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Ciocca M, Hosli S, Hadi Z, Mahmud M, Tai YF, Seemungal BM. Vestibular prepulse inhibition of the human blink reflex. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 167:1-11. [PMID: 39232454 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Auditory and somatosensory prepulses are commonly used to assess prepulse inhibition (PPI). The effect of a vestibular prepulse upon blink reflex excitability has not been hitherto assessed. METHODS Twenty-two healthy subjects and two patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular failure took part in the study. Whole body yaw rotation in the dark provided a vestibular inertial prepulse. Blink reflex was electrically evoked after the end of the rotation. The amplitude of R1 and the area-under-the-curve (area) of the blink reflex R2 and R2c responses were recorded and analysed. RESULTS A vestibular prepulse inhibited the R2 (p < 0.001) and R2c area (p < 0.05). Increasing the angular acceleration did not increase the R2 and R2c inhibition (p > 0.05). Voluntary suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex did not affect the magnitude of inhibition (p > 0.05). Patients with peripheral vestibular failure did not show any inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a vestibular gating mechanism in humans. SIGNIFICANCE The main brainstem nucleus mediating PPI - the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) - is heavily vestibular responsive, which is consistent with our findings of a vestibular-mediated PPI. Our technique may be used to interrogate the fidelity of brain circuits mediating vestibular-related PPN functions. Given the PPN's importance in human postural control, our technique may also provide a neurophysiological biomarker of balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ciocca
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W6 8RF, UK.
| | - Sarah Hosli
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W6 8RF, UK; Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zaeem Hadi
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Mohammad Mahmud
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Yen F Tai
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W6 8RF, UK
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Naysmith LF, O’Daly O, Solana AB, Wiesinger F, Hill S, Williams SCR, Kumari V. Investigating acoustic startle habituation and prepulse inhibition with silent functional MRI and electromyography in young, healthy adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1436156. [PMID: 39188409 PMCID: PMC11345142 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Startle habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI) are distinct measures of different sensory information processes, yet both result in the attenuation of the startle reflex. Identifying startle habituation and PPI neural mechanisms in humans has mostly evolved from acoustic-focused rodent models. Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have used tactile startle paradigms to avoid the confounding effects of gradient-related acoustic noise on auditory paradigms and blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) measures. This study aimed to examine the neurofunctional basis of acoustic startle habituation and PPI in humans with silent fMRI. Methods Using silent fMRI and simultaneous electromyography (EMG) to measure startle, the neural correlates of acoustic short-term startle habituation and PPI [stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) of 60 ms and 120 ms] were investigated in 42 healthy adults (28 females). To derive stronger inferences about brain-behaviour correlations at the group-level, models included EMG-assessed measures of startle habituation (regression slope) or PPI (percentage) as a covariate. A linear temporal modulator was modelled at the individual-level to characterise functional changes in neural activity during startle habituation. Results Over time, participants showed a decrease in startle response (habituation), accompanied by decreasing thalamic, striatal, insula, and brainstem activity. Startle habituation was associated with the linear temporal modulation of BOLD response amplitude in several regions, with thalamus, insula, and parietal lobe activity decreasing over time, and frontal lobe, dorsal striatum, and posterior cingulate activity increasing over time. The paradigm yielded a small amount of PPI (9-13%). No significant neural activity for PPI was detected. Discussion Startle habituation was associated with the thalamus, putamen, insula, and brainstem, and with linear BOLD response modulation in thalamic, striatal, insula, parietal, frontal, and posterior cingulate regions. These findings provide insight into the mediation and functional basis of the acoustic primary startle circuit. Instead, whilst reduced compared to conventional MRI, scanner noise may have disrupted prepulse detection and processing, resulting in low PPI and impacting our ability to map its neural signatures. Our findings encourage optimisation of the MRI environment for acoustic PPI-based investigations in humans. Combining EMG and functional neuroimaging methods shows promise for mapping short-term startle habituation in healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Naysmith
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen O’Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon Hill
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C. R. Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veena Kumari
