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Mukhopadhyay P, Horváth B, Rajesh M, Varga ZV, Gariani K, Ryu D, Cao Z, Holovac E, Park O, Zhou Z, Xu MJ, Wang W, Godlewski G, Paloczi J, Nemeth BT, Persidsky Y, Liaudet L, Haskó G, Bai P, Boulares AH, Auwerx J, Gao B, Pacher P. PARP inhibition protects against alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2017; 66:589-600. [PMID: 27984176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic reprograming are crucial contributors to hepatic injury and subsequent liver fibrosis. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) and their interactions with sirtuins play an important role in regulating intermediary metabolism in this process. However, there is little research into whether PARP inhibition affects alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH/NASH). METHODS We investigated the effects of genetic deletion of PARP1 and pharmacological inhibition of PARP in models of early alcoholic steatohepatitis, as well as on Kupffer cell activation in vitro using biochemical assays, real-time PCR, and histological analyses. The effects of PARP inhibition were also evaluated in high fat or methionine and choline deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis models in mice. RESULTS PARP activity was increased in livers due to excessive alcohol intake, which was associated with decreased NAD+ content and SIRT1 activity. Pharmacological inhibition of PARP restored the hepatic NAD+ content, attenuated the decrease in SIRT1 activation and beneficially affected the metabolic-, inflammatory-, and oxidative stress-related alterations due to alcohol feeding in the liver. PARP1-/- animals were protected against alcoholic steatohepatitis and pharmacological inhibition of PARP or genetic deletion of PARP1 also attenuated Kupffer cell activation in vitro. Furthermore, PARP inhibition decreased hepatic triglyceride accumulation, metabolic dysregulation, or inflammation and/or fibrosis in models of NASH. CONCLUSION Our results suggests that PARP inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy in steatohepatitis with high translational potential, considering the availability of PARP inhibitors for clinical treatment of cancer. LAY SUMMARY Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are the most abundant nuclear enzymes. The PARP inhibitor olaparib (Lynparza) is a recently FDA-approved therapy for cancer. This study shows that PARP is overactivated in livers of subjects with alcoholic liver disease and that pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme with 3 different PARP inhibitors, including olaparib, attenuates high fat or alcohol induced liver injury, abnormal metabolic alteration, fat accumulation, inflammation and/or fibrosis in preclinical models of liver disease. These results suggest that PARP inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Béla Horváth
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Karim Gariani
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zongxian Cao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Eileen Holovac
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ogyi Park
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Balazs Tamas Nemeth
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, BH 08-621-University Hospital Medical Center, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity & Inflammation of Surgery Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Peter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Hungary; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - A Hamid Boulares
- The Stanley Scott Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Tian Y, Zhang F, Xu W, Li X, Shu Z, Wang Y, Huang K, Huang D. Inhibition of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Protects Chronic Alcoholic Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:3117-3130. [PMID: 27746183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) by gut-derived endotoxin plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver diseases (ALD). Limiting the activation of resident KCs attenuates chronic ethanol-induced liver steatosis and injury. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 is suggested to play a role in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we found a significant increase of hepatic PARP activity in mice with short-term and long-term ethanol-induced ALD. Male mice on a long-term ethanol diet exhibited severe hepatic steatosis and apoptosis and enhanced KC activation and neutrophil infiltration. However, pharmacologic inhibition of PARP activity or genetic depletion of PARP1 significantly attenuated these detrimental effects in vivo. We found that inhibition of PARP1 effectively reduced hepatic expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and elevated hepatic expression of genes involved in lipolysis. Moreover, limited KC activation and neutrophil infiltration were observed in PARP1 knockout mice or PARP inhibitor-treated mice. Furthermore, in vitro experiments found that LPS-induced macrophage activation was limited by PARP inhibitor, and exposure of ethanol-treated hepatocytes to this conditioned medium further decreased the number of apoptotic and steatotic cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that PARP1 inhibition protects against long-term ethanol-induced liver injury, as indicated by limited hepatocytes steatosis, apoptosis, inflammation levels, and neutrophil infiltration, mainly by limiting KC activation during the initiation of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhang
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunli Tian
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangrao Li
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiping Shu
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Clinical Center for Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Udoh US, Valcin JA, Gamble KL, Bailey SM. The Molecular Circadian Clock and Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2504-37. [PMID: 26473939 PMCID: PMC4693245 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence from both experimental animal studies and clinical human investigations demonstrates strong connections among circadian processes, alcohol use, and alcohol-induced tissue injury. Components of the circadian clock have been shown to influence the pathophysiological effects of alcohol. Conversely, alcohol may alter the expression of circadian clock genes and the rhythmic behavioral and metabolic processes they regulate. Therefore, we propose that alcohol-mediated disruption in circadian rhythms likely underpins many adverse health effects of alcohol that cut across multiple organ systems. In this review, we provide an overview of the circadian clock mechanism and showcase results from new studies in the alcohol field implicating the circadian clock as a key target of alcohol action and toxicity in the liver. We discuss various molecular events through which alcohol may work to negatively impact circadian clock-mediated processes in the liver, and contribute to tissue pathology. Illuminating the mechanistic connections between the circadian clock and alcohol will be critical to the development of new preventative and pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorders and alcohol-mediated organ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uduak S Udoh
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Valcin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Karen L Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Shannon M Bailey
