Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B or C

The association between proton-pump inhibitor use and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The association between long-term proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) use and malignancies had long been discussed, but it still lacks consensus. Our study investigated the association between PPI use and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence following curative surgery.

METHODS

We retrospectively enrolled 6037 patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy. Patients were divided into four groups according to their PPI usage. (non-users: < 28 cumulative defined daily dose [cDDD]; short-term users: 28-89 cDDD; mid-term users: 90-179 cDDD, and long-term users: ≥ 180 cDDD, respectively). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models.

RESULTS

Among the 6037 HCC patients, 2043 (33.84%) were PPI users. PPI users demonstrated better median RFS (3.10 years, interquartile range [IQR] 1.49-5.01) compared with non-users (2.73 years, IQR 1.20-4.74; with an adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] of 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.74, P < 0.001). When considering the cumulative dosage of PPI, only long-term PPI users had significant lower risk of HCC recurrence than non-PPI group (adj-HR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.35-0.70; P < 0.001). Moreover, the impact of long-term PPIs use on improving RFS was significant in most of the subgroup analysis, except in patients with advanced tumor stages, with non-cirrhosis, or with a history of chronic kidney disease. However, there were no significant differences in median OS between PPI users and non-users (4.23 years, IQR 2.73-5.86 vs 4.04 years, IQR 2.51-5.82, P = 0.369).

CONCLUSION

Long-term PPI use (≥ 180 cDDD) may be associated with a better RFS in HCC patients after hepatectomy.

Long-Term Intake of Proton-Pump Inhibitors Could Be Associated with an Increased Incidence of Liver Cancer in Women

BACKGROUND

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in gastroenterology. Although PPIs are mostly well tolerated, long-term PPI intake has been linked with diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and infectious disease. In the present study, we evaluated a potential association between PPI intake and a subsequent diagnosis of liver cancer in a large real-world cohort of outpatients in Germany.

METHODS

A total of 1766 patients with liver cancer, as well as 8830 propensity-score-matched controls, were identified from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA). The outcome of the study was the association between PPI use and a subsequent diagnosis of liver cancer, which was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS

Overall, 42.9% of the liver cancer patients and 39.0% of the controls received at least one PPI prescription before the index date. PPI prescriptions at any time before the index date were associated with an increased risk of subsequent liver cancer (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.06-1.31). The positive association was observed in all age groups, as well as in women and men, but only in women (OR: 1.30; 95% 1.09-1.55) did it reach the predefined level of significance (p < 0.01). When considering the duration of PPI therapy, only PPI therapy for at least two years was significantly associated with an increased risk of liver cancer (OR: 1.28; 95% 1.09-1.50). In an analysis stratified by age and sex, this association was strongest in the age group < 60 years (OR: 1.99; 95% 1.21-3.26).

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that long-term PPI intake in women as well as in patients < 60 years might be associated with an increased risk of liver cancer. These findings support current efforts to reduce the inappropriate use of PPIs in routine clinical practice and to link PPI prescribing to a clear medical indication.

Analysis of primary care electronic health record data of people living with hepatitis B virus: infection and hepatocellular carcinoma risk associated with socio-economic deprivation

OBJECTIVES

We set out to characterise chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the primary care population in England and investigate risk factors for progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

METHODS

We identified 8039 individuals with CHB in individuals aged ≥18 years between 1999 and 2019 in the English primary care database QResearch. HCC risk factors were investigated using Cox proportional hazards modelling.

RESULTS

Most of those with a record of CHB were males (60%) of non-White ethnicity (>70%), and a high proportion were in the most deprived Townsend deprivation quintile (44%). Among 7029 individuals with longitudinal data, 161 HCC cases occurred. Increased HCC hazards were significantly associated with male sex (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] 3.17, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.92-5.23), in the fifth deprivation quintile as compared to the third quintile (aHR 1.69, 95% CI 1.01-2.84), with older age (for age groups 56-65 and ≥66 years, compared to 26-35 years, aHRs 2.82 [95% CI 1.45-5.46] and 3.76 [95% CI 1.79-7.9], respectively), Caribbean ethnicity (aHR 3.32, 95% CI 1.43-7.71, compared to White ethnicity), ascites (aHR 3.15, 95% CI 1.30-7.67), cirrhosis (aHR 6.55, 95% CI 4.57-9.38) and peptic ulcer disease (aHR 2.26, 95% CI 1.45-3.51).