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Wendt J, Kuhn M, Hamm AO, Lonsdorf TB. Recent advances in studying brain-behavior interactions using functional imaging: The primary startle response pathway and its affective modulation in humans. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14364. [PMID: 37402156 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The startle response is a cross-species defensive reflex that is considered a key tool for cross-species translational emotion research. While the neural pathway mediating (affective) startle modulation has been extensively studied in rodents, human work on brain-behavior interactions has lagged in the past due to technical challenges, which have only recently been overcome through non-invasive simultaneous EMG-fMRI assessments. We illustrate key paradigms and methodological tools for startle response assessment in rodents and humans and review evidence for primary and modulatory neural circuits underlying startle responses and their affective modulation in humans. Based on this, we suggest a refined and integrative model for primary and modulatory startle response pathways in humans concluding that there is strong evidence from human work on the neurobiological pathway underlying the primary startle response while evidence for the modulatory pathway is still sparse. In addition, we provide methodological considerations to guide future work and provide an outlook on new and exciting perspectives enabled through technical and theoretical advances outlined in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wendt
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, University of Potsdam, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Manuel Kuhn
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alfons O Hamm
- Department of Physiological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tina B Lonsdorf
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Psychology, Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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4
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Vizeli P, Cuccurazzu B, Drummond SPA, Acheson DT, Risbrough VB. Effects of total sleep deprivation on sensorimotor gating in humans. Behav Brain Res 2023; 449:114487. [PMID: 37169130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating is a measure of pre-attentional information processing and can be measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. Sleep deprivation has been shown to disrupt PPI in animals and humans, and has been proposed as an early phase 2 model to probe antipsychotic efficacy in heathy humans. To further investigate the reliability and efficacy of sleep deprivation to produce PPI deficits we tested the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on PPI in healthy controls in a highly controlled sleep laboratory environment. Participants spent 4 days and nights in a controlled laboratory environment with their sleep monitored with polysomnography. Participants were randomly assigned to either normal sleep on all 4 nights (N=17) or 36hours of TSD on the 3rd or 4th night (N=40). Participants were assessed for sleepiness using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and underwent a daily PPI task (interstimlulus intervals 30-2000 ms) in the evening. Both within-subject effects (TSD vs. normal sleep in TSD group alone) and between-subject effects (TSD vs. no TSD group) of TSD on PPI were assessed. TSD increased subjective sleepiness measured with the KSS, but did not significantly alter overall startle, habituation or PPI. Sleep measures including duration, rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep duration were also not associated with PPI performance. The current results show that human sensorimotor gating may not be reliably sensitive to sleep deprivation. Further research is required for TSD to be considered a dependable model of PPI disruption for drug discovery in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vizeli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Bruna Cuccurazzu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dean T Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA, USA
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Acheson DT, Baker DG, Nievergelt CM, Yurgil KA, Geyer MA, Risbrough VB. Prospective longitudinal assessment of sensorimotor gating as a risk/resiliency factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2238-2244. [PMID: 36192631 PMCID: PMC9630259 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Little is understood about cognitive mechanisms that confer risk and resiliency for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) is a measure of pre-attentional response inhibition that is a stable cognitive trait disrupted in many neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by poor behavioral or cognitive inhibition, including PTSD. Differentiating between PTSD-related phenotypes that are pre-existing factors vs. those that emerge specifically after trauma is critical to understanding PTSD etiology and can only be addressed by prospective studies. This study tested the hypothesis that sensorimotor gating performance is associated with risk/resiliency for combat-related PTSD. As part of a prospective, longitudinal study, 1226 active duty Marines and Navy Corpsman completed a PPI test as well as a clinical interview to assess PTSD symptoms both before, and 3 and 6 months after a combat deployment. Participants that developed PTSD 6 months following deployment (N=46) showed lower PPI across pre and post-deployment time points compared to participants who did not develop PTSD (N=1182) . Examination of the distribution of PTSD across PPI performance revealed a lower than expected number of cases in the highest performing quartile compared to the rest of the distribution (p < 0.04). When controlling for other factors that predict PTSD in this population, those in the top 25% of PPI performance showed a >50% reduction in chance to develop PTSD (OR = 0.32). Baseline startle reactivity and startle habituation were not significantly different between PTSD risk and control groups. These findings suggest that robust sensorimotor gating may represent a resiliency factor for development of PTSD following trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean T Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kate A Yurgil
