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Harris ED, Sharpe JC, Strozen T, Abdi S, Kliewer M, Sanchez MG, Hogan NS, MacDonald-Dickinson V, Vizeacoumar FJ, Toosi BM. The EphA2 Receptor Regulates Invasiveness and Drug Sensitivity in Canine and Human Osteosarcoma Cells. Cells 2024; 13:1201. [PMID: 39056783 PMCID: PMC11275032 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone cancer affecting both humans and dogs, often leading to pulmonary metastasis. Despite surgery and chemotherapy being the primary treatment modalities, survival rates remain low in both species, underscoring the urgent need for more efficacious therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence indicates numerous biological and clinical similarities between human and canine osteosarcoma, making it an ideal choice for comparative oncological research that should benefit both species. The EphA2 receptor has been implicated in controlling invasive responses across different human malignancies, and its expression is associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we utilized a comparative approach to match EphA2 functions in human and canine osteosarcoma models. Our objectives were to assess EphA2 levels and its pro-malignant action in osteosarcoma cells of both species. We found that EphA2 is overexpressed in most of both canine and human osteosarcoma cell lines, while its silencing significantly reduced cell viability, migration, and invasion. Moreover, EphA2 silencing enhanced the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin, a drug commonly used for treating this cancer. Furthermore, inhibition of EphA2 expression led to a significant reduction in tumor development capability of canine osteosarcoma cells. Our data suggest that these EphA2 effects are likely mediated through various signaling mechanisms, including the SRC, AKT, and ERK-MAPK pathways. Collectively, our findings indicate that EphA2 promotes malignant behaviors in both human and canine osteosarcoma and that targeting EphA2, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, could offer potential benefits to osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn D. Harris
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (E.D.H.); (J.C.S.); (T.S.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (M.G.S.); (V.M.-D.)
| | - Jessica C. Sharpe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (E.D.H.); (J.C.S.); (T.S.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (M.G.S.); (V.M.-D.)
| | - Timothy Strozen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (E.D.H.); (J.C.S.); (T.S.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (M.G.S.); (V.M.-D.)
| | - Shabnam Abdi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (E.D.H.); (J.C.S.); (T.S.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (M.G.S.); (V.M.-D.)
| | - Maya Kliewer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (E.D.H.); (J.C.S.); (T.S.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (M.G.S.); (V.M.-D.)
| | - Malkon G. Sanchez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (E.D.H.); (J.C.S.); (T.S.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (M.G.S.); (V.M.-D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, GA20 Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Natacha S. Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Valerie MacDonald-Dickinson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (E.D.H.); (J.C.S.); (T.S.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (M.G.S.); (V.M.-D.)
| | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency and Division of Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Behzad M. Toosi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (E.D.H.); (J.C.S.); (T.S.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (M.G.S.); (V.M.-D.)
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2
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Alhasan BA, Morozov AV, Guzhova IV, Margulis BA. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in the regulation of tumor dormancy and recurrence. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189119. [PMID: 38761982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is a mechanism triggered in sparse populations of cancer cells that usually remain in a quiescent state after strict stress and/or therapeutic factors, which is affected by a variety of autocrine and microenvironmental cues. Despite thorough investigations, the biology of dormant and/or cancer stem cells is still not fully elucidated, as for the mechanisms of their reawakening, while only the major molecular patterns driving the relapse process have been identified to date. These molecular patterns profoundly interfere with the elements of cellular proteostasis systems that support the efficiency of the recurrence process. As a major proteostasis machinery, we review the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in tumor cell dormancy and reawakening, devoting particular attention to the functions of its components, E3 ligases, deubiquitinating enzymes and proteasomes in cancer recurrence. We demonstrate how UPS components functionally or mechanistically interact with the pivotal proteins implicated in the recurrence program and reveal that modulators of the UPS hold promise to become an efficient adjuvant therapy for eradicating refractory tumor cells to impede tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar A Alhasan
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Morozov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina V Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Boris A Margulis
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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3
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Zhang C, Qin C. Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 accentuates cholangiocarcinoma progression via mTORC1-mediated glycolysis. Hum Cell 2024; 37:739-751. [PMID: 38416277 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the expression of protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) in cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) and elucidate its potential impact as well as the underlying mechanisms governing the progression of CHOL. In this study, we used CHOL cells (HUCCT1, RBE, and CCLP1) and conducted a series of experiments, including qRT-PCR, cell counting kit-8 assays, EdU assays, flow cytometry, wound healing assays, Transwell assays, western blotting, double luciferase assays, and ELISA. Subsequently, a mouse model was established using cancer cell injections. Haematoxylin-eosin staining, along with Ki67 and TUNEL assays, were employed to assess tissue histopathology, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Our findings revealed significantly elevated PRC1 expression in CHOL. According to bioinformatics analysis, it was found that the increased PRC1 level is correlated with the high tumour grades, metastases, and unfavourable prognoses. Notably, PRC1 knockdown inhibited cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis in CHOL cells. Analysing TCGA-CHOL data and utilising transcription factor prediction tools (hTFtarget and HumanTFDB), we identified that genes positively correlated with PRC1 in TCGA-CHOL intersect with predicted transcription factors, revealing the activation of PRC1 by forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1). Moreover, PRC1 was found to exert regulatory control over glycolysis and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway in the context of CHOL based on KEGG and GSEA analysis. Collectively, these results underscore the pivotal role of PRC1 in CHOL progression, wherein it modulates glycolysis and the mTORC1 pathway under the regulatory influence of FOXM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 324 Jingwuwei 7Th Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276034, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 324 Jingwuwei 7Th Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Mekala S, Dugam P, Das A. Ephrin-Eph receptor tyrosine kinases for potential therapeutics against hepatic pathologies. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:549-561. [PMID: 37103689 PMCID: PMC10409970 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the common pathological change that occurs due to increased synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Chronic insult from hepatotoxicants leads to liver cirrhosis, which if not reversed timely using appropriate therapeutics, liver transplantation remains the only effective therapy. Often the disease further progresses into hepatic carcinoma. Although there is an increased advancement in understanding the pathological phenotypes of the disease, additional knowledge of the novel molecular signaling mechanisms involved in the disease progression would enable the development of efficacious therapeutics. Ephrin-Eph molecules belong to the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) which are identified to play a crucial role in cellular migratory functions, during morphological and developmental stages. Additionally, they contribute to the growth of a multicellular organism as well as in pathological conditions like cancer, and diabetes. A wide spectrum of mechanistic studies has been performed on ephrin-Eph RTKs in various hepatic tissues under both normal and diseased conditions revealing their diverse roles in hepatic pathology. This systematic review summarizes the liver-specific ephrin-Eph RTK signaling mechanisms and recognizes them as druggable targets for mitigating hepatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Mekala
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, TS, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India
| | - Prachi Dugam
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, TS, 500 007, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, TS, 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India.
