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Zhang C, Ötjengerdes RM, Roewe J, Mejias R, Marschall ALJ. Applying Antibodies Inside Cells: Principles and Recent Advances in Neurobiology, Virology and Oncology. BioDrugs 2020; 34:435-462. [PMID: 32301049 PMCID: PMC7391400 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To interfere with cell function, many scientists rely on methods that target DNA or RNA due to the ease with which they can be applied. Proteins are usually the final executors of function but are targeted only indirectly by these methods. Recent advances in targeted degradation of proteins based on proteolysis-targeting chimaeras (PROTACs), ubiquibodies, deGradFP (degrade Green Fluorescent Protein) and other approaches have demonstrated the potential of interfering directly at the protein level for research and therapy. Proteins can be targeted directly and very specifically by antibodies, but using antibodies inside cells has so far been considered to be challenging. However, it is possible to deliver antibodies or other proteins into the cytosol using standard laboratory equipment. Physical methods such as electroporation have been demonstrated to be efficient and validated thoroughly over time. The expression of intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) inside cells is another way to interfere with intracellular targets at the protein level. Methodological strategies to target the inside of cells with antibodies, including delivered antibodies and expressed antibodies, as well as applications in the research areas of neurobiology, viral infections and oncology, are reviewed here. Antibodies have already been used to interfere with a wide range of intracellular targets. Disease-related targets included proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (α-synuclein), Alzheimer's disease (amyloid-β) or Huntington's disease (mutant huntingtin [mHtt]). The applications of intrabodies in the context of viral infections include targeting proteins associated with HIV (e.g. HIV1-TAT, Rev, Vif, gp41, gp120, gp160) and different oncoviruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Epstein-Barr virus, and they have been used to interfere with various targets related to different processes in cancer, including oncogenic pathways, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis or neo-antigens (e.g. p53, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 [HER2], signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3], RAS-related RHO-GTPase B (RHOB), cortactin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 [VEGFR2], Ras, Bcr-Abl). Interfering at the protein level allows questions to be addressed that may remain unanswered using alternative methods. This review addresses why direct targeting of proteins allows unique insights, what is currently feasible in vitro, and how this relates to potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rina M Ötjengerdes
- Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julian Roewe
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neuroimmunology and Brain TumorImmunology (D170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebeca Mejias
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea L J Marschall
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Brunswick, Germany.
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2
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Screening and Evaluation of Novel Compounds against Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Using Highly Purified Reverse Transcriptase Domain. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080840. [PMID: 32752057 PMCID: PMC7472185 DOI: 10.3390/v12080840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase seems to be very hard to express and purify sufficiently, which has long hampered the generation of anti-HBV drugs based on the nature of the polymerase. To date, there has been no useful system developed for drug screening against HBV polymerase. In this study, we successfully obtained a highly purified reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of the polymerase, which has a template/primer and substrate binding activity, and established a novel high-throughput screening (HTS) system using purified RT protein for finding novel polymerase inhibitors. To examine whether the assay system provides reliable results, we tested the small scale screening using pharmacologically active compounds. As a result, the pilot screening identified already-known anti-viral polymerase agents. Then, we screened 20,000 chemical compounds and newly identified four hits. Several of these compounds inhibited not only the HBV RT substrate and/ template/primer binding activity, but also Moloney murine leukemia virus RT activity, which has an elongation activity. Finally, these candidates did show to be effective even in the cell-based assay. Our screening system provides a useful tool for searching candidate inhibitors against HBV.