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting interventions and HCC surveillance at vulnerable groups is essential to improve CHB outcomes and to support progress towards international goals for the elimination of hepatitis infection as a public health threat.

Entecavir versus tenofovir on prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative hepatectomy

BACKGROUND

There is still controversy about whether tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and entecavir (ETV) have different effects on the outcomes of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

AIMS

The aim of this study was to compare the prognoses between ETV and TDF treatment among patients with HBV-related HCC after hepatectomy.

METHODS

An analysis was done on data from the Taiwan Cancer Registry, which was linked to Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, for the years 2011-2016. We identified 7107 patients with HBV-related HCC after curative hepatectomy, and 25.3% of them used ETV or TDF after surgery. After propensity score overlap weighting, 1797 patients treated with ETV (n = 1365) or TDF (n = 432) were included for analyses. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the efficacy of ETV and TDF for recurrence and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

After hepatectomy, the recurrence rate per 100 person-years was 14.87 for the ETV group and 9.25 for the TDF group. The risk of recurrence was similar in the TDF group and the ETV group (HR [95% CI]: 0.91 [0.69-1.19; p = 0.479]), as was the risk of all-cause mortality (HR [95% CI]: 0.67 [0.42-1.07]; p = 0.091). When considering early recurrence (<2 years) and late recurrence (≧2 years), the TDF and ETV groups showed no significant differences. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses demonstrated consistent results.

CONCLUSION

Both TDF and ETV showed similar health benefits in terms of recurrence and OS in patients with HBV-related HCC patients after hepatectomy.

Pharmacoepidemiological Research on N-Nitrosodimethylamine-Contaminated Ranitidine Use and Long-Term Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a carcinogenic chemical, has recently been identified in ranitidine. We conducted a population-based study to explore ranitidine use and cancer emergence over time. Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, a population-based cohort study was conducted. A total of 55,110 eligible patients who received ranitidine between January 2000 and December 2018 were enrolled in the treated cohort. We conducted a 1:1 propensity-score-matching procedure to match the ranitidine-treated group with the ranitidine-untreated group and famotidine controls for a longitudinal study. The association of ranitidine exposure with cancer outcomes was assessed. A multivariable Cox regression analysis that compared cancer risk with the untreated groups revealed that ranitidine increased the risk of liver (hazard ratio (HR): 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.36, p < 0.001), lung (HR: 1.17, CI: 1.05-1.31, p = 0.005), gastric (HR: 1.26, CI: 1.05-1.52, p = 0.012), and pancreatic cancers (HR 1.35, CI: 1.03-1.77, p = 0.030). Our real-world observational study strongly supports the pathogenic role of NDMA contamination, given that long-term ranitidine use is associated with a higher likelihood of liver cancer development in ranitidine users compared with the control groups of non-ranitidine users treated with famotidine or proton-pump inhibitors.

Using proton pump inhibitors increases the risk of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: More and more studies are focusing on the adverse effects and damage caused by PPI abuse, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis for assessing whether the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) leads to hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer.

Methods: PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched until 1 July 2022, 25 studies (17 case-control and 8 cohort studies; 2741853 individuals) included in this study. Pooled Odd Ratios (ORs) were used for random effect models. Sensitivity analysis and dose-response analysis, subgroup analysis were all conducted.

Results: The aggregate OR of the meta-analysis was 1.69 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42–2.01, p = 0.01) and heterogeneity (I² = 98.9%, p < 0.001) was substantial. According to stratified subgroup analyses, the incidence of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer was associated, expect for study design, study quality and region. Risk of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer is highest when people is treated with normal doses of PPI. The risks decrease and become insignificant when the cumulative defined daily dose (cDDD) increases.

Conclusion: The use of PPI may be associated with an increased risk of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer. Hence, caution is needed when using PPIs among patients with a high risk of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer.