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5
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Papadakos SP, Stergiou IE, Gkolemi N, Arvanitakis K, Theocharis S. Unraveling the Significance of EPH/Ephrin Signaling in Liver Cancer: Insights into Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3434. [PMID: 37444544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a complex and challenging disease with limited treatment options and dismal prognosis. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms driving liver cancer progression and metastasis is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. The EPH/ephrin system, which comprises a family of cell surface receptors and their corresponding ligands, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of the EPH/ephrin system in HCC. Specifically, we discuss the dysregulation of EPH/ephrin signaling in HCC and its impact on various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Overall, the EPH/ephrin signaling system emerges as a compelling and multifaceted player in liver cancer biology. Elucidating its precise mechanisms and understanding its implications in disease progression and therapeutic responses may pave the way for novel targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches for liver cancer patients. Further research is warranted to unravel the full potential of the EPH/ephrin system in liver cancer and its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna E Stergiou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolina Gkolemi
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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6
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Yan H, Wu W, Hu Y, Li J, Xu J, Chen X, Xu Z, Yang X, Yang B, He Q, Luo P. Regorafenib inhibits EphA2 phosphorylation and leads to liver damage via the ERK/MDM2/p53 axis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2756. [PMID: 37179400 PMCID: PMC10182995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatotoxicity of regorafenib is one of the most noteworthy concerns for patients, however the mechanism is poorly understood. Hence, there is a lack of effective intervention strategies. Here, by comparing the target with sorafenib, we show that regorafenib-induced liver injury is mainly due to its nontherapeutic target Eph receptor A2 (EphA2). EphA2 deficiency attenuated liver damage and cell apoptosis under regorafenib treatment in male mice. Mechanistically, regorafenib inhibits EphA2 Ser897 phosphorylation and reduces ubiquitination of p53 by altering the intracellular localization of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) by affecting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MDM2 axis. Meanwhile, we found that schisandrin C, which can upregulate the phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser897 also has protective effect against the toxicity in vivo. Collectively, our findings identify the inhibition of EphA2 Ser897 phosphorylation as a key cause of regorafenib-induced hepatotoxicity, and chemical activation of EphA2 Ser897 represents a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent regorafenib-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wentong Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuhuai Hu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiangxin Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310002, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, China.
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7
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Lee D, Hong JH. Activated PyK2 and Its Associated Molecules Transduce Cellular Signaling from the Cancerous Milieu for Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415475. [PMID: 36555115 PMCID: PMC9779422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The up-regulation of PyK2 through overexpression and enhanced phosphorylation is a key feature of tumorigenesis and cancer migration. In this review, we summarized the cancer milieu, including acidification and cancer-associated molecules, such as chemical reagents, interactive proteins, chemokine-related molecules, calcium channels/transporters, and oxidative molecules that affect the fate of PyK2. The inhibition of PyK2 leads to a beneficial strategy to attenuate cancer cell development, including metastasis. Thus, we highlighted the effect of PyK2 on various cancer cell types and the distribution of molecules that affect PyK2 activation. In particular, we underlined the relationship between PyK2 and cancer metastasis and its potential to treat cancer cells.
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8
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Cao T, Cui Y, Wang Y, Wu L, Yu K, Chen K, Xia J, Li Y, Wang ZP, Ma J. CACNA1C-AS2 inhibits cell proliferation and suppresses cell migration and invasion via targeting FBXO45 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in glioma. Apoptosis 2022; 27:979-991. [PMID: 36038736 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common brain cancer with a poor prognosis, and its underlying molecular mechanisms still needs to be further explored. In the current study, we discovered that an antisense lncRNA, CACNA1C-AS2, suppressed growth, migration and invasion of glioma cells, suggesting that CACNA1C-AS2 functions as a tumor suppressor. Furthermore, we found that CACNA1C-AS2 negatively regulated Fbxo45 protein expression in glioma cells. Impressively, extensive experimental results revealed that Fbxo45 accelerated growth, migration and invasion of glioma cells. Clinically, increased Fbxo45 expression was observed in 75 human glioma tissue samples. Moreover, in vivo experiments also demonstrated that Fbxo45 overexpression enhanced tumor growth in mice. Especially, we further identified that Fbxo45 activated mTORC1 rather than mTORC2 through PI3K/AKT signaling to promote cell growth and motility in glioma cells. Rescue experiments also exhibited that CACNA1C-AS2 inhibited cell growth and motility partly through down-regulating Fbxo45 expression in glioma. Our results provide the novel insights into the critical role of CACNA1C-AS2/Fbxo45/mTOR axis involved in regulating glioma tumorigenesis and progression, and further indicate that CACNA1C-AS2 and Fbxo45 may be the potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233004, Anhui, China.,Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, 236001, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Linhui Wu
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Lu'an People's Hospital, The Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, 237000, Anhui, China
| | - Ke Yu
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Street, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Yuyun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiwei Peter Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Street, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China. .,Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Street, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China.
