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Yin N, Zhang W, Sun XX, Wei R, Yang Q, He F, Li C, Guo L, Feng M. Artificial cells delivering itaconic acid induce anti-inflammatory memory-like macrophages to reverse acute liver failure and prevent reinjury. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101132. [PMID: 37541252 PMCID: PMC10439255 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages represent a key cellular component of the liver and are essential for the progression of acute liver failure (ALF). We construct artificial apoptotic cells loaded with itaconic acid (AI-Cells), wherein the compositions of the synthetic plasma membrane and surface topology are rationally engineered. AI-Cells are predominantly localized to the liver and further transport to hepatic macrophages. Intravenous administration of AI-Cells modulates macrophage inflammation to protect the liver from acetaminophen-induced ALF. Mechanistically, AI-Cells act on caspase-1 to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated cleavage of pro-IL-1β into its active form in macrophages. Notably, AI-Cells specifically induce anti-inflammatory memory-like hepatic macrophages in ALF mice, which prevent constitutive overproduction of IL-1β when liver reinjury occurs. In light of AI-Cells' precise delivery and training of memory-like hepatic macrophages, they offer promising therapeutic potential in reversing ALF by finely controlling inflammatory responses and orchestrating liver homeostasis, which potentially affect the treatment of various types of liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Runxiu Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fengming He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, South Xiang-An Road, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Changrui Li
- Guangzhou Zhixin High School, Zhixin South Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ling Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Min Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Perinatal exposure to UDCA prevents neonatal cholestasis in Cyp2c70 -/- mice with human-like bile acids. Pediatr Res 2022; 93:1582-1590. [PMID: 36151295 PMCID: PMC10172110 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyp2c70-/- mice with a human-like bile acid (BA) composition display features of neonatal cholestasis. We assessed whether perinatal ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) exposure prevents neonatal cholestasis in Cyp2c70-/- mice and reduces cholangiopathy development later in life. METHODS Cyp2c70+/- males were crossed with Cyp2c70+/- females fed either a regular chow diet or a 0.1% UDCA-containing diet during breeding, gestation, and suckling. Cholestasis and liver function parameters were assessed in their Cyp2c70-/- and wild-type offspring at 3 and 8 weeks of age. RESULTS Three-week-old Cyp2c70-/- pups showed features of neonatal cholestasis, including elevated plasma BAs and transaminases, which were completely prevented in Cyp2c70-/- pups upon perinatal UDCA exposure. In addition, UDCA administration to the dams corrected altered hepatic gene expression patterns in Cyp2c70-/- pups, reduced markers of fibrogenesis and inflammation, and prevented cholangiocyte proliferation. Yet, these beneficial effects of perinatal UDCA exposure were not retained into adulthood upon discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSION Perinatal exposure of Cyp2c70-/- mice to UDCA has beneficial effects on liver function parameters, supporting a direct role of BA hydrophobicity in the development of neonatal cholestasis in these mice. However, prevention of neonatal cholestasis in Cyp2c70-/- mice has no long-lasting effects on liver pathophysiology. IMPACT This is the first study showing that perinatal UDCA exposure prevents features of neonatal cholestasis that are observed in mice with a human-like bile acid composition, i.e., Cyp2c70-/- mice. Perinatal UDCA exposure of Cyp2c70-/- pups leads to UDCA enrichment in their circulating bile acid pool and, consequently, to a reduced hydrophobicity of biliary bile acids. Perinatal UDCA exposure of Cyp2c70-/- pups has no long-lasting effects on the development of cholangiopathy after discontinuation of treatment. The results in this study expand current knowledge regarding acute and long-lasting effects of UDCA treatment in early life.
