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Schindler NJ, Zepel L, Maciejewski ML, Hastings SN, Clark A, Dublin S, Albertson-Junkans L, Pavon JM. Fall Outcomes in Older Adults Following Benzodiazepine/Z-Drug Discontinuation: A Retrospective Cohort Study in an Academic Health System. Drugs Aging 2024; 41:809-819. [PMID: 39292394 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-024-01144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzodiazepines and z-drugs increase the fall risk in older adults. There is a lack of real-world data examining the association between falls and deprescribing medications. OBJECTIVE In a retrospective cohort study of older adults with chronic benzodiazepine or z-drug use receiving care at an academic health system from January 2017 to December 2020, we explored the association between medication discontinuation and falls. METHODS Chronic use was defined as ≥ 3 medication dispensings and cumulative days' supply ≥ 45 days within 100 days in 2018. Discontinuation was defined as a dispensing gap of ≥ 180 days within 1 year of chronic use eligibility, with a secondary definition requiring a gap of ≥ 90 days. Non-discontinuers (n = 524) were matched 4:1 to discontinuers (n = 131) if they had a fill in the same month as the matched discontinuation index date. The association between discontinuation and a fall during 2.25-year follow-up was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. The analysis was repeated using a gap of ≥ 90 days (n = 279 discontinuers; 1116 matched non-discontinuers). RESULTS The cumulative incidence of falls-related acute visits was 6.9% for discontinuers and 9.7% for non-discontinuers [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31-1.31]. Using the 90-day-gap definition, the cumulative incidence was 9.3% for discontinuers and 8.5% for non-discontinuers (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.70-1.77). CONCLUSION Benzodiazepine/z-drug discontinuation was not associated with reduced risk of falls. However, the relationship between discontinuation and falls varies depending on the definitions used. It is essential to examine different discontinuation definitions in larger studies while considering other relevant clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay Zepel
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew L Maciejewski
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3003, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Susan N Hastings
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy Clark
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sascha Dublin
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Juliessa M Pavon
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA.
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de Los Ángeles Cintado M, De la Casa LG, González G. Anxiolytic and sedative effects of sodium valproate with different experimental paradigms in male and female rats. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2024. [PMID: 39270067 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid or sodium valproate is a widely used drug in the treatment of epilepsy, although it also appears to have anxiolytic and sedative properties derived from its agonistic action on the GABAergic system. To analyze these potential effects of the drug, we conducted three experiments with rats using procedures designed to assess anxiety in rodents. In the first experiment, with a fear conditioning procedure, three groups of male rats were included that received either 100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg of valproate or an equivalent volume of saline solution. In Experiment 2, recording spontaneous activity in an open field, we compared the effects of valproic acid (300 mg/kg) on male and female rats. In the third experiment, we analyzed the effect of valproic acid using a novelty-induced hypophagia test and tested again for potential differences as a function of the sex of the animals. The results showed an anxiolytic effect restricted to the 300 mg/kg dose of the drug in Experiment 1. Such an effect was restricted to the female sample in Experiment 2, but in the third experiment affected both sexes. As for the sedative effect, it was observed in all experiments irrespective of the sex of the rats. These findings hold significant implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders since valproate may offer a novel therapeutic approach for anxiety-related conditions with distinct benefits and fewer side effects. However, clinical studies are needed to validate the translation of these findings from animal models to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los Ángeles Cintado
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior & Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Gonzalo De la Casa
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior & Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Shahrzad S, Overbeck G, Holm A, Høj K, Hølmkjaer P. Factors promoting and impeding efforts to deprescribe antidepressants among nursing home residents with dementia- a process evaluation guided by normalization process theory. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:287. [PMID: 38679697 PMCID: PMC11057106 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recommendations against psychotropic medication in older nursing homes residents with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), antidepressants and other psychotropic drugs are still prescribed. We performed a cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a complex intervention aiming to promote the deprescribing of antidepressants in institutionalized older persons with dementia. To understand the underlying mechanisms of trial outcomes, we conducted a process evaluation exploring the interventions implementation, areas of impact, and contextual factors. The aim of this study was to explore the implementation process and the key factors that promoted and inhibited intervention implementation in the care home setting (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04985305. Registered 30 July 2021). METHODS Qualitative interviews were conducted between August 2022 and February 2023 with four general practitioners and eight nursing home staff from four associated nursing homes in the Capital Region of Denmark. We coded the interview data according to the four constructs of the Normalization Process Theory (coherence, cognitive participation, collective action, and reflexive monitoring). RESULTS There was a common understanding of the intervention aim. We observed a raised awareness concerning the deprescription of antidepressants among healthcare professionals with good collaboration (coherence). An overall buy-in to a deprescribing mentality was seen (cognitive participation). There were barriers to the GPs and nursing home staff's use of the intervention elements and how they implemented it, but to some, a common language was created (collective action). Professionals overall valued the idea of deprescribing, but lack of time, high staff turnover, and low education level among nursing home staff hampered the integration (reflexive monitoring). CONCLUSION Successful implementation seemed to be dependent on the quality of the relationship between the single GP and the single nursing home professional. A common deprescribing mentality promoted the uptake of the intervention. However, several barriers related to lack of resources hindered implementation. It is imperative to adapt complex interventions to the available resources and context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Shahrzad
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of General Practice and Research Unit for General Practice, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gritt Overbeck
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of General Practice and Research Unit for General Practice, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Holm
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of General Practice and Research Unit for General Practice, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Høj
- Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pernille Hølmkjaer
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Section of General Practice and Research Unit for General Practice, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Chandramouleeshwaran S, Khan WU, Inglis F, Rajji TK. Impact of psychotropic medications on cognition among older adults: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37860872 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610223000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to examine the cognitive impact of psychotropic medications including benzodiazepines, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or a combination of these drugs on older adults. DESIGN Systematic review. SETTING We searched Medline, PsycINFO, and Embase through the Ovid platform, CINAHL through EBSCO, and Web of Science. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Randomized control trials (RCTs) and cohort studies that used a validated scale to measure cognition with a follow-up period of at least six months were included. MEASUREMENT The primary outcome of interest was cognitive change associated with psychotropic medication use. RESULTS A total of 7551 articles were identified from the primary electronic literature search across the five databases after eliminating duplicates. Based on full-text analysis, 27 articles (two RCTs, 25 cohorts) met the inclusion criteria. Of these, nine each examined the impact of benzodiazepines and antidepressants, five examined psychotropic combinations, three on antipsychotic drugs, and one on the effects of mood stabilizers. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic review to examine the cognitive impact of multiple psychotropic drug classes in older adults over an extended follow-up period (six months or more) using robust sample sizes, drug-free control groups, and validated cognitive instruments. We found evidence to indicate cognitive decline with the cumulative use of benzodiazepines and the use of antidepressants, especially those with anticholinergic properties among older adults without cognitive impairment at baseline. Further, the use of antipsychotics and psychotropic combinations is also associated with cognitive decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Chandramouleeshwaran
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Waqas U Khan
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Fiona Inglis
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Jellinger KA. Depression in dementia with Lewy bodies: a critical update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:1207-1218. [PMID: 37418037 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression with an estimated prevalence of 35% is a frequent manifestation of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), having negative effects on cognitive performance and life expectancy, yet the underlying neurobiology is poorly understood and most likely heterogeneous. Depressive symptoms in DLB can occur during the clinical course and, together with apathy, is a common prodromal neuropsychiatric symptom of this neurocognitive disorder in the group of Lewy body synucleinopathies. There are no essential differences in the frequency of depression in DLB and Parkinson disease-dementia (PDD), while its severity is up to twice as high as in Alzheimer disease (AD). Depression in DLB that is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated, has been related to a variety of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the basic neurodegenerative process, in particular dysfunctions of neurotransmitter systems (decreased monoaminergic/serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic metabolism), α-synuclein pathology, synaptic zinc dysregulation, proteasome inhibition, gray matter volume loss