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9
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Ma L, Zhang M, Cao F, Han J, Han P, Wu Y, Deng R, Zhang G, An X, Zhang L, Song Y, Cao B. Effect of MiR-100-5p on proliferation and apoptosis of goat endometrial stromal cell in vitro and embryo implantation in vivo. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2543-2556. [PMID: 35411593 PMCID: PMC9077292 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) at implantation sites may be a potential factor affecting the success rate of embryo implantation. Incremental proofs demonstrated that ncRNAs (e.g. miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs) were involved in various biological procedures, including proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, the role of miR‐100‐5p on proliferation and apoptosis of goat ESCs in vitro and embryo implantation in vivo was determined. The mRNA expression of miR‐100‐5p was significantly inhibited in the receptive phase (RE) rather than in the pre‐receptive phase (PE). Overexpression of miR‐100‐5p suppressed ESCs proliferation and induced apoptosis. The molecular target of MiR‐100‐5p, HOXA1, was confirmed by 3′‐UTR assays. Meanwhile, the product of HOXA1 mRNA RT‐PCR increased in the RE more than that in the PE. The HOXA1‐siRNA exerted significant negative effects on growth arrest. Instead, incubation of ESCs with miR‐100‐5p inhibitor or overexpressed HOXA1 promoted the cell proliferation. In addition, Circ‐9110 which acted as a sponge for miR‐100‐5p reversed the relevant biological effects of miR‐100‐5p. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway was suppressed in ESCs, revealing a crosstalk between Circ‐9110/miR‐100‐5p/HOXA1 axis, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and ERK1/2 pathways. To further evaluate the progress in study on embryo implantation regulating mechanism of miR‐100‐5p in vivo, the pinopodes of two phases were observed and analysed, suggesting that, as similar as in situ, miR‐100‐5p was involved in significantly regulating embryo implantation in vivo. Mechanistically, miR‐100‐5p performed its embryo implantation function through regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK1/2 pathways by targeting Circ‐9110/miR‐100‐5p/HOXA1 axis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fangjun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jincheng Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Peng Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yeting Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Renyi Deng
- Department of Foreign Languages, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- College of Innovation and Experiment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaopeng An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Binyun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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10
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RTK25: A Comprehensive Molecular Profiling Strategy in Cholangiocarcinoma Using an Integrated Bioinformatics Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090898. [PMID: 34577598 PMCID: PMC8469883 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies that primarily originate from the bile duct. Tumor heterogeneity is a prime characteristic of CCA and considering the scarcity of approved targeted therapy drugs, this makes precision oncology impractical in CCA. Stratifying patients based on their molecular signature and biomarker-guided therapy may offer a conducive solution. Receptors tyrosine kinases (RTK) are potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies in CCA as RTK signaling is dysregulated in CCA. This study aims to identify targetable RTK profile in CCA using a bioinformatic approach. We discovered that CCA samples could be grouped into molecular subtypes based on the gene expression profile of selected RTKs (RTK25). Using the RTK25 gene list, we discovered five distinct molecular subtypes of CCA in this cohort. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target each RTK profile and their subsequent molecular signatures were also discovered. These results suggest that certain RTKs correlate with each other, indicating that tailored dual inhibition of RTKs may be more favorable than monotherapy. The results from this study can direct future investigative attention towards validating this concept in in vivo and in vitro systems. Ultimately, this will facilitate biomarker-guided clinical trials for the successful approval of novel therapeutic options in CCA.
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11
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Wintachai P, Lim JQ, Techasen A, Lert-itthiporn W, Kongpetch S, Loilome W, Chindaprasirt J, Titapun A, Namwat N, Khuntikeo N, Jusakul A. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Circulating Cell-Free DNA for Cholangiocarcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:999. [PMID: 34070951 PMCID: PMC8228499 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of cfDNA has been applied as a liquid biopsy in several malignancies. However, its value in the diagnosis and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have not been well defined. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic values of cfDNA level and tumor-specific mutation in circulating DNA (ctDNA) in CCA. The plasma cfDNA levels from 62 CCA patients, 33 benign biliary disease (BBD) patients and 30 normal controls were quantified by fluorescent assay. Targeted probe-based sequencing of 60 genes was applied for mutation profiling in 10 ctDNA samples and their corresponding treatment-naïve tissues. cfDNA levels in CCA were significantly higher than those in BBD and normal controls. We found that cfDNA levels at 0.2175 and 0.3388 ng/µL significantly discriminated CCA from healthy controls and BBD with 88.7 and 82.3% sensitivity and 96.7 and 57.6% specificity, respectively. cfDNA levels showed superior diagnostic efficacy in detecting CCA compared to CEA and CA19-9. ARID1A (30%), PBRM1 (30%), MTOR (30%), and FGFR3 (30%) mutations were the most common. Using nine frequently mutated genes in the ctDNA samples, the diagnostic accuracy of cfDNA sequencing was 90.8%, with 96.7% average sensitivity and 72.4% specificity. This study supports the use of cfDNA as a diagnosis and prognostic biomarker for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preawwalee Wintachai
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
| | - Jing Quan Lim
- Lymphoma Genomic Translational Research Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Worachart Lert-itthiporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Sarinya Kongpetch
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Jarin Chindaprasirt
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Attapol Titapun
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
- Departments of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
- Departments of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apinya Jusakul
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (A.T.); (S.K.); (W.L.); (J.C.); (A.T.); (N.N.); (N.K.)
