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McClish R, Meloni G. Direct Experimental Observation of the Tetrabromine Cluster Br 4 by Synchrotron Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300266. [PMID: 38308191 PMCID: PMC11230937 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a first spectroscopic characterization of the homoatomic polyhalogen tetrabromine, Br4, in the gas phase. Photolysis of CHBr3 at 248 nm is used to generate atomic bromine radicals in a flow tube reactor. Resulting combination products are detected by photoionization mass spectrometry at the Advanced Light Source of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Interpretation of the experimental mass spectra is informed by calculated adiabatic ionization energies carried out at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//cam-B3LYP/6-311++g** levels of theory. Tunable VUV synchrotron radiation enables the collection of the mass-selected photoionization spectra by which Br4 is assigned using Franck-Condon simulations of a Br2 dimer with a stretched tetrahedral geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory McClish
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Giovanni Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
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2
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Möbs M, Graubner T, Karttunen AJ, Kraus F. [(μ 3 -F)(BrF 5 ) 3 ] - - An Unprecedented Molecular Fluoridobromate(V) Anion in Cs[Br 3 F 16 ]. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301876. [PMID: 37522612 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of Cs[BrF6 ] with BrF5 gave the compound Cs[Br3 F16 ] with the unprecedented propeller-shaped, C3 -symmetric [(μ3 -F)(BrF5 )3 ]- anion. All other currently known fluoridobromates(V) contain only octahedral [BrF6 ]- anions, which, unlike the related [IF6 ]- anions, never exhibited stereochemical activity of the lone pair on the Br atoms. Despite the same coordination number of six for the Br atom in the [BrF6 ]- and [(μ3 -F)(BrF5 )3 ]- anions, the longer μ3 -F-Br bonds provide additional space, allowing the lone pairs on the Br atoms to become stereochemically active. Cs[Br3 F16 ] was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical calculations for both the solid-state compound and the isolated anion at 0 K. Intrinsic bond orbital calculations show that the μ3 -F-Br bond is essentially ionic in nature and also underpin the stereochemical activity of the lone pairs of the Br(V) atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Möbs
- Anorganische Chemie, Fluorchemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tim Graubner
- Anorganische Chemie, Fluorchemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Florian Kraus
- Anorganische Chemie, Fluorchemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Scheibe B, Haiges R, Ivlev SI, Karttunen AJ, Müller U, Christe KO, Kraus F. Difluorochloronium(III) Fluoridometallates – from Molecular Building Blocks to (Helical) Chains. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Scheibe
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern 90089 Los Angeles, CA California USA
| | - Sergei I. Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Karl O. Christe
- Department of Chemistry University of Southern 90089 Los Angeles, CA California USA
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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4
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Scheibe B, Karttunen AJ, Müller U, Kraus F. Cs[Cl 3 F 10 ]: A Propeller-Shaped [Cl 3 F 10 ] - Anion in a Peculiar A [5] B [5] Structure Type. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18116-18119. [PMID: 32608053 PMCID: PMC7589245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of CsF with ClF3 leads to Cs[Cl3 F10 ]. It contains a molecular, propeller-shaped [Cl3 F10 ]- anion with a central μ3 -F atom and three T-shaped ClF3 molecules coordinated to it. This anion represents the first example of a heteropolyhalide anion of higher ClF3 content than [ClF4 ]- and is the first Cl-containing interhalogen species with a μ-bridging F atom. The chemical bonds to the central μ3 -F atom are highly ionic and quite weak as the bond lengths within the coordinating XF3 units (X = Cl, and also calculated for Br, I) are almost unchanged in comparison to free XF3 molecules. Cs[Cl3 F10 ] crystallizes in a very rarely observed A[5] B[5] structure type, where cations and anions are each pseudohexagonally close packed, and reside, each with coordination number five, in the trigonal bipyramidal voids of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Scheibe
