memantine has been proposed as a potential treatment for SCA1. It blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on neurons, reduces excitotoxicity and decreases neurodegeneration in Alzheimer models. However, in cerebellar neurodegenerative diseases, the potential value of memantine is still unclear. We investigated the effects of memantine on motor performance and synaptic transmission in the cerebellum in a mouse model where mutant ataxin 1 is specifically targeted to glia. Lentiviral vectors (LVV) were used to express mutant ataxin 1 selectively in Bergmann glia (BG). In mice transduced with the mutant ataxin 1, chronic treatment with memantine improved motor activity during initial tests, presumably due to preserved BG and Purkinje cell (PC) morphology and numbers. However, mice were unable to improve their rota rod scores during next days of training. Memantine also compromised improvement in the rota rod scores in control mice upon repetitive training. These effects may be due to the effects of memantine on plasticity (LTD suppression) and NMDA receptor modulation. Some effects of chronically administered memantine persisted even after its wash-out from brain slices. Chronic memantine reduced morphological signs of neurodegeneration in the cerebellum of SCA1 model mice. This resulted in an apparent initial reduction of ataxic phenotype, but memantine also affected cerebellar plasticity and ultimately compromised motor learning. We speculate that that clinical application of memantine in SCA1 might be hampered by its ability to suppress NMDA-dependent plasticity in cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Belozor
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Alex Vasilev
- JSC «BIOCAD», Svyazi str. 34-A, Strelna, Saint-Petersburg 198515, Russia
| | | | - Lyudmila D Mosina
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Ilya G Mikhailov
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Darius A Ox
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Elizaveta B Boitsova
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Andrey N Shuvaev
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anton N Shuvaev
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Partizan Zheleznyak st. 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Svobodny pr., 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia.
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2
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SheikhBahaei S, Marina N, Rajani V, Kasparov S, Funk GD, Smith JC, Gourine AV. Contributions of carotid bodies, retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons and preBötzinger complex astrocytes to the CO 2 -sensitive drive for breathing. J Physiol 2024; 602:223-240. [PMID: 37742121 PMCID: PMC10841148 DOI: 10.1113/jp283534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Current models of respiratory CO2 chemosensitivity are centred around the function of a specific population of neurons residing in the medullary retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). However, there is significant evidence suggesting that chemosensitive neurons exist in other brainstem areas, including the rhythm-generating region of the medulla oblongata - the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). There is also evidence that astrocytes, non-neuronal brain cells, contribute to central CO2 chemosensitivity. In this study, we reevaluated the relative contributions of the RTN neurons, the preBötC astrocytes, and the carotid body chemoreceptors in mediating the respiratory responses to CO2 in experimental animals (adult laboratory rats). To block astroglial signalling via exocytotic release of transmitters, preBötC astrocytes were targeted to express the tetanus toxin light chain (TeLC). Bilateral expression of TeLC in preBötC astrocytes was associated with ∼20% and ∼30% reduction of the respiratory response to CO2 in conscious and anaesthetized animals, respectively. Carotid body denervation reduced the CO2 respiratory response by ∼25%. Bilateral inhibition of RTN neurons transduced to express Gi-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADDGi ) by application of clozapine-N-oxide reduced the CO2 response by ∼20% and ∼40% in conscious and anaesthetized rats, respectively. Combined blockade of astroglial signalling in the preBötC, inhibition of RTN neurons and carotid body denervation reduced the CO2 -induced respiratory response by ∼70%. These data further support the hypothesis that the CO2 -sensitive drive to breathe requires inputs from the peripheral chemoreceptors and several central chemoreceptor sites. At the preBötC level, astrocytes modulate the activity of the respiratory network in response to CO2 , either by relaying chemosensory information (i.e. they act as CO2 sensors) or by enhancing the preBötC network excitability to chemosensory inputs. KEY POINTS: This study reevaluated the roles played by the carotid bodies, neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and astrocytes of the preBötC in mediating the CO2 -sensitive drive to breathe. The data obtained show that disruption of preBötC astroglial signalling, blockade of inputs from the peripheral chemoreceptors or inhibition of RTN neurons similarly reduce the respiratory response to hypercapnia. These data provide further support for the hypothesis that the CO2 -sensitive drive to breathe is mediated by the inputs from the peripheral chemoreceptors and several central chemoreceptor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar SheikhBahaei
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Research Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
- present address: Neuron-Glia Signaling and Circuits Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Nephtali Marina
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Research Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vishaal Rajani
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
- present address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Gregory D. Funk
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C. Smith
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Research Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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3
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Vaccari-Cardoso B, Antipina M, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Lactate-Mediated Signaling in the Brain-An Update. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010049. [PMID: 36672031 PMCID: PMC9856103 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate is a universal metabolite produced and released by all cells in the body. Traditionally it was viewed as energy currency that is generated from pyruvate at the end of the glycolytic pathway and sent into the extracellular space for other cells to take up and consume. In the brain, such a mechanism was postulated to operate between astrocytes and neurons many years ago. Later, the discovery of lactate receptors opened yet another chapter in the quest to understand lactate actions. Other ideas, such as modulation of NMDA receptors were also proposed. Up to this day, we still do not have a consensus view on the relevance of any of these mechanisms to brain functions or their contribution to human or animal physiology. While the field develops new ideas, in this brief review we analyze some recently published studies in order to focus on some unresolved controversies and highlight the limitations that need to be addressed in future work. Clearly, only by using similar and overlapping methods, cross-referencing experiments, and perhaps collaborative efforts, we can finally understand what the role of lactate in the brain is and why this ubiquitous molecule is so important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vaccari-Cardoso
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Maria Antipina
- MEDBIO, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Universitetskaya Str., 2, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- Correspondence:
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4
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Shuvaev AN, Belozor OS, Mozhei OI, Mileiko AG, Mosina LD, Laletina IV, Mikhailov IG, Fritsler YV, Shuvaev AN, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Memantine Disrupts Motor Coordination through Anxiety-like Behavior in CD1 Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040495. [PMID: 35448027 PMCID: PMC9027563 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memantine is an FDA approved drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. It reduces neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex through the inhibition of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in patients and mouse models. Potentially, it could prevent neurodegeneration in other brain areas and caused by other diseases. We previously used memantine to prevent functional damage and to retain morphology of cerebellar neurons and Bergmann glia in an optogenetic mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type-1 (SCA1). However, before suggesting wider use of memantine in clinics, its side effects must be carefully evaluated. Blockers of NMDA receptors are controversial in terms of their effects on anxiety. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic application of memantine over 9 weeks to CD1 mice and examined rotarod performance and anxiety-related behaviors. Memantine-treated mice exhibited an inability to adapt to anxiety-causing conditions which strongly affected their rotarod performance. A tail suspension test revealed increased signs of behavioral despair. These data provide further insights into the potential deleterious effects of memantine which may result from the lack of adaptation to novel, stressful conditions. This effect of memantine may affect the results of tests used to assess motor performance and should be considered during clinical trials of memantine in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton N. Shuvaev
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(391)-228-0769
| | - Olga S. Belozor
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia;
| | - Oleg I. Mozhei
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.I.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Aleksandra G. Mileiko
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Ludmila D. Mosina
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Irina V. Laletina
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Ilia G. Mikhailov
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Yana V. Fritsler
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Andrey N. Shuvaev
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (A.G.M.); (L.D.M.); (I.V.L.); (I.G.M.); (Y.V.F.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.I.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
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5
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Vaccari Cardoso B, Barrera I, Mosienko V, Gourine AV, Kasparov S, Teschemacher AG. Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Mammalian Astrocytes to Modulate Lactate Release. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081056. [PMID: 34439675 PMCID: PMC8394253 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes support and modulate neuronal activity through the release of L-lactate. The suggested roles of astrocytic lactate in the brain encompass an expanding range of vital functions, including central control of respiration and cardiovascular performance, learning, memory, executive behaviour and regulation of mood. Studying the effects of astrocytic lactate requires tools that limit the release of lactate selectively from astrocytes. Here, we report the validation in vitro of novel molecular constructs derived from enzymes originally found in bacteria, that when expressed in astrocytes, interfere with lactate handling. When lactate 2-monooxygenase derived from M. smegmatis was specifically expressed in astrocytes, it reduced intracellular lactate pools as well as lactate release upon stimulation. D-lactate dehydrogenase derived from L. bulgaricus diverts pyruvate towards D-lactate production and release by astrocytes, which may affect signalling properties of lactate in the brain. Together with lactate oxidase, which we have previously described, this set of transgenic tools can be employed to better understand astrocytic lactate release and its role in the regulation of neuronal activity in different behavioural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vaccari Cardoso