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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12
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Volz C, Breid S, Selenz C, Zaplatina A, Golfmann K, Meder L, Dietlein F, Borchmann S, Chatterjee S, Siobal M, Schöttle J, Florin A, Koker M, Nill M, Ozretić L, Uhlenbrock N, Smith S, Büttner R, Miao H, Wang B, Reinhardt HC, Rauh D, Hallek M, Acker-Palmer A, Heukamp LC, Ullrich RT. Inhibition of Tumor VEGFR2 Induces Serine 897 EphA2-Dependent Tumor Cell Invasion and Metastasis in NSCLC. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107568. [PMID: 32348765 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic treatment targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGFR2 signaling has shown limited efficacy in lung cancer patients. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of VEGFR2 in tumor cells, expressed in ∼20% of non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, leads to a pro-invasive phenotype. Drug-induced inhibition of tumor VEGFR2 interferes with the formation of the EphA2/VEGFR2 heterocomplex, thereby allowing RSK to interact with Serine 897 of EphA2. Inhibition of RSK decreases phosphorylation of Serine 897 EphA2. Selective genetic modeling of Serine 897 of EphA2 or inhibition of EphA2 abrogates the formation of metastases in vivo upon VEGFR2 inhibition. In summary, these findings demonstrate that VEGFR2-targeted therapy conditions VEGFR2-positive NSCLC to Serine 897 EphA2-dependent aggressive tumor growth and metastasis. These data shed light on the molecular mechanisms explaining the limited efficacy of VEGFR2-targeted anti-angiogenic treatment in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Volz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Breid
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Selenz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Zaplatina
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Golfmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lydia Meder
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Dietlein
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, US Institute for Pathology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sven Borchmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG), Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sampurna Chatterjee
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Siobal
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöttle
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florin
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirjam Koker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke Nill
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luka Ozretić
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Niklas Uhlenbrock
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven Smith
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hui Miao
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Roland T Ullrich
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
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13
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EPHA2 Promotes the Invasion and Migration of Human Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cal-27 Cells by Enhancing AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4219690. [PMID: 33834064 PMCID: PMC8016562 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4219690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
EPHA2 is a member of the ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase family and is closely related to the malignant tumor progression. The effect of EPHA2 on OSCC is not clear. This study explored the role of EPHA2 and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in Cal-27 cell invasion and migration. The expression of EPHA2 and EPHA4 in human OSCC and normal oral tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. EPHA2-overexpressing and EPHA2-knockdown Cal-27 cells were established, and the cells were treated with an AKT inhibitor (MK2206) and mTOR inhibitor (RAD001). The expression of EPHA2 was detected by qRT-PCR, cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, cell migration and invasion were examined by scratch and Transwell assay, and cell morphology and apoptosis were assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of proteins related to AKT/mTOR signaling, cell cycle, and pseudopod invasion. EPHA2 and EPHA4 were highly expressed in clinical human OSCC. Overexpression of EPHA2 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of Cal-27 cells, inhibited cell cycle blockage and apoptosis, and enhanced the activity of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. MK2206 (AKT inhibitor) and RAD001 (mTOR inhibitor) reversed the effect of EPHA2 overexpression on the biological behavior of Cal-27 cells. EPHA2 promotes the invasion and migration of Cal-27 human OSCC cells by enhancing the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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14
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Cioce M, Fazio VM. EphA2 and EGFR: Friends in Life, Partners in Crime. Can EphA2 Be a Predictive Biomarker of Response to Anti-EGFR Agents? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040700. [PMID: 33572284 PMCID: PMC7915460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph receptors represent the largest group among Receptor Tyrosine kinase (RTK) families. The Eph/ephrin signaling axis plays center stage during development, and the deep perturbation of signaling consequent to its dysregulation in cancer reveals the multiplicity and complexity underlying its function. In the last decades, they have emerged as key players in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC); however, what causes EphA2 to switch between tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting function is still an active theater of investigation. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding EphA2 function in cancer, with detail on the molecular determinants of the oncogene-tumor suppressor switch function of EphA2. We describe tumor context-specific examples of EphA2 signaling and the emerging role EphA2 plays in supporting cancer-stem-cell-like populations and overcoming therapy-induced stress. In such a frame, we detail the interaction of the EphA2 and EGFR pathway in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. We discuss the contribution of the EphA2 oncogenic signaling to the resistance to EGFR blocking agents, including cetuximab and TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cioce
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Vito Michele Fazio
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (V.M.F.)
