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Varela VA, Oliveira-Sales EB, Maquigussa E, Borges FT, Gattai PP, Novaes ADS, Shimoura CG, Campos RR, Boim MA. Treatment with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Renovascular Hypertension and Preserves the Ability of the Contralateral Kidney to Excrete Sodium. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:1404-1415. [PMID: 31671420 DOI: 10.1159/000503346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) improve renal function and renovascular hypertension in the 2-kidney 1-clip model (2K-1C). While MSC play an immunomodulatory role, induce neoangiogenesis, and reduce fibrosis, they do not correct sodium loss by the contra-lateral kidney. OBJECTIVES We investigated the tubular function of both stenotic and contralateral kidneys and the effect of MSC treatment by evaluating diuresis, natriuresis, and the expression of the main water and sodium transporters. METHOD Adult Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: control (CT), CT+MSC, 2K-1C, and 2K-1C+MSC. MSC (2 × 105) were infused through the tail vein 3 and 5 weeks after clipping. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was monitored weekly by plethysmography. Six weeks after clipping, 24-hour urine and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Gene expression of the Na/H exchanger-3, epithelial sodium channel, Na/K-ATPase, Na/K/2Cl cotransporter, and aquaporins 1 and 2 (AQP1 and AQP2) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Intrarenal distribution of AQP1 and AQP2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In hypertensive 2K-1C animals, MSC prevented additional increases in BP. AQP1, but not AQP2, was suppressed in the contralateral kidney, resulting in significant increase in urinary flow rate and sodium excretion. Gene expressions of sodium transporters were similar in both kidneys, suggesting that the high perfusing pressure in the contralateral kidney was responsible for increased natriuresis. Contralateral hypertensive kidney showed signs of renal deterioration with lower GFR in spite of normal RPF levels. CONCLUSIONS MSC treatment improved renal function and enhanced the ability of the contralateral kidney to excrete sodium through a tubular independent mechanism contributing to reduce SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Araujo Varela
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edgar Maquigussa
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T Borges
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro P Gattai
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio da S Novaes
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline G Shimoura
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian A Boim
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
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Oliveira-Sales EB, Colombari E, Abdala AP, Campos RR, Paton JFR. Sympathetic overactivity occurs before hypertension in the two-kidney, one-clip model. Exp Physiol 2015; 101:67-80. [PMID: 26537847 DOI: 10.1113/ep085390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of mechanisms responsible for both the development and the maintenance of hypertension remains incomplete in the Goldblatt (two-kidney, one-clip; 2K1C) model. We tested the hypothesis that elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) occurs before the onset of hypertension in 2K1C rats, considering the time course of the increase in SNA in relationship to the onset of the hypertension. We used a decorticated in situ working heart-brainstem preparation of three groups of male Wistar rats, namely sham-operated animals (SHAM, n = 7) and animals 3 weeks post-2K1C, of which some were hypertensive (2K1C-H, n = 6) and others normotensive (2K1C-N, n = 9), as determined in vivo a priori. Perfusion pressure was higher in both 2K1C groups (2K1C-H, 76 ± 1 mmHg; 2K1C-N, 74 ± 3 mmHg; versus SHAM, 60 ± 2 mmHg, P < 0.05). The SNA was significantly elevated in both 2K1C groups (2K1C-H, 47.7 ± 6.1 μV; 2K1C-N, 32.8 ± 2.8 μV; versus SHAM, 20.5 ± 2.5 μV, P < 0.05) owing to its increased respiratory modulation; the chemoreflex was augmented and baroreflex depressed. Precollicular transection reduced SNA in all groups (2K1C-H, -32.5 ± 7.5%; 2K1C-NH, -48 ± 6.9%; versus SHAM, -13.2 ± 1%, P < 0.05). Subsequent medullary spinal cord transection abolished SNA in both SHAM and 2K1C-N groups, but decreased it by only 57 ± 5.5% in 2K1C-H preparations. Thus, SNA is raised before the onset of hypertension, by the third week after renal artery clipping, and this originates, in part, from its enhanced respiratory modulation. Spinal circuits contribute to the elevation of SNA in the 2K1C model, but only after hypertension has developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Oliveira-Sales
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Physiology & Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Abdala
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, SP, Brazil
| | - Julian F R Paton
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