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (B.V.C.); (I.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Iliana Barrera
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (B.V.C.); (I.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (B.V.C.); (I.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (B.V.C.); (I.B.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Vaccari Cardoso B, Shevelkin AV, Terrillion C, Mychko O, Mosienko V, Kasparov S, Pletnikov MV, Teschemacher AG. Reducing l-lactate release from hippocampal astrocytes by intracellular oxidation increases novelty induced activity in mice. Glia 2021; 69:1241-1250. [PMID: 33400321 PMCID: PMC8576740 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are in control of metabolic homeostasis in the brain and support and modulate neuronal function in various ways. Astrocyte-derived l-lactate (lactate) is thought to play a dual role as a metabolic and a signaling molecule in inter-cellular communication. The biological significance of lactate release from astrocytes is poorly understood, largely because the tools to manipulate lactate levels in vivo are limited. We therefore developed new viral vectors for astrocyte-specific expression of a mammalianized version of lactate oxidase (LOx) from Aerococcus viridans. LOx expression in astrocytes in vitro reduced their intracellular lactate levels as well as the release of lactate to the extracellular space. Selective expression of LOx in astrocytes of the dorsal hippocampus in mice resulted in increased locomotor activity in response to novel stimuli. Our findings suggest that a localized decreased intracellular lactate pool in hippocampal astrocytes could contribute to greater responsiveness to environmental novelty. We expect that use of this molecular tool to chronically limit astrocytic lactate release will significantly facilitate future studies into the roles and mechanisms of intercellular lactate communication in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey V. Shevelkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Chantelle Terrillion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Olga Mychko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesCollege of Medicine and Health, University of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and Neuroscience, University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Mikhail V. Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity at BuffaloNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and Neuroscience, University of BristolBristolUK
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7
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Mozhei O, G. Teschemacher A, Kasparov S. Viral Vectors as Gene Therapy Agents for Treatment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3724. [PMID: 33322507 PMCID: PMC7764372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we scrutinize the idea of using viral vectors either as cytotoxic agents or gene delivery tools for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in light of the experience that our laboratory has accumulated over ~20 years when using similar vectors in experimental neuroscience. We review molecular strategies and current clinical trials and argue that approaches which are based on targeting a specific biochemical pathway or a characteristic mutation are inherently prone to failure because of the high genomic instability and clonal selection characteristics of GBM. For the same reasons, attempts to develop a viral system which selectively transduces only GBM cells are also unlikely to be universally successful. One of the common gene therapy approaches is to use cytotoxic viruses which replicate and cause preferential lysis of the GBM cells. This strategy, in addition to its reliance on the specific biochemical makeup of the GBM cells, bears a risk of necrotic cell death accompanied by release of large quantities of pro-inflammatory molecules. On the other hand, engaging the immune system in the anti-GBM response seems to be a potential avenue to explore further. We suggest that a plausible strategy is to focus on viral vectors which efficiently transduce brain cells via a non-selective, ubiquitous mechanism and which target (ideally irreversibly) processes that are critical only for dividing tumor cells and are dispensable for quiescent brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Mozhei
- School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
- School of Physiology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
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Booth LC, Yao ST, Korsak A, Farmer DGS, Hood SG, McCormick D, Boesley Q, Connelly AA, McDougall SJ, Korim WS, Guild SJ, Mastitskaya S, Le P, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S, Ackland GL, Malpas SC, McAllen RM, Allen AM, May CN, Gourine AV. Selective optogenetic stimulation of efferent fibers in the vagus nerve of a large mammal. Brain Stimul 2020; 14:88-96. [PMID: 33217609 PMCID: PMC7836098 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrical stimulation applied to individual organs, peripheral nerves, or specific brain regions has been used to treat a range of medical conditions. In cardiovascular disease, autonomic dysfunction contributes to the disease progression and electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve has been pursued as a treatment for the purpose of restoring the autonomic balance. However, this approach lacks selectivity in activating function- and organ-specific vagal fibers and, despite promising results of many preclinical studies, has so far failed to translate into a clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease. Objective Here we report a successful application of optogenetics for selective stimulation of vagal efferent activity in a large animal model (sheep). Methods and results Twelve weeks after viral transduction of a subset of vagal motoneurons, strong axonal membrane expression of the excitatory light-sensitive ion channel ChIEF was achieved in the efferent projections innervating thoracic organs and reaching beyond the level of the diaphragm. Blue laser or LED light (>10 mW mm−2; 1 ms pulses) applied to the cervical vagus triggered precisely timed, strong bursts of efferent activity with evoked action potentials propagating at speeds of ∼6 m s−1. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that in species with a large, multi-fascicled vagus nerve, it is possible to stimulate a specific sub-population of efferent fibers using light at a site remote from the vector delivery, marking an important step towards eventual clinical use of optogenetic technology for autonomic neuromodulation. Described is a method of selective efferent vagus nerve stimulation using light. Vagal preganglionic neurons are targeted to express light-sensitive channels. Specific efferent VNS by light delivery to the cervical vagus is achieved in a large animal model. Demonstrates feasibility of using optogenetic technology for autonomic neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsea C Booth
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Song T Yao
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, MDHS, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alla Korsak
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David G S Farmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sally G Hood
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel McCormick
- Department of Physiology and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Quinn Boesley
- Department of Physiology and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angela A Connelly
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDougall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Willian S Korim
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Guild
- Department of Physiology and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phuong Le
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- Physiology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Physiology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon C Malpas
- Department of Physiology and Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robin M McAllen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M Allen
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clive N May
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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Mastitskaya S, Turovsky E, Marina N, Theparambil SM, Hadjihambi A, Kasparov S, Teschemacher AG, Ramage AG, Gourine AV, Hosford PS. Astrocytes Modulate Baroreflex Sensitivity at the Level of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3052-3062. [PMID: 32132265 PMCID: PMC7141885 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1438-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cardiorespiratory homeostasis depends on autonomic reflexes controlled by neuronal circuits of the brainstem. The neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of these reflex pathways are well understood, however, the mechanisms and functional significance of autonomic circuit modulation by glial cells remain largely unknown. In the experiments conducted in male laboratory rats we show that astrocytes of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the brain area that receives and integrates sensory information from the heart and blood vessels, respond to incoming afferent inputs with [Ca2+]i elevations. Astroglial [Ca2+]i responses are triggered by transmitters released by vagal afferents, glutamate acting at AMPA receptors and 5-HT acting at 5-HT2A receptors. In conscious freely behaving animals blockade of Ca2+-dependent vesicular release mechanisms in NTS astrocytes by virally driven expression of a dominant-negative SNARE protein (dnSNARE) increased baroreflex sensitivity by 70% (p < 0.001). This effect of compromised astroglial function was specific to the NTS as expression of dnSNARE in astrocytes of the ventrolateral brainstem had no effect. ATP is considered the principle gliotransmitter and is released by vesicular mechanisms blocked by dnSNARE expression. Consistent with this hypothesis, in anesthetized rats, pharmacological activation of P2Y1 purinoceptors in the NTS decreased baroreflex gain by 40% (p = 0.031), whereas blockade of P2Y1 receptors increased baroreflex gain by 57% (p = 0.018). These results suggest that glutamate and 5-HT, released by NTS afferent terminals, trigger Ca2+-dependent astroglial release of ATP to modulate baroreflex sensitivity via P2Y1 receptors. These data add to the growing body of evidence supporting an active role of astrocytes in brain information processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cardiorespiratory reflexes maintain autonomic balance and ensure cardiovascular health. Impaired baroreflex may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and serves as a robust predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. The data obtained in this study suggest that astrocytes are integral components of the brainstem mechanisms that process afferent information and modulate baroreflex sensitivity via the release of ATP. Any condition associated with higher levels of "ambient" ATP in the NTS would be expected to decrease baroreflex gain by the mechanism described here. As ATP is the primary signaling molecule of glial cells (astrocytes, microglia), responding to metabolic stress and inflammatory stimuli, our study suggests a plausible mechanism of how the central component of the baroreflex is affected in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Egor Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Nephtali Marina
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Shefeeq M Theparambil
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Hadjihambi
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 236041, Russian Federation, and
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Ramage
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
| | - Patrick S Hosford
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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10