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Striz AC, Stephan AP, López-Coral A, Tuma PL. Rab17 regulates apical delivery of hepatic transcytotic vesicles. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2887-2897. [PMID: 30256711 PMCID: PMC6249867 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major focus for our laboratory is identifying the molecules and mechanisms that regulate basolateral-to-apical transcytosis in polarized hepatocytes. Our most recent studies have focused on characterizing the biochemical and functional properties of the small rab17 GTPase. We determined that rab17 is a monosumoylated protein and that this modification likely mediates selective interactions with the apically located syntaxin 2. Using polarized hepatic WIF-B cells exogenously expressing wild-type, dominant active/guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound, dominant negative/guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound, or sumoylation-deficient/K68R rab17 proteins, we confirmed that rab17 regulates basolateral-to-apical transcytotic vesicle docking and fusion with the apical surface. We further confirmed that transcytosis is impaired from the subapical compartment to the apical surface and that GTP-bound and sumoylated rab17 are likely required for apical vesicle docking. Because expression of the GTP-bound rab17 led to impaired transcytosis, whereas wild type had no effect, we further propose that rab17 GTP hydrolysis is required for vesicle delivery. We also determined that transcytosis of three classes of newly synthesized apical residents showed similar responses to rab17 mutant expression, indicating that rab17 is a general component of the transcytotic machinery required for apically destined vesicle docking and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese C Striz
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Anna P Stephan
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Alfonso López-Coral
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Pamela L Tuma
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
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A Serine/Threonine Kinase 16-Based Phospho-Proteomics Screen Identifies WD Repeat Protein-1 As A Regulator Of Constitutive Secretion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13049. [PMID: 30158666 PMCID: PMC6115458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of polarized hepatocytes is functionally divided into two domains: the apical and basolateral. Our focus is to define the molecular basis of polarized protein sorting of newly-synthesized membrane and secretory proteins in WIF-B cells, an excellent model system for polarized hepatocytes. We determined that MAL2 (myelin and lymphocyte protein 2) and its binding partner, serine/threonine kinase 16 (STK16) regulate basolateral constitutive secretion. Because STK16 is a constitutively active kinase, we reasoned that constitutively phosphorylated substrates must participate in constitutive secretion. To identify either STK16 substrates or other proteins that regulate constitutive secretion, we took a proteomics approach. Post-nuclear supernatants from cells expressing wild type or a kinase-dead (E202A) STK16 were separated on 2D gels and immunoblotted with antibodies against phospho-serine/threonine residues. Sixteen spots were identified from E202A-expressing cells that reproducibly displayed decreased immunoreactivity. From these spots, 28 proteins were identified as possible STK16 substrates. Out of these 28 possible substrates, 25% of them encode predicted STK16 phosphorylation consensus sites, with WD repeat containing protein-1 (WDR1) encoding two such sites. Based on this finding and on the finding that actin remodeling is required for hepatic secretion, we further confirmed that WDR1 is a phosphoprotein that regulates secretion.
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Cherrington NJ, Estrada TE, Frisk HA, Canet MJ, Hardwick RN, Dvorak B, Lux K, Halpern MD. The hepatic bile acid transporters Ntcp and Mrp2 are downregulated in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G48-56. [PMID: 23125159 PMCID: PMC3543632 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00317.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency of premature infants and is characterized by an extensive hemorrhagic inflammatory necrosis of the distal ileum and proximal colon. We have previously shown that, during the development of experimental NEC, the liver plays an important role in regulating inflammation in the ileum, and accumulation of ileal bile acids (BA) along with dysregulation of ileal BA transporters contributes to ileal damage. Given these findings, we speculated that hepatic BA transporters would also be altered in experimental NEC. Using both rat and mouse models of NEC, levels of Cyp7a1, Cyp27a1, and the hepatic BA transporters Bsep, Ntcp, Oatp2, Oatp4, Mrp2, and Mrp3 were investigated. In addition, levels of hepatic BA transporters were also determined when the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18, which are both elevated in NEC, are neutralized during disease development. Ntcp and Mrp2 were decreased in NEC, but elevated ileal BA levels were not responsible for these reductions. However, neutralization of TNF-α normalized Ntcp, whereas removal of IL-18 normalized Mrp2 levels. These data show that the hepatic transporters Ntcp and Mrp2 are downregulated, whereas Cyp27a1 is increased in rodent models of NEC. Furthermore, increased levels of TNF-α and IL-18 in experimental NEC may play a role in the regulation of Ntcp and Mrp2, respectively. These data suggest the gut-liver axis should be considered when therapeutic modalities for NEC are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Cherrington