Renal artery stenosis is the main cause of renovascular hypertension and results in ischemic nephropathy characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, microvascular loss, and fibrosis with consequent functional failure. Considering the limited number of strategies that effectively control renovascular hypertension and restore renal function, we propose that cell therapy may be a promising option based on the regenerative and immunosuppressive properties of stem cells. This review addresses the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in an experimental animal model of renovascular hypertension known as 2 kidney-1 clip (2K-1C). Significant benefits of MSC treatment have been observed on blood pressure and renal structure of the stenotic kidney. The mechanisms involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirian A Boim
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira-Sales EB, Varela VA, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR, Boim MA. Effects of mesenchymal stem cells in renovascular hypertension. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:491-5. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.080531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Oliveira-Sales
- Department of Medicine; Renal Division; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Division; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Vanessa A. Varela
- Department of Medicine; Renal Division; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Cassia T. Bergamaschi
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Division; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Ruy R. Campos
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Division; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Mirian A. Boim
- Department of Medicine; Renal Division; Federal University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
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Pontes RB, Crajoinas RO, Nishi EE, Oliveira-Sales EB, Girardi AC, Campos RR, Bergamaschi CT. Renal nerve stimulation leads to the activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 via angiotensin II type I receptor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F848-56. [PMID: 25656367 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00515.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal nerve stimulation at a low frequency (below 2 Hz) causes water and sodium reabsorption via α1-adrenoreceptor tubular activation, a process independent of changes in systemic blood pressure, renal blood flow, or glomerular filtration rate. However, the underlying mechanism of the reabsorption of sodium is not fully understood. Since the sympathetic nervous system and intrarenal ANG II appear to act synergistically to mediate the process of sodium reabsorption, we hypothesized that low-frequency acute electrical stimulation of the renal nerve (ESRN) activates NHE3-mediated sodium reabsorption via ANG II AT1 receptor activation in Wistar rats. We found that ESRN significantly increased urinary angiotensinogen excretion and renal cortical ANG II content, but not the circulating angiotensinogen levels, and also decreased urinary flow and pH and sodium excretion via mechanisms independent of alterations in creatinine clearance. Urinary cAMP excretion was reduced, as was renal cortical PKA activity. ESRN significantly increased NHE3 activity and abundance in the apical microvillar domain of the proximal tubule, decreased the ratio of phosphorylated NHE3 at serine 552/total NHE3, but did not alter total cortical NHE3 abundance. All responses mediated by ESRN were completely abolished by a losartan-mediated AT1 receptor blockade. Taken together, our results demonstrate that higher NHE3-mediated proximal tubular sodium reabsorption induced by ESRN occurs via intrarenal renin angiotensin system activation and triggering of the AT1 receptor/inhibitory G-protein signaling pathway, which leads to inhibition of cAMP formation and reduction of PKA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto B Pontes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Renato O Crajoinas
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika E Nishi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Elizabeth B Oliveira-Sales
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Adriana C Girardi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Cássia T Bergamaschi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