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto University00076AaltoFinland
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
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5
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Cs[Cl
3
F
10
]: Eine Verbindung mit propellerförmigem [Cl
3
F
10
]
−
‐Anion, die im außergewöhnlichen A
[5]
B
[5]
‐Strukturtyp kristallisiert. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Bertocco P, Bolli C, Derendorf J, Jenne C, Klein A, Stirnat K. The Me3NB12Cl11.Radical: A Strong One-Electron Oxidizing Agent. Chemistry 2016; 22:16032-16036. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Bertocco
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Christoph Bolli
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Janis Derendorf
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Anorganische Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Axel Klein
- EPR Spectroscopy,Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Department für Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Greinstrasse 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Kathrin Stirnat
- EPR Spectroscopy,Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Department für Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Greinstrasse 6 50939 Köln Germany
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7
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Thanthiriwatte KS, Spruell JM, Dixon DA, Christe KO, Jenkins HDB. Structures, vibrational frequencies, and stabilities of halogen cluster anions and cations, X(n)(+/-), n = 3, 4, and 5. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8136-46. [PMID: 25033167 DOI: 10.1021/ic501211f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structures, vibrational frequencies, and thermodynamic stabilities of the homonuclear polyhalogen ions, X3(+), X3(-), X4(+), X4(-), X5(+), and X5(-) (X = Cl, Br, I), have been calculated at the CCSD(T) level. The energetics were calculated using the Feller-Peterson-Dixon approach for the prediction of reliable enthalpies of formation. The calculations allow the following predictions where stabilities are defined in terms of thermodynamic quantities. (1) The X3(+) cations are stable toward loss of X2; (2) the X3(-) anions are marginally stable toward loss of X2 with Cl3(-) being the least stable; (3) the X4(+) cations and X4(-) anions are only weakly bound dimers of X2(+1/2) and X2(-1/2) units, respectively, but the cations are marginally stable toward decomposition to X3(+) and X, with I4(+) having the lowest dissociation energy, whereas the X4(-) anions decompose spontaneously to X3(-) and X; (4) the X5(+) cations are only marginally stable at low temperatures toward loss of X2, with Cl5(+) being the least stable; and (5) the X5(-) anions are also only stable at low temperatures toward loss of X2, with Cl5(-) being the least stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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8
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Bolli C, Köchner T, Knapp C. [NO][HCB11Cl11] - Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, and Reaction with P4. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Crawford MJ, Göbel M, Karaghiosoff K, Klapötke TM, Welch JM. Does [I3]+ Act as an “[I]+” Donor to CH3CN and N2O? Structure of [H3CCN-I-NCCH3]+[AsF6]−. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:9983-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9015492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret-Jane Crawford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Göbel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M. Welch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
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10
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Switching on molecular iodine elimination through isomerization: The F2C–I–I isomer of difluorodiiodomethane. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Wong MW, Steudel Y, Steudel R. Novel isomers of hexasulfur: Prediction of a stable prism isomer and implications for the thermal reactivity of elemental sulfur. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:5899-907. [PMID: 15367018 DOI: 10.1063/1.1785143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-level ab initio molecular orbital calculations were employed to explore the potential energy hypersurface of hexasulfur, S(6). Twelve isomeric structures of S(6) have been identified: two unbranched rings (chair and boat), one trigonal prism of D(3h) symmetry, two singly branched rings (S(5)double bondS), three triplet chains, one singlet chain, and three doubly branched rings (Sdouble bondS(4)double bondS). The prism structure is essentially a cluster of three S(2) molecules connected via a six-center pi(*)-pi(*)-pi(*) interaction. It is by 51 kJ mol(-1) less stable than the lowest-energy chair form. The reactions to generate the boat, the prism, and the singly branched isomers from the chair form are predicted to have lower barriers than the ring opening reaction of cyclo-S(6), which requires an activation energy of 149 kJ mol(-1). The prism and singly branched isomers are found to be more reactive species than the chair form and they are potential sources of S(2) in chemical reactions involving elemental sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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12
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Bryce DL, Wasylishen RE. Interpretation of indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling tensors for polyatomic xenon fluorides and group 17 fluorides: results from relativistic density-functional calculations. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:3091-101. [PMID: 12054987 DOI: 10.1021/ic020025u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvements have been made recently in the calculation of NMR indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling tensors (J). In particular, the relativistic zeroth-order regular approximation density-functional theory (ZORA-DFT) approach holds great promise for the calculation of spin-spin coupling constants for a variety of chemical systems containing heavy nuclei. In the present work, the ZORA-DFT method is applied to the calculation of the complete reduced coupling tensors, K, for a range of chlorine-, bromine-, iodine-, and xenon-containing species: K(Cl,F) for ClF(2)(+), ClF(3), ClF(4)(+), ClF(5), ClF(6)(-), and ClF(6)(+); K(Br,F) for BrF(3), BrF(6)(-), and BrF(6)(+); K(I,F) for IF(4)(+) and IF(6)(+); K(Xe,F) for XeF(+), XeF(2), XeF(3)(+), XeF(4), XeF(5)(-), XeF(5)(+), and XeF(7)(+). These species represent a wide variety of geometrical bonding arrangements. Agreement between the calculated coupling constants and available experimental data is excellent, and the absolute sign of the coupling constants is provided. It is shown that (1)K(iso) may be positive or negative even within the same molecule, e.g., K(Cl,F)(iso) may be of either sign, depending on the local environment. Periodic trends in (1)K(iso) for isovalent and isostructural molecules are evident. The spin-spin coupling anisotropies, Delta K, and the orientations of the K tensors are also determined. The success of the calculations is a direct result of employing reliable geometries and considering both scalar and spin-orbit relativistic effects. The dependence of K(Cl,F)(iso) and K(Xe,F)(iso) on the local molecular and electronic structure is discussed in terms of the paramagnetic spin-orbit (PSO) and combined Fermi-contact spin-dipolar (FC+SD) coupling mechanisms. The PSO term depends strongly on the number of valence shell electron lone pairs on the central heavy atom, and the FC+SD contribution increases with the Cl[bond]F or Xe[bond]F bond length for a given series of compounds. This interpretation allows for the successful rationalization of the existing experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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13
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Bryce DL, Wasylishen RE, Autschbach J, Ziegler T. Periodic trends in indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling tensors: relativistic density functional calculations for interhalogen diatomics. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:4894-900. [PMID: 11971740 DOI: 10.1021/ja012596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the calculation and interpretation of indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling (J) tensors during the past few years; however, much work remains to be done, especially for molecules containing heavy atoms where relativistic effects may play an important role. Many J tensors cannot be explained based solely on a nonrelativistic Fermi-contact mechanism. In the present work, the relativistic zeroth-order regular approximation density-functional (ZORA-DFT) implementation for the calculation of J has been applied to the complete series of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic halogen molecules: F(2), Cl(2), Br(2), I(2), At(2), ClF, BrF, IF, ClBr, ClI, and BrI. For all of these compounds, the reduced isotropic coupling constant (K(iso)) is positive and the reduced anisotropic coupling constant (DeltaK) is negative. With the exception of molecular fluorine, the magnitudes of