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Schmidt M, Derby CD. Cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure of neural stem cell niches and neurogenic complexes maintaining adult neurogenesis in the olfactory midbrain of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2283-319. [PMID: 21523781 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
New interneurons are continuously generated in small proliferation zones within neuronal somata clusters in the olfactory deutocerebrum of adult decapod crustaceans. Each proliferation zone is connected to a clump of cells containing one neural stem cell (i.e., adult neuroblast), thus forming a "neurogenic complex." Here we provide a detailed analysis of the cytoarchitecture of neurogenic complexes in adult spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, based on transmission electron microscopy and labeling with cell-type-selective markers. The clump of cells is composed of unique bipolar clump-forming cells that collectively completely envelop the adult neuroblast and are themselves ensheathed by a layer of processes of multipolar cell body glia. An arteriole is attached to the clump of cells, but dye perfusion experiments show that hemolymph has no access to the interior of the clump of cells. Thus, the clump of cells fulfills morphological criteria of a protective stem cell niche, with clump-forming cells constituting the adult neuroblast's microenvironment together with the cell body glia processes separating it from other tissue components. Bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase experiments with short survival times suggest that adult neuroblasts are not quiescent but rather cycle actively during daytime. We propose a cell lineage model in which an asymmetrically dividing adult neuroblast repopulates the pool of neuronal progenitor cells in the associated proliferation zone. In conclusion, as in mammalian brains, adult neurogenesis in crustacean brains is fueled by neural stem cells that are maintained by stem cell niches that preserve elements of the embryonic microenvironment and contain glial and vascular elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schmidt
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5030, USA.
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Pérez-Polanco P, Garduño J, Cebada J, Zarco N, Segovia J, Lamas M, García U. GABA and GAD expression in the X-organ sinus gland system of the Procambarus clarkii crayfish: inhibition mediated by GABA between X-organ neurons. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2011; 197:923-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-011-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Allodi S, Bressan CM, Carvalho SL, Cavalcante LA. Regionally specific distribution of the binding of anti-glutamine synthetase and anti-S100 antibodies and of Datura stramonium lectin in glial domains of the optic lobe of the giant prawn. Glia 2006; 53:612-20. [PMID: 16435368 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We previously characterized some crustacean glial cells by markers such as 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Here we use antibodies against glutamine synthetase full-length molecule (anti-GS/FL), a GS C-terminal peptide (anti-GS/20aa-C), and brain S100 (anti-S100), as well as the binding of the insect glia and rat astrocytic marker Datura stramonium lectin (DSL), in the optic lobe of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. All markers label the lamina ganglionaris cartridge region (lighter: anti-GS/FL; heavier: DSL). In addition, anti-GS/FL labels superficial somata of external and internal medullas and internal chiasm cells. Both anti-GS/20aa-C and anti-S100 label heavily the glial sheaths of the lamina ganglionaris. In addition, anti-S100 binds to the perineurial glia of medullary parenchymal vessels. Western blot analyses show that both anti-GS/FL and anti-GS/20aa-C bind mostly to a band of 50-55 kDa, compatible with a long isoform of vertebrate GS, and accessorily to a possible dimer and, in the case of anti-GS/20aa-C, to an ill-defined band of intermediate mass. Binding of anti-S100 is selective for a single band of about 68 kDa but shows no protein in the weight range of the canonical S100 protein superfamily. DSL reveals two bands of about 75 and about 120 kDa, thus within the range of maximal recognition for rat astrocytes. Our results suggest that phenotype protein markers of the optic lobe glia share antigenic determinants with S100 and (a long form of) GS and that, similarly to vertebrate and insect glia, crustacean glia protein and N-glycan residue markers display regional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Allodi
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, ICB, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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da Silva SF, Bressan CM, Cavalcante LA, Allodi S. Binding of an antibody against a noncompact myelin protein to presumptive glial cells in the visual system of the crab Ucides cordatus. Glia 2003; 43:292-8. [PMID: 12898708 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells, in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, provide an essential environment for developmental, supportive, and physiological functions. However, information on glial cells themselves and on glial cell markers, with the exception of those of Drosophila and other insects, is not abundant in invertebrate organisms. A common ultrastructural feature of invertebrate nervous systems is that layers of glial cell cytoplasm-rich processes ensheath axons and neuronal and glial somata. In the present study, we have examined the binding of a monoclonal antibody to 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in the compound