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Nagai Y, Nishitani N, Yasuda M, Ueda Y, Fukui Y, Andoh C, Shirakawa H, Nakagawa T, Inoue KI, Nagayasu K, Kasparov S, Nakamura K, Kaneko S. Identification of neuron-type specific promoters in monkey genome and their functional validation in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:619-624. [PMID: 31451217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral gene delivery is one of the most versatile techniques for elucidating the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction, such as neuropsychiatric disorders. Due to the complexity of the brain, expression of genetic tools, such as channelrhodopsin and calcium sensors, often has to be restricted to a specified cell type within a circuit implicated in these disorders. Only a handful of promoters targeting neuronal subtypes are currently used for viral gene delivery. Here, we isolated conserved promoter regions of several subtype-specific genes from the macaque genome and investigated their functionality in the mouse brain when used within lentiviral vectors (LVVs). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that transgene expression induced by the promoter sequences for somatostatin (SST), cholecystokinin (CCK), parvalbumin (PV), serotonin transporter (SERT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAChT), substance P (SP) and proenkephalin (PENK) was largely colocalized with specific markers for the targeted neuronal populations. Moreover, by combining these results with in silico predictions of transcription factor binding to the isolated sequences, we identified transcription factors possibly underlying cell-type specificity. These findings lay a foundation for the expansion of the current toolbox of promoters suitable for elucidating these neuronal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Nagai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masaharu Yasuda
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ueda
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yuto Fukui
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Andoh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Universitetskaya str, 2, Kaliningrad, 236041, Russia
| | - Kae Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata-city, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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11
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Shuvaev AN, Belozor OS, Smolnikova MV, Yakovleva DA, Shuvaev AN, Kazantseva OM, Pozhilenkova EA, Mozhei OI, Kasparov S. Population genetics of spinoсerebellar ataxias caused by polyglutamine expansions. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary disorders of the neuronal system are some of the most important problems of medicine in the XXI century. The most interesting representatives of this group are highly prevalent polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). It has a basement for quick progression of expansion among different groups all over the World. These diseases are SCA1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 17, which phenotypically belong to one group due to similarities in clinics and genetics. The substrate of these genetic conditions is CAG trinucleotide repeat of Ataxin genes which may expand in the course of reproduction. For this reason a characteristic feature of these diseases is not only an increase in patient numbers, but also a qualitative change in the progression of their neurological symptoms. All these aspects are reflected in the structure of the incidence of polyglutamine SCAs, both at the global level and at the level of individual population groups. However, most scientific reports that describe the population genetics of polyglutamine SCAs are limited to quantitative indicators of a specific condition in a certain area, while the history of the occurrence and principles of the distribution of polyglutamine SCAs are poorly understood. This prevents long-term predictions of the dynamics of the disease and development of strategies for controlling the spread of mutations in the populations. In this paper we make a detailed analysis of the polyglutamine SCAs population genetics, both in the whole world and specifically in theRussian Federation. We note that for a better analysis it would be necessary to cover a wider range of populations in Africa, Asia andSouth America, which will be possible with the development of new methods for molecular genetics. Development of new methods of detection of polyglutamine SCAs will allow the scientists to better understand how they lead to the brain disease, the means of their spread in the population and to develop better methods for therapy and prevention of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Shuvaev
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry
| | - O. S. Belozor
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry
| | - M. V. Smolnikova
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry;
Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center” of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North
| | | | | | | | - E. A. Pozhilenkova
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry
| | | | - S. Kasparov
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University;
University of Bristol
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12
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Zhang Y, Biancardi V, Tapia AM, Jaib TA, Gourine A, Kasparov S, Funk GD. cAMP‐dependent modulation of I
h
underlies the P2Y
1
receptor‐mediated excitation of the preBötzinger Complex inspiratory network in vitro. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.551.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- PhysiologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmononABCanada
| | | | - Ana Miranda Tapia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmononABCanada
| | | | - Alexander Gourine
- Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Gregory Douglas Funk
- PhysiologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmononABCanada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmononABCanada
- Women & Children's Health Research InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmononABCanada
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13
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Nishitani N, Nagayasu K, Asaoka N, Yamashiro M, Andoh C, Nagai Y, Kinoshita H, Kawai H, Shibui N, Liu B, Hewinson J, Shirakawa H, Nakagawa T, Hashimoto H, Kasparov S, Kaneko S. Manipulation of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons modulates active coping to inescapable stress and anxiety-related behaviors in mice and rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:721-732. [PMID: 30377380 PMCID: PMC6372597 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Major depression and anxiety disorders are a social and economic burden worldwide. Serotonergic signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders and thus has been a crucial target for pharmacotherapy. However, the precise mechanisms underlying these disorders are still unclear. Here, we used species-optimized lentiviral vectors that were capable of efficient and specific transduction of serotonergic neurons in mice and rats for elucidation of serotonergic roles in anxiety-like behaviors and active coping behavior in both species. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that lentiviral vectors with an upstream sequence of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene efficiently transduced serotonergic neurons with a specificity of approximately 95% in both mice and rats. Electrophysiological recordings showed that these lentiviral vectors induced sufficient expression of optogenetic tools for precise control of serotonergic neurons. Using these vectors, we demonstrate that acute activation of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus increases active coping with inescapable stress in rats and mice in a time-locked manner, and that acute inhibition of these neurons increases anxiety-like behaviors specifically in rats. These findings further our understanding of the pathophysiological role of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons in different species and the role of these neurons as therapeutic targets in major depression and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nishitani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Drug Innovation Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshidahommachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamashiro
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Andoh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuma Nagai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruko Kinoshita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Norihiro Shibui
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - James Hewinson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Drug Innovation Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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14
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Angelova PR, Iversen KZ, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S, Gourine AV, Abramov AY. Signal transduction in astrocytes: Localization and release of inorganic polyphosphate. Glia 2018; 66:2126-2136. [PMID: 30260496 PMCID: PMC6282517 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is present in every cell and is highly conserved from primeval times. In the mammalian cells, polyP plays multiple roles including control of cell bioenergetics and signal transduction. In the brain, polyP mediates signaling between astrocytes via activation of purinergic receptors, however, the mechanisms of polyP release remain unknown. Here we report identification of polyP-containing vesicles in cortical astrocytes and the main triggers that evoke vesicular polyP release. In cultured astrocytes, polyP was localized predominantly within the intracellular vesicular compartments which express vesicular nucleotide transporter VNUT (putative ATP-containing vesicles), but not within the compartments expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2). The number of lysosomes which contain polyP was dependent on the conditions of astrocytes. Release of polyP from a proportion of lysosomes could be induced by calcium ionophores. In contrast, polyP release from the VNUT-containing vesicles could be triggered by various physiological stimuli, such as pH changes, polyP induced polyP release and other stimuli which increase [Ca2+ ] i . These data suggest that astrocytes release polyP predominantly via exocytosis from the VNUT-containing vesicles. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamena R. Angelova
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondon, WC1N 3BGUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathrine Z. Iversen
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondon, WC1N 3BGUnited Kingdom
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristol, BS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristol, BS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
- Baltic Federal University2 Universitetskaya str, Kaliningrad, 236000Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonGower Street, London, WC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y. Abramov
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondon, WC1N 3BGUnited Kingdom
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15
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Liu B, Mosienko V, Vaccari Cardoso B, Prokudina D, Huentelman M, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Glio- and neuro-protection by prosaposin is mediated by orphan G-protein coupled receptors GPR37L1 and GPR37. Glia 2018; 66:2414-2426. [PMID: 30260505 PMCID: PMC6492175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of neuroprotective pathways is one of the major priorities for neuroscience. Astrocytes are natural neuroprotectors and it is likely that brain resilience can be enhanced by mobilizing their protective potential. Among G‐protein coupled receptors expressed by astrocytes, two highly related receptors, GPR37L1 and GPR37, are of particular interest. Previous studies suggested that these receptors are activated by a peptide Saposin C and its neuroactive fragments (prosaptide TX14(A)), which were demonstrated to be neuroprotective in various animal models by several groups. However, pairing of Saposin C or prosaptides with GPR37L1/GPR37 has been challenged and presently GPR37L1/GPR37 have regained their orphan status. Here, we demonstrate that in their natural habitat, astrocytes, these receptors mediate a range of effects of TX14(A), including protection from oxidative stress. The Saposin C/GPR37L1/GPR37 pathway is also involved in the neuroprotective effect of astrocytes on neurons subjected to oxidative stress. The action of TX14(A) is at least partially mediated by Gi‐proteins and the cAMP‐PKA axis. On the other hand, when recombinant GPR37L1 or GPR37 are expressed in HEK293 cells, they are not functional and do not respond to TX14(A), which explains unsuccessful attempts to confirm the ligand‐receptor pairing. Therefore, this study identifies GPR37L1/GPR37 as the receptors for TX14(A), and, by extension of Saposin C, and paves the way for the development of neuroprotective therapeutics acting via these receptors. A video abstract of this article can be found at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTn13My9Sz8