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3
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Zheng CL, Fu YM, Xu ZX, Zou Y, Deng K. Hepatitis B virus core protein dimer‑dimer interface is critical for viral replication. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:262-270. [PMID: 30387827 PMCID: PMC6297743 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) serves pivotal roles in the viral life cycle, particularly serving as the basic unit for capsid assembly, and is closely associated with HBV genome replication and progeny virion production. Previous studies have demonstrated that HBc has at least two functional interfaces; two HBc monomers form a homodimer via an intradimer interface, and then 90 or 120 homodimers form an icosahedral capsid via a dimer-dimer interface. In the present study, the role of the HBc dimer-dimer interface in HBV replication was investigated. A panel of residues located at the dimer-dimer interface were identified based on the crystal structure of HBc. Native gel electrophoresis and western blotting revealed that, despite mutations in the dimer-dimer interface, HBc formed a capsid-like structure, whereas mutations at amino acid residues 23–39 completely disrupted capsid assembly. Using denaturing gel electrophoresis, Southern and Northern blotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, it was demonstrated that none of the mutations in the dimer-dimer interface supported pregenomic RNA encapsidation or DNA replication. In addition, these mutants interacted with the wild-type (WT) HBc monomer and inhibited WT genome replication and virion production in a dose-dependent manner. However, the quantity of covalently closed circular DNA in the nucleus was not affected. The present study highlighted the importance of the HBc dimer-dimer interface for normal capsid function and demonstrated that the HBc dimer-dimer interface may be a novel antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Long Zheng
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Mei Fu
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Xue Xu
- Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Kai Deng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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4
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Li Y, Liu Z, Hui L, Liu X, Feng A, Wang W, Zhang L, Li N, Zhou G, Wang Q, Han Q, Lv Y, Wang Q, Yang G, Wang Y. Transbody against virus core protein potently inhibits hepadnavirus replication in vivo: evidence from a duck model of hepatitis B virus. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2261-2272. [PMID: 28383135 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The therapeutic management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remains challenging, and novel antiviral strategies are urgently required. The HBV transbody, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against human HBcAg coupled with the trans-activator of transcription protein transduction domain (TAT PTD), was previously shown to possess cell-penetrating ability and potent antiviral activity in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of the HBcMAb-TAT PTD conjugate in vivo in a duck model of HBV. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Female Peking ducks were injected i.p. with 0.03-0.3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 of the DHBV transbody (DHBcMAb-TAT PTD conjugate) for 30 days. Serum DHBV DNA levels and liver DHBV DNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) loads were determined at scheduled time points. Immunohistological examination of DHBcAg in the duck liver was also performed. KEY RESULTS The DHBV transbody significantly reduced the serum and liver DHBV DNA levels at doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 and liver cccDNA levels at a dose of 0.3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 after 30 days of treatment. The suppressive effects of the DHBV transbody at 0.3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 on the serum and liver DHBV DNA and liver cccDNA levels remained significant, even at 15 days after treatment cessation. Similarly, immunohistochemistry of liver sections revealed decreased DHBcAg levels within hepatocytes 15 days after treatment termination. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The DHBV transbody inhibits DHBV replication and possesses potent anti-DHBV activities in vivo. The cell-permeable antibody against the virus core antigen may be developed as a novel treatment for patients with hepadnavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingyun Hui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ai Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoqing Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quanli Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quanying Wang
- Xi'an Hua Guang Biological Engineering Company, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- Xi'an Hua Guang Biological Engineering Company, Xi'an, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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5
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Design, synthesis, molecular docking studies and anti-HBV activity of phenylpropanoid derivatives. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 251:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Suzuki R, Saito K, Matsuda M, Sato M, Kanegae Y, Shi G, Watashi K, Aizaki H, Chiba J, Saito I, Wakita T, Suzuki T. Single-domain intrabodies against hepatitis C virus core inhibit viral propagation and core-induced NFκB activation. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:887-892. [PMID: 26861864 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core plays a key role in viral particle formation and is involved in viral pathogenesis. Here, constructs for single-domain intrabodies consisting of variable regions derived from mouse mAbs against HCV core were established. Expressed single-domain intrabodies were shown to bind to HCV core, and inhibit the growth of cell culture-produced HCV derived from JFH-1 (genotype 2a) and a TH (genotype 1b)/JFH-1 chimera. Adenovirus vectors expressing intrabodies were also capable of reducing HCV propagation. Intrabody expression did not affect viral entry or genome replication of single-round infectious trans-complemented HCV particles. However, intrabody expression reduced intracellular and extracellular infectious titres in CD81-defective Huh7-25 cells transfected with the HCV genome, suggesting that these intrabodies impair HCV assembly. Furthermore, intrabody expression suppressed HCV core-induced NFκB promoter activity. These intrabodies may therefore serve as tools for elucidating the role of core in HCV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sato
