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Bahde R, Kapoor S, Bhargava KK, Schilsky ML, Palestro CJ, Gupta S. PET with 64Cu-histidine for noninvasive diagnosis of biliary copper excretion in Long-Evans cinnamon rat model of Wilson disease. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:961-8. [PMID: 22577234 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.092361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Excretion of copper into bile requires the copper transporter Atp7b, which is deficient in Wilson disease. We hypothesized that a radiocopper-histidine complex would be effective for diagnosing Wilson disease by molecular imaging and tested this hypothesis in the Long-Evans cinnamon (LEC) rat model with Atp7b deficiency. METHODS We complexed (64)Cu to l-histidine and analyzed clearance from blood, uptake in tissues, and excretion in bile of healthy Long-Evans agouti (LEA) rats versus LEC rats modeling Wilson disease. Sixty-minute dynamic PET recordings were obtained in LEA and LEC rats. Possible effects of acute and chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride were studied in LEA rats. Atp7b deficiency in LEC rats was reconstituted by transplantation of healthy cells to establish the specificity of findings. RESULTS Examination of blood, tissue, and bile showed that in healthy rats, radiocopper was incorporated in the liver, followed by rapid excretion in bile. Corresponding blood, tissue, and bile studies in LEC rats showed incorporation of radiocopper in the liver but without copper excretion in bile, leading to hepatic retention of the radiotracer. PET showed onset of copper clearance in the liver of LEA rats, whereas liver copper content progressively increased in LEC rats during the 1-h period. Hepatic radiocopper excretion was not altered by either acute or chronic liver injury. In LEC rats with liver repopulation by transplanted healthy hepatocytes, excretion of radiocopper confirmed that Atp7b was responsible for this effect. CONCLUSION Imaging with the radiocopper-histidine complex successfully identified Atp7b-dependent biliary copper excretion. This principle will advance molecular imaging for Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Bahde
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Ruth L and David S Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Fanni D, Gerosa C, Nemolato S, Faa G. Copper-related diseases: From chemistry to molecular pathology. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ansede JH, Wright MR, St. Claire RL, Hart RW, Gefroh HA, Brouwer KR. Characterization of Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes As an in Vitro Model to Assess the Hepatobiliary Disposition of Copper. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:969-76. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.024638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Moriya M, Ho YH, Grana A, Nguyen L, Alvarez A, Jamil R, Ackland ML, Michalczyk A, Hamer P, Ramos D, Kim S, Mercer JFB, Linder MC. Copper is taken up efficiently from albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin by cultured human cells by more than one mechanism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C708-21. [PMID: 18579803 PMCID: PMC2544443 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00029.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ionic copper entering blood plasma binds tightly to albumin and the macroglobulin transcuprein. It then goes primarily to the liver and kidney except in lactation, where a large portion goes directly to the mammary gland. Little is known about how this copper is taken up from these plasma proteins. To examine this, the kinetics of uptake from purified human albumin and alpha(2)-macroglobulin, and the effects of inhibitors, were measured using human hepatic (HepG2) and mammary epithelial (PMC42) cell lines. At physiological concentrations (3-6 muM), both cell types took up copper from these proteins independently and at rates similar to each other and to those for Cu-dihistidine or Cu-nitrilotriacetate (NTA). Uptakes from alpha(2)-macroglobulin indicated a single saturable system in each cell type, but with different kinetics, and 65-80% inhibition by Ag(I) in HepG2 cells but not PMC42 cells. Uptake kinetics for Cu-albumin were more complex and also differed with cell type (as was the case for Cu-histidine and NTA), and there was little or no inhibition by Ag(I). High Fe(II) concentrations (100-500 microM) inhibited copper uptake from albumin by 20-30% in both cell types and that from alpha(2)-macroglobulin by 0-30%, and there was no inhibition of the latter by Mn(II) or Zn(II). We conclude that the proteins mainly responsible for the plasma-exchangeable copper pool deliver the metal to mammalian cells efficiently and by several different mechanisms. alpha(2)-Macroglobulin delivers it primarily to copper transporter 1 in hepatic cells but not mammary epithelial cells, and additional as-yet-unidentified copper transporters or systems for uptake from these proteins remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizue Moriya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Molecular Biology and Nutrition, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834-6866, USA
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Fosset C, McGaw BA, Reid MD, McArdle HJ. A non-radioactive method for measuring Cu uptake in HepG2 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:1018-22. [PMID: 15833324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
At present, all data on Cu uptake and metabolism have been derived from radioactive uptake experiments. These experiments are limited by the availability of the radioactive isotopes 64Cu or 67Cu, and their short half-life (12.5 and 62 h, respectively). In this paper, we investigate an alternative method to study the uptake of Cu with natural isotopes in HepG2 cells, a liver cell line used extensively to study Cu metabolism. In nature, Cu occurs as two stable isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu (63Cu/65Cu = 2.23). This ratio can be measured accurately using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In initial experiments, we attempted to measure the time course of Cu uptake using 65Cu. The change in the 63Cu/65Cu ratio, however, was too small to allow measurement of Cu uptake by the cells. To overcome this difficulty, the natural 63Cu/65Cu ratio in HepG2 cells was altered using long-term incubation with 63Cu. This had a significant effect on Cu concentration in HepG2 cells, changing it from 81.9 +/- 9.46 pmol microg DNA(-1) (week 1) to 155 +/- 8.63 pmol microg DNA(-1) (week 2) and stabilising at 171 +/- 4.82 pmol microg DNA(-1) (week 3). After three weeks of culture with 2 microM 63Cu the 63Cu/65Cu changed from 2.18 +/- 0.05 to 15.3 +/- 1.01. Cu uptake was then investigated as before using 65Cu. Uptake was linear over 60 min, temperature dependent and consistent with previous kinetics data. These observations suggest that stable isotope ICP-MS provides an alternative technique for the study of Cu uptake by HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fosset
- The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Green Road, Aberdeen, Scotland AB21 9SB, UK
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Oakley F, Horn NM, Thomas AL. Histidine-stimulated divalent metal uptake in human erythrocytes and in the erythroleukaemic cell line HEL.92.1.7. J Physiol 2004; 561:525-34. [PMID: 15486018 PMCID: PMC1665356 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.072389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The uptake of 65Zn by human erythrocytes was investigated in the presence of high (40 mM) and low (5 mM) concentrations of histidine and 0-500 microM cobalt, nickel, manganese and zinc. Varying concentrations of metal mono- and bis-histidine complexes will be formed and the inhibition of 65Zn uptake could be correlated with the calculated complex concentrations to investigate competition between metals. For each metal, the calculated concentrations of bis-histidine complex giving 50% inhibition of 65Zn uptake were similar at both 5 mM and 40 mM histidine. Manganese-bis-histidine appeared to have a much higher affinity for the binding site than the other metal-bis-histidine complexes, which had similar affinities to each other. Studies of the inhibition of histidine-stimulated 54Mn uptake by the addition of manganese confirmed that manganese-bis-histidine does act as a substrate for the transporter in a similar fashion to the other metals studied. In addition, human erythroleukaemic cells (HEL cells) were used as a model for erythroid precursor cells. L-histidine, but not D-histidine, stimulated 65Zn uptake in a saturable fashion. The other metals competed with zinc in a similar manner to that seen in erythrocytes, and the affinity for manganese-bis-histidine was much greater than for the bis-histidine complexes of the other three metals. Both the capacity for metal transport per cell, and the affinity of the transporter for the metal-bis-histidine complexes, were much greater in the HEL cells than in the erythrocyte. It is suggested that histidine-stimulated metal transport may play a role in the supply of metals to maturing erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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Mandigers PJJ, van den Ingh TSGAM, Spee B, Penning LC, Bode P, Rothuizen J. Chronic hepatitis in Doberman pinschers. A review. Vet Q 2004; 26:98-106. [PMID: 15559390 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2004.9695173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis in Doberman pinschers is predominantly seen in female dogs, usually between 4 and 7 years of age and was first recognized in the early eighties. The histopathological characteristics of Doberman hepatitis are those of micronodular cirrhosis with histological features of fibrosis, piece meal necrosis and progressive lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration of the portal triads. Currently there are two hypotheses on the pathogenesis although neither of them has been elucidated. The first hypothesis is that of a copper toxicosis. The second is that of autoimmunity. Similarities and differences with other breeds and studies on both hypotheses are reviewed, as well as results of recent research of our group. Based on recent findings chronic hepatitis in Doberman pinschers is most likely to be a form of copper toxicosis. Although there are several indications that suggest autoimmunity as well, this still remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J J Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pham TND, Ségui JA, Fortin C, Campbell PGC, Denizeau F, Jumarie C. Cadmium uptake in rat hepatocytes in relation to speciation and to complexation with metallothionein and albumin. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:320-30. [PMID: 15334666 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) uptake has been studied in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes focusing on the impact of inorganic and organic speciation. Uptake time-course studies over a 60-min exposure to 0.3 microM (109)Cd revealed a zero-time uptake and a slower process of accumulation which proceeds within minutes. (109)Cd uptake showed saturation kinetics (K(m) = 3.5 +/- 0.8 microM), and was highly sensitive to inhibition by Zn and Hg. There was no evidence for sensitivity to the external pH nor for any preferential transport of the free cation Cd(2+) over CdCl(n) (2-n) chloro-complexes. According to the assumption that only inorganic metal species are available, metal uptake decreased upon albumin (BSA) addition to the exposure media. In contrast, higher levels of (109)Cd accumulation were obtained under optimal conditions for Cd complexation by MT. Comparison among uptake data obtained under inorganic and organic conditions revealed that Cd-MT would be taken up 0.4 times as rapidly as Cd(inorg). We conclude that uptake of Cd in rat hepatocytes involves specific transport mechanism(s) subjected to Zn or Hg interactions. Uptake of inorganic Cd is not proportional to the levels of free Cd(2+) and does not involve the divalent cation transporter DCT1 nor the co-transporter Fe(2+)-H(+) NRAMP2. We found Cd-MT but not Cd-BSA to be available for the liver cells, and have estimated a binding affinity four orders of magnitude higher for Cd complexation with MT compared to BSA; MT may have a significant role in Cd delivery to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N D Pham
- Département de chimie, Centre TOXEN, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Mirick GR, O'Donnell RT, DeNardo SJ, Shen S, Meares CF, DeNardo GL. Transfer of copper from a chelated 67Cu-antibody conjugate to ceruloplasmin in lymphoma patients. Nucl Med Biol 1999; 26:841-5. [PMID: 10628566 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Lym-1 monoclonal antibody was conjugated with the bifunctional chelating agent 6-[p-(bromoacetamido)benzyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N ',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (BAT), using 2IT as a linker, and radiolabeled with 67Cu to make the radiopharmaceutical, 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1. Ten patients received a total of 18 doses of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 as targeted, systemic radiotherapy. The beta phase of blood clearance, when corrected for 67Cu decay, was positive or flat, a phenomenon not observed in similar patients treated with 131I-Lym-1. The flat beta phase of blood clearance suggested recycling of 67Cu from 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 to another plasma protein. Therefore, the amount of 67Cu transferred from the radiopharmaceutical to CP, Alb, and TF was measured using affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies. The fraction of plasma 67Cu precipitated by anti-human CP increased daily; most blood radioactivity was 67Cu-CP after a median of 4 days (range 2-7 days). The transfer of 67Cu to CP was observed in all patients and was consistent from dose to dose within the same patient. An average of 2.8 +/- 1.5% (range 0.8-7.8%) of the 67Cu dose (%ID) was transferred to CP. The release rate of 67Cu-CP from the liver into the blood was 0.9 +/- 0.4 %ID/day for the first 3 days. The 67Cu-CP effective clearance half-life was 3.7 +/- 0.7 days. Subtraction of the 67Cu-CP activity from the total blood radioactivity yielded a biphasic blood clearance similar to that obtained for patients given 131I-Lym-1. Cu-67-CP increased the AUC for whole blood by 24 +/- 10%. The %ID of 67Cu recycled correlated with GGT, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase levels; r = 0.958 (p < 0.001), 0.857 (p < 0.01), and 0.822 (p < 0.01), respectively. Albumin levels correlated negatively with recycled copper (r = -0.745, p < 0.05). The data suggest that the liver metabolizes 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 and recycles a small fraction of the 67Cu, transferring it to CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Mirick
- University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
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Abstract
The chemistry, radiochemistry, radiobiology, and radiopharmacology of radiopharmaceuticals containing copper radionuclides are reviewed. Copper radionuclides offer application in positron emission tomography, targeted radiotherapy, and single photon imaging. The chemistry of copper is relatively simple and well-suited to radiopharmaceutical application. Current radiopharmaceuticals include biomolecules labelled via bifunctional chelators primarily based on cyclic polyaminocarboxylates and polyamines, and pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (PTSM) and its analogues. The chemistry of copper, of which only a fraction has yet been exploited, is likely to be applied more fully in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Blower
- Nuclear Medicine Dept., Kent and Canterbury Hospital, UK.
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Bingham MJ, Burchell A, McArdle HJ. Identification of an ATP-dependent copper transport system in endoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from rat liver. J Physiol 1995; 482 ( Pt 3):583-7. [PMID: 7738849 PMCID: PMC1157784 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. This paper identifies and characterizes an ATP-dependent copper transport system in endoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from male rat liver. 2. The transporter has a Km of 2.5 +/- 1.2 mumol 1(-1) copper glutathione (CuGSH) and a Vmax of 4.5 +/- 1.3 nmol (mg protein)-1 (5 min)-1 for copper. 3. At a copper concentration of 2 mumol l-1, ATP dependence reaches saturation, with a Km for ATP of 4.7 +/- 2.4 mmol l-1 and a Vmax of 2.8 +/- 0.6 nmol (mg protein)-1 (5 min)-1. 4. The uptake is dependent on ATP hydrolysis, since a low energy analogue of ATP, adenosine 5'-[beta-gamma-methylene] triphosphate tetralithium (AMP.PCP), has no effect on copper uptake. 5. The transporter is a P-type ATPase, since vanadate inhibits uptake with a high degree of specificity (100 mumol l-1 inhibits uptake by 50% at a copper concentration of 2 mumol l-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bingham
- Department of Child Health, University of Dundee, UK
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