The impact of proton pump inhibitors in liver diseases and the effects on the liver

In this systematic and comprehensive overview, we aimed to evaluate the impact of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on chronic liver diseases, especially on cirrhosis. A manual and comprehensive search of the PubMed database was conducted to obtain relevant literatures. PPIs altered the composition and function of the intestinal microflora and might lead to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation, which were associated with adverse effects in liver diseases. They might increase the risk of hepatic encephalopathy, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, infections, and are related to an increased mortality in cirrhosis. PPIs might lead to an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, although the mechanism is unknown, and the results are controversial. PPIs also had an impact on the direct-acting antiviral regimen in patients with chronic hepatitis C. They were associated with an increased risk of liver abscess and increased mortality. Additionally, PPIs might lead to metabolic risk events, such as liver steatosis and weight gain. PPIs are associated with several adverse outcomes in liver diseases. Cautious use of PPIs is recommended and clinicians should be aware of the indications for their use in patients with liver diseases.

Nanomedicine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A New Frontier in Targeted Cancer Treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death and is associated with a dismal median survival of 2-9 months. The fundamental limitations and ineffectiveness of current HCC treatments have led to the development of a vast range of nanotechnologies with the goal of improving the safety and efficacy of treatment for HCC. Although remarkable success has been achieved in nanomedicine research, there are unique considerations such as molecular heterogeneity and concomitant liver dysfunction that complicate the translation of nanotheranostics in HCC. This review highlights the progress, challenges, and targeting opportunities in HCC nanomedicine based on the growing literature in recent years.

Comprehensive analysis of proton pump inhibitors and risk of digestive tract cancers

BACKGROUND

For the past two decades, dispute on whether proton pump inhibitor (PPI) leads to digestive tract cancer remains, and emerging studies in recent years still demonstrate inconsistent results, which continues to perpetuate concerns over the safety of PPI use. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, with comprehensive evaluation by Bradford Hill criteria of causation, to assess the effect of PPI use on digestive tract cancers.

METHODS

Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for observational studies published up to 15th January 2021. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were estimated via random effects models. Cumulative defined daily dose- and duration-risk relationships using restricted cubic spline and fractional polynomial models were investigated. Bradford Hill criteria were applied to evaluate causation. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42020211103.

RESULTS

Thirty-two publications containing 4,355,254 participants were included. PPI use is associated with an increased risk of overall digestive tract cancers (RR = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33 to 2.00). PPI use is correlated with increased risks of gastric cancer (RR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.31), pancreatic cancer (RR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.82) and liver cancer (RR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.52), but not of esophageal cancer (RR = 2.06, 95% CI 0.65 to 6.57) and colorectal cancer (RR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.66). The association between PPI and digestive tract cancers is stronger in people with minimal exposure. When cumulative defined daily dose or duration increases, the risks decline and become non-significant. Evaluation by Bradford Hill criteria indicates weak evidence of causation.

CONCLUSIONS

A causal relationship between PPI use and digestive tract cancers is not supported by the evidence in the current review. Concerns over carcinogenic side-effects of PPI might be unfounded.

Proton pump inhibitors and odds of cholangiocarcinoma: A retrospective case-control study

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been reported to be associated with cholangitis and might possibly be carcinogenic. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the association of PPIs with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Thus, a hospital-based case-control study was carried out in China to explore the association between PPIs and CCA.

METHODS

In this study, 1468 CCA cases (826 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and 642 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC)) were included, which were observed at Beijing Friendship Hospital, from February 2002 to October 2018. We retrospectively extracted PPI use and other possible risk factors from clinical records, followed by an investigation of the relationship with CCA via calculation of odds ratios (ORs), adjusted odds ratios (AORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

PPIs were used by 135 (9.2%) CCA cases and 173 (5.9%) controls. We found that PPI use was associated with a 1.61-fold elevated CCA odds (P < .001) (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.28-2.05; P < .001). After stratification by CCA subtypes, the AORs of PPIs were consistent for both CCA subtypes, with ORs of 1.36 (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02-1.83; P = .003) and 1.95 (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.46-2.62; P < .001) for ICC and ECC respectively. Our results also showed that PPI use was slightly linked to the odds of CCA in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

PPI use was correlated with a significant 61% increased odds of CCA, particularly in the ECC. However, the retrospective design and observational nature cannot establish causation. Larger scale, multi-centre prospective studies are required for further validation.