K(iso) and DeltaK are shown to increase linearly with the product of the atomic numbers of the coupled nuclei. ZORA-DFT calculations of J for F(2) and ClF are in excellent agreement with the results obtained from multiconfigurational self-consistent-field calculations. The relative importance of the various coupling mechanisms is approximately constant for all of the compounds, with the paramagnetic spin-orbit term being the dominant contributor to K(iso), at approximately 70-80%. Available experimental stimulated resonant Raman spectroscopy data are exploited to extract the complete J((127)I,(127)I) tensor for iodine in two rotational states. The dependence of K(iso) and DeltaK on bond length and rovibrational state is investigated by using calculated results in combination with available experimental data. In addition to providing new insights into periodic trends for J coupling tensors, this work further demonstrates the utility of the ZORA-DFT method and emphasizes the necessity of spin-orbit relativistic corrections for J calculations involving heavy nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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14
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Mauksch M, Schleyer PR. Effective monkey saddle points and berry and lever mechanisms in the topomerization of SF(4) and related tetracoordinated AX(4) species. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:1756-69. [PMID: 11312730 DOI: 10.1021/ic990500x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The topomerization mechanisms of the SF(4) and SCl(2)F(2) sulfuranes, as well as their higher (SeF(4), TeF(4)) and isoelectronic analogues PF(4)(-), AsF(4)(-), SbF(4)(-), SbCl(4)(-), ClF(4)(+), BrF(4)(+), BrCl(2)F(2)(+), and IF(4)(+)), have been computed at B3LYP/6-31+G and at B3LYP/6-311+G. All species have trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) C(2)(v)() ground states. In such four-coordinated molecules, Berry rotation exchanges both axial with two equatorial ligands simultaneously while the alternative "lever" mechanism exchanges only one axial ligand with one equatorial ligand. While the barrier for the lever exchange in SF(4) (18.8 kcal mol(-1)) is much higher than that for the Berry process (8.1 kcal mol(-1)), both mechanisms are needed for complete ligand exchange. The F(ax)F(ax) and F(eq)F(eq) isomers of SF(2)Cl(2) have nearly the same energy and readily interconvert by BPR with a barrier of 7.6 kcal mol(-1). The enantiomerization of the F(ax)F(eq) chiral isomer can occur by either the Berry process (transition state barrier 8.3 kcal mol(-1)) or the "lever" mechanism via either of two C(s)() transition states, based on the TBP geometry: Cl(ax) <--> Cl(eq) or F(ax) <--> F(eq) exchanges with barriers of 6.3 and 15.7 kcal mol(-1), respectively. Full scrambling of all ligand sites is possible only by inclusion of the lever mechanism. Planar, "tetrahedral", and triplet forms are much higher in energy. The TBP C(3)(v) structures of AX(4) either have two imaginary frequencies (NIMAG = 2) for the X = F, Cl species or are minima (NIMAG = 0) for the X = Br, I compounds. These "effective monkey saddle points" have degenerate modes with two small frequencies, imaginary or real. Although a strictly defined "monkey saddle" (with degenerate frequencies exactly zero) is not allowed, the flat C(3)(v) symmetry region serves as a "transition state" for trifurcation of the pathways. The BPR mechanism also is preferred over the alternative lever process in the topomerization of the selenurane SeF(4) (barriers 5.9 vs. 12.1 kcal mol(-1)), the tellurane TeF(4) (2.1 vs. 6.4), and the interhalogen cations ClF(4)(+) (2.5 vs 14.8), BrF(4)(+) (4.7 vs. 11.3), BrF(2)Cl(2)(+) (14.6 vs. 17.4), and IF(4)(+) (1.4 vs. 6.0), as well as for the series PF(4)(-) (7.0 vs. 9.0), AsF(4)(-) (9.3 vs. 17.2), and SbF(4)(-) (3.8 vs. 5.3 kcal mol(-1)), all computed at B3LYP/6-311+G with the inclusion of quasirelativistic pseudopotentials for Te, I, and Sb. The heavier halogens increasingly favor the lever process, where the barrier (2.6 kcal mol(-1)) pertaining to the effective monkey saddle point (C(3)(v) minimum for SbCl(4)(-)) is less than that for the Berry process (8.2 kcal mol(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mauksch
- Computer Chemie Centrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Recent advances in the understanding of the syntheses, structures, bonding and energetics of the homopolyatomic cations of Groups 16 and 17. Coord Chem Rev 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(00)00230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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