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Oliveira-Sales EB, Maquigussa E, Semedo P, Pereira LG, Ferreira VM, Câmara NO, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR, Boim MA. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) prevented the progression of renovascular hypertension, improved renal function and architecture. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78464. [PMID: 24223811 PMCID: PMC3817204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renovascular hypertension induced by 2 Kidney-1 Clip (2K-1C) is a renin-angiotensin-system (RAS)-dependent model, leading to renal vascular rarefaction and renal failure. RAS inhibitors are not able to reduce arterial pressure (AP) and/or preserve the renal function, and thus, alternative therapies are needed. Three weeks after left renal artery occlusion, fluorescently tagged mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) (2×105 cells/animal) were injected weekly into the tail vein in 2K-1C hypertensive rats. Flow cytometry showed labeled MSC in the cortex and medulla of the clipped kidney. MSC prevented a further increase in the AP, significantly reduced proteinuria and decreased sympathetic hyperactivity in 2K-1C rats. Renal function parameters were unchanged, except for an increase in urinary volume observed in 2K-1C rats, which was not corrected by MSC. The treatment improved the morphology and decreased the fibrotic areas in the clipped kidney and also significantly reduced renal vascular rarefaction typical of 2K-1C model. Expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α angiotensinogen, ACE, and Ang II receptor AT1 were elevated, whereas AT2 levels were decreased in the medulla of the clipped kidney. MSC normalized these expression levels. In conclusion, MSC therapy in the 2K-1C model (i) prevented the progressive increase of AP, (ii) improved renal morphology and microvascular rarefaction, (iii) reduced fibrosis, proteinuria and inflammatory cytokines, (iv) suppressed the intrarenal RAS, iv) decreased sympathetic hyperactivity in anesthetized animals and v) MSC were detected at the CNS suggesting that the cells crossed the blood-brain barrier. This therapy may be a promising strategy to treat renovascular hypertension and its renal consequences in the near future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure
- Blood-Brain Barrier/cytology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Gene Expression
- Hypertension, Renovascular/genetics
- Hypertension, Renovascular/metabolism
- Hypertension, Renovascular/pathology
- Hypertension, Renovascular/therapy
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Proteinuria/genetics
- Proteinuria/metabolism
- Proteinuria/pathology
- Proteinuria/therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renal Artery/surgery
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar Maquigussa
- Departament of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Semedo
- Departament of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana G. Pereira
- Departament of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M. Ferreira
- Departament of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O. Câmara
- Immunology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassia T. Bergamaschi
- Cardiovascular Division – Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R. Campos
- Cardiovascular Division – Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian A. Boim
- Departament of Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Nishi EE, Bergamaschi CT, Oliveira-Sales EB, Simon KA, Campos RR. Losartan reduces oxidative stress within the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats with renovascular hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:858-65. [PMID: 23485486 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that the microinjection of antioxidants or the overexpression of superoxide dismutase within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) reduces hypertension and sympathoexcitation in the 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K-1C) model. In this study, we hypothesized that angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is involved in the oxidative stress within the RVLM and contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction in renovascular hypertension. METHODS Losartan (30mg/kg/day, oral gavage) was administered for 7 consecutive days by week 5 after implantation of the clip (gap width = 0.2mm). Mean arterial pressure, baroreflex, and renal sympathetic nerve activity (rSNA) were evaluated. Superoxide production was evaluated by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining within the RVLM and within a control area. Systemic oxidative stress was characterized by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total glutathione (tGSH) in the blood. RESULTS AT1R blockade significantly (P < 0.05) reduced hypertension by approximately 20% (n = 11) and sympathoexcitation to the kidneys by approximately 41% (n = 6) in the 2K-1C rats. Losartan treatment increased the baroreflex sensitivity of rSNA to pressor (67%) and depressor (140%) stimuli in the 2K-1C rats. AT1R blockade caused a significant (66%) reduction in DHE staining within the RVLM but not within the control area, reduced plasma TBARS (from 1.6±0.1 to 1.0±0.1 nmol/ml), and increased tGSH (from 3.4±0.4 to 5.2±0.3 μmol/g Hb) in the 2K-1C group only. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of ANG II blockade in renovascular hypertension are partly due to preferential reduction of oxidative stress in the RVLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika E Nishi
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carillo BA, Oliveira-Sales EB, Andersen M, Tufik S, Hipolide D, Santos AA, Tucci PJ, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR. Changes in GABAergic inputs in the paraventricular nucleus maintain sympathetic vasomotor tone in chronic heart failure. Auton Neurosci 2012; 171:41-8. [PMID: 23146621 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is an important region of the brain involved in the regulation of sympathetic vasomotor tone. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that a change in hypothalamic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory and glutamatergic excitatory inputs contribute to the exacerbated sympathetic drive in chronic heart failure (HF). The purpose of this study was to determine whether a possible imbalance between glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs to the PVN contributes to increased sympathetic outflow in HF in two different sympathetic territories. Renal (RSNA) and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate were recorded from urethane-anesthetized HF or sham rats. The NMDA-glutamate and GABA-A receptor densities within the PVN were quantified in HF and sham rats by autoradiography. Bilateral microinjection of kynurenic acid (4nmol) into the PVN decreased MAP and RSNA and SSNA in HF but not in sham rats. Furthermore, in response to GABA-A blockade in the PVN by bicuculline (400 pmol), hypertension and SSNA were reduced in HF compared to sham. The quantification of ionotropic NMDA receptors and GABA-A receptors in the PVN showed a significant reduction of GABA-A in HF rats; however, the NMDA density in the PVN did not differ between groups. Thus, this study provides evidence that the sympathoexcitation is maintained by an imbalance between GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs in the PVN in HF. The reduced GABAergic input results in relatively augmented glutamatergic actions in the PVN of HF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Carillo
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil
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Xu H, Oliveira-Sales EB, McBride F, Liu B, Hewinson J, Toward M, Hendy EB, Graham D, Dominiczak AF, Giannotta M, Waki H, Ascione R, Paton JFR, Kasparov S. Upregulation of junctional adhesion molecule-A is a putative prognostic marker of hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:552-60. [PMID: 22918977 PMCID: PMC3500047 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Establishing biochemical markers of pre-hypertension and early hypertension could help earlier diagnostics and therapeutic intervention. We assess dynamics of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) expression in rat models of hypertension and test whether JAM-A expression could be driven by angiotensin (ANG) II and whether JAM-A contributes to the progression of hypertension. We also compare JAM-A expression in normo- and hypertensive humans. Methods and results In pre-hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), JAM-A protein was overexpressed in the brainstem microvasculature, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and heart. JAM-A upregulation at early and late stages was even greater in the stroke-prone SHR. However, JAM-A was not upregulated in leucocytes and platelets of SHRs. In Goldblatt 2K-1C hypertensive rats, JAM-A expression was augmented before any increase in blood pressure, and similarly JAM-A upregulation preceded hypertension caused by peripheral and central ANG II infusions. In SHRs, ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonism reduced JAM-A expression, but the vasodilator hydralazine did not. Body-wide downregulation of JAM-A with Vivo-morpholinos in juvenile SHRs delayed the progression of hypertension. In the human saphenous vein, JAM-A mRNA was elevated in hypertensive patients with untreated hypertension compared with normotensive patients but reduced in patients treated with renin–angiotensin system antagonists. Conclusion Body-wide upregulation of JAM-A in genetic and induced models of hypertension in the rat precedes the stable elevation of arterial pressure. JAM-A upregulation may be triggered by AT1 receptor-mediated signalling. An association of JAM-A with hypertension and sensitivity to blockers of ANG II signalling were also evident in humans. We suggest a prognostic and possibly a pathogenic role of JAM-A in arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xu
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Morais ADC, Razvickas CV, Patrícia S, Oliveira-Sales EB, Durão M, Batista MC, Monte JC. Relationship between inulin clearance and serum creatinine continuous plot using spline cubic interpolation. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.lb816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Campos RR, Oliveira-Sales EB, Nishi EE, Boim MA, Dolnikoff MS, Bergamaschi CT. The role of oxidative stress in renovascular hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:144-52. [PMID: 20678153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. There is mounting evidence that increased oxidative stress and sympathetic nerve activity play important roles in renovascular hypertension. In the present review, we focus on the importance of oxidative stress in two distinct populations of neurons involved with cardiovascular regulation: those of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and those of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in the maintenance of sympathoexcitation and hypertension in two kidney-one clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Furthermore, the role of oxidative stress in the clipped kidney is also discussed. 2. In the studies reviewed in this article, it was found that hypertension and renal sympathoexcitation in 2K1C rats were associated with an increase in Angiotensin II type one receptor (AT(1) ) expression and in oxidative markers within the RVLM, PVN and in the clipped kidneys of 2K1C rats. Furthermore, acute or chronic anti-oxidant treatment decreased blood pressure and sympathetic activity, and improved the baroreflex control of heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity in 2K1C rats. Tempol or vitamin C administration in the RVLM, PVN or systemically all reduced blood pressure and renal sympathetic activity. Cardiovascular improvement in response to chronic anti-oxidant treatment was associated with a downregulation of AT(1) receptors, as well as oxidative markers in the central nuclei and clipped kidney. 3. The data discussed in the present review support the idea that an increase in oxidative stress within the RVLM, PVN and in the ischaemic kidney plays a major role in the maintenance of sympathoexcitation and hypertension in 2K1C rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Division Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Dugaich APC, Oliveira-Sales EB, Abreu NP, Boim MA, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR. Role of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the arterial hypertension in chronic renal failure. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2010:219358. [PMID: 21253520 PMCID: PMC3022169 DOI: 10.4061/2010/219358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic activation in chronic renal failure (CRF) is a major mechanism leading to the progression of renal disease and hypertension. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that in CRF increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the RVLM mediated by enhanced circulating Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an important mechanism leading to hypertension in CRF. In CRF rats we found an increase in the abundance of p47(phox) and gp91(phox) mRNA within the RVLM associated with a reduction of Ang II type 1 receptors (AT(1)) mRNA in the brainstem compared to controls (C). Tempol but not candesartan into the RVLM decreased MAP in CRF but not in C rats. GABA into the RVLM decreased MAP in CRF (63 ± 8 mmHg) more intensely than in C (33 ± 3 mmHg). The results suggest that increased oxidative stress within the RVLM has an important participation to maintain hypertension in CRF rats apparently independently of AT(1) Ang II receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Castilho Dugaich
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Oliveira-Sales EB, Colombari DSA, Davisson RL, Kasparov S, Hirata AE, Campos RR, Paton JFR. Kidney-induced hypertension depends on superoxide signaling in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Hypertension 2010; 56:290-6. [PMID: 20606111 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.150425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species in peripheral cardiovascular tissues are implicated in the pathogenesis of 2 kidney-1 clip hypertension. We recently identified an imbalance between reactive oxygen species generation and oxidant scavenging in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of 2 kidney-1 clip in rats. We tested whether enhanced superoxide signaling in RVLM of 2 kidney-1 clip rats contributes to the chronic hypertension via sympathetic activation in conscious rats. We enhanced superoxide scavenging in RVLM by overexpressing cytoplasmically targeted superoxide dismutase using an adenoviral vector (Ad-CMV-CuZnSOD) in Wistar rats (male, 150 to 180 g) in which the left renal artery was occluded partially 3 weeks earlier. Hypertension was documented using radiotelemetry recording of arterial pressure in conscious rats for 6 weeks. Renovascular hypertension elevated both serine phosphorylation of p47phox subunit of NADPH and superoxide levels in RVLM. The elevated superoxide levels were normalized by expression of CuZnSOD in RVLM. Moreover, the hypertension produced in the 2 kidney-1 clip rats was reversed 1 week after viral-mediated expression of CuZnSOD. This antihypertensive effect was maintained and associated with a decrease in the low-frequency spectra of systolic blood pressure variability, suggesting reduced sympathetic vasomotor tone. The expression of CuZnSOD was localized to RVLM neurons, of which some contained tyrosine hydroxylase. None of the above variables changed in control rats receiving Ad-CMV-eGFP in RVLM. In Goldblatt hypertension, superoxide signaling in the RVLM plays a major role in the generation of sympathetic vasomotor tone and the chronic sustained hypertension in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Oliveira-Sales
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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