Use of Acid-Suppressant Medications After Diagnosis Increases Mortality in a Subset of Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND

Acid-suppressant medications, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H₂ receptor antagonists (H₂RAs), are frequently prescribed and have been linked to increased risk of some gastrointestinal cancers.

AIMS

We examined whether post-diagnosis use of PPIs/H₂RAs is associated with the risk of mortality in gastrointestinal cancer patients.

METHODS

We used data from patients with esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, or hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in the national VA Central Cancer Registry diagnosed between 2002 and 2016. We identified PPI/H₂RA prescriptions that were filled before and after cancer diagnosis and used time-dependent Cox regression models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for mortality risk. We used a time-varying exposure to avoid immortal-time bias and a 3-month lag to reduce reverse causation. A sensitivity analysis was conducted varying the lag duration between the date of cancer diagnosis and the start of follow-up.

RESULTS

PPIs were used by the majority (54% post-diagnosis use) of patients. We found no association between post-diagnosis PPI use and cancer-specific mortality in esophageal adenocarcinoma (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.84-1.02), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.87-1.12), or gastric cardia cancer (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.89-1.22) patients. Post-diagnosis PPI use was, however, associated with the increased risk of cancer-specific mortality for patients with gastric non-cardia cancer (HR 1.50; 95% CI 1.29-1.74) and HCC (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.23-1.40). The results were similar for associations with post-diagnosis use of H₂RAs. There was no association with pre-diagnosis PPI/H₂RA use.

CONCLUSION

Post-diagnosis PPI/H₂RA use was associated with the increased mortality in gastric non-cardia cancer and HCC patients.

The association between acid-suppressive agent use and the risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Acid-suppressive agents (ASAs) may be associated with cancer; previous studies reported that the risk of cancer with acid suppressants has differed depending on the site of cancer. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between ASA use and the type of cancer risk.

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases were searched for publications up to the end of September 2019 for MeSH terms and text words related to cancer and ASAs. Studies on the association between ASAs and cancer risk, which included a control group and reported the relative risk of cancer, were included. The inverse-variance random effect model was used to estimate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and subgroup analysis for type of acid suppressants, drug uptake duration, and cumulative doses was performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² test and Q statistic.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine cohort and case-control studies were included. ASA use was found to be significantly associated with a 46% higher risk of gastric cancer (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.18-1.80) and a 53% higher risk of liver cancer (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.31-1.78) compared with nonuse; however, there was no significant association for esophageal, colorectal, pancreatic, lung, breast, prostate, and kidney cancer; melanoma; and lymphoma.

CONCLUSIONS

ASAs were significantly associated with an increased risk of gastric and liver cancer; therefore, special attention of ASA use considering the potential risk of gastric and liver cancer is needed.

Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Gastric, Colorectal, Liver, and Pancreatic Cancers in a Community-Based Population

INTRODUCTION

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used for gastrointestinal disorders; given they increase the systemic levels of gastrin, a trophic hormone, there is a concern about their carcinogenicity. This study evaluated the association between PPI use and gastrointestinal cancers.

METHODS

We performed a nested case-control study in a large, community-based integrated healthcare setting. Cases were adults with gastric (n = 1,233), colorectal (n = 18,595), liver (n = 2,329), or pancreatic cancers (n = 567). Each case was matched with up to 10 controls by age, sex, race/ethnicity, medical facility, and enrollment duration. The primary exposure was defined as ≥2-year cumulative PPI supply. Data were obtained from pharmacy, cancer registry, and electronic medical record databases. Associations were evaluated using conditional logistic regression and adjusted for multiple confounders. We also evaluated the cancer risks separately by PPI dose, duration of use, and dose and duration.