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Vaccari Cardoso
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anja G Teschemacher
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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16
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Rajani V, Zhang Y, Jalubula V, Rancic V, SheikhBahaei S, Zwicker JD, Pagliardini S, Dickson CT, Ballanyi K, Kasparov S, Gourine AV, Funk GD. Release of ATP by pre-Bötzinger complex astrocytes contributes to the hypoxic ventilatory response via a Ca 2+ -dependent P2Y 1 receptor mechanism. J Physiol 2018; 596:3245-3269. [PMID: 28678385 PMCID: PMC6068109 DOI: 10.1113/jp274727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The ventilatory response to reduced oxygen (hypoxia) is biphasic, comprising an initial increase in ventilation followed by a secondary depression. Our findings indicate that, during hypoxia, astrocytes in the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), a critical site of inspiratory rhythm generation, release a gliotransmitter that acts via P2Y1 receptors to stimulate ventilation and reduce the secondary depression. In vitro analyses reveal that ATP excitation of the preBötC involves P2Y1 receptor-mediated release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. By identifying a role for gliotransmission and the sites, P2 receptor subtype, and signalling mechanisms via which ATP modulates breathing during hypoxia, these data advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the hypoxic ventilatory response and highlight the significance of purinergic signalling and gliotransmission in homeostatic control. Clinically, these findings are relevant to conditions in which hypoxia and respiratory depression are implicated, including apnoea of prematurity, sleep disordered breathing and congestive heart failure. ABSTRACT The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is biphasic, consisting of a phase I increase in ventilation followed by a secondary depression (to a steady-state phase II) that can be life-threatening in premature infants who suffer from frequent apnoeas and respiratory depression. ATP released in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata during hypoxia attenuates the secondary depression. We explored a working hypothesis that vesicular release of ATP by astrocytes in the pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC) inspiratory rhythm-generating network acts via P2Y1 receptors to mediate this effect. Blockade of vesicular exocytosis in preBötC astrocytes bilaterally (using an adenoviral vector to specifically express tetanus toxin light chain in astrocytes) reduced the HVR in anaesthetized rats, indicating that exocytotic release of a gliotransmitter within the preBötC contributes to the hypoxia-induced increases in ventilation. Unilateral blockade of P2Y1 receptors in the preBötC via local antagonist injection enhanced the secondary respiratory depression, suggesting that a significant component of the phase II increase in ventilation is mediated by ATP acting at P2Y1 receptors. In vitro responses of the preBötC inspiratory network, preBötC inspiratory neurons and cultured preBötC glia to purinergic agents demonstrated that the P2Y1 receptor-mediated increase in fictive inspiratory frequency involves Ca2+ recruitment from intracellular stores leading to increases in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ) in inspiratory neurons and glia. These data suggest that ATP is released by preBötC astrocytes during hypoxia and acts via P2Y1 receptors on inspiratory neurons (and/or glia) to evoke Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and an increase in ventilation that counteracts the hypoxic respiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishaal Rajani
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Present address: Neurosciences & Mental Health, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning (PGCRL)The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Venkatesh Jalubula
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Vladimir Rancic
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Shahriar SheikhBahaei
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMDUSA
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jennifer D. Zwicker
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Silvia Pagliardini
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Clayton T. Dickson
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI)Faculty of ScienceEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Klaus Ballanyi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gregory D. Funk
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (NMHI), Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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17
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Roloff EVL, Walas D, Moraes DJA, Kasparov S, Paton JFR. Differences in autonomic innervation to the vertebrobasilar arteries in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar rats. J Physiol 2018; 596:3505-3529. [PMID: 29797726 PMCID: PMC6092310 DOI: 10.1113/jp275973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Essential hypertension is associated with hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and hypoperfusion of the brainstem area controlling arterial pressure. Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries may regulate blood perfusion to the brainstem. We examined the autonomic innervation of these arteries in pre-hypertensive (PHSH) and hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats relative to age-matched Wistar rats. Our main findings were: (1) an unexpected decrease in noradrenergic sympathetic innervation in PHSH and SH compared to Wistar rats despite elevated sympathetic drive in PHSH rats; (2) a dramatic deficit in cholinergic and peptidergic parasympathetic innervation in PHSH and SH compared to Wistar rats; and (3) denervation of sympathetic fibres did not alter vertebrobasilar artery morphology or arterial pressure. Our results support a compromised vasodilatory capacity in PHSH and SH rats compared to Wistar rats, which may explain their hypoperfused brainstem. ABSTRACT Neurogenic hypertension may result from brainstem hypoperfusion. We previously found remodelling (decreased lumen, increased wall thickness) in vertebrobasilar arteries of juvenile, pre-hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive (PHSH) and adult spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats compared to age-matched normotensive rats. We tested the hypothesis that there would be a greater density of sympathetic to parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries in SH versus Wistar rats irrespective of the stage of development and that sympathetic denervation (ablation of the superior cervical ganglia bilaterally) would reverse the remodelling and lower blood pressure. Contrary to our hypothesis, immunohistochemistry revealed a decrease in the innervation density of noradrenergic sympathetic fibres in adult SH rats (P < 0.01) compared to Wistar rats. Unexpectedly, there was a 65% deficit in parasympathetic fibres, as assessed by both vesicular acetylcholine transporter (α-VAChT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (α-VIP) immunofluorescence (P < 0.002) in PHSH rats compared to age-matched Wistar rats. Although the neural activity of the internal cervical sympathetic branch, which innervates the vertebrobasilar arteries, was higher in PHSH relative to Wistar rats, its denervation had no effect on the vertebrobasilar artery morphology or persistent effect on arterial pressure in SH rats. Our neuroanatomic and functional data do not support a role for sympathetic nerves in remodelling of the vertebrobasilar artery wall in PHSH or SH rats. The remodelling of vertebrobasilar arteries and the elevated activity in the internal cervical sympathetic nerve coupled with their reduced parasympathetic innervation suggests a compromised vasodilatory capacity in PHSH and SH rats that could explain their brainstem hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva v. L. Roloff
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBiomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1TDUK
| | - Dawid Walas
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBiomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1TDUK
| | - Davi J. A. Moraes
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSP 14049–900Brazil
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBiomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1TDUK
| | - Julian F. R. Paton
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBiomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1TDUK
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of Auckland85 Park RoadGraftonAuckland1142New Zealand
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18
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Hosford PS, Mosienko V, Kishi K, Jurisic G, Seuwen K, Kinzel B, Ludwig MG, Wells JA, Christie IN, Koolen L, Abdala AP, Liu BH, Gourine AV, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. CNS distribution, signalling properties and central effects of G-protein coupled receptor 4. Neuropharmacology 2018; 138:381-392. [PMID: 29894771 PMCID: PMC6063991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Information on the distribution and biology of the G-protein coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) in the brain is limited. It is currently thought that GPR4 couples to Gs proteins and may mediate central respiratory sensitivity to CO2. Using a knock-in mouse model, abundant GPR4 expression was detected in the cerebrovascular endothelium and neurones of dorsal raphe, retro-trapezoidal nucleus locus coeruleus and lateral septum. A similar distribution was confirmed using RNAscope in situ hybridisation. In HEK293 cells, overexpressing GPR4, it was highly constitutively active at neutral pH with little further increase in cAMP towards acidic pH. The GPR4 antagonist NE 52-QQ57 effectively blocked GPR4-mediated cAMP accumulation (IC50 26.8 nM in HEK293 cells). In HUVEC which natively express GPR4, physiological acidification (pH 7.4-7.0) resulted in a cAMP increase by ∼55% which was completely prevented by 1 μM NE 52-QQ57. The main extracellular organic acid, l-lactic acid (LL; 1-10 mM), suppressed pH dependent activation of GPR4 in HEK293 and HUVEC cells, suggesting allosteric negative modulation. In unanaesthetised mice and rats, NE 52-QQ57 (20 mg kg-1) reduced ventilatory response to 5 and 10% CO2. In anaesthetised rats, systemic administration of NE 52-QQ57 (up to 20 mg kg-1) had no effect on hemodynamics, cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen level dependent responses. Central administration of NE 52-QQ57 (1 mM) in vagotomised anaesthetised rats did not affect CO2-induced respiratory responses. Our results indicate that GPR4 is expressed by multiple neuronal populations and endothelium and that its pH sensitivity is affected by level of expression and LL. NE 52-QQ57 blunts hypercapnic response to CO2 but this effect is absent under anaesthesia, possibly due to the inhibitory effect of LL on GPR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Hosford
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - V Mosienko
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - K Kishi
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - G Jurisic
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Kinzel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M G Ludwig
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J A Wells
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - I N Christie
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - L Koolen
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - A P Abdala
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - B H Liu
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - A V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A G Teschemacher
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - S Kasparov
- Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 236041, Russian Federation.