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yumi Kanegae
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guoli Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joe Chiba
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Izumu Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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7
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Transbody against hepatitis B virus core protein inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:363-9. [PMID: 25676532 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of chronic liver diseases. The current therapeutics show limited efficacy. In the HBV life cycle, virus core antigen (HBcAg) plays important multiple roles. Blocking the pleiotropic functions of HBcAg may thus represent a promising strategy for anti-HBV replication. In this study, monoclonal antibody (MAb) against core antigen of human HBV was coupled with TAT protein transduction domain (TAT PTD) to form transbody, and the effect on virus replication was evaluated in vitro. The HBV transbody, HBcMAb-TAT PTD conjugate, recognized HBcAg and retained cell-penetrating activity in living cells. In HBV-transfected liver cell line HepG2.2.15, HBV transbody suppressed not only the extracellular HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA, but also the intracellular HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg and HBV DNA in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the transbody prepared possesses readily cell-penetrating ability and potent antiviral activity, providing a novel approach, a cell-permeable antibody against HBcAg, for the treatment of HBV infection.
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8
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Tan WS, Ho KL. Phage display creates innovative applications to combat hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11650-11670. [PMID: 25206271 PMCID: PMC4155357 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has killed countless lives in human history. The invention of HBV vaccines in the 20th century has reduced significantly the rate of the viral infection. However, currently there is no effective treatment for chronic HBV carriers. Newly emerging vaccine escape mutants and drug resistant strains have complicated the viral eradication program. The entire world is now facing a new threat of HBV and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Could phage display provide solutions to these life-threatening problems? This article reviews critically and comprehensively the innovative and potential applications of phage display in the development of vaccines, therapeutic agents, diagnostic reagents, as well as gene and drug delivery systems to combat HBV. The application of phage display in epitope mapping of HBV antigens is also discussed in detail. Although this review mainly focuses on HBV, the innovative applications of phage display could also be extended to other infectious diseases.
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9
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Xun Y, Pan Q, Tang Z, Chen X, Yu Y, Xi M, Zang G. Intracellular-delivery of a single-chain antibody against hepatitis B core protein via cell-penetrating peptide inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:369-76. [PMID: 23241903 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of nucleocapsids is an attractive target for novel anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agents, and intracellular single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies against HBV core (HBc) protein are a class of potential alternatives for this purpose; however, their application is limited by the lack of a suitable means of delivery. Owing to the favorable performance of cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP) in cargo delivery in hepatocytes, we purified an anti-HBc scFv fused to CTP using a previous screened sequence by a prokaryotic expression system and evaluated its efficacy in the inhibition of HBV in vitro. Our results showed that cytoplasmic translocation of the previous anti-HBc scFv was achieved by CTP in HepG2.2.15 cells. Immunoprecipitation analysis indicated the fusion protein anti-HBc scFv-CTP interacted with its target antigen HBc, and negligible cytotoxicity was observed. Moreover, the anti-HBc scFv-CTP interfered with nucleocapsid assembly and markedly reduced both the supernatant HBV DNA level and the intracellular DNA replication intermediates, with a 5.1 µM of half maximal effect concentration and a dose-dependent effect. In conclusion, this novel anti-HBc scFv fused to CTP demonstrated inhibitory activity of HBV replication in vitro and warrants further in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Xun
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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10