RESULTS

PPI use of ≥2-years was not associated with the risks of gastric (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81-1.42), colorectal (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.99-1.12), liver (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.91-1.43), or pancreatic cancers (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.89-1.67), compared to non-users. In exploratory analyses, elevated cancer risks were primarily restricted to those with ≥10 years of PPI use, but no consistent associations were found for increasing PPI dose and/or duration of use.

DISCUSSION

PPI use of ≥2 years was not associated with increased risks of gastrointestinal cancers. The cancer risks associated with PPI use of ≥10 years requires further study.

Proton pump inhibitors and risk of liver cancer and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological studies investigating the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) on the risk of liver cancer and/or mortality among persons with chronic liver disease (CLD) have reported conflicting results. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the impact of PPI use on liver cancer and/or death among patients with CLD.

METHODS

The core databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library were searched through January 2020. We included studies, evaluating the association between PPIs and liver cancer or mortality among patients with CLD including randomized controlled, nonrandomized controlled, and observational studies. We used inverse-variance random-effects models to estimate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for liver cancer or mortality.

RESULTS

Eleven studies including 173,894 patients were selected. In three studies, individuals with CLD who used PPIs had a 67% greater risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to nonusers (RR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.12-2.50; I² = 92%). Combining data from the eight studies relating PPI to overall mortality, we observed a 57% increased risk of mortality in PPI users with CLD compared to CLD nonusers (RR: 1.57; 95% CI, 1.24-1.99; I² = 69%).

CONCLUSION

PPI use was associated with an increased risk of HCC and mortality in patients with CLD suggesting that PPI prescriptions in patients with CLD should be considered carefully.

Low dose of propranolol treatment is associated with better survival in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy

OBJECTIVE

The use of nonselective beta blockers in cirrhotic patients experiencing complications is controversial. We aimed to investigate the association between propranolol treatment and outcomes for cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy.

METHODS

Using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 4754 cirrhotic patients newly diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy between 2001 and 2010. Among them, 519 patients received propranolol treatment and the other 519 patients without exposure to propranolol were enrolled into our study, both of which were matched by sex, age, and propensity score. The Kaplan-Meier method and time-dependent-modified Cox proportional hazards models were employed for survival and multivariate-stratified analyses.

RESULTS

The median overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in the propranolol-treated cohort than in the untreated cohort (3.46 versus 1.88 years, P < 0.001). A dose-dependent increase in survival was observed (median OS: 4.49, 3.29, and 2.46 years in patients treated with propranolol more than 30 , 20-30 , and less than 20 mg/day, respectively [P < 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.079 versus the untreated group]). In addition to reduce the risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.58; P < 0.001), propranolol also diminished the risk of sepsis-related death (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.31; P = 0.006) according to the multivariate analysis. However, the risk of circulatory or hepatic failure was nonsignificantly altered by propranolol treatment.

CONCLUSION

Low dose of propranolol treatment was associated with a better OS in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy and its effects were dose dependent.

Nucleos(t)ide analogue continuous therapy associated with reduced adverse outcomes of chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND

Nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy reduces the risk of disease progression in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients. However, the risk of liver decompensation, hepatic failure, and mortality after discontinuation of NA therapy remains unknown.

METHODS

Among 51,574 chronic hepatitis B patients who received NAs in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 8,631 patients who continued NA therapy (treatment cohort) and 8,631 propensity-score matched patients who stopped NA therapy after their initial 1.5 years treatment (off-therapy cohort) between October 1, 2003 and December 31, 2011. All study subjects were followed up from the index date, that is, the date 1.5 years after the first prescription of NA, until development of liver decompensation and hepatic failure, death or end of 18-month follow-up period.