in prefrontal and temporal areas as well as dysfunction of neuronal circuits with decreased functional connectivity of specific brain networks. Pharmacotherapy should avoid tricyclic antidepressants (anticholinergic adverse effects), second-generation antidepressants being a better choice, while modified electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy and deep brain stimulation may be effective for pharmacotherapy-resistant cases. Since compared to depression in other dementias like Alzheimer disease and other parkinsonian syndromes, our knowledge of its molecular basis is limited, and further studies to elucidate the heterogeneous pathogenesis of depression in DLB are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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Kaplan K, Hunsberger HC. Benzodiazepine-induced anterograde amnesia: detrimental side effect to novel study tool. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1257030. [PMID: 37781704 PMCID: PMC10536168 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1257030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are anxiolytic drugs that act on GABAa receptors and are used to treat anxiety disorders. However, these drugs come with the detrimental side effect of anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories. In this review we discuss, behavioral paradigms, sex differences and hormonal influences affecting BZD-induced amnesia, molecular manipulations, including the knockout of GABAa receptor subunits, and regional studies utilizing lesion and microinjection techniques targeted to the hippocampus and amygdala. Additionally, the relationship between BZD use and cognitive decline related to Alzheimer's disease is addressed, as there is a lack of consensus on whether these drugs are involved in inducing or accelerating pathological cognitive deficits. This review aims to inspire new research directions, as there is a gap in knowledge in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind BZD-induced amnesia. Understanding these mechanisms will allow for the development of alternative treatments and potentially allow BZDs to be used as a novel tool to study Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron Kaplan
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Holly Christian Hunsberger
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
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Tondo G, Aprile D, De Marchi F, Sarasso B, Serra P, Borasio G, Rojo E, Arenillas JF, Comi C. Investigating the Prognostic Role of Peripheral Inflammatory Markers in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4298. [PMID: 37445333 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Peripheral markers of inflammation, including blood cell counts and their ratios, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), have been reported as an easily accessible and reliable proxy of central nervous system inflammation. However, the role of peripheral inflammation in dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) still needs to be clarified. In the current study, we aimed to assess the prognostic role of the NLR and other peripheral markers of inflammation in a sample of 130 amnestic MCI, followed up for two to five years. The Mini-Mental state examination (MMSE) score at baseline and follow-up visits was used to assess global cognitive status at each visit and the degree of cognitive decline over time. Baseline peripheral markers of inflammation included blood cell counts and ratios, specifically the NLR, the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and the systemic immune inflammation index (SII). After classifying subjects into CONVERTERS and non-CONVERTERS (respectively, patients converting to dementia and subjects showing stability at the last available follow-up), we compared peripheral markers of inflammation among groups ed correlated them with cognitive measures, testing the ability of significant factors to predict conversion to dementia. In our cohort, CONVERTERS showed lower baseline MMSE scores (p-value = 0.004) than non-CONVERTERS. In addition, CONVERTERS had statistically elevated NLR (p-value = 0.005), PLR (p-value = 0.002), and SII levels (p-value = 0.015), besides a lower number of lymphocytes (p-value = 0.004) compared with non-CONVERTERS. In a logistic regression analysis, baseline MMSE scores and NLR predicted conversion to dementia. Tertiles analysis showed that MCI with the highest NLR values had a higher conversion risk. Our study supports the hypothesis that a dysregulation of peripheral inflammation involving both lymphocytes and neutrophils may play a role in the pathogenesis of dementia, even at the early stages of neurodegeneration, as in the MCI condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
- Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Davide Aprile
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Sarasso
- Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Paola Serra
- Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Giordana Borasio
- Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Esther Rojo
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Arenillas
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
- Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Wurm R, Parvizi T, Goeschl S, Untersteiner H, Silvaieh S, Stamm T, Cetin H, Reichardt B, Stögmann E. Analysis of co-medication in people with dementia. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:823-830. [PMID: 36632031 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dementia prevalence is increasing, with numbers projected to double by 2050. Risk factors for its development include age and cardiovascular comorbidities, which are found more often in patients with dementia and should be treated properly to improve outcomes. In this case-control study, we analysed a large population-based prescription database to explore the patterns of co-medication in patients with dementia. METHODS Prescription claims covering >99% of the Austrian population from 2005 to 2016 were obtained. Patients who were treated with an approved antidementia drug (ADD) were included and co-medication exposure was recorded. A group of people not taking ADDs was matched for age, sex and follow-up duration as a control. RESULTS We included 70,799 patients on ADDs who were exposed to a mean of 5.3 co-medications while control patients were treated with a total of 5.2 co-medications (p < 0.001). We found that patients on ADDs received less somatic (4.1 vs. 4.5) but more psychiatric medication (1.1 vs. 0.6; p < 0.001 for both). Patients on ADDs were less likely to be treated for pain, cardiovascular conditions or hyperlipidemia. More than 50% of patients on ADDs were treated with antidepressants or antipsychotics. Greater number of co-medications was associated with markers of more intensive antidementia treatment. CONCLUSION Patients on ADDs received more medications overall but were less frequently treated for somatic conditions known to be more prevalent in this group. Together, our data suggest that management of comorbidities in dementia could be improved to optimize outcome and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Wurm
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Tandis Parvizi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Stella Goeschl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Sara Silvaieh
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Tanja Stamm
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Hakan Cetin
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Zhou Y, Zou X, Feng R, Zhan X, Hong H, Luo Y, Tan Y. Improvement of Spatial Memory and Cognitive Function in Mice via the Intervention of Milk Fat Globule Membrane. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030534. [PMID: 36771241 PMCID: PMC9921783 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the improvement of living standards, dietary interventions have become an appropriate approach to enhance memory and cognitive performance. The present study investigated the potential mechanisms of spatial memory and cognitive function improvement with the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) intervention in mice. The Morris water maze experiment revealed that the trajectories of mice in group M were more disordered. Also, the immunohistochemical results demonstrated a significantly higher number of neurons in group M compared with group C, especially in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) area. It is suggested that MFGM enhanced mice's spatial memory and cognition from macroscopic behavior and microscopic cytology, respectively. Meanwhile, 47 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 20 upregulated and 27 downregulated proteins. Upregulated (Sorbs 2, Rab 39, and Cacna 1e) and downregulated (Hp and Lrg 1) DEPs may improve spatial memory and cognition in mice by promoting synapse formation and increasing neurotransmitter receptors. KEGG enrichment analysis of the DEPs identified seven signaling pathways that were significantly enriched (p < 0.05). One of these pathways was neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, which are strongly associated with improved spatial memory and cognitive performance. These findings give some new insights and references to the potential mechanisms of spatial memory and cognitive enhancement by MFGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhou
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zou
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruifang Feng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Zhan
- Department of Product and Development, Heibei Dongkang Dairy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 052165, China
| | - Hui Hong
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongkang Luo
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuqing Tan
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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Russo EB, Cuttler C, Cooper ZD, Stueber A, Whiteley VL, Sexton M. Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:706-716. [PMID: 34569849 PMCID: PMC9587780 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabigerol (CBG), and its precursor before decarboxylation, cannabigerolic acid is sometimes labeled the "mother of all cannabinoids." The purpose of the present study was to investigate reasons for use and self-reported therapeutic effects in CBG-predominant cannabis users. Usage patterns and adverse effects, including withdrawal symptoms were also explored. Methods: Cannabidiol-predominant cannabis users were recruited online to complete an online survey assessing CBG use patterns, conditions treated with CBG-predominant cannabis (containing >50% CBG), perceived efficacy, associated adverse events, and withdrawal symptoms. One hundred twenty-seven eligible participants (U.S. residents ages 21+ who reported using CBG-predominant cannabis in the past 6 months) completed the survey. Results: Most of the samples (n=65; 51.2%) reported use of CBG-predominant products solely for medical purposes (n=46; 36.2% reported use for medical and recreational purposes; n=8; 6.3% reported recreational use only, and n=8 were missing). The most common conditions the complete sample reported using CBG to treat were anxiety (51.2%), chronic pain (40.9%), depression (33.1%), and insomnia/disturbed sleep (30.7%). Efficacy was highly rated, with the majority reporting their conditions were "very much improved" or "much improved" by CBG. Furthermore, 73.9% claimed superiority of CBG-predominant cannabis over conventional medicines for chronic pain, 80% for depression, 73% for insomnia, and 78.3% for anxiety. Forty-four percent of CBG-predominant cannabis users reported no adverse events, with 16.5% noting dry mouth, 15% sleepiness, 11.8% increased appetite, and 8.7% dry eyes. Around 84.3% reported no withdrawal symptoms, with sleep difficulties representing the most frequently endorsed withdrawal symptom (endorsed by two respondents). Conclusions: This is the first patient survey of CBG-predominant cannabis use to date, and the first to document self-reported efficacy of CBG-predominant products, particularly for anxiety, chronic pain, depression, and insomnia. Most respondents reported greater efficacy of CBG-predominant cannabis over conventional pharmacotherapy, with a benign adverse event profile and negligible withdrawal symptoms. This study establishes that humans are employing CBG and suggests that CBG-predominant cannabis-based medicines should be studied in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ziva D. Cooper