eye and optic lobe of the crab Ucides cordatus using both light and electron microscopy. CNPase is a noncompact myelin protein that is a phenotypic marker of oligodendroglial and Schwann cells, is apparently involved in the ensheathment step prior to myelin compaction, and is also expressed by the potentially myelinating olfactory ensheathing glia. CNPase has raised much interest, first by virtue of its unusual enzymatic activity and more recently by its membrane-skeletal features and possible involvement in migration or expansion of membranes. We have found CNPase-like immunoreactivity in most cells of the compound eye basement membrane and both in optic cartridges of the synaptic layer and cells of the outer sublayer of the lamina ganglionaris. The results suggest that in the crab visual system some, but not all, glial cells, including some adaxonal glia, may express the noncompact myelin protein CNPase or a related protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Florim da Silva
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Engler JA, Gottesman JM, Harkins JC, Urazaev AK, Lieberman EM, Grossfeld RM. Properties of glutaminase of crayfish CNS: implications for axon-glia signaling. Neuroscience 2002; 114:699-705. [PMID: 12220571 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminase of crayfish axons is believed to participate in recycling of axon-glia signaling agent(s). We measured the activity and properties of glutaminase in crude homogenates of crayfish CNS, using ion exchange chromatography to separate radiolabeled product from substrate. Crayfish glutaminase activity is cytoplasmic and/or weakly bound to membranes and dependent on time, tissue protein, and glutamine concentration. It resembles the kidney-type phosphate-activated glutaminase of mammals in being stimulated by inorganic phosphate and alkaline pH and inhibited by the product glutamate and by the glutamine analog 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. During incubation of crayfish CNS fibers in Na(+)-free saline containing radiolabeled glutamine, there is an increased formation of radiolabeled glutamate in axoplasm that is temporally associated with an increase in axonal pH from about 7.1 to about 8.0. Both the formation of glutamate and the change in pH are reduced by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. Our results suggest that crayfish glutaminase activity is regulated by cellular changes in pH and glutamate concentration. Such changes could impact availability of the axon-glia signaling agents glutamate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Engler
- Zoology Department and WM Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA
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Urazaev AK, Grossfeld RM, Fletcher PL, Speno H, Gafurov BS, Buttram JG, Lieberman EM. Synthesis and release of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) by crayfish nerve fibers: implications for axon-glia signaling. Neuroscience 2002; 106:237-47. [PMID: 11564433 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early physiological and pharmacological studies of crayfish and squid giant nerve fibers suggested that glutamate released from the axon during action potential generation initiates metabolic and electrical responses of periaxonal glia. However, more recent investigations in our laboratories suggest that N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) may be the released agent active at the glial cell membrane. The investigation described in this paper focused on NAAG metabolism and release, and its contribution to the appearance of glutamate extracellularly. Axoplasm and periaxonal glial cell cytoplasm collected from medial giant nerve fibers (MGNFs) incubated with radiolabeled L-glutamate contained radiolabeled glutamate, glutamine, NAAG, aspartate, and GABA. Total radiolabel release was not altered by electrical stimulation of nerve cord loaded with [(14)C]glutamate by bath application or loaded with [(14)C]glutamate, [(3)H]-D-aspartate or [(3)H]NAAG by axonal injection. However, when radiolabeled glutamate was used for bath loading, radiolabel distribution among glutamate and its metabolic products in the superfusate was changed by stimulation. NAAG was the largest fraction, accounting for approximately 50% of the total recovered radiolabel in control conditions. The stimulated increase in radioactive NAAG in the superfusate coincided with its virtual clearance from the medial giant axon (MGA). A small, stimulation-induced increase in radiolabeled glutamate in the superfusate was detected only when a glutamate uptake inhibitor was present. The increase in [(3)H]glutamate in the superfusion solution of nerve incubated with [(3)H]NAAG was reduced when beta-NAAG, a competitive glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) inhibitor, was present.Overall, these results suggest that glutamate is metabolized to NAAG in the giant axon and its periaxonal glia and that, upon stimulation, NAAG is released from the axon and converted in part to glutamate by GCP II. A quisqualate- and beta-NAAG-sensitive GCP II activity was detected in nerve cord homogenates. These results, together with those in the accompanying paper demonstrating that NAAG can activate a glial electrophysiological response comparable to that initiated by glutamate, implicate NAAG as a probable mediator of interactions between the MGA and its periaxonal glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Urazaev