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19
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Barros LF, Bolaños JP, Bonvento G, Bouzier-Sore AK, Brown A, Hirrlinger J, Kasparov S, Kirchhoff F, Murphy AN, Pellerin L, Robinson MB, Weber B. Current technical approaches to brain energy metabolism. Glia 2018; 66:1138-1159. [PMID: 29110344 PMCID: PMC5903992 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience is a technology-driven discipline and brain energy metabolism is no exception. Once satisfied with mapping metabolic pathways at organ level, we are now looking to learn what it is exactly that metabolic enzymes and transporters do and when, where do they reside, how are they regulated, and how do they relate to the specific functions of neurons, glial cells, and their subcellular domains and organelles, in different areas of the brain. Moreover, we aim to quantify the fluxes of metabolites within and between cells. Energy metabolism is not just a necessity for proper cell function and viability but plays specific roles in higher brain functions such as memory processing and behavior, whose mechanisms need to be understood at all hierarchical levels, from isolated proteins to whole subjects, in both health and disease. To this aim, the field takes advantage of diverse disciplines including anatomy, histology, physiology, biochemistry, bioenergetics, cellular biology, molecular biology, developmental biology, neurology, and mathematical modeling. This article presents a well-referenced synopsis of the technical side of brain energy metabolism research. Detail and jargon are avoided whenever possible and emphasis is given to comparative strengths, limitations, and weaknesses, information that is often not available in regular articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Felipe Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, 5110466, Chile
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Instituto de Biologia Funcional y Genomica-CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca, CIBERFES, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques UMR 5536, CNRS-Université Bordeaux 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - Angus Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Carl Ludwig Institute of Physiology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 27, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
- Baltic Federal University, Kalinigrad, Russian Federation
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Building 48, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Département de Physiologie, 7 rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, CH1005, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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McBryde FD, Liu BH, Roloff EV, Kasparov S, Paton JFR. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity is a major determinant of renal sympathetic discharge in conscious Wistar rats. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:419-428. [PMID: 29215757 DOI: 10.1113/ep086744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does chronic reduction of neuronally generated nitric oxide in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus affect the set-point regulation of blood pressure and sympathetic activity destined to the kidneys? What is the main finding and its importance? Within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, nitric oxide generated by neuronal nitric oxide synthase plays a major constitutive role in suppressing long term the levels of both ongoing renal sympathetic activity and arterial pressure in conscious Wistar rats. This finding unequivocally demonstrates a mechanism by which the diencephalon exerts a tonic influence on sympathetic discharge to the kidney and may provide the basis for both blood volume and osmolality homeostasis. ABSTRACT The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine regulation. Application of nitric oxide donors to the PVN stimulates GABAergic transmission, and may suppress sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) to lower arterial pressure. However, the role of endogenous nitric oxide within the PVN in regulating renal SNA chronically remains to be established in conscious animals. To address this, we used our previously established lentiviral vectors to knock down neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) selectively in the PVN of conscious Wistar rats. Blood pressure and renal SNA were monitored simultaneously and continuously for 21 days (n = 14) using radio-telemetry. Renal SNA was normalized to maximal evoked discharge and expressed as a percentage change from baseline. The PVN was microinjected bilaterally with a neurone-specific tetracycline-controllable lentiviral vector, expressing a short hairpin miRNA30 interference system targeting nNOS (n = 7) or expressing a mis-sense as control (n = 7). Recordings continued for a further 18 days. The vectors also expressed green fluorescent protein, and successful expression in the PVN and nNOS knockdown were confirmed histologically post hoc. Knockdown of nNOS expression in the PVN resulted in a sustained increase in blood pressure (from 95 ± 2 to 104 ± 3 mmHg, P < 0.05), with robust concurrent sustained activation of renal SNA (>70%, P < 0.05). The study reveals a major role for nNOS-derived nitric oxide within the PVN in chronic set-point regulation of cardiovascular autonomic activity in the conscious, normotensive rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D McBryde
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Cardiovascular Autonomic Research Cluster, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B H Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - E V Roloff
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J F R Paton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Cardiovascular Autonomic Research Cluster, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Liu B, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Neuroprotective potential of astroglia. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2126-2139. [PMID: 28836687 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia are the homoeostatic cells of the central nervous system, which participate in all essential functions of the brain. Astrocytes support neuronal networks by handling water and ion fluxes, transmitter clearance, provision of antioxidants, and metabolic precursors and growth factors. The critical dependence of neurons on constant support from the astrocytes confers astrocytes with intrinsic neuroprotective properties. On the other hand, loss of astrocytic support or their pathological transformation compromises neuronal functionality and viability. Manipulating neuroprotective functions of astrocytes is thus an important strategy to enhance neuronal survival and improve outcomes in disease states. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A G Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.,Institute of Living Systems, School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
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22
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Liu B, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Astroglia as a cellular target for neuroprotection and treatment of neuro-psychiatric disorders. Glia 2017; 65:1205-1226. [PMID: 28300322 PMCID: PMC5669250 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic cells of the central nervous system. They cooperate with neurons at several levels, including ion and water homeostasis, chemical signal transmission, blood flow regulation, immune and oxidative stress defense, supply of metabolites and neurogenesis. Astroglia is also important for viability and maturation of stem-cell derived neurons. Neurons critically depend on intrinsic protective and supportive properties of astrocytes. Conversely, all forms of pathogenic stimuli which disturb astrocytic functions compromise neuronal functionality and viability. Support of neuroprotective functions of astrocytes is thus an important strategy for enhancing neuronal survival and improving outcomes in disease states. In this review, we first briefly examine how astrocytic dysfunction contributes to major neurological disorders, which are traditionally associated with malfunctioning of processes residing in neurons. Possible molecular entities within astrocytes that could underpin the cause, initiation and/or progression of various disorders are outlined. In the second section, we explore opportunities enhancing neuroprotective function of astroglia. We consider targeting astrocyte-specific molecular pathways which are involved in neuroprotection or could be expected to have a therapeutic value. Examples of those are oxidative stress defense mechanisms, glutamate uptake, purinergic signaling, water and ion homeostasis, connexin gap junctions, neurotrophic factors and the Nrf2-ARE pathway. We propose that enhancing the neuroprotective capacity of astrocytes is a viable strategy for improving brain resilience and developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Chemistry and BiologyBaltic Federal UniversityKaliningradRussian Federation
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23
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Machhada A, Trapp S, Marina N, Stephens RCM, Whittle J, Lythgoe MF, Kasparov S, Ackland GL, Gourine AV. Vagal determinants of exercise capacity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15097. [PMID: 28516907 PMCID: PMC5454375 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect measures of cardiac vagal activity are strongly associated with exercise capacity, yet a causal relationship has not been established. Here we show that in rats, genetic silencing of the largest population of brainstem vagal preganglionic neurons residing in the brainstem's dorsal vagal motor nucleus dramatically impairs exercise capacity, while optogenetic recruitment of the same neuronal population enhances cardiac contractility and prolongs exercise endurance. These data provide direct experimental evidence that parasympathetic vagal drive generated by a defined CNS circuit determines the ability to exercise. Decreased activity and/or gradual loss of the identified neuronal cell group provides a neurophysiological basis for the progressive decline of exercise capacity with aging and in diverse disease states. Demonstrating a causal relationship between cardiac vagal tone and exercise capacity has been previously limited by methodological constraints. Using genetic targeting, silencing and optogenetic recruitment of vagal motor neuron activity in rodents, Machhada et al. provide direct evidence that vagal drive determines the ability to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Machhada
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nephtali Marina
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert C M Stephens
- University College London Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Whittle
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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24
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Benford H, Bolborea M, Pollatzek E, Lossow K, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Liu B, Meyerhof W, Kasparov S, Dale N. A sweet taste receptor-dependent mechanism of glucosensing in hypothalamic tanycytes. Glia 2017; 65:773-789. [PMID: 28205335 PMCID: PMC5363357 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic tanycytes are glial‐like glucosensitive cells that contact the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle, and send processes into the hypothalamic nuclei that control food intake and body weight. The mechanism of tanycyte glucosensing remains undetermined. While tanycytes express the components associated with the glucosensing of the pancreatic β cell, they respond to nonmetabolisable glucose analogues via an ATP receptor‐dependent mechanism. Here, we show that tanycytes in rodents respond to non‐nutritive sweeteners known to be ligands of the sweet taste (Tas1r2/Tas1r3) receptor. The initial sweet tastant‐evoked response, which requires the presence of extracellular Ca2+, leads to release of ATP and a larger propagating Ca2+ response mediated by P2Y1 receptors. In Tas1r2 null mice the proportion of glucose nonresponsive tanycytes was greatly increased in these mice, but a subset of tanycytes retained an undiminished sensitivity to glucose. Our data demonstrate that the sweet taste receptor mediates glucosensing in about 60% of glucosensitive tanycytes while the remaining 40% of glucosensitive tanycytes use some other, as yet unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Benford