RESULTS

Treatment cohort had significantly lower risks of liver decompensation (1.05%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81%-1.30% vs 2.13%; 95% CI, 1.82%-2.45%; p < 0.001), hepatic failure (0.35%; 95% CI, 0.21%-0.49% vs 0.63%; 95% CI, 0.46%-0.80%; p = 0.008) and overall mortality (1.67%; 1.37%-1.98% vs 2.44%; 95% CI, 2.10%-2.77%; p < 0.001) during the 18-month follow-up period. After adjusting for potential confounders, NA continuous therapy was associated with reduced risks of liver decompensation (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.47; 95% CI, 0.36-0.62, p < 0.001), hepatic failure (HR: 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33-0.86, p = 0.01) and overall mortality (HR: 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53-0.84, p = 0.001). The number needed to reduce one less disease progression and mortality was 47. The protective effect of NA continuous therapy was found in nearly all subgroups.

CONCLUSION

NA continuous therapy is associated with reduced risks of liver decompensation, hepatic failure, and overall mortality.

Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Worldwide, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used for the treatment of peptic ulcer and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Recently, concern has arisen over the potential association between PPIs and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of PPI use on the risk of HCC, through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

A review of all English-language literature was conducted, using the subject search terms: "hepatocellular carcinoma", "liver cancer", "hepatic tumor", and "proton pump inhibitor" in the major medical databases. A meta-analysis of the qualifying publications was then performed.

RESULTS

A total of five studies, which had shown that PPIs were associated with HCC (crude risk ratio [RR] = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-3.57; p < 0.01) when an unadjusted RR were adopted, were eligible for meta-analysis. It was observed that the cumulative dose of PPIs may increase the risk of HCC in a linear model (p < 0.01). However, when using data that were adjusted by comorbidities and concurrent medications, the association between PPIs and HCC became insignificant (adjusted RR = 1.62, 95% CI: 0.89-2.93; p = 0.11) and this result was consistent in the sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSION

The current meta-analysis has shown that PPI use does not significantly increase the risk of HCC after adjusting for confounding factors. However, further studies are warranted to verify the association between PPIs and HCC in special populations, such as viral or alcoholic liver diseases.

Seroprevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among the hill tribe youths, northern Thailand

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major viral infection, particularly in people living in the Western Pacific region, including the hill tribe people living in northern Thailand. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HBV infection and to detect the factors associated with HBV infection among hill tribe youths in Thailand.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and determine the factors associated with HBV infection among hill tribe youths living in northern Thailand. A validated questionnaire and 5 mL blood sample were used for data collection. The Wondfo Diagnostic Kit®, the Wondfo One Step HBsAg Serum/Plasma Test®, and the Wondfo One Step HBsAg Serum/Plasma Test® were used for anti-HBsAg, HBsAg, and total anti-HBc detections, respectively. Logistic regression was used to detect associations between variables with an α = 0.05 significance level.

Results

A total of 836 participants were included in the study; 62.7% were female, 58.9% were aged 15–17 years, 58.7% were Buddhist, 78.4% graduated high school, and 89.1% had no income. The majority were Akha (30.0%), Yao (16.3%), and Hmong (15.8%); 13.2% smoked, 21.5% used alcohol, 13.3% had tattoos, 3.9% experienced drug injection from illegal practitioners, and 35.7% had no history of HBV immunization. The prevalence of HBsAg was 3.0%; anti-HBs, 10.2%; and total anti-HBc, 8.1%. In the multivariate analysis, four variables were found to be significantly associated with HBV infection among the hill tribe youths: age, tribe, work experience, and number of partners. Those aged 18–20 years and 21–24 years had 2.13 times (95%CI = 1.35–3.29) and 2.39 times (95%CI = 1.05–3.90) greater odds of HBV infection, respectively, than those aged 15–17 years. Akha, Lahu, and Hmong youths had 3.12 times (95%CI = 1.07–9.12), 3.71 times (95%CI = 1.21–11.41), and 3.84 times (95%CI = 1.26–11.69) greater odds of HBV infection, respectively, than Lisu youths. Those who had experience working outside of the village had a 1.77 times (95%CI = 1.18–2.98) greater chance of HBV infection than those who did not have experience working outside of the village, and those who had ≥2 partners had a 2.66 times (95%CI = 1.96–3.87) greater chance of HBV infection than those who had no partner.

Conclusions

Effective HBV prevention programs should be promoted in Akha, Lahu, and Hmong youth populations, particularly to those who have sexual partners, work outside of the village and are aged 18–24 years.