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Teresa E. Estrada
- 2Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
| | - Harrison A. Frisk
- 2Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
| | - Mark J. Canet
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Rhiannon N. Hardwick
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Bohuslav Dvorak
- 2Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
| | - Katie Lux
- 2Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
| | - Melissa D. Halpern
- 2Department of Pediatrics and the Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona
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Hyperbilirubinemia in infants with Gram-negative sepsis does not affect mortality. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87:515-9. [PMID: 21543167 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is associated with an increased production of oxidant species and a decrease in endogenous antioxidant defenses. Mortality is high, especially when endotoxins are involved, e.g., in infants with Gram-negative sepsis. Yet, chronic as well as acute unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia has been shown to protect against endotoxin-induced shock in vivo in rats and in mice. We hypothesized that hyperbilirubinemia in infants with Gram-negative sepsis improves survival and/or mitigates the inflammatory response. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationships between serum bilirubin concentrations on the one hand, and leukocyte count, C-reactive protein and survival on the other hand, in infants with Gram-negative sepsis. METHODS Retrospectively, we retrieved clinical and biochemical data from infants less than 90 days of age with a blood culture-proven Gram-negative sepsis between January 1998 and December 2005. RESULTS We identified 92 infants with Gram-negative sepsis in the indicated period. Median gestational age was 29 (24-42) weeks. 22 Patients died. Preceding sepsis, median total serum bilirubin concentrations were below 150 μmol/L. Median concentrations of conjugated bilirubin concentrations increased (+63%, p<0.05), and median concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin decreased (-36%, p<0.05) in infants with Gram-negative sepsis. Median total bilirubin concentrations before and during sepsis were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors. Changes in bilirubin concentrations were not significantly correlated with changes in either white blood cell count or C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION Present data do not support the concept that bilirubin positively affects survival or the inflammatory response in infants with Gram-negative sepsis.
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Mulder J, Karpen SJ, Tietge UJF, Kuipers F. Nuclear receptors: mediators and modifiers of inflammation-induced cholestasis. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2009; 14:2599-630. [PMID: 19273222 PMCID: PMC4085779 DOI: 10.2741/3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation-induced cholestasis (IIC) is a frequently occurring phenomenon. A central role in its pathogenesis is played by nuclear receptors (NRs). These ligand-activated transcription factors not only regulate basal expression of hepatobiliary transport systems, but also mediate adaptive responses to inflammation and possess anti-inflammatory characteristics. The latter two functions may be exploited in the search for new treatments for IIC as well as for cholestasis in general. Current knowledge of the pathogenesis of IIC and the dual role NRs in this process are reviewed. Special interest is given to the use of NRs as potential targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) facilitate emulsification, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver and are essential for normal digestion. However, accumulation of BAs in the intestine can result in damage to the intestinal epithelium. Using the neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), we have recently shown that BAs accumulate in both the ileal lumen and enterocytes of neonatal rats with NEC and the increased BA levels are positively correlated with disease severity. Importantly, when BAs are not allowed to accumulate, neonatal rat pups develop significantly less disease. In addition, BA transporters are altered during disease development. These data indicate that BAs play an important role in the development of experimental NEC, and suggest that the inability of neonatal rats to adequately regulate BA transporters may be a mechanism by which ileal damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D. Halpern
- University of Arizona Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children’s Research Center
| | - Bohuslav Dvorak
- University of Arizona Department of Pediatrics and Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy
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Ghose R, Mulder J, von Furstenberg RJ, Thevananther S, Kuipers F, Karpen SJ. Rosiglitazone attenuates suppression of RXRalpha-dependent gene expression in inflamed liver. J Hepatol 2007; 46:115-23. [PMID: 17107731 PMCID: PMC1847570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A recently determined target of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokine signaling in liver is the central Type II nuclear receptor (NR) heterodimer partner, retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha). We sought to determine if Rosiglitazone (Rosi), a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist with anti-inflammatory properties, can attenuate LPS and cytokine-induced molecular suppression of RXRalpha-regulated genes. METHODS In vivo, mice were gavage-fed Rosi for 3 days, prior to intraperitoneal injection of LPS, followed by harvest of liver and serum. In vitro, HepG2 cells were treated with IL-1beta, +/- short-term Rosi pretreatment. RNA was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, while nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting and gel shifts. RESULTS Rosi attenuated LPS-mediated suppression of RNA levels of several Type II NR-regulated genes, including bile acid transporters and the major drug metabolizing enzyme, Cyp3a11, without affecting cytokine expression, suggesting a novel, direct anti-inflammatory effect in hepatocytes. Rosi suppressed the inflammation-induced nuclear export of RXRalpha, in both LPS-injected mice and IL-1beta-treated HepG2 cells, leading to maintenance of nuclear RXRalpha levels and heterodimer binding activity. CONCLUSIONS Rosi directly attenuates the suppressive effects of inflammation-induced cell signaling on nuclear RXRalpha levels in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romi Ghose
- Texas Children's Liver Center/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Peng X, Grosse B, Le Tiec B, Nicolas V, Delagebeaudeuf C, Bedda T, Decaens C, Cassio D. How to induce non-polarized cells of hepatic origin to express typical hepatocyte polarity: generation of new highly polarized cell models with developed and functional bile canaliculi. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 323:233-43. [PMID: 16231191 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Few in vitro models expressing complex hepatocyte polarity are available. We used the unpolarized rat Fao cell line to isolate the polarized WIF-B line. These complex rat-human hybrid cells form functional simple bile canaliculi. To obtain Fao-derived polarized models with a simpler chromosome content and developed bile canaliculi, we employed two approaches. Partial success was achieved with monochromosomal hybrids. As shown by the immunolocalization of apical, basolateral, and tight-junctional proteins, monochromosomal hybrid 11-3 cells were polarized. They formed simple functional bile canaliculi and transiently expressed the typical polarity of simple epithelial cells. One subclone blocked in this polarity state was isolated. A more robust approach was provided by spheroid culture, a three-dimensional system that strengthens cell-cell contacts. Transient spheroid culture induced irreversible polarization of Fao cells. This induction occurred in most spheroids (approximately 1% of the cells). From populations enriched in stably polarized cells, we generated new polarized cell models, designated Can. Can 3-1 cells formed simple functional bile canaliculi when plated at high density. Regardless of plating density, Can 9 and Can 10 cells formed long tubular branched canaliculi competent for vectorial transport of organic anions and bile acids, and involving several dozen adjacent cells. Thus, we have generated new cell models stably expressing typical hepatocyte polarity. Among these models, Can 9 and Can 10 are the first capable of forming functional, highly developed bile canaliculi similar to those formed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Peng
- Inserm, U442, Orsay, 91400, France
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Englert JA, Fink MP. The multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and late-phase mortality in sepsis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2005; 7:335-41. [PMID: 16107229 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-005-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a devastating and common syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation. Sepsis accounts for considerable morbidity and mortality among intensive care unit patients. Although the inflammatory response generated by the immune system represents the body's attempt to clear invading pathogens, it is the failure to modulate this response that leads to dysregulated inflammation and the injury of healthy tissue. A great deal of research has characterized many of the early events and mediators that lead to systemic inflammation and sepsis. However, substantially less is known about the pathogenesis of the late phase of sepsis, which accounts for the vast majority of sepsis-related mortality (ie, the dysfunction and subsequent failure of the major parenchymal organs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Englert
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 615 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Sturm E, Havinga R, Baller JFW, Wolters H, van Rooijen N, Kamps JAAM, Verkade HJ, Karpen SJ, Kuipers F. Kupffer cell depletