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Abouelasrar Salama S, Lavie M, De Buck M, Van Damme J, Struyf S. Cytokines and serum amyloid A in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 50:29-42. [PMID: 31718982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is dependent on the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α during infection and inflammation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) upregulates SAA-inducing cytokines. In line with this, a segment of chronically infected individuals display increased circulating levels of SAA. SAA has even been proposed to be a potential biomarker to evaluate treatment efficiency and the course of disease. SAA possesses antiviral activity against HCV via direct interaction with the viral particle, but might also divert infectivity through its function as an apolipoprotein. On the other hand, SAA shares inflammatory and angiogenic activity with chemotactic cytokines by activating the G protein-coupled receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2. These latter properties might promote chronic inflammation and hepatic injury. Indeed, up to 80 % of infected individuals develop chronic disease because they cannot completely clear the infection, due to diversion of the immune response. In this review, we summarize the interconnection between SAA and cytokines in the context of HCV infection and highlight the dual role SAA could play in this disease. Nevertheless, more research is needed to establish whether the balance between those opposing activities can be tilted in favor of the host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Muriel Lavie
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mieke De Buck
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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2
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Martrus G, Kautz T, Lunemann S, Richert L, Glau L, Salzberger W, Goebels H, Langeneckert A, Hess L, Poch T, Schramm C, Oldhafer KJ, Koch M, Tolosa E, Nashan B, Altfeld M. Proliferative capacity exhibited by human liver-resident CD49a+CD25+ NK cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182532. [PMID: 28792982 PMCID: PMC5549915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and retention of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the liver are thought to play an important role during hepatotropic infections and liver cirrhosis. The aims of this study were to determine differences between liver-derived and peripheral blood-derived NK cells in the context of liver inflammation and cirrhosis. We conducted a prospective dual-center cross-sectional study in patients undergoing liver transplantation or tumor-free liver resections, in which both liver tissue and peripheral blood samples were obtained from each consenting study participants. Intrahepatic lymphocytes and PBMCs were stained, fixed and analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results showed that, within cirrhotic liver samples, intrahepatic NK cells were particularly enriched for CD49a+ NK cells when compared to tumor-free liver resection samples. CD49a+ liver-derived NK cells included populations of cells expressing CD25, CD34 and CXCR3. Moreover, CD49a+CD25+ liver-derived NK cells exhibited high proliferative capacity in vitro in response to low doses of IL-2. Our study identified a specific subset of CD49a+CD25+ NK cells in cirrhotic livers bearing functional features of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Martrus
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kautz
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team SISTM, UMR1219 and Inria, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Glau
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Salzberger
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Goebels
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Langeneckert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard Hess
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J. Oldhafer
- Department of General & Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Asklepios Campus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Koch
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Nashan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Quarleri JF, Oubiña JR. Hepatitis C virus strategies to evade the specific-T cell response: a possible mission favoring its persistence. Ann Hepatol 2016; 15:17-26. [PMID: 26626636 DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1184193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small, enveloped RNA virus. The number of HCV-infected individuals worldwide is estimated to be approximately 200 million. The vast majority of HCV infections persist, with up to 80% of all cases leading to chronic hepatitis associated with liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The interaction between HCV and the host have a pivotal role in viral fitness, persistence, pathogenicity, and disease progression. The control of HCV infection requires both effective innate and adaptive immune responses. The HCV clearance during acute infection is associated with an early induction of the innate and a delayed initiation of the adaptive immune responses. However, in the vast majority of acute HCV infections, these responses are overcome and the virus persistence almost inexorably occurs. Recently, several host- and virus-related mechanisms responsible for the failure of both the innate and the adaptive immune responses have been recognized. Among the latter, the wide range of escape mutations to evade the specific-T-and B-cell responses as well as the T cell anergy and the CD8+ T cell exhaustion together with the interference with its function after prolonged virus exposure hold a pivotal role. Other HCV strategies include the modification or manipulation of molecules playing key roles in the induction of the interferon response and its induced effector proteins. In this review, we attempt to gain insights on the main T cell immune evasion strategies used by the virus in order to favor its persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Fabián Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Argentina
| | - José Raúl Oubiña
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPAM), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Argentina
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Rapisarda V, Loreto C, Malaguarnera M, Ardiri A, Proiti M, Rigano G, Frazzetto E, Ruggeri MI, Malaguarnera G, Bertino N, Malaguarnera M, Catania VE, Di Carlo I, Toro A, Bertino E, Mangano D, Bertino G. Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:573-90. [PMID: 27168870 PMCID: PMC4858622 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i13.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The main risk factors for HCC are alcoholism, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cirrhosis, aflatoxin, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease and hemophilia. Occupational exposure to chemicals is another risk factor for HCC. Often the relationship between occupational risk and HCC is unclear and the reports are fragmented and inconsistent. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the association of infective and non-infective occupational risk exposure and HCC in order to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venerando Rapisarda
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ardiri
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Proiti
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rigano
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Evelise Frazzetto
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Irene Ruggeri
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariano Malaguarnera
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vito Emanuele Catania
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Isidoro Di Carlo
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Toro
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Dario Mangano
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bertino
- Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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5
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Ferreira AR, Magalhães AC, Camões F, Gouveia A, Vieira M, Kagan JC, Ribeiro D. Hepatitis C virus NS3-4A inhibits the peroxisomal MAVS-dependent antiviral signalling response. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:750-7. [PMID: 26865163 PMCID: PMC5125814 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the cause of one of the most prevalent viral infections worldwide. Upon infection, the HCV genome activates the RIG‐I‐MAVS signalling pathway leading to the production of direct antiviral effectors which prevent important steps in viral propagation. MAVS localizes at peroxisomes and mitochondria and coordinate the activation of an effective antiviral response: peroxisomal MAVS is responsible for a rapid but short‐termed antiviral response, while the mitochondrial MAVS is associated with the activation of a stable response with delayed kinetics. The HCV NS3‐4A protease was shown to specifically cleave the mitochondrial MAVS, inhibiting the downstream response. In this study, we have analysed whether HCV NS3‐4A is also able to cleave the peroxisomal MAVS and whether this would have any effect on the cellular antiviral response. We show that NS3‐4A is indeed able to specifically cleave this protein and release it into the cytosol, a mechanism that seems to occur at a similar kinetic rate as the cleavage of the mitochondrial MAVS. Under these conditions, RIG‐I‐like receptor (RLR) signalling from peroxisomes is blocked and antiviral gene expression is inhibited. Our results also show that NS3‐4A is able to localize at peroxisomes in the absence of MAVS. However, mutation studies have shown that this localization pattern is preferred in the presence of a fully cleavable MAVS. These findings present evidence of a viral evasion strategy that disrupts RLR signalling on peroxisomes and provide an excellent example of how a single viral evasion strategy can block innate immune signalling from different organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Ferreira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana C Magalhães
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Camões
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gouveia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine -iBiMED- and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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6
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Bertino G, Demma S, Ardiri A, Proiti M, Malaguarnera G, Bertino N, Malaguarnera M, Malaguarnera M. The immune system in hepatocellular carcinoma and potential new immunotherapeutic strategies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:731469. [PMID: 25893197 PMCID: PMC4393929 DOI: 10.1155/2015/731469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma is a major health problem worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. HCC treatment decisions are complex and dependent upon tumor staging. Several molecular targeted agents have been evaluated in clinical trials in advanced HCC. Despite of only modest objective response rates according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, several studies showed encouraging results in terms of prolongation of the time to progression, disease stabilization, and survival. Cellular immunotherapy would improve the immune state and has potential in enhancing the therapeutic outcome for HCC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of the literature was made using cancer literature, the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) database for the following keywords: "hepatocellular carcinoma," "molecular hepatocarcinogenesis," "targeted therapy," "molecular immunological targets," "tumour-associated antigens," "Tregs," "MDSCs," "immunotherapy." DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Treatment strategies combining blockade of immunoregulatory cell types such as Tregs and MDSCs and of inhibitory receptors, with vaccine-induced activation of TAA-specific T cells, may be necessary to achieve the most effective therapeutic antitumour activity in HCC. In the future, new therapeutic options will be represented by a blend of immunotherapy-like vaccines and T-cell modulators, supplemented by molecularly targeted inhibitors of tumor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Bertino
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Hepatology Unit, University of Catania, Policlinic, Via S. Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Shirin Demma
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Hepatology Unit, University of Catania, Policlinic, Via S. Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ardiri
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Hepatology Unit, University of Catania, Policlinic, Via S. Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Proiti
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, Hepatology Unit, University of Catania, Policlinic, Via S. Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Malaguarnera