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Inhibition of rabies virus propagation in mouse neuroblastoma cells by an intrabody against the viral phosphoprotein. Antiviral Res 2011; 91:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Serruys B, Van Houtte F, Farhoudi-Moghadam A, Leroux-Roels G, Vanlandschoot P. Production, characterization and in vitro testing of HBcAg-specific VHH intrabodies. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:643-52. [PMID: 19889923 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.016063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections represent a global health problem, since these account for 350 million chronic infections worldwide that result in 500,000-700,000 deaths each year. Control of viral replication and HBV-related disease and mortality are of utmost importance. Because the currently available antiviral therapies all have major limitations, new strategies to treat chronic HBV infection are eagerly awaited. Six single-domain antibodies (VHHs) targeting the core antigen of HBV (HBcAg) have been generated and three of these bound strongly to HBcAg of both subtype ayw and adw. These three VHHs were studied as intrabodies directed towards the nucleus or the cytoplasm of a hepatoma cell line that was co-transfected with HBV. A speckled staining of HBcAg was observed in the cytoplasm of cells transfected with nucleotropic VHH intrabodies. Moreover, an increased intracellular accumulation of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and a complete disappearance of intracellular HBcAg signal were observed with nuclear targeted HBcAg-specific VHHs. These results suggest that HBcAg-specific VHHs targeted to the nucleus affect HBcAg and HBeAg expression and trafficking in HBV-transfected hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikte Serruys
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Tong MJ, Hsien C, Song JJ, Kao JH, Sun HE, Hsu L, Han SH, Durazo FA, Saab S, Blatt LM. Factors associated with progression to hepatocellular carcinoma and to death from liver complications in patients with HBsAg-positive cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1337-46. [PMID: 19242792 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis B viral markers and liver tests were used as predictors for development of hepatocellular carcinoma and progression to end-stage liver disease in 128 cirrhosis patients with hepatitis B. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 63.5 months, 28 patients (21.9%) developed HCC and 36 (28.1%) died from non-HCC liver deaths. By multivariate analysis, independent predictors of HCC development and their hazard ratios were high alfa-fetoprotein (HR2.83, 95% CI 1.60-5.00, P = 0.0003), negative HBeAg (HR2.33, 95% CI 1.04-5.29, P = 0.04), and low alanine aminotransferase value (HR1.42, 95% CI 1.08-1.89, P = 0.02). Independent predictors of non-HCC liver deaths were HBeAg positivity (HR3.39, 95% CI 1.16-9.93, P = 0.02), decrease albumin (HR1.61, 95% CI 0.99-2.63, P = 0.05), decrease platelet count (HR2.54, 95% CI 1.03-6.25, P = 0.04), high ALT value (HR1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.43, P = 0.02), and onset of encephalopathy (HR3.34, 95% CI 1.21-9.27, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS HBeAg negativity, elevated AFP, and low ALT values predicted HCC development, while HBeAg positivity, abnormal liver tests, and low platelet counts identified patients with non-HCC liver deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron John Tong
- The Pfleger Liver Institute, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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A Cell-based Method to Monitor the Interaction between Hepatitis B Virus Capsid and Surface Proteins. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Serruys B, Van Houtte F, Verbrugghe P, Leroux-Roels G, Vanlandschoot P. Llama-derived single-domain intrabodies inhibit secretion of hepatitis B virions in mice. Hepatology 2009; 49:39-49. [PMID: 19085971 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections cause 500,000 to 700,000 deaths per year as a consequence of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Efficient and safe antivirals to treat chronically infected patients and consequently to prevent development of hepatocellular carcinoma are still awaited. We isolated five single-domain antibodies (VHHs) that recognize the most abundant envelope protein (S) of HBV. VHHs, when expressed and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum as intrabodies, reduced levels of secreted hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles in a cellular HBV model. In a hydrodynamics-based HBV mouse model, these intrabodies caused a marked reduction in HBsAg concentrations and a 10- to >100-fold reduction in the concentration of HBV virions in plasma. CONCLUSION VHHs potently inhibited secretion of HBV virions in vivo, showing that this approach might be useful in the treatment of HBV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intrabody-mediated inhibition of viral secretion in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikte Serruys
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Abstract
This chapter describes the major gene therapeutic approaches for viral infections. The vast majority of published approaches target severe chronic viral infections such as hepatitis B or C and HIV infection. Two basic gene therapy strategies are introduced here. The first involves the expression of a protein or an RNA that inhibits viral replication by targeting crucial steps of the viral life cycle or by interfering with a cellular factor required for virus replication. The major limitation of this approach is that primary levels of gene modification have generally not been sufficient to reduce the availability of target cells permissive for virus replication to a level that significantly decreases overall viral load. Thus, investigators have banked on the expectation that gene-protected cells have a sufficient selective advantage to accumulate and gain prevalence over time, a prediction that so far could not be confirmed in clinical trials. In vivo levels of gene modification can be improved, however, by introducing an additional selectable marker. In addition, a secreted antiviral gene product that exerts a bystander effect could significantly reduce overall virus replication despite relatively low levels of gene modification. In addition to these direct antiviral approaches, several strategies have been developed that employ or aim to enhance host immune responses. The innate immune response has been enhanced, for example, by the in vivo expression of interferons. Alternatively, T cells can be grafted with recombinant receptors to boost adaptive virus-specific immunity. These approaches are especially promising for chronic virus infection, where natural immune responses are evidently not sufficient to effectively control virus replication.
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16
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Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Crettaz J, Ochoa L, Otano I, Aldabe R, Paneda A. Gene therapy for viral hepatitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:1263-78. [PMID: 17223736 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.12.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C infections are two of the most prevalent viral diseases in the world. Existing therapies against chronic viral hepatitis are far from satisfactory due to low response rates, undesirable side effects and selection of resistant viral strains. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. This review, after briefly summarising the in vitro and in vivo systems for the study of both diseases and the genetic vehicles commonly used for liver gene transfer, examines the existing status of gene therapy-based antiviral strategies that have been employed to prevent, eliminate or reduce viral infection. In particular, the authors focus on the results obtained in clinical trials and experimental clinically relevant animal models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Therapy/trends
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/prevention & control
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/prevention & control
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/prevention & control
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/prevention & control
- Humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- University of Navarra, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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17
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Jin YH, Hong SH, Kim K, Shin HJ, Park S. Intracellular antibody fragment against hepatitis B virus X protein does not inhibit viral replication. Yonsei Med J 2006; 47:721-8. [PMID: 17066517 PMCID: PMC2687759 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2006.47.5.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of the hepatitis B virus is suppressed by deficiency of the X protein. Although several molecules that block cellular targets of X protein reduce the production of hepatitis B virus progeny, the effect of a specific inhibitor of X protein on viral replication has not been investigated. To block X protein specifically, we adopted an intracellular expression approach using H7 single chain variable fragment (H7scFv), an antibody fragment against X protein. We previously demonstrated that cytoplasmic expression of H7scFv inhibits X protein-induced tumorigenicity and transactivation. In this study, intracellular H7scFv expression inhibits reporter gene transactivation but not viral replication determined by endogenous hepatitis B virus polymerase activity assay and real-time PCR. Our findings imply that intracellular expression of antibody fragment against X protein may not be an alternative therapeutic modality for inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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18
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Dash S, Haque S, Joshi V, Prabhu R, Hazari S, Fermin C, Garry R. HCV-hepatocellular carcinoma: new findings and hope for effective treatment. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 68:130-48. [PMID: 16276514 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present here a comprehensive review of the current literature plus our own findings about in vivo and in vitro analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, viral pathogenesis, mechanisms of interferon action, interferon resistance, and development of new therapeutics. Chronic HCV infection is a major risk factor for the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Standard therapy for chronic HCV infection is the combination of interferon alpha and ribavirin. A significant number of chronic HCV patients who cannot get rid of the virus infection by interferon therapy experience long-term inflammation of the liver and scarring of liver tissue. Patients who develop cirrhosis usually have increased risk of developing liver cancer. The molecular details of why some patients do not respond to standard interferon therapy are not known. Availability of HCV cell culture model has increased our understanding on the antiviral action of interferon alpha and mechanisms of interferon resistance. Interferons alpha, beta, and gamma each inhibit replication of HCV, and the antiviral action of interferon is targeted to the highly conserved 5'UTR used by the virus to translate protein by internal ribosome entry site mechanism. Studies from different laboratories including ours suggest that HCV replication in selected clones of cells can escape interferon action. Both viral and host factors appear to be involved in the mechanisms of interferon resistance against HCV. Since interferon therapy is not effective in all chronic hepatitis C patients, alternative therapeutic strategies are needed to treat chronic hepatitis C patients not responding to interferon therapy. We also reviewed the recent development of new alternative therapeutic strategies for chronic hepatitis C, which may be available in clinical use within the next decade. There is hope that these new agents along with interferon will prevent the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic persistent hepatitis C virus infection. This review is not inclusive of all important scientific publications due to space limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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19
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Prabhu R, Khalap N, Burioni R, Clementi M, Garry RF, Dash S. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein, helicase activity, and viral replication by a recombinant human antibody clone. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1163-73. [PMID: 15466383 PMCID: PMC1618619 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), with its protease, helicase, and NTPase enzymatic activities, plays a crucial role in viral replication, and therefore represents an ideal target for the development of anti-viral agents. We have developed a recombinant human antibody (Fab) that reacts with the helicase domain of HCV NS3. The affinity-purified Fab antibody completely inhibited the helicase activity of HCV NS3 at equimolar concentration. To evaluate the effect of the Fab on HCV replication, the clone encoding the Fab gene was put into an expression vector, which converts Fab into a complete IgG1 antibody. Using a DNA-based transfection model, we demonstrated that intracellular expression of this antibody resulted in significant reduction of HCV-negative strand RNA synthesis. Intracellular expression of this antibody into either a stable cell line replicating subgenomic RNA, or a transient full-length HCV replication model, reduced both HCV RNA and viral protein expression. These results support the use of recombinant antibody fragments to inhibit NS3 enzyme as a novel, feasible, and effective approach for inhibiting HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prabhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans LA 70112, USA
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20
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Fellig Y, Almogy G, Galun E, Ketzinel-Gilad M. A hepatocellular carcinoma cell line producing mature hepatitis B viral particles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:269-74. [PMID: 15358171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro models for hepatitis B virus (HBV) are based on human hepatoblastoma cell lines transfected with HBV genome. The objective of this work was to develop an in vitro, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-based system supporting HBV full replication and producing mature viral particles. The FLC4 human HCC cell line was stably transfected with a plasmid carrying a head-to-tail dimer of the adwHBV genome. One of the clones, FLC4A10II, exhibited prolonged expression of HBV, as was demonstrated by secreted levels of HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA in the culture medium of the growing cells. Furthermore, the cells produced HBV particles that were detected by a cesium chloride density gradient performed on the culture medium. Analysis by Southern blot revealed that HBV DNA has integrated into the FLC4A10II cell genome. The presence of HBV in the FLC4A10II cells did not cause alterations in cell morphology and the cells continued to resemble mature hepatocytes. They do exhibit a high mitotic activity. The new HBV stably transfected cell line, FLC4A10II, can serve as an important tool for further exploration of HBV host-pathogen interaction, viral life cycle, and for assessing new antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov Fellig
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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21
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Hacker HJ, Deres K, Mildenberger M, Schröder CH. Antivirals interacting with hepatitis B virus core protein and core mutations may misdirect capsid assembly in a similar fashion. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 66:2273-9. [PMID: 14637185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, heteroarylpyrimidines (HAP) have been identified as potent inhibitors of capsid maturation. Here we discuss the HAP mode of action comparing the aggregation phenotype of wild-type and mutant core proteins with the respective phenotype imposed by HAP or other agents interacting with core protein. Pertinent tests include core fusion protein-mediated transactivation in a two-hybrid system and capsid formation. The finding that transactivation appeared to be unaffected by HAP, or by mutations preventing assembly, is surprising and raises the question for the structure of the interacting hybrid core proteins: Are they monomers, dimers or even oligomers? A direct activity of core fusion monomers is not excluded but considered to be highly unlikely due to rapid homodimerisation. A role of core fusion dimers in transactivation would indicate distinct interactions with a differential sensitivity to HAP. Regarding significance of data gained in two-hybrid systems, caution is necessary, since the site of transactivation is the nucleus, whereas the real site of the core protein interactions during replication is the cytoplasm. Apparently, HAP leave the monomer-monomer interface of HBV core protein unaffected but prevent capsid maturation by interacting with a region known to be crucial for dimer multimerisation and formation of stable capsids. It is suggested to use antivirals as tools for the elucidation of early steps in genome replication and capsid assembly. A frame for this could be the hypothesis that the virus uses soluble core protein, namely intracellular maturation intermediates of HbeAg for a core targeted self-restriction of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jörg Hacker
- Department of Virus-Host Interactions (F0600), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:810-814. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i6.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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23
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Jia ZS, Chen L, Hao CQ, Feng ZH, Li JG, Wang JP, Cao YZ, Zhou YX. Intracellular immunization by hammerhead ribozyme against HCV. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:148-150. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the effect of hammerhead ribozyme 213 (Rz 213) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
METHODS: Rz213 cleaving 5'oncoding region (5'CR) of HCV was beforehand transfected in a human hepatic carcinoma cell (HHCC) line and selected for G418 resistance. Cells stably expressing Rz213 were retransfected with pCMVNCRluc containing 5扤CR-luc fusion genes by lipofectAMINE; luciferase activity in lysate of transfactant was measured in scintillation counter.
RESULTS: HHCC cells stably expressing Rz213 exhibited significant resistance to retransfection of targeting gene.
CONCLUSION: Stably transfected cells with Rz213 were selected and expressed in HHCC, and thus exerted the intracellular immunity against infection of HCV.
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24
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Sullivan DE, Mondelli MU, Curiel DT, Krasnykh V, Mikheeva G, Gaglio P, Morris CB, Dash S, Gerber MA. Construction and characterization of an intracellular single-chain human antibody to hepatitis C virus non-structural 3 protein. J Hepatol 2002; 37:660-8. [PMID: 12399234 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We developed a single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) to the non-structural 3 protein (NS3) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and tested its ability to interfere with the HCV replication cycle in infected hepatocytes. METHODS The variable regions of the human monoclonal antibody CM3.B6 that recognizes a conformational epitope within the helicase domain of NS3 were introduced into adenoviral vectors for expression in mammalian hepatocytes. Expression and binding properties of the scFv were analyzed by immunological assays. Effects of intracellular expression of the scFv on HCV replication were assessed in primary hepatocytes isolated from explanted livers of patients with chronic HCV infection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Transduction of HepG2 cells by the recombinant adenoviruses resulted in stable, efficient expression of scFv in the cytoplasm that was non-toxic to the cells. The scFv specifically bound to its cognate antigen. Significantly, intracellular expression of scFv resulted in a decrease in HCV genomic RNA in HCV infected hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that specific binding of a scFv to NS3 may inhibit one or more functions of this essential viral protein thus interfering with the HCV replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Sullivan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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25
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Moradpour D, Bieck E, Hügle T, Wels W, Wu JZ, Hong Z, Blum HE, Bartenschlager R. Functional properties of a monoclonal antibody inhibiting the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:593-601. [PMID: 11641406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108748200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), represented by nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B), has recently emerged as a promising target for antiviral intervention. Here, we describe the isolation, functional characterization, and molecular cloning of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibiting the HCV RdRp. This mAb, designated 5B-12B7, binds with high affinity to a conformational epitope in the palm subdomain of the HCV RdRp and recognizes native NS5B expressed in the context of the entire HCV polyprotein or subgenomic replicons. Complete inhibition of RdRp activity in vitro was observed at equimolar concentrations of NS5B and mAb 5B-12B7, whereas RdRp activities of classical swine fever virus NS5B and poliovirus 3D polymerase were not affected. mAb 5B-12B7 selectively inhibited NTP binding to HCV NS5B, whereas binding of template RNA was unaffected, thus explaining the mechanism of action at the molecular level. The mAb 5B-12B7 heavy and light chain variable domains were cloned by reverse transcription-PCR, and a single chain Fv fragment was assembled for expression in Escherichia coli and in eukaryotic cells. The mAb 5B-12B7 single chain Fv fragment bound to NS5B both in vitro and in transfected human cell lines and therefore may be potentially useful for intracellular immunization against HCV. More important, detailed knowledge of the mAb 5B-12B7 contact sites on the enzyme may facilitate the development of small molecule RdRp inhibitors as novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Moradpour
- Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Nagesha HS, Wang LF, Shiell B, Beddome G, White JR, Irving RA. A single chain Fv antibody displayed on phage surface recognises conformational group-specific epitope of bluetongue virus. J Virol Methods 2001; 91:203-7. [PMID: 11164502 PMCID: PMC7172176 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody gene was isolated from hybridoma cell line secreting monoclonal antibody (MAb) 20E9 that recognises bluetongue virus (BTV) VP7. DNA fragments encoding variable regions of heavy and light chains were amplified by RT-PCR and library of scFv was constructed in phage vector. Two scFv clones that were selected showed specific reactivity with conformational epitope VP7. The N-terminal 22 amino acid residues of 20E9 light chain were identical to that deduced from scFv DNA sequence. An in-frame TAG stop codon was found in the coding sequence and its potential role in regulating the expression and stability of scFv in phage is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibody Specificity
- Bacteriophages
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Bluetongue virus/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Codon, Terminator
- DNA, Viral
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Library
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Nagesha
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PO Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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27
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Lorenzen N, Cupit PM, Einer-Jensen K, Lorenzen E, Ahrens P, Secombes CJ, Cunningham C. Immunoprophylaxis in fish by injection of mouse antibody genes. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:1177-80. [PMID: 11062437 PMCID: PMC7097139 DOI: 10.1038/81169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2000] [Accepted: 08/11/2000] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are a crucial part of the body's specific defense against infectious diseases and have considerable potential as therapeutic and prophylactic agents in humans and animals. The development of recombinant single-chain antibodies allows a genetic application strategy for prevention of infectious diseases. To test this in a fish model, a gene construct encoding a neutralizing single-chain antibody to the fish-pathogenic rhabdovirus VHSV (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) was administered to rainbow trout by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA. Circulating recombinant antibodies could later be detected in the fish, and protective immunity to the viral disease was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lorenzen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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28
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McMahon BJ, Bulkow L, Harpster A, Snowball M, Lanier A, Sacco F, Dunaway E, Williams J. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaska natives infected with chronic hepatitis B: a 16-year population-based study. Hepatology 2000; 32:842-6. [PMID: 11003632 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.17914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of screening hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive carriers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in terms of long-term survival have not been established. We conducted a prospective 16-year, population-based cohort study to determine the impact of screening for HCC in 1,487 HBsAg-positive Alaska native carriers with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) determinations every 6 months. Men and nonpregnant women with an elevated AFP level were evaluated for the presence of HCC by ultrasound (US) examination. The long-term survival rate for patients whose HCC was detected by the screening program was compared with a historical control group of Alaska native patients with HCC from the same population who were clinically diagnosed with HCC between 1969 and October 1982, through a National Cancer Institute-sponsored Cancer Registry. Between October 1982 and December 1998, 26,752 AFP determinations in HBsAg carriers were performed. One or more AFP elevations were found in 61 men and 39 nonpregnant women. HCC was diagnosed in 32 patients (24 men and 8 women). HCC tumors less than 6 cm were found in 23 patients; 22 patients had resections, and 1 patient refused a resection. Compared with 12 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC diagnosed from 1969 to October 1982, before this program, the 5- and 10-year survival rate for the 32 patients with HCC were 42% (P =.008) and 30% (P =.07), respectively. Five- and 10-year tumor-free survival rates for carriers who had a normal AFP level on initial screening and subsequently developed HCC were 29% (P =.004) and 24% (P =.024), respectively. Screening of HBsAg carriers with semiannual AFP was effective in detecting most HCC tumors at a resectable stage and significantly prolonged survival rates when compared with historical controls in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J McMahon
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Alaska Native Medical Center, Indian Health Service, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
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