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15
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Han Y, Yang J, Qian X, Cheng WC, Liu SH, Hua X, Zhou L, Yang Y, Wu Q, Liu P, Lu Y. DriverML: a machine learning algorithm for identifying driver genes in cancer sequencing studies. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e45. [PMID: 30773592 PMCID: PMC6486576 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rapid progress has been made in computational approaches for prioritizing cancer driver genes, research is far from achieving the ultimate goal of discovering a complete catalog of genes truly associated with cancer. Driver gene lists predicted from these computational tools lack consistency and are prone to false positives. Here, we developed an approach (DriverML) integrating Rao’s score test and supervised machine learning to identify cancer driver genes. The weight parameters in the score statistics quantified the functional impacts of mutations on the protein. To obtain optimized weight parameters, the score statistics of prior driver genes were maximized on pan-cancer training data. We conducted rigorous and unbiased benchmark analysis and comparisons of DriverML with 20 other existing tools in 31 independent datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our comprehensive evaluations demonstrated that DriverML was robust and powerful among various datasets and outperformed the other tools with a better balance of precision and sensitivity. In vitro cell-based assays further proved the validity of the DriverML prediction of novel driver genes. In summary, DriverML uses an innovative, machine learning-based approach to prioritize cancer driver genes and provides dramatic improvements over currently existing methods. Its source code is available at https://github.com/HelloYiHan/DriverML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Women's Reproductive Health Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Juze Yang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Xinyi Qian
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, and Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, and Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Xing Hua
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yaning Yang
- Department of Statistics and Finance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qingbiao Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Women's Reproductive Health Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
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16
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Sheng Y, Wei J, Zhang Y, Gao X, Wang Z, Yang J, Yan S, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Xu D, Wang C, Zheng Y, Dong Q, Qin L. Mutated EPHA2 is a target for combating lymphatic metastasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2440-2452. [PMID: 30412282 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the genetic aberrations favoring metastasis is important for understanding and developing novel strategies to combat cancer metastasis. It remains lack of effective treatment for the dismal prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Here, we aimed to study genetic alternations during lymph node metastasis of ICC and investigate potential mechanisms and clinical strategy focused on mutations. We performed whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing on samples from 30 ICC patients, including lymph node metastases from five of the patients. We identified the alterations of genetic pattern related to lymph node metastases of ICC. EPHA2, a member of the tyrosine kinase family, was found to be frequently mutated in ICC. Correlation analysis indicated that EPHA2 mutations were closely associated with lymph node metastasis of ICC. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that EPHA2 mutations could lead to ligand independent phosphorylation of Ser897, and promote lymphatic metastasis of ICC, in which NOTCH1 signaling pathway played an important role. In both in vitro assays and patient-derived xenografts, an inhibitor of Ser897 phosphorylation effectively suppressed the metastasis of ICC with mutated EPHA2. Our findings demonstrated that EPHA2 mutants may be an attractive therapeutic target for lymphatic metastasis of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwang Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shican Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lunxiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Du J, He Y, Wu W, Li P, Chen Y, Hu Z, Han Y. Targeting EphA2 with miR-124 mediates Erlotinib resistance in K-RAS mutated pancreatic cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:196-205. [PMID: 30604411 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chemotheraputic drug resistance is a critical factor associated with the poor survival in advanced/metastatic pancreatic cancer (PC) patients. METHODS Human pancreatic cell lines Capan-1 and BXPC-3 were cultured with different concentrations of erlotinib (0, 10, 50, and 100 μm) for 48 h. The relative cell viability and apoptosis was detected using MTT assays and flow cytometry apoptosis analysis, respectively. Transfection of pcDNA-EphA2, si-EphA2 and miR-124 mimic/inhibitor was used to modulate the intracellular level of EphA2 and miR-124. The interaction between miR-124 and the 3'UTR of EphA2 was explored using dual luciferase reporter assay. KEY FINDINGS Compared with BXPC-3 cells, Capan-1 cells showed resistance to differential concentration treatment of erlotinib. The expression of EphA-2 was significantly increased and the expression of miR-124 was significantly decreased in Capan-1 cells. Overexpressing EphA2 induced resistance of BXPC-3 cells to erlotinib treatment. And EphA2 was identified as a novel target gene for miR-124. MiR-124 overexpression was able to sensitize the response of Capan-1 cells to erlotinib through inhibiting EphA2. Furthermore, both miR-124 overexpression and EphA2 inhibition sensitized Capan-1 cells to erlotinib in xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that EphA2 rescued by miR-124 downregulation conferred the erlotinib resistance of PC cell Capan-1 with K-RAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanqiao He
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weiquan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Han
- People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) plays essential roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Pyk2 serves as a non-receptor tyrosine kinase regulating tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance, and is associated with poor prognosis and shortened survival in various cancer types. Thus, Pyk2 has been traditionally regarded as an oncogene and potential therapeutic target for cancers. However, a few studies have also demonstrated that Pyk2 exerts tumor-suppressive effects in some cancers, and anti-cancer treatment of Pyk2 inhibitors may only achieve marginal benefits in these cancers. Therefore, more detailed knowledge of the contradictory functions of Pyk2 is needed. In this review, we summarized the tissue distribution, expression, interactive molecules of Pyk2 in the signaling pathway, and roles of Pyk2 in cancers, and focused on regulation of the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and its downstream targets. The potential use of inhibitors of Pyk2 and its related pathways in cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Guo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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19
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Zhou Y, Sakurai H. Emerging and Diverse Functions of the EphA2 Noncanonical Pathway in Cancer Progression. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1616-1624. [PMID: 28966234 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) receptor tyrosine kinase controls multiple physiological processes to maintain homeostasis in normal cells. In many types of solid tumors, it has been reported that EphA2 is overexpressed and plays a critical role in oncogenic signaling. However, in recent years, the opposing functions of EphA2 have been explained by the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. Ligand- and tyrosine kinase-dependent EphA2 activation (the canonical pathway) inhibits cancer cell proliferation and motility. In contrast, ligand- and tyrosine kinase-independent EphA2 signaling (the noncanonical pathway) promotes tumor survival and metastasis and controls acquired drug resistance and maintenance of cancer stem cell-like properties. Evidence has accumulated showing that the EphA2 noncanonical pathway is mainly regulated by inflammatory cytokines and growth factors via phosphorylation at Ser-897 in the intracellular C-tail region via some serine/threonine kinases, including p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. In this review, we focus on the regulation of Ser-897 phosphorylation and its functional importance in tumor malignancy and discuss future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama.,The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Synergistic antitumor activity of the combination of salubrinal and rapamycin against human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85492-85501. [PMID: 27863431 PMCID: PMC5356752 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Less is known about the roles of eukaryotic initiation factor alpha (eIF2α) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Here, we report that eIF2α inhibitor salubrinal inhibits the proliferation of human CCA cells. Clinical application of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors only has moderate antitumor efficacy. Therefore, combination approaches may be required for effective clinical use of mTOR inhibitors. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the combination of salubrinal and rapamycin in the treatment of CCA. Our data demonstrate a synergistic antitumor effect of the combination of salubrinal and rapamycin against CCA cells. Rapamycin significantly inhibits the proliferation of CCA cells. However, rapamycin initiates a negative feedback activation of Akt. Inhibition of Akt by salubrinal potentiates the efficacy of rapamycin both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, rapamycin treatment results in the up-regulation of Bcl-xL in a xenograft mouse model. It is notable that salubrinal inhibits rapamycin-induced Bcl-xL up-regulation in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that salubrinal and rapamycin combination might be a new and effective strategy for the treatment of CCA.
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Ling S, Xie H, Yang F, Shan Q, Dai H, Zhuo J, Wei X, Song P, Zhou L, Xu X, Zheng S. Metformin potentiates the effect of arsenic trioxide suppressing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: roles of p38 MAPK, ERK3, and mTORC1. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:59. [PMID: 28241849 PMCID: PMC5329912 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is commonly used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but does not benefit patients with solid tumors. When combined with other agents or radiation, ATO showed treatment benefits with manageable toxicity. Previously, we reported that metformin amplified the inhibitory effect of ATO on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cells more significantly than other agents. Here, we investigated the chemotherapeutic sensitization effect of metformin in ATO-based treatment in ICC in vitro and in vivo and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods ICC cell lines (CCLP-1, RBE, and HCCC-9810) were treated with metformin and/or ATO; the anti-proliferation effect was evaluated by cell viability, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, and intracellular-reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. The in vivo efficacy was determined in nude mice with CCLP-1 xenografts. The active status of AMPK/p38 MAPK and mTORC1 pathways was detected by western blot. In addition, an antibody array was used screening more than 200 molecules clustered in 12 cancer-related pathways in CCLP-1 cells treated with metformin and/or ATO. Methods of genetic modulation and pharmacology were further used to demonstrate the relationship of the molecule. Seventy-three tumor samples from ICC patients were used to detect the expression of ERK3 by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between ERK3 and the clinical information of ICC patients were further analyzed. Results Metformin and ATO synergistically inhibited proliferation of ICC cells by promoting cell apoptosis, inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and increasing intracellular ROS. Combined treatment with metformin and ATO efficiently reduced ICC growth in an ICC xenograft model. Mechanistically, the antibody array revealed that ERK3 exhibited the highest variation in CCLP-1 cells after treatment with metformin and ATO. Results of western blot confirm that metformin and ATO cooperated to inhibit mTORC1, activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and upregulate ERK3. Metformin abrogated the activation of p38 MAPK induced by ATO, and this activity was partially dependent on AMPK activation. Inactivation of p38 MAPK by SB203580 or specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) promoted the inactivation of mTORC1 in ICC cells treated with metformin and ATO. Activation of p38 MAPK may be responsible for resistance to ATO in ICC. The relationship between p38 MAPK and ERK3 was not defined by our findings. Finally, AMPK is a newfound positive regulator of ERK3. Overexpression of EKR3 in ICC cells inhibited cell proliferation through inactivation of mTORC1. ERK3 expression is associated with a better prognosis in ICC patients. Conclusions Metformin sensitizes arsenic trioxide to suppress intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma via the regulation of AMPK/p38 MAPK-ERK3/mTORC1 pathways. ERK3 is a newfound potential prognostic predictor and a tumor suppressor in ICC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0424-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunbin Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaonan Shan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojiang Dai
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Zhuo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Penghong Song
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine,, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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Vaquero J, Guedj N, Clapéron A, Nguyen Ho-Bouldoires TH, Paradis V, Fouassier L. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cholangiocarcinoma: From clinical evidence to regulatory networks. J Hepatol 2017; 66:424-441. [PMID: 27686679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis due to its late clinical presentation and the lack of effective non-surgical therapies. Unfortunately, most of the patients are not eligible for curative surgery owing to the presence of metastases at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to understand the steps leading to cell dissemination in patients with CCA. To metastasize from the primary site, cancer cells must acquire migratory and invasive properties by a cell plasticity-promoting phenomenon known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a reversible dynamic process by which epithelial cells gradually adopt structural and functional characteristics of mesenchymal cells, and has lately become a centre of attention in the field of metastatic dissemination. In the present review, we aim to provide an extensive overview of the current clinical data and the prognostic value of different EMT markers that have been analysed in CCA. We summarize all the regulatory networks implicated in EMT from the membrane receptors to the main EMT-inducing transcription factors (SNAIL, TWIST and ZEB). Furthermore, since a tumor is a complex structure not exclusively formed by tumor cells, we also address the prominent role of the main cell types of the desmoplastic stroma that characterizes CCA in the regulation of EMT. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic considerations and difficulties faced to develop an effective anti-EMT treatment due to the redundancies and bypasses among the pathways regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vaquero
- INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France; FONDATION ARC, F-94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Guedj
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Hôpital Beaujon, F-92110 Clichy, France; INSERM, UMR 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Clapéron
- INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Paradis
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Hôpital Beaujon, F-92110 Clichy, France; INSERM, UMR 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France.
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Hamaoka Y, Negishi M, Katoh H. EphA2 is a key effector of the MEK/ERK/RSK pathway regulating glioblastoma cell proliferation. Cell Signal 2016; 28:937-45. [PMID: 27132626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EphA2, a member of the Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in a variety of malignancies, including glioblastoma, and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis. EphA2 acts as a tumor promoter through a ligand ephrin-independent mechanism, which requires phosphorylation of EphA2 on serine 897 (S897), leading to increased cell migration and invasion. In this study, we show that ligand-independent EphA2 signaling occurs downstream of the MEK/ERK/RSK pathway and mediates epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell proliferation in glioblastoma cells. Suppression of EphA2 expression by long-term exposure to ligand ephrinA1 or EphA2-targeted shRNA inhibited EGF-induced cell proliferation. Stimulation of the cells with EGF induced EphA2 S897 phosphorylation, which was suppressed by MEK and RSK inhibitors, but not by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt inhibitors. The RSK inhibitor or RSK2-targeted shRNA also suppressed EGF-induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type EphA2 promoted cell proliferation without EGF stimulation, whereas overexpression of EphA2-S897A mutant suppressed EGF- or RSK2-induced proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that EphA2 is a key downstream target of the MEK/ERK/RSK signaling pathway in the regulation of glioblastoma cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Hamaoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Manabu Negishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Zhang HH, Guo XL. Combinational strategies of metformin and chemotherapy in cancers. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:13-26. [PMID: 27118574 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic regimens are the most common treatment to inhibit tumor growth, but there is great variability in clinical responses of cancer patients; cancer cells often develop resistance to chemotherapeutics which results in tumor recurrence and further progression. Metformin, an extensively prescribed and well-tolerated first-line therapeutic drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, has recently been identified as a potential and attractive anticancer adjuvant drug combined with chemotherapeutic drugs to improve treatment efficacy and lower doses. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer effects of metformin, which included insulin- and AMPK-dependent effects, selectively targeting cancer stem cells, reversing multidrug resistance, inhibition of the tumor metastasis and described the antineoplastic effects of metformin combined with chemotherapeutic agents in digestive system cancers (colorectal, gastric, hepatic and pancreatic cancer), reproductive system cancers (ovarian and endometrial cancer), prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. Moreover, the clinical trials regarding metformin in combination of chemotherapeutic drugs were presented and the clinical obstacle or limitation related to the potential role of metformin in cancer treatment was also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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25
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EXP CLIN TRANSPLANTExp Clin Transplant 2015; 13. [DOI: 10.6002/ect.2015.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Yeh CC, Hsu CH, Shao YY, Ho WC, Tsai MH, Feng WC, Chow LP. Integrated Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) and Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Identifies Galectin-1 as a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Sorafenib Resistance in Liver Cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1527-45. [PMID: 25850433 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.046417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib has become the standard therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, most patients eventually develop acquired resistance. Therefore, it is important to identify potential biomarkers that could predict the efficacy of sorafenib. To identify target proteins associated with the development of sorafenib resistance, we applied stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomic approach to analyze differences in protein expression levels between parental HuH-7 and sorafenib-acquired resistance HuH-7 (HuH-7(R)) cells in vitro, combined with an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) quantitative analysis of HuH-7 and HuH-7(R) tumors in vivo. In total, 2,450 quantified proteins were identified in common in SILAC and iTRAQ experiments, with 81 showing increased expression (>2.0-fold) with sorafenib resistance and 75 showing decreased expression (<0.5-fold). In silico analyses of these differentially expressed proteins predicted that 10 proteins were related to cancer with involvements in cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Knockdown of one of these candidate proteins, galectin-1, decreased cell proliferation and metastasis in HuH-7(R) cells and restored sensitivity to sorafenib. We verified galectin-1 as a predictive marker of sorafenib resistance and a downstream target of the AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway. In addition, increased galectin-1 expression in HCC patients' serum was associated with poor tumor control and low response rate. We also found that a high serum galectin-1 level was an independent factor associated with poor progression-free survival and overall survival. In conclusion, these results suggest that galectin-1 is a possible biomarker for predicting the response of HCC patients to treatment with sorafenib. As such, it may assist in the stratification of HCC and help direct personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chi Yeh
- From the ‡Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Chih-Hung Hsu
- §Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, ‖Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Shao
- §Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, ‖Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Ho
- From the ‡Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Mong-Hsun Tsai
- ¶Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University and
| | - Wen-Chi Feng
- From the ‡Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Lu-Ping Chow
- From the ‡Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
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Hassan M, Selimovic D, El-Khattouti A, Soell M, Ghozlan H, Haikel Y, Abdelkader O, Megahed M. Hepatitis C virus-mediated angiogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15467-15475. [PMID: 25400432 PMCID: PMC4229513 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for organ growth and repair. Thus, an imbalance in this process can lead to several diseases including malignancy. Angiogenesis is a critical step in vascular remodeling, tissue damage and wound healing besides being required for invasive tumor growth and metastasis. Because angiogenesis sets an important point in the control of tumor progression, its inhibition is considered a valuable therapeutic approach for tumor treatment. Chronic liver disease including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main cause for the development of hepatic angiogenesis and thereby plays a critical role in the modulation of hepatic angiogenesis that finally leads to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and invasion. Thus, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis will help design a therapeutic protocol for the intervention of HCV-mediated angiogenesis and subsequently its outcome. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis and the related signaling pathways that can be target for current and under development therapeutic approaches.