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine of East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Domercq M, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Areso P, Matute C. Expression of glutamate transporters in rat optic nerve oligodendrocytes. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:2226-36. [PMID: 10383611 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of glutamate transport in non-synaptic glia, we characterized the expression of three major glutamate transporters (EAAC1, GLAST and GLT-1) in rat optic nerve in situ using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in combination with Western blot and immunochemistry with specific antibodies. GLAST was localized to interfascicular oligodendrocytes, whereas a subpopulation of cells, probably immature oligodendrocyte cells, expressed EAAC1. In contrast, astrocytes, expressed only GLT-1, consistent with the idea that this is the major glutamate transporter in this cell type. In addition, we observed that glutamine synthetase, a key enzyme in glutamate metabolism, was localized in oligodendrocytes in situ. To examine the properties of these glutamate transporters, we conducted uptake experiments in glial cultures. The kinetics of sodium-dependent glutamate uptake in cultured oligodendrocytes from the perinatal rat optic nerve were markedly different from those observed in type-1 astrocytes from the newborn rat cerebral cortex, with higher affinity and lower Vmax. In both cell types, glutamate transport was inhibited by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (t-PDC). In contrast, dihydrokainate exhibited significantly more uptake inhibition in oligodendrocytes than in type-1 astrocytes. These results provide evidence for the expression of functional sodium-dependent glutamate transporters in optic nerve oligodendrocytes, and suggest that this cell type may play a role in the glutamate-glutamine cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Domercq
- Departmento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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Abstract
The extrasynaptic region of the squid giant nerve fiber exhibits neuron-Schwann cell interactions that appear to involve glutamate as a mediator. In an earlier work, it was demonstrated that the periaxonal sheaths of such nerves (where the Schwann cells are located) possess the capacity to transport glutamate. However there was no information available about the possible fate of the glutamate incorporated into the sheaths. In this study, it is demonstrated that the periaxonal sheaths of the extrasynaptic region of squid giant nerves are capable of metabolizing glutamate. Sheaths incubated with 10 microM [1-14C] glutamate produced [14C] O2 in a manner proportional to time and estimated cell water volume. At least 45% of this CO2 production was determined to be independent of transaminase catalyzed isotopic exchange, thus reflecting real degradation (decarboxylation) of glutamate. It was also demonstrated that the sheaths were capable of glutamine synthesis. Taken together, the findings of our laboratory indicate not only that the Schwann cells of the sheaths fulfil the requirements for a site for the uptake and metabolism of transmitter glutamate in the squid giant nerve but also that certain metabolic characteristics associated with the neuro-glial unit around synapses are also found in non-synaptic areas of nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A García
- Unidad de Neurociencias, Instituto Internacional de Estudios Avanzados (I.D.E.A.), Caracas, Venezuela.
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Linser PJ, Trapido-Rosenthal HG, Orona E. Glutamine synthetase is a glial-specific marker in the olfactory regions of the lobster (Panulirus argus) nervous system. Glia 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199708)20:4<275::aid-glia1>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Akaoka H, Hardin-Pouzet H, Bernard A, Verrier B, Belin MF, Giraudon P. Imbalanced expression of glutamate-glutamine cycle enzymes induced by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax protein in cultivated astrocytes. J Virol 1996; 70:8727-36. [PMID: 8971000 PMCID: PMC190968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.12.8727-8736.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent involved in the disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The pathogenesis of HAM/TSP is poorly understood, but it is probable that viral infection has an indirect, deleterious effect on neural function. In this regard, dysfunction in astrocytes may be severely detrimental, as they supply neurons with metabolic precursors, control the extracellular levels of ion and excitatory neurotransmitters, and are electrically coupled with oligodendrocytes. In a model in vitro, we demonstrate that HTLV-1 induces an imbalance in the expression of two astrocyte enzymes, at both the transcriptional and translational levels. In both human astrocyte precursors and rat glial cells, the levels of expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were increased and decreased, respectively, after coculture with HTLV-1 T cells. The enhancement of GS expression may result from the action of the protein Tax, which is demonstrated to transactivate the GS gene promoter, while the decreased expression of GDH seems to reflect some compensatory mechanism in response to GS induction. GS and GDH are involved in the conversion of glutamate into glutamine or alpha-ketoglutarate, which then acts as a precursor for glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons. Metabolism in astrocytes altered by Tax protein may lead to deleterious effects if it modifies the extracellular levels of glutamine, glutamate, and GABA and thus modulates neuronal excitability and osmotic equilibrium in the central nervous system of HTLV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akaoka
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 433,Neurobiologie Expérimentale et Physiopathologie, Lyon, France
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