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle Sexton
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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11
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Yoon K, Kim JT, Kwack WG, Kim D, Lee KT, Yang S, Lee S, Choi YJ, Chung EK. Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Patients with Dementia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11426. [PMID: 36141699 PMCID: PMC9517486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of using potentially inappropriate medications associated with dementia exacerbation (DPIMs) in elderly outpatients with dementia. Electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed for geriatric patients with dementia who were prescribed at least one medication in 2016 at a tertiary, university-affiliated hospital. The 2015 Beers criteria were used to define DPIMs. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with prescribing DPIMs in patients with dementia. Among 2100 patients included in our study, 987 (47.0%) patients were prescribed at least one DPIM. Benzodiazepines were the most frequently prescribed DPIM followed by anticholinergics, histamine H2-receptor blockers, and zolpidem. The risk of prescribing DPIMs was significantly increased in female patients (odds ratio (OR) 1.355) with polypharmacy (OR 5.146) and multiple comorbidities (OR 1.129) (p < 0.05 for all). Coexistence of Parkinson's disease (OR 1.799), mood disorder (OR 1.373), or schizophrenia (OR 4.116) in patients with dementia further increased the likelihood of receiving DPIMs. In conclusion, DPIMs were commonly used in elderly patients with dementia in Korea with benzodiazepines most frequently prescribed followed by anticholinergics. Female patients using polypharmacy with multiple comorbidities should be closely monitored to minimize unnecessary DPIM use and, ultimately, DPIM-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwon Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jung-Tae Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea
| | - Won-Gun Kwack
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Seungwon Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Mutti C, Sarnataro RB, Beretta J, Enzo P, Negrotti A, Rausa F, Pizzarotti S, Parrino L. Rasagiline, sleep quality and well-being in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:4791-4796. [PMID: 35334012 PMCID: PMC8948046 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Gedde MH, Husebo BS, Mannseth J, Naik M, Selbaek G, Vislapuu M, Berge LI. The impact of medication reviews by general practitioners on psychotropic drug use and behavioral and psychological symptoms in home-dwelling people with dementia: results from the multicomponent cluster randomized controlled LIVE@Home.Path trial. BMC Med 2022; 20:186. [PMID: 35614509 PMCID: PMC9132600 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited knowledge regarding the process of deprescribing psychotropic drugs to people with dementia (PwD) conducted by general practitioners (GP). We investigated the impact of a multicomponent intervention, emphasizing medication reviews, on psychotropic drugs and behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) in home-dwelling PwD and quantified change in patient-GP communication evaluated by their informal caregivers. METHODS LIVE@Home.Path is a stepped-wedge closed-cohort cluster randomized controlled trial for people with mild to moderate dementia aged ≥65 and their informal caregivers (dyads) in Norway. Complementary to health care as usual (control condition), municipal coordinators implemented the multicomponent LIVE intervention: Learning, Innovation, Volunteer support, and Empowerment (including medication review by the PwD's regular GPs). Block-randomization was used to allocate dyads in three groups receiving the intervention sequentially in periods of 6 months duration. Prepandemic data from the first period is reported, resulting in a 1:2 intervention-to-control ratio. Primary outcome was change in psychotropic drug use. Secondary outcomes were changes in BPSD by Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Cornell Scale of Depression in Dementia and patient-GP communication by an adaption of the Clinical Global Impression of Change. RESULTS Four hundred thirty-eight dyads were screened, 280 included, and 237 participated at 6 months (intervention group n=67; control condition n=170). At baseline, 63% used psychotropic medication regularly: antidementia drugs (47%), antidepressants (13%), hypnotics/sedatives (13%), antipsychotics (5%), and anxiolytics (2%). At 6 months, medication reviews were more frequently conducted in the intervention group compared to control (66% vs 42%, P=0.001). We found no differences regarding a change in drug use and BPSD. Patient-GP communication enhanced in the intervention group (mean score 0.95 [standard deviation 1.68] vs 0.41 [1.34], P=0.022). In the intervention group, control group, and overall sample, the informal caregivers of those who had their medications reviewed reported improved patient-GP communication compared to those who did not. CONCLUSIONS Change in psychotropic drug use and BPSD did not differ, even though patient-GP communication improved with medication reviews. Restricted psychotropic drug use among PwD likely reflects more judicious prescribing practices in recent years. Nevertheless, medication reviews could be cultivated to optimize pharmacologic treatment for this complex population. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT04043364 ; registered 15/03/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie H Gedde
- Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bettina S Husebo
- Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Municipality of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Janne Mannseth
- Section for Epidemiology and Medical Statistic, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mala Naik
- Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Selbaek
- Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Geriatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maarja Vislapuu
- Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Line Iden Berge
- Centre for Elderly and Nursing Home Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NKS Olaviken Gerontopsychiatric Hospital, Askøy, Norway
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Hølmkjær P, Holm A, Overbeck G, Rozing MP. A cluster-randomized trial of a complex intervention to encourage deprescribing antidepressants in nursing home residents with dementia: a study protocol. Trials 2022; 23:410. [PMID: 35578351 PMCID: PMC9109433 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of psychotropic medication on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) is limited, while associated with a higher risk of adverse events. Non-pharmacological treatment of BPSD is advocated as treatment of first choice. However, many general practitioners (GPs) find it difficult to initiate deprescribing, and when attempting to discontinue psychotropic medication in nursing home residents, they face many barriers. Therefore, we hypothesize that an intervention aimed at improving communication with and involvement of nursing home staff, relatives, and patients by GPs can optimize the pharmacological treatment of BPSD. The aim is to reduce the use of antidepressants in nursing home residents with dementia without increasing morbidity or mortality. Objective The primary outcome is reduction of antidepressant. Secondary outcomes include difference in use of other psychotropic medication, mortality, morbidity, and severity of BPSD. Method The study is a cluster-randomized controlled trial based in general practices in Denmark. We aim to include 22 practices, each of which will recruit up to 15 patients with dementia living in nursing homes. The intervention period is 3 months, and the total study period is 1 year. Randomization is 1:1 to intervention and control group by computer algorithm. Both groups receive education on BPSD and its evidence-based treatment. The intervention includes three tailored components; (1) teaching material and training to be used by the GP to educate nursing home staff on BPSD, (2) a pre-visit reflection tool to encourage nursing home staff to evaluate symptoms and reflect on relatives involvement in the discontinuation process; and (3) a dialog tool to facilitate shared decision making on optimization of BPSD treatment during the visits at the nursing home. The control group includes enhanced care as usual. The primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed at the end of the study period. A process evaluation will be conducted to assess the implementability. Discussion We anticipate that the intervention will optimize the treatment of BPSD with antidepressants for nursing homes residents and enhance compliance with reduction of medication. The process evaluation should provide insights into the barriers and facilitators to changing the current practice of deprescribing. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04985305. Registered on 30 July 2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06368-9.
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Borda MG, Aarsland D, Cano-Gutiérrez CA, Pérez-Zepeda MU. Actions to be taken for improving functional prognosis in dementia. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434:120156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shah R, Raji MA, Westra J, Kuo YF. Association of co-prescribing of opioid and benzodiazepine substitutes with incident falls and fractures among older adults: a cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052057. [PMID: 35476819 PMCID: PMC8719209 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the association between the co-prescribing of opioids, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids (pregabalin and gabapentin) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRI/SNRIs) in different combinations and the risk of falls and fractures. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study from 2015 to 2018. SETTING Medicare enrolment and claims data. PARTICIPANTS Medicare beneficiaries with both chronic pain and anxiety disorders in 2016 with continuous enrolments in Parts A and B from 2015 to 2016 who were prescribed any combination of opioid, benzodiazepine, gabapentinoid and SSRI/SNRI in 2017 for ≥7 days, as documented in their Medicare Part D coverage. INTERVENTIONS Any combination of use of seven drug regimens (benzodiazepine +opioid; benzodiazepine +gabapentinoid; benzodiazepine +SSRI/SNRI; opioid +gabapentinoid; opioid +SSRI/SNRI; gabapentinoid +SSRI/SNRI; ≥3 drug classes). MAIN OUTCOMES First event of fall and the first event of fracture after the index date, which was the first day of combination drug use that lasted ≥7 days in 2017. RESULTS A total of 47 964 patients (mean [SD] age, 75.9 [7.1]; 78.0% woman) with diagnoses of both chronic pain and anxiety were studied. The median (Q1-Q3) duration of drug combination use was 26 (14-30) days. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, chronic conditions and history of hospitalisation and fall or fracture, the co-prescribing of ≥3 drugs (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.38; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.67) and opioid plus gabapentinoid (aHR, 1.18; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.37) were associated with a high fall risk, compared with benzodiazepineplus opioid co-prescribing, findings consistent with the secondary analysis using inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity scores. The co-prescribing of benzodiazepine plus gabapentinoid (aHR, 0.76; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.98) was associated with lower fracture risk compared with the co-prescribing of benzodiazepine plus opioid, though this finding was not robust. CONCLUSIONS Our findings add to comparative toxicity research on different combinations of gabapentinoids and serotonergic agents commonly prescribed with or as substitutes for opioids and benzodiazepines in patients with co-occurring chronic pain and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shah
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mukaila A Raji
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jordan Westra
- Office of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yong-Fang Kuo
- Sealy Center on Aging, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
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de la Rubia Ortí JE, Fernández D, Platero F, García-Pardo MP. Can Ketogenic Diet Improve Alzheimer's Disease? Association With Anxiety, Depression, and Glutamate System. Front Nutr 2021; 8:744398. [PMID: 34778340 PMCID: PMC8579917 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.744398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in our society, mainly characterized by loss of cognitive function. However, other symptoms such as anxiety and depression have been described in patients. The process is mediated by alterations in the synaptic and extrasynaptic activity of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which are linked to a hypometabolism of glucose as the main source of brain energy. In that respect, Ketogenic diet (KD) has been proposed as a non-pharmacological treatment serving as an alternative energy source to the neurons increasing the fat percentage and reducing the carbohydrates percentage, showing promising results to improve the cognitive symptoms associated with different neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. However, the association of this type of diet with emotional symptoms and the modulation of glutamate neurotransmission systems after this dietary reduction of carbohydrates are unknown. Objective: The aim of this short review is to provide update studies and discuss about the relationship between KD, anxiety, depression, and glutamate activity in AD patients. Discussion: The main results suggest that the KD is an alternative energy source for neurons in AD with positive consequences for the brain at different levels such as epigenetic, metabolic and signaling, and that the substitution of carbohydrates for fats is also associated with emotional symptoms and glutamate activity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Platero
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Borda MG, Castellanos-Perilla N, Tovar-Rios DA, Oesterhus R, Soennesyn H, Aarsland D. Polypharmacy is associated with functional decline in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 96:104459. [PMID: 34225098 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dementia, a number of factors may influence functional decline in addition to cognition. In this study, we aimed to study the potential association of the number of prescribed medications with functional decline trajectories over a five-year follow-up in people diagnosed with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Lewy Body dementia (LBD). METHODS This is a longitudinal analysis of a Norwegian cohort study entitled "The Dementia Study of Western Norway". We included 196 patients newly diagnosed with AD (n=111) and LBD (n=85), followed annually for 5 years. We conducted linear mixed-effects models to analyse the association of the number of medications with functional decline measured by the Rapid Disability Rating Scale - 2. RESULTS The mean prescribed medications at baseline was 4.18∓2.60, for AD 3.92∓2.51 and LBD 4.52∓2.70. The number of medications increased during the follow-up; at year five the mean for AD was 7.28∓4.42 and for LBD 8.11∓5.16. Using more medications was associated with faster functional decline in AD (Est 0.04, SE 0.01, p-value 0.003) and LBD (Est 0.08, SE 0.03, p-value 0.008) after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidity, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognition. For each medication added during the follow-up, functional trajectories worsened by 1% for AD and 2% for LBD. The number of medications was not associated with cognitive decline. CONCLUSION We found that higher number of medications was related to a faster functional decline, both in AD and LBD. With disease progression, there was an increase in the number of medications. Prescription in dementia should be carefully assessed, possibly improving the functional prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Germán Borda
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Nicolás Castellanos-Perilla
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Alejandro Tovar-Rios
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Universidad Del Valle, Grupo de Investigación en Estadística Aplicada - INFERIR, Faculty of Engineering, Santiago De Cali, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia.; Universidad Del Valle, Prevención y Control de la Enfermedad Crónica - PRECEC, Faculty of Health, Santiago De Cali, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Ragnhild Oesterhus
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; The Hospital Pharmacy Enterprise of Western Norway, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hogne Soennesyn
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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