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matei Bolborea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Pollatzek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Lossow
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Transgenic Animal Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Dale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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25
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Roloff EVL, Tomiak‐Baquero AM, Kasparov S, Paton JFR. Parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries: is this a potential clinical target? J Physiol 2016; 594:6463-6485. [PMID: 27357059 PMCID: PMC5108906 DOI: 10.1113/jp272450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarise the contemporary evidence for the presence and function of the parasympathetic innervation of the cerebral circulation with emphasis on the vertebral and basilar arteries (the posterior cerebral circulation). We consider whether the parasympathetic innervation of blood vessels could be used as a means to increase cerebral blood flow. This may have clinical implications for pathologies associated with cerebral hypoperfusion such as stroke, dementia and hypertension. Relative to the anterior cerebral circulation little is known of the origins and neurochemical phenotypes of the parasympathetic innervation of the vertebrobasilar arteries. These vessels normally provide blood flow to the brainstem and cerebellum but can, via the Circle of Willis upon stenosis of the internal carotid arteries, supply blood to the anterior cerebral circulation too. We review the multiple types of parasympathetic fibres and their distinct transmitter mechanisms and how these vary with age, disease and species. We highlight the importance of parasympathetic fibres for mediating the vasodilatory response to sympathetic activation. Current trials are investigating the possibility of electrically stimulating the postganglionic parasympathetic ganglia to improve cerebal blood flow to reduce the penumbra following stroke. We conclude that although there are substantial gaps in our understanding of the origins of parasympathetic innervation of the vertebrobasilar arteries, activation of this system under some conditions might bring therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva v. L. Roloff
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Ana M. Tomiak‐Baquero
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Julian F. R. Paton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
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Champney F, Maddock L, Welford J, Kemp J, Allan V, Persidskikh Y, Orini M, Ang R, Workman A, Wong L, Honarbakhsh S, Leong K, Silberbauer J, O'Nunain S, Gomes J, McCready J, Bostock J, Shaw K, McKenna C, Bailey J, Honarbakhsh S, Casas J, Wallace J, Hunter R, Schilling R, Perel P, Morley K, Banerjee A, Hemingway H, Mrochak A, Ilyina T, Goncharik D, Chasnoits A, Plashinskaya L, Taggart P, Hayward M, Lambiase P, Hosford P, Kasparov S, Lambiase P, Tinker A, Gourine A, Kettlewell S, Dempster J, Colman M, Rankin A, Myles R, Smith G, Tester D, Jaye A, FitzPatrick D, Evans M, Fleming P, Jeffrey I, Cohen M, Simpson M, Ackerman M, Behr E, Srinivasan N, Kirkby C, Firman E, Tobin L, Murphy C, Lowe M, Hunter RJ, Finlay M, Schilling RJ, Lambiase PD, Ng F, Tomlinson L, Nuthoo S, Cajilog E, Lefroy D, Qureshi N, Koa-Wing M, Whinnett Z, Linton N, Davies D, Lim P, Peters N, Kanagaratnam P, Varnava A. ORAL ABSTRACTS (1)Allied Professionals7CRYOABLATION FOR PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION - IS AN EP LAB REQUIRED?8A PATHWAY TO SAFETY - ANTICOAGULATION COMPLIANCE IN CIED PATIENTS WITH AF9UNDERSTANDING THE WAYS IN WHICH OCCUPATION IS AFFECTED BY POSTURAL TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME: A UK OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PERSPECTIVE10DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERGRATED SUPPORT PATHWAY FOR PATIENTS FULFILLING NICE CRITERIA FOR AN INTERNAL CARDIOVASCULAR DEBRIBRILLATOR (ICD) IN A DISTRICT GENERAL HOSPITAL11ARE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCIDENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND FIELD SYNOPSIS OF 23 FACTORS IN 32 INITIALLY HEALTHY COHORTS OF 20 MILLION PARTICIPANTS12BRAIN MRI FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION UNDERGOING CARDIOVERSIONBasic Science/Sudden Cardiac Death13PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE “RE-ENTRY VULNERABILITY INDEX” AS A MARKER OF CARDIAC INSTABILITY IN THE HUMAN HEART USING WHOLE-HEART CONTACT EPICARDIAL MAPPING14OPTOGENETIC STIMULATION OF BRAINSTEM'S VAGAL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONES IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE-DEPENDENT PROLONGATION OF VENTRICULAR EFFECTIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD15A DYNAMIC-CLAMP STUDY OF L-TYPE Ca2+ CURRENT IN RABBIT AND HUMAN ATRIAL MYOCYTES: THE CONTRIBUTION OF WINDOW ICaL TO EARLY AFTERDEPOLARISATIONS16WHOLE EXOME SEQUENCING IN SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME17MEDIUM TERM SURVIVAL AND FAMILY SCREENING OUTCOMES IN AN IDIOPATHIC VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION COHORT - A MULTICENTRE EXPERIENCE18CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SCD SURVIVORS WITH BRUGADA SYNDROME:- ARE SPONSANEOUS TYPE I ECG AND PREVIOUS SYNCOPE REALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH RISK? Europace 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Karagiannis A, Sylantyev S, Hadjihambi A, Hosford PS, Kasparov S, Gourine AV. Hemichannel-mediated release of lactate. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1202-11. [PMID: 26661210 PMCID: PMC4900446 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15611912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system lactate contributes to the extracellular pool of readily available energy substrates and may also function as a signaling molecule which mediates communication between glial cells and neurons. Monocarboxylate transporters are believed to provide the main pathway for lactate transport across the membranes. Here we tested the hypothesis that lactate could also be released via opening of pannexin and/or functional connexin hemichannels. In acute slices prepared from the brainstem, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cortex of adult rats, enzymatic amperometric biosensors detected significant tonic lactate release inhibited by compounds, which block pannexin/connexin hemichannels and facilitated by lowering extracellular [Ca(2+)] or increased PCO2 Enhanced lactate release triggered by hypoxia was reduced by ∼50% by either connexin or monocarboxylate transporter blockers. Stimulation of Schaffer collateral fibers triggered lactate release in CA1 area of the hippocampus, which was facilitated in conditions of low extracellular [Ca(2+)], markedly reduced by blockade of connexin hemichannels and abolished by lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor oxamate. These results indicate that lactate transport across the membranes may occur via mechanisms other than monocarboxylate transporters. In the central nervous system, hemichannels may function as a conduit of lactate release, and this mechanism is recruited during hypoxia and periods of enhanced neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassios Karagiannis
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Sergiy Sylantyev
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Hadjihambi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Patrick S Hosford
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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Marina N, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S, Gourine AV. Glia, sympathetic activity and cardiovascular disease. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:565-76. [PMID: 26988631 PMCID: PMC5031202 DOI: 10.1113/ep085713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? In this review, we discuss recent findings that provide a novel insight into the mechanisms that link glial cell function with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, including systemic arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure. What advances does it highlight? We discuss how glial cells may influence central presympathetic circuits, leading to maladaptive and detrimental increases in sympathetic activity and contributing to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and may contribute to its progression. Vasomotor and cardiac sympathetic activities are generated by the neuronal circuits located in the hypothalamus and the brainstem. These neuronal networks receive multiple inputs from the periphery and other parts of the CNS and, at a local level, may be influenced by their non-neuronal neighbours, in particular glial cells. In this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence suggesting that astrocytes and microglial cells are able to modulate the activity of sympathoexcitatory neural networks in disparate physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We focus on the chemosensory properties of astrocytes residing in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata and discuss signalling mechanisms leading to glial activation during brain hypoxia and inflammation. Alterations in these mechanisms may lead to heightened activity of sympathoexcitatory CNS circuits and contribute to maladaptive and detrimental increases in sympathetic tone associated with systemic arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nephtali Marina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Abstract
The role of lactate in the brain has been controversial. In this issue, Mächler et al. (2015) present data from in vivo experiments suggesting that there is a downward gradient of lactate in the brain. They provide a mechanistic basis for the proposed export of lactate from astrocytes to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Abstract
Astrocytes provide the structural and functional interface between the cerebral circulation and neuronal networks. They enwrap all intracerebral arterioles and capillaries, control the flux of nutrients as well as the ionic and metabolic environment of the neuropil. Astrocytes have the ability to adjust cerebral blood flow to maintain constant PO2 and PCO2 of the brain parenchyma. Release of ATP in the brainstem, presumably by local astrocytes, helps to maintain breathing and counteract hypoxia-induced depression of the respiratory network. Astrocytes also appear to be involved in mediating hypoxia-evoked changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, brain inflammation, and neuroprotection against ischaemic injury. Thus, astrocytes appear to play a fundamental role in supporting neuronal function not only in normal conditions but also in pathophysiological states when supply of oxygen to the brain is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nephtali Marina
- Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vitaliy Kasymov
- Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Experimental Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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Kourtesis I, Kasparov S, Verkade P, Teschemacher AG. Ultrastructural Correlates of Enhanced Norepinephrine and Neuropeptide Y Cotransmission in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Brain. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/5/1759091415610115. [PMID: 26514659 PMCID: PMC4641560 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415610115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) replicates many clinically relevant features of human essential hypertension and also exhibits behavioral symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dementia. The SHR phenotype is highly complex and cannot be explained by a single genetic or physiological mechanism. Nevertheless, numerous studies including our own work have revealed striking differences in central catecholaminergic transmission in SHR such as increased vesicular catecholamine content in the ventral brainstem. Here, we used immunolabeling followed by confocal microscopy and electron microscopy to quantify vesicle sizes and populations across three catecholaminergic brain areas—nucleus tractus solitarius and rostral ventrolateral medulla, both key regions for cardiovascular control, and the locus coeruleus. We also studied colocalization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in norepinephrine and epinephrine-containing neurons as NPY is a common cotransmitter with central and peripheral catecholamines. We found significantly increased expression and coexpression of NPY in norepinephrine and epinephrine-positive neurons of locus coeruleus in SHR compared with Wistar rats. Ultrastructural analysis revealed immunolabeled vesicles of 150 to 650 nm in diameter (means ranging from 250 to 300 nm), which is much larger than previously reported. In locus coeruleus and rostral ventrolateral medulla, but not in nucleus tractus solitarius, of SHR, noradrenergic and adrenergic vesicles were significantly larger and showed increased NPY colocalization when compared with Wistar rats. Our morphological evidence underpins the hypothesis of hyperactivity of the noradrenergic and adrenergic system and increased norepinephrine and epinephrine and NPY cotransmission in specific brain areas in SHR. It further strengthens the argument for a prohypertensive role of C1 neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla as a potential causative factor for essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kourtesis
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, UK Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, UK Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, UK Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, UK Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, UK Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, UK
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Tang F, Lane S, Korsak A, Paton JFR, Gourine AV, Kasparov S, Teschemacher AG. Lactate-mediated glia-neuronal signalling in the mammalian brain. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3284. [PMID: 24518663 PMCID: PMC3926012 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes produce and release L-lactate as a potential source of energy for neurons. Here we present evidence that L-lactate, independently of its caloric value, serves as an astrocytic signalling molecule in the locus coeruleus (LC). The LC is the principal source of norepinephrine to the frontal brain and thus one of the most influential modulatory centers of the brain. Optogenetically activated astrocytes release L-lactate, which excites LC neurons and triggers release of norepinephrine. Exogenous L-lactate within the physiologically relevant concentration range mimics these effects. L-lactate effects are concentration-dependent, stereo-selective, independent of L-lactate uptake into neurons and involve a cAMP-mediated step. In vivo injections of L-lactate in the LC evokes arousal similar to the excitatory transmitter, L-glutamate. Our results imply the existence of an unknown receptor for this ‘glio-transmitter’. The astrocytic release of the metabolite L-lactate is implicated in modulating neuronal activity in the brain. Here, the authors show that L-lactate released from astrocytes excites noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and triggers the release of noradrenaline, increasing network excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tang
- 1] School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK [2]
| | - S Lane
- 1] School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK [2]
| | - A Korsak
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J F R Paton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - A V Gourine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - S Kasparov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - A G Teschemacher
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Hainer C, Mosienko V, Koutsikou S, Crook JJ, Gloss B, Kasparov S, Lumb BM, Alenina N. Beyond Gene Inactivation: Evolution of Tools for Analysis of Serotonergic Circuitry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1116-29. [PMID: 26132472 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) controls a multitude of physiological and behavioral functions. Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei give rise to a complex and extensive network of axonal projections throughout the whole brain. A major challenge in the analysis of these circuits is to understand how the serotonergic networks are linked to the numerous functions of this neurotransmitter. In the past, many studies employed approaches to inactivate different genes involved in serotonergic neuron formation, 5-HT transmission, or 5-HT metabolism. Although these approaches have contributed significantly to our understanding of serotonergic circuits, they usually result in life-long gene inactivation. As a consequence, compensatory changes in serotonergic and other neurotransmitter systems may occur and complicate the interpretation of the observed phenotypes. To dissect the complexity of the serotonergic system with greater precision, approaches to reversibly manipulate subpopulations of serotonergic neurons are required. In this review, we summarize findings on genetic animal models that enable control of 5-HT neuronal activity or mapping of the serotonergic system. This includes a comparative analysis of several mouse and rat lines expressing Cre or Flp recombinases under Tph2, Sert, or Pet1 promoters with a focus on specificity and recombination efficiency. We further introduce applications for Cre-mediated cell-type specific gene expression to optimize spatial and temporal precision for the manipulation of serotonergic neurons. Finally, we discuss other temporally regulated systems, such as optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) approaches to control 5-HT neuron activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Hainer
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Bernd Gloss
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
- Institute
of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Teschemacher AG, Gourine AV, Kasparov S. A Role for Astrocytes in Sensing the Brain Microenvironment and Neuro-Metabolic Integration. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2386-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mayorov D, Kasparov S, Paton J. Reduced Dilatory Capacityof Brainstem Parenchymal Arteries of Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.646.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Mayorov
- School of Physiol & Pharmacol Univ. of BristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiol & Pharmacol Univ. of BristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Julian Paton
- School of Physiol & Pharmacol Univ. of BristolUnited Kingdom
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Rajani V, Sheikhbahaei S, Zhang Y, Chu N, Zwicker J, Posse de Chaves E, Pagliardini S, Smith J, Kasparov S, Gourine A, Funk G. Exocytotic Release of ATP from preBötzinger Complex Astrocytes Contributes to the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response via a P2Y
1
Receptor, PLC, PKC‐Dependent Mechanism. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahriar Sheikhbahaei
- Neuroscience, Physiology, and PharmacologyUCLUnited Kingdom
- Cellular and Systems NeurobiologyNINDS, NIHUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Smith
- Cellular and Systems NeurobiologyNINDS, NIHUnited States
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity ofBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Gregory Funk
- NMHI University of AlbertaCanada
- PhysiologyUniversity of AlbertaCanada
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Marina N, Ang R, Machhada A, Kasymov V, Karagiannis A, Hosford PS, Mosienko V, Teschemacher AG, Vihko P, Paton JFR, Kasparov S, Gourine AV. Brainstem hypoxia contributes to the development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 2015; 65:775-83. [PMID: 25712724 PMCID: PMC4354460 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension has been previously suggested to develop as a compensatory condition when central nervous perfusion/oxygenation is compromised. Principal sympathoexcitatory C1 neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata (whose activation increases sympathetic drive and the arterial blood pressure) are highly sensitive to hypoxia, but the mechanisms of this O2 sensitivity remain unknown. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms linking brainstem hypoxia and high systemic arterial blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Brainstem parenchymal PO2 in the spontaneously hypertensive rat was found to be ≈15 mm Hg lower than in the normotensive Wistar rat at the same level of arterial oxygenation and systemic arterial blood pressure. Hypoxia-induced activation of rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata neurons was suppressed in the presence of either an ATP receptor antagonist MRS2179 or a glycogenolysis inhibitor 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol, suggesting that sensitivity of these neurons to low PO2 is mediated by actions of extracellular ATP and lactate. Brainstem hypoxia triggers release of lactate and ATP which produce excitation of C1 neurons in vitro and increases sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure in vivo. Facilitated breakdown of extracellular ATP in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata by virally-driven overexpression of a potent ectonucleotidase transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase results in a significant reduction in the arterial blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (but not in normotensive animals). These results suggest that in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, lower PO2 of brainstem parenchyma may be associated with higher levels of ambient ATP and l-lactate within the presympathetic circuits, leading to increased central sympathetic drive and concomitant sustained increases in systemic arterial blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nephtali Marina
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.).
| | - Richard Ang
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Asif Machhada
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Vitaliy Kasymov
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Anastassios Karagiannis
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Patrick S Hosford
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Pirkko Vihko
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Julian F R Paton
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.)
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience (N.M., R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., P.S.H., A.V.G.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (N.M., P.S.H.), and Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology (R.A., A.M., V.K., A.K., A.V.G.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (V.M., A.G.T., J.F.R.P., S.K.); and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (P.V.).
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Figueiredo M, Lane S, Stout RF, Liu B, Parpura V, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Comparative analysis of optogenetic actuators in cultured astrocytes. Cell Calcium 2014; 56:208-14. [PMID: 25109549 PMCID: PMC4169180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared six optogenetic tools to selectively stimulate and study astrocytes. Channelrhodopsin-2 variants cause release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Opto-GPCRs activate selective second messenger cascades, leading to [Ca2+]i rises. Autocrine action of ATP mediates the bulk of [Ca2+]i signals evoked by opto-GPCRs. Current optogenetic tools initiate relevant signalling events in astrocytes.