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Naysmith LF, Williams SCR, Kumari V. The influence of stimulus onset asynchrony, task order, sex and hormonal contraception on prepulse inhibition and prepulse facilitation: Methodological considerations for drug and imaging research. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1234-1242. [PMID: 36268723 PMCID: PMC9643818 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221133469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prepulse-induced startle modulation occurs when a weak sensory stimulus ('prepulse') is presented before a startling sensory stimulus ('pulse'), producing an inhibited (Prepulse Inhibition, PPI) or facilitated (Prepulse Facilitation, PPF) startle response. We recently identified several gaps and outlined future lines of enquiry to enable a fuller understanding of the neurobiology of PPI and PPF in healthy and clinical populations. However, before embarking on these studies, it is important to consider how task and population characteristics affect these phenomena in healthy humans. METHODS We examined PPI and PPF in separate tasks, with counterbalanced task order across participants in one session, using a range of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), in 48 healthy adults (23 men, 25 women; 10 hormonal contraceptive users) to determine which SOAs produce the strongest PPI and PPF and also explored how sex and hormonal contraception might influence PPI and PPF under these experimental conditions. RESULTS Both PPI and PPF were affected by SOA, with greatest PPI observed at 60 and 120 ms, and greatest PPF at 4500 and 6000 ms. PPI was influenced by sex (more PPI in men than women) and hormonal contraception, whereas PPF was affected by task order (greater PPF when the PPF task followed, rather than preceded, the PPI task). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that studies of PPI and PPF need to consider, not only sex and hormonal status of study participants, but also task characteristics and presentation order to reduce variance and increase replicability across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Naysmith
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London,
UK,Laura F Naysmith, Centre for Neuroimaging
Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College
London, L1.12, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Steven C R Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London,
UK
| | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of
Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience,
College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London,
UK
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7
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Proshin AT. Comparative Analysis of Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Mechanisms of Sensory and Sensorimotor Gating in Healthy Individuals and in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:887312. [PMID: 35846783 PMCID: PMC9282644 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.887312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory and sensorimotor gating provide the early processing of information under conditions of rapid presentation of multiple stimuli. Gating deficiency is observed in various psychopathologies, in particular, in schizophrenia. However, there is also a significant proportion of people in the general population with low filtration rates who do not show any noticeable cognitive decline. The review article presents a comparative analysis of existing data on the peculiarities of cholinergic and dopaminergic mechanisms associated with lowering gating in healthy individuals and in patients with schizophrenia. The differences in gating mechanisms in cohorts of healthy individuals and those with schizophrenia are discussed.
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8
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Yamada J, Maeda S, Soya M, Nishida H, Iinuma KM, Jinno S. Alleviation of cognitive deficits via upregulation of chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis by lignan sesamin in a mouse model of neuroinflammation. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 108:109093. [PMID: 35724814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lignans are plant-derived compounds that act as partial estrogen agonists. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) represent one of the major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we aimed to understand the role of sesamin (SES), a major lignan compound, in the biosynthesis and degradation of CSPGs in the mouse hippocampus because CSPGs play a key role in the regulation of cognitive functions through the promotion of adult neurogenesis. The expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β was decreased by SES administration in the hippocampus of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, a model of neuroinflammation-induced cognitive deficits. The expression of genes related to biosynthesis and degradation of CSPGs in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice was both increased and decreased by SES administration. Further, the diffuse ECM labeling of CSPGs by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice was increased by SES administration. The densities of neural stem cells, late transit-amplifying cells, and newborn-granule cells in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice were also increased by SES administration. Moreover, SES-induced alterations in gene expression, WFA labeling, and adult neurogenesis in LPS-treated mice were more evident in the dorsal hippocampus (center of cognition) than in the ventral hippocampus (center of emotion). Neither LPS nor SES administration affected locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and depression-related behavior. However, impairments in contextual memory and sensorimotor gating in LPS-treated mice were recovered by SES administration. Our results show that SES can promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis through the upregulation of CSPGs, which may alleviate cognitive deficits induced by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Maeda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Soya
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Nishida