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Nomura F, Yaguchi M, Itoga And S, Noda M. Effects of chronic alcohol consumption on hepatic poly-ADP-ribosylation in the rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25:35S-8S. [PMID: 11410739 DOI: 10.1097/00000374-200106001-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation is involved in a variety of biological processes, which include DNA repair, malignant transformation, and apoptosis. It is of interest how this reaction is altered after long-term alcohol intake. Therefore, we determined long-term alcohol effects on hepatic poly-ADP-ribosylation in the rat. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley(R) rats (four pairs) were pair-fed a nutritionally adequate liquid diet that contained ethanol as 36% of total energy and an isocaloric control diets for 4 weeks. Liver tissue homogenates and nuclear fractions were subjected to ADP-ribosylation with [32P]nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The ADP-ribosylated proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, followed by autoradiography. Expression of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) also was evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS Incubation of rat liver homogenates in ADP-ribosylation reaction mixture resulted in a radiolabeling of a 116 kDa protein, most likely auto-ribosylation of PARP. This poly-ADP-ribosylation was increased significantly (p < 0.025) after long-term alcohol intake. This alcohol effect was reproducible in nuclear fractions as well. Expression levels of PARP, however, were comparable between alcohol-fed rats and their pair-fed controls. CONCLUSION Poly-ADP-ribosylation, an important posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins, was increased significantly after chronic alcohol consumption in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nomura
- Department of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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Nomura F, Yaguchi M, Itoga S, Noda M. Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Hepatic Poly-ADP-Ribosylation in the Rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Based on our current understanding, we have developed a provisional model for hepatocyte necrosis that may be applicable to cell necrosis in general (Figure 6). Damage to mitochondria appears to be a key early event in the progression to necrosis. At least two pathways may be involved. In the first, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of the MMPT leads to ATP depletion, ion dysregulation, and enhanced degradative hydrolase activity. If oxygen is present, toxic oxygen species may be generated and lipid peroxidation can occur. Subsequent cytoskeleton and plasma membrane damage result in plasma membrane bleb formation. These steps are reversible if the insult to the cell is removed. However, if injury continues, bleb rupture and cell lysis occur. In the second pathway, mitochondrial damage results in an MMPT. This step is irreversible and leads to cell death by as yet uncertain mechanisms. It is important to note that MMPT may occur secondary to changes in the first pathway (e.g. oxidative stress, increased Cai2+, and ATP depletion) and that all the "downstream events" occurring in the first pathway may result from MMPT (e.g., ATP depletion, ion dysregulation, or hydrolase activation). Proof of this model's applicability to cell necrosis in general awaits further validation. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the advances in our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of necrotic injury. Recent advances in this understanding have allowed scientists and clinicians a better comprehension of liver pathophysiology. This knowledge has provided new avenues of therapy and played a key role in the practice of hepatology as evidenced by advances in organ preservation. Understanding the early reversible events leading to cellular and subcellular damage will be key to prevention and treatment of liver disease. Hopefully, disease and injury specific preventive or pharmacological strategies can be developed based on this expanding data base.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Rosser
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Nomura F, Noda M. Stimulation of mono-ADP ribosylation in rat liver plasma membranes after long-term alcohol intake. Hepatology 1993; 18:870-3. [PMID: 8406362 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840180419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ADP ribosylation is considered one of the important covalent modifications of cellular proteins catalyzed by ADP ribosyltransferase, which transfers ADP ribose moiety of NAD to an acceptor protein. Because a growing body of evidence has suggested significant biological roles for mono-ADP ribosylations in transmembrane signal transduction and other cell metabolism, how alcohol intake alters them is of interest. Cholera toxin and pertussis toxin have been widely used as probes to investigate the roles of GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) in the transduction of hormonal and sensory signals. We first tested effects of long-term alcohol intake on these toxin-catalyzed ADP ribosylations of G-proteins in rat liver plasma membranes. Treatment of rat liver plasma membrane with [32P]NAD and thiol-preactivated cholera toxin resulted in the labeling of a 44-kD band, most likely an alpha-subunit of the stimulatory GTP-binding protein, the extent of which was much greater in alcohol-fed rats than in pair-fed controls. Analogous experiments with pertussis toxin also demonstrated enhancement of toxin-catalyzed ADP ribosylation of the inhibitory GTP-binding protein after long-term alcohol intake. More interesting was that long-term alcohol intake remarkably stimulated endogenous mono-ADP ribosylation of a 58-kD protein in a GTP-dependent manner. In vitro, ethanol (50 mmol/L) or a single load of ethanol (3 gm/kg) did not stimulate the reaction. Thus long-term alcohol intake stimulated both toxin-catalyzed and endogenous mono-ADP ribosylations of proteins in rat liver plasma membranes. Pursuit of alcohol interaction with mono-ADP ribosylation may provide an interesting approach to the study of alcohol's effects on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nomura
- First Department of Medicine, Chiba University School of Medicine, Japan
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Akinshola BE, Potter JJ, Mezey E. Ethanol increases ADP-ribosylation of histones in rat hepatocyte nuclei. Alcohol 1993; 10:163-7. [PMID: 8442895 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(93)90098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol was shown previously to increase ADP-ribosylation of hepatocyte proteins. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol on ADP-ribosylation of histones in hepatocyte nuclei. Freshly isolated hepatocytes were exposed to 100 mM ethanol for 2 h and ADP-ribosylated histones were separated from nonribosylated histones by phenylboronate agarose chromatography. Both histone factions were then separated into the individual histones by 12% acetic-urea-triton polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ethanol did not change the amounts of outer histone H1 or amounts of core histones (H2A, H2B, H3.1, and H4) but increased the histone variants H3.2 and H3.3. The principal effect of ethanol was to increase the ADP-ribosylation of all the above histones. Exposure of hepatocytes in culture to 100 mM ethanol for 3 days did not increase the synthesis of histones as determined by the incorporation of 14C-L-lysine, but increased the ADP-ribosylation of histones, principally histone H2A, determined from the incorporation of 2, 8, 3H adenosine. These results show that ethanol increases the ADP-ribosylation of histones. This is a potential mechanism for effects of ethanol on the regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Akinshola
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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