Astrocytes modulate synaptic transmission via release of gliotransmitters such as ATP, glutamate, d-serine and l-lactate. One of the main problems when studying the role of astrocytes in vitro and in vivo is the lack of suitable tools for their selective activation. Optogenetic actuators can be used to manipulate astrocytic activity by expression of variants of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or other optogenetic actuators with the aim to initiate intracellular events such as intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and/or cAMP increases. We have developed an array of adenoviral vectors (AVV) with ChR2-like actuators, including an enhanced ChR2 mutant (H134R), and a mutant with improved Ca2+ permeability (Ca2+ translocating channelrhodopsin, CatCh). We show here that [Ca2+]i elevations evoked by ChR2(H134R) and CatCh in astrocytes are largely due to release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores. The autocrine action of ATP which is released under these conditions and acts on the P2Y receptors also contributes to the [Ca2+]i elevations. We also studied effects evoked using light-sensitive G-protein coupled receptors (opto-adrenoceptors). Activation of optoα1AR (Gq-coupled) and optoβ2AR (Gs-coupled) resulted in astrocytic [Ca2+]i increases which were suppressed by blocking the corresponding intracellular signalling cascade (phospholipase C and adenylate cyclase, respectively). Interestingly, the bulk of [Ca2+]i responses evoked using either optoAR was blocked by an ATP degrading enzyme, apyrase, or a P2Y1 receptor blocker, MRS 2179, indicating that they are to a large extent triggered by the autocrine action of ATP. We conclude that, whilst optimal tools for control of astrocytes are yet to be generated, the currently available optogenetic actuators successfully initiate biologically relevant signalling events in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Figueiredo
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Samantha Lane
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Randy F Stout
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Anja G Teschemacher
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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Roloff E, Kasparov S, Paton J. Immunohistochemical evidence of a reduced vasodilatory capacity in vertebrobasilar arteries in pre‐hypertensive spontaneous hypertensive rats (1183.9). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1183.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Roloff
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Julian Paton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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Mayorov D, Roloff E, Alenina N, Bader M, Teschemacher A, Paton J, Kasparov S. Characterization of a novel transgenic rat model for imaging brain vascular dynamics in vivo using confocal endomicroscopy (686.27). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.686.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Roloff
- University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
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Abstract
HIV-derived lentiviral vectors (LVV) are among the most commonly used gene delivery vehicles. Their production in high quantities, which enables concentration of viral particles to high titers, is important for their successful application in both biomedical research and gene therapy. LVV are produced by co-transfection of three or more plasmids into a packaging cell line followed by several purification and concentration steps. Protocols currently in circulation differ from each other but the direct comparison of their efficacy based on the published information is extremely difficult because more than one variable may be changed and essential information may be omitted. We systematically evaluated three protocols and found that one single modification described here, using FuGene(®) 6 in the co-transfection step, increase LVV output almost 20 times as compared to the most commonly used calcium phosphate (CaPO4) transfection technique. Unexpectedly FuGene(®) 6 was also much more efficient than another widely used reagent, Superfect. Dependent on requirements, this permits a dramatic downscaling of the packaging stage of viral production, and/or super-concentration of LVV to achieve stronger expression. For example we were able to prepare ∼25 μL of high titer LVV suitable for injections into rodent brain using a single T75 cm(2) cell culture flask of packaging cells. The same output would require up to 20 times more packaging cells and reagents following conventional protocols. We illustrate the potential of our approach using transfection of primary neuronal cultures with LVV expressing an optogenetic actuator channelrhodopsin-2. Our observations should help to achieve reproducible production of high titer LVV for experimental and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hewinson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Gourine A, Kasparov S, Marina N. Astroglial control of presympathetic circuits. Auton Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ang R, Marina N, Kasparov S, Gourine A. 196 ATP-MEDIATED SIGNALLING IN THE PRE-SYMPATHETIC AREA OF THE BRAINSTEM IS CRITICAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Christie IN, Wells JA, Southern P, Marina N, Kasparov S, Gourine AV, Lythgoe MF. fMRI response to blue light delivery in the naïve brain: Implications for combined optogenetic fMRI studies. Neuroimage 2013; 66:634-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Waki H, Hendy EB, Hindmarch CCT, Gouraud S, Toward M, Kasparov S, Murphy D, Paton JFR. Excessive leukotriene B4 in nucleus tractus solitarii is prohypertensive in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2012; 61:194-201. [PMID: 23172924 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.192252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation within the brain stem microvasculature has been associated with chronic cardiovascular diseases. We found that the expression of several enzymes involved in arachidonic acid-leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production was altered in nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). LTB4 produced from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase is a potent chemoattractant of leukocytes. Leukotriene B4-12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB4-12-HD), which degrades LTB4, was downregulated in SHR rats compared with that in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that LTB4-12-HD was reduced by 63% and 58% in the NTS of adult SHR and prehypertensive SHR, respectively, compared with that in age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (n=6). 5-lipoxygenase gene expression was upregulated in the NTS of SHR (≈50%; n=6). LTB4 levels were increased in the NTS of the SHR, (17%; n=10, P<0.05). LTB4 receptors BLT1 (but not BLT2) were expressed on astroglia in the NTS but not neurons or vessels. Microinjection of LTB4 into the NTS of Wistar-Kyoto rats increased both leukocyte adherence and arterial pressure for over 4 days (peak: +15 mm Hg; P<0.01). In contrast, blockade of NTS BLT1 receptors lowered blood pressure in the SHR (peak: -13 mm Hg; P<0.05) but not in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Thus, excessive amounts of LTB4 in NTS of SHR, possibly as a result of upregulation of 5-lipoxygenase and downregulation of LTB4-12-HD, can induce inflammation. Because blockade of NTS BLT1 receptors lowered arterial pressure in the SHR, their endogenous activity may contribute to the hypertensive state of this rodent model. Thus, inflammatory reactions in the brain stem are causally associated with neurogenic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Waki
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Xu H, Oliveira-Sales EB, McBride F, Liu B, Hewinson J, Toward M, Hendy EB, Graham D, Dominiczak AF, Giannotta M, Waki H, Ascione R, Paton JFR, Kasparov S. Upregulation of junctional adhesion molecule-A is a putative prognostic marker of hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:552-60. [PMID: 22918977 PMCID: PMC3500047 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Establishing biochemical markers of pre-hypertension and early hypertension could help earlier diagnostics and therapeutic intervention. We assess dynamics of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) expression in rat models of hypertension and test whether JAM-A expression could be driven by angiotensin (ANG) II and whether JAM-A contributes to the progression of hypertension. We also compare JAM-A expression in normo- and hypertensive humans. Methods and results In pre-hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), JAM-A protein was overexpressed in the brainstem microvasculature, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and heart. JAM-A upregulation at early and late stages was even greater in the stroke-prone SHR. However, JAM-A was not upregulated in leucocytes and platelets of SHRs. In Goldblatt 2K-1C hypertensive rats, JAM-A expression was augmented before any increase in blood pressure, and similarly JAM-A upregulation preceded hypertension caused by peripheral and central ANG II infusions. In SHRs, ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonism reduced JAM-A expression, but the vasodilator hydralazine did not. Body-wide downregulation of JAM-A with Vivo-morpholinos in juvenile SHRs delayed the progression of hypertension. In the human saphenous vein, JAM-A mRNA was elevated in hypertensive patients with untreated hypertension compared with normotensive patients but reduced in patients treated with renin–angiotensin system antagonists. Conclusion Body-wide upregulation of JAM-A in genetic and induced models of hypertension in the rat precedes the stable elevation of arterial pressure. JAM-A upregulation may be triggered by AT1 receptor-mediated signalling. An association of JAM-A with hypertension and sensitivity to blockers of ANG II signalling were also evident in humans. We suggest a prognostic and possibly a pathogenic role of JAM-A in arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xu
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Mastitskaya S, Marina N, Gourine A, Gilbey MP, Spyer KM, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S, Trapp S, Ackland GL, Gourine AV. Cardioprotection evoked by remote ischaemic preconditioning is critically dependent on the activity of vagal pre-ganglionic neurones. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:487-94. [PMID: 22739118 PMCID: PMC3422080 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Innate mechanisms of inter-organ protection underlie the phenomenon of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RPc) in which episode(s) of ischaemia and reperfusion in tissues remote from the heart reduce myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. The uncertainty surrounding the mechanism(s) underlying RPc centres on whether humoral factor(s) produced during ischaemia/reperfusion of remote tissue and released into the systemic circulation mediate RPc, or whether a neural signal is required. While these two hypotheses may not be incompatible, one approach to clarify the potential role of a neural pathway requires targeted disruption or activation of discrete central nervous substrate(s). Methods and results Using a rat model of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in combination with viral gene transfer, pharmaco-, and optogenetics, we tested the hypothesis that RPc cardioprotection depends on the activity of vagal pre-ganglionic neurones and consequently an intact parasympathetic drive. For cell-specific silencing or activation, neurones of the brainstem dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DVMN) were targeted using viral vectors to express a Drosophila allatostatin receptor (AlstR) or light-sensitive fast channelrhodopsin variant (ChIEF), respectively. RPc cardioprotection, elicited by ischaemia/reperfusion of the limbs, was abolished when DVMN neurones transduced to express AlstR were silenced by selective ligand allatostatin or in conditions of systemic muscarinic receptor blockade with atropine. In the absence of remote ischaemia/reperfusion, optogenetic activation of DVMN neurones transduced to express ChIEF reduced infarct size, mimicking the effect of RPc. Conclusion These data indicate a crucial dependence of RPc cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury upon the activity of a distinct population of vagal pre-ganglionic neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Mastitskaya
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Kasymov V, Marina N, Kasparov S, Gourine A. Vesicular release of ATP by brainstem astrocytes evoked by changes in pH. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.894.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Kasparov
- University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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Marina N, Kasymov V, Mohamed-Ali V, Kasparov S, Gourine AV. Leptin activates rat carotid body Type I cells and brainstem astroglial cells. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1128.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nephtali Marina
- Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Vitaliy Kasymov
- Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Sergey Kasparov
- Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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