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko M Iinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Giannopoulos AE, Zioga I, Papageorgiou P, Pervanidou P, Makris G, Chrousos GP, Stachtea X, Capsalis C, Papageorgiou C. Evaluating the Modulation of the Acoustic Startle Reflex in Children and Adolescents via Vertical EOG and EEG: Sex, Age, and Behavioral Effects. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:798667. [PMID: 35464323 PMCID: PMC9019526 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.798667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic startle reflex (ASR) constitutes a reliable, cross-species indicator of sensorimotor and inhibitory mechanisms, showing distinct signature in cognitive aging, sex, and psychopathological characterization. ASR can be modulated by the prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigm, which comprises the suppression of reactivity to a startling stimulus (pulse) following a weak prepulse (30- to 500-ms time difference), being widely linked to inhibitory capabilities of the sensorimotor system. If the prepulse–pulse tones are more clearly separated (500–2,000 ms), ASR amplitude is enhanced, termed as prepulse facilitation (PPF), reflecting sustained or selective attention. Our study aimed to investigate early-life sensorimotor sex/age differences using Electroencephalographic recordings to measure muscular and neural ASR in a healthy young population. Sixty-three children and adolescents aged 6.2–16.7 years (31 females) took part in the experiment. Neural ASR was assessed by two different analyses, namely, event-related potentials (ERPs) and first-derivative potentials (FDPs). As expected, PPF showed enhanced responses compared with PPI, as indicated by eyeblink, ERP and FDP measures, confirming the gating effect hypothesis. Sex-related differences were reflected in FDPs, with females showing higher ASR than males, suggesting increased levels of poststartle excitability. Intragroup age effects were evaluated via multipredictor regression models, noticing positive correlation between age versus eyeblink and ERP responses. Attention-related ERPs (N100 and P200) showed distinct patterns in PPI versus PPF, potentially indicative for alternative attentional allocation and block-out of sensory overload. Screening measures of participants’ neurodevelopmental (assessed by Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and behavioral (assessed by Child Behavior Checklist) markers were also associated with increased N100/P200 responses, presumably indexing synergy between perceptual consistency, personality profiling, and inhibitory performance. Conclusively, modulation of ASR by PPI and PPF is associated with biological sex and internal/external personality traits in childhood and adolescence, potentially useful to guide symptomatology and prevention of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios E. Giannopoulos
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Anastasios E. Giannopoulos,
| | - Ioanna Zioga
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Papageorgiou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Makris
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xanthi Stachtea
- Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS” (UMHRI), University Mental Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Capsalis
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalabos Papageorgiou
- Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS” (UMHRI), University Mental Health, Athens, Greece
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Zhang J, Wang M, Wei B, Shi J, Yu T. Research Progress in the Study of Startle Reflex to Disease States. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:427-435. [PMID: 35237036 PMCID: PMC8884703 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s351667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The startle reflex is considered a primitive physiological reflex, a defense response that occurs in the organism when the body feels sudden danger and uneasiness, characterized by habituation and sensitization effects, and studies on the startle reflex often deal with pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) and sensorimotor gating. Under physiological conditions, the startle reflex is stable at a certain level, and when the organism is in a pathological state, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, schizophrenia, and other diseases, the reflex undergoes a series of changes, making it closely related to the progress of disease. This paper summarizes the startle reflex in physiological and pathological states by reviewing the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodical, Wanfang Data, and identifies and analyzes the startle reflex and excessive startle reaction disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Shi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
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11
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Naysmith LF, Kumari V, Williams SCR. Neural mapping of prepulse-induced startle reflex modulation as indices of sensory information processing in healthy and clinical populations: A systematic review. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5495-5518. [PMID: 34414633 PMCID: PMC8519869 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Startle reflex is modulated when a weaker sensory stimulus ("prepulse") precedes a startling stimulus ("pulse"). Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) is the attenuation of the startle reflex (prepulse precedes pulse by 30-500 ms), whereas Prepulse Facilitation (PPF) is the enhancement of the startle reflex (prepulse precedes pulse by 500-6000 ms). Here, we critically appraise human studies using functional neuroimaging to establish brain regions associated with PPI and PPF. Of 10 studies, nine studies revealed thalamic, striatal and frontal lobe activation during PPI in healthy groups, and activation deficits in the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia (three studies) and Tourette Syndrome (two studies). One study revealed a shared network for PPI and PPF in frontal regions and cerebellum, with PPF networks recruiting superior medial gyrus and cingulate cortex. The main gaps in the literature are (i) limited PPF research and whether PPI and PPF operate on separate/shared networks, (ii) no data on sex differences in neural underpinnings of PPI and PPF, and (iii) no data on neural underpinnings of PPI and PPF in other clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Naysmith
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of HealthMedicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University LondonUK
| | - Steven C. R. Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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