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Ling S, Tian Y, Zhang H, Jia K, Feng T, Sun D, Gao Z, Xu F, Hou Z, Li Y, Wang L. Metformin reverses multidrug resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel‑7402/5‑fluorouracil cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2891-7. [PMID: 25310259 PMCID: PMC4227430 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin exhibits anti‑proliferative effects in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. The present study investigated the ability of metformin to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) in human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel‑7402/5‑fluorouracil (5‑Fu; Bel/Fu) cells. The synergistic anti‑proliferative effect of metformin combined with 5‑Fu was evaluated using a Cell Counting kit‑8 assay. The variation in apoptotic rates and cell cycle distribution were evaluated using a flow cytometric assay and variations in target gene and protein expression were monitored using reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that metformin had a synergistic anti‑proliferative effect with 5‑Fu in the Bel/Fu cells. The variations in the number of apoptotic cells and distribution of the cell cycle were consistent with the variability in cell viability. Metformin targeted the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, suppressed the expression of hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) and transcriptionally downregulated the expression of multidrug resistance protein 1/P‑glycoprotein (P‑gp) and multidrug resistance‑associated protein 1 (MRP1). Collectively, these findings suggested that metformin may target the AMPK/mTOR/HIF‑1α/P‑gp and MRP1 pathways to reverse MDR in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunbin Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
| | - Haiquan Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqi Jia
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Department of Intergrative Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Deguang Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
| | - Zhenming Gao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Liming Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
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Lim CJ, Oh KS, Ha JD, Lee JH, Seo HW, Chae CH, Kim DG, Lee MJ, Lee BH. 4-Substituted quinazoline derivatives as novel EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4080-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Li R, Yuan W, Mei W, Yang K, Chen Z. MicroRNA 520d-3p inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by downregulating EphA2 expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:295-305. [PMID: 25063221 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to play important roles in cancer progression as a result of changes in expression of their target genes. In this study, we investigated the roles of miR-520d-3p on gastric cancer (GC) cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and confirmed that this miRNA regulates EphA2 expression. The mRNA expression levels of miR-520d-3p and EphA2 in GC tissues and cell lines were evaluated. The clinical and prognostic significance of miR-520d-3p was assessed. The biological function of miR-520d-3p in GC cells was investigated using a methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay, cell cycle assay, transwell invasion assay, and wound-healing assay. miR-520d-3p expression was down-regulated and inversely correlated with the expression of EphA2 in GC tissues and cell lines. Lower expression of miR-520d-3p was associated with tumor invasion (P = 0.0357), lymph nodes metastasis (P = 0.0272), a higher clinical stage (P = 0.0041), and poorer overall survival (P = 0.0105). Luciferase assays revealed that miR-520d-3p inhibited EphA2 expression by targeting the 3'-untranslated region of EphA2 mRNA. Overexpression of miR-520d-3p dramatically inhibited the proliferation, cell cycle progression, invasion, and migration of GC cells, while down-regulation substantially promoted these properties. Moreover, c-Myc, CyclinD1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression levels were down-regulated in miR-520d-3p mimic-transfected cells and up-regulated in miR-520d-3p inhibitor-transfected cells. Taken together, our data showed that miR-520d-3p appears to contribute to GC progression via the regulation of EphA2 and could serve as a novel prognostic and potential therapeutic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Chen X, Wang X, Ruan A, Han W, Zhao Y, Lu X, Xiao P, Shi H, Wang R, Chen L, Chen S, Du Q, Yang H, Zhang X. miR-141 is a key regulator of renal cell carcinoma proliferation and metastasis by controlling EphA2 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2617-30. [PMID: 24647573 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although microRNAs (miRNA) have been revealed as crucial modulators of tumorigenesis, our understanding of their roles in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is limited. Here we sought to identify human miRNAs that act as key regulators of renal carcinogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed microarray-based miRNA profiling of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and adjacent normal tissues and then explored the roles of miR-141 both in vitro and in vivo, which was the most significantly downregulated in ccRCC tissues. RESULTS A total of 74 miRNAs were dysregulated in ccRCC compared with normal tissues. miR-141 was remarkably downregulated in 92.6% (63/68) ccRCC tissues and would serve as a promising biomarker for discriminating ccRCC from normal tissues with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.93. Overexpression of miR-141 robustly impaired ccRCC cell migratory and invasive properties and suppressed cell proliferation by arresting cells at G0-G1 phase in vitro and in human RCC orthotopic xenografts. Significantly, the antitumor activities of miR-141 were mediated by its reversal regulation of erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) A2 (EphA2), which then relayed a signaling transduction cascade to attenuate the functions of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), AKT, and MMP2/9. In addition, a specific and inverse correlation between miR-141 and EphA2 expression was obtained in human ccRCC samples. Finally, miR-141 could be secreted from the ccRCC donor cells, and be taken up and function moderately in the ccRCC recipient cells. CONCLUSION miR-141 serves as a potential biomarker for discriminating ccRCC from normal tissues and a crucial suppressor of ccRCC cell proliferation and metastasis by modulating the EphA2/p-FAK/p-AKT/MMPs signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xuegang Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Anming Ruan
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Weiwei Han
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yan Zhao
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xing Lu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Pei Xiao
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Hangchuan Shi
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Rong Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Li Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Quansheng Du
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Union Hospital; Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Cancer Biology Program, Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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