- Research Centre “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina No. 829, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bertino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria No. 6, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, University of Catania Policlinic, Via S. Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariano Malaguarnera
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Science, Research Centre “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina No. 829, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Malaguarnera
- Research Centre “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina No. 829, 95100 Catania, Italy
- International Ph.D. Program in Neuropharmacology, University of Catania, Cannizzaro Hospital, Via Messina No. 829, 95100 Catania, Italy
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7
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Verma NK, Kelleher D. Adaptor regulation of LFA-1 signaling in T lymphocyte migration: Potential druggable targets for immunotherapies? Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3484-99. [PMID: 25251823 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The integrin lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) plays a key role in leukocyte trafficking and in adaptive immune responses through interactions with adhesive ligands, such as ICAM-1. Specific blockade of these interactions has validated LFA-1 as a therapeutic target in many chronic inflammatory diseases, however LFA-1 antagonists have not been clinically successful due to the development of a general immunosuppression, causing fatal side effects. Growing evidence has now established that LFA-1 mediates an array of intracellular signaling pathways by triggering a number of downstream molecules. In this context, a class of multimodular domain-containing proteins capable of recruiting two or more effector molecules, collectively known as "adaptor proteins," has emerged as important mediators in LFA-1 signal transduction. Here, we provide an overview of the adaptor proteins involved in the intracellular signaling cascades by which LFA-1 regulates T-cell motility and immune responses. The complexity of the LFA-1-associated signaling delineated in this review suggests that it may be an important and challenging focus for future research, enabling the identification of "tunable" targets for the development of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin K Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Bertino G, Demma S, Ardiri A, Proiti M, Malaguarnera G, Bertino N, Malaguarnera M, Malaguarnera M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: novel molecular targets in carcinogenesis for future therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:203693. [PMID: 25089265 PMCID: PMC4096380 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common and lethal malignant tumors worldwide. Over the past 15 years, the incidence of HCC has more than doubled. Due to late diagnosis and/or advanced underlying liver cirrhosis, only limited treatment options with marginal clinical benefit are available in up to 70% of patients. During the last decades, no effective conventional cytotoxic systemic therapy was available contributing to the dismal prognosis in patients with HCC. A better knowledge of molecular hepatocarcinogenesis provides today the opportunity for targeted therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of the literature was made using cancer literature, the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) database for the following keywords: "hepatocellular carcinoma," "molecular hepatocarcinogenesis," "targeted therapy," and "immunotherapy." DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Treatment decisions are complex and dependent upon tumor staging, presence of portal hypertension, and the underlying degree of liver dysfunction. The knowledge of molecular hepatocarcinogenesis broadened the horizon for patients with advanced HCC. During the last years, several molecular targeted agents have been evaluated in clinical trials in advanced HCC. In the future, new therapeutic options will be represented by a blend of immunotherapy-like vaccines and T-cell modulators, supplemented by molecularly targeted inhibitors of tumor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Bertino
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, University of Catania, Policlinic, Via Santa Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Shirin Demma
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, University of Catania, Policlinic, Via Santa Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ardiri
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, University of Catania, Policlinic, Via Santa Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Proiti
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences, University of Catania, Policlinic, Via Santa Sofia No. 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Malaguarnera
- Research Centre “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Via Messina No. 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Bertino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria No. 6, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Malaguarnera
- Research Centre “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Via Messina No. 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariano Malaguarnera
- Research Centre “The Great Senescence”, University of Catania, Via Messina No. 829, 95126 Catania, Italy
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9
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Bertino G, Di Carlo I, Ardiri A, Calvagno GS, Demma S, Malaguarnera G, Bertino N, Malaguarnera M, Toro A, Malaguarnera M. Systemic therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma: present and future. Future Oncol 2014; 9:1533-48. [PMID: 24106903 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is now the third leading cause of cancer deathsworldwide and is generally presented at an advanced stage, limiting patients' quality of life. The conventional cytotoxic systemic therapy has proved to be ineffective in HCC, since its induction several decades ago. Today it is possible to use our knowledge of molecular hepatocarcinogenesis to provide a targeted therapy. Sorafenib has demonstrated large improvements in overall survival in HCC. This review describes the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets, focusing on sorafenib, sunitinib, tivantinib, antiangiogenic agents, and current and future immunotherapies. Thus, it will be necessary in the future to classify HCCs into subgroups according to their genomic and proteomic profiling. The identification of key molecules/receptors/signaling pathways and the assessment of their relevance as potential targets will be the main future challenge potentially influencing response to therapy. Defining molecular targeted agents that are effective for a specific HCC subgroup will hopefully lead to personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Bertino
- Hepatology Unit - Department of Medical & Pediatric Science, University of Catania Policlinic, Via S Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
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10
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The role of chemokines in acute and chronic hepatitis C infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 11:25-40. [PMID: 23954947 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C imposes a significant burden on global healthcare. Chronic infection is associated with progressive inflammation of the liver which typically manifests in cirrhosis, organ failure and cancer. By virtue of elaborate evasion strategies, hepatitis C virus (HCV) succeeds as a persistent human virus. It has an extraordinary capacity to subvert the immune response enabling it to establish chronic infections and associated liver disease. Chemokines are low molecular weight chemotactic peptides that mediate the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues and back into the lymphatics and peripheral blood. Thus, they are central to the temporal and spatial distribution of effector and regulatory immune cells. The interactions between chemokines and their cognate receptors help shape the immune response and therefore, have a major influence on the outcome of infection. However, chemokines represent a target for modulation by viruses including the HCV. HCV is known to modulate chemokine expression in vitro and may therefore enable its survival by subverting the immune response in vivo through altered leukocyte chemotaxis resulting in impaired viral clearance and the establishment of chronic low-grade inflammation. In this review, the roles of chemokines in acute and chronic HCV infection are described with a particular emphasis placed on chemokine modulation as a means of immune subversion. We provide an in depth discussion of the part played by chemokines in mediating hepatic fibrosis while addressing the potential applications for these chemoattractants in prognostic medicine.
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Stevenson NJ, Bourke NM, Ryan EJ, Binder M, Fanning L, Johnston JA, Hegarty JE, Long A, O'Farrelly C. Hepatitis C virus targets the interferon-α JAK/STAT pathway by promoting proteasomal degradation in immune cells and hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1571-8. [PMID: 23587486 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
JAK/STAT signalling is essential for anti-viral immunity, making IFN-α an obvious anti-viral therapeutic. However, many HCV+ patients fail treatment, indicating that the virus blocks successful IFN-α signalling. We found that STAT1 and STAT3 proteins, key components of the IFN-α signalling pathway were reduced in immune cells and hepatocytes from HCV infected patients, and upon HCV expression in Huh7 hepatocytes. However, STAT1 and STAT3 mRNA levels were normal. Mechanistic analysis revealed that in the presence of HCV, STAT3 protein was preferentially ubiquitinated, and degradation was blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. These findings show that HCV inhibits IFN-α responses in a broad spectrum of cells via proteasomal degradation of JAK/STAT pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Function of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2011:245090. [PMID: 22191032 PMCID: PMC3235436 DOI: 10.1155/2011/245090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane rafts are small (10–200 nm) sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Membrane rafts play an important role in viral infection cycles and viral virulence. Viruses are divided into four main classes, enveloped DNA virus, enveloped RNA virus, nonenveloped DNA virus, and nonenveloped RNA virus. General virus infection cycle is also classified into two sections, the early stage (entry process) and the late stage (assembly, budding, and release processes of virus particles). In the viral cycle, membrane rafts act as a scaffold of many cellular signal transductions, which are associated with symptoms caused by viral infections. In this paper, we describe the functions of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response according to each virus classification, each stage of the virus lifecycle, and each virus-induced signal transduction.
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Petrovic D, Dempsey E, Doherty DG, Kelleher D, Long A. Hepatitis C virus--T-cell responses and viral escape mutations. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:17-26. [PMID: 22125159 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small, enveloped RNA virus and the number of HCV-infected individuals worldwide is estimated to be approximately 170 million. Most HCV infections persist, with up to 80% of all cases leading to chronic hepatitis associated with liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV-host interactions have a crucial role in viral survival, persistence, pathogenicity of infection, and disease progression. Maintenance of a vigorous, sustained cellular immune response recognizing multiple epitopes is essential for viral clearance. To escape immune surveillance, HCV alters its epitopes so that they are no-longer recognized by T cells and neutralizing antibodies, in addition to interfering with host cell cellular components and signaling pathways. The generation of escape variants is one of the most potent immune evasion strategies utilized by HCV. A large body of evidence suggests that single or multiple mutations within HLA-restricted epitopes contribute to viral immune escape and establishment of viral persistence. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune escape will aid in the design of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ito M, Kusunoki H, Mizuochi T. Peripheral B cells as reservoirs for persistent HCV infection. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:177. [PMID: 21941521 PMCID: PMC3171067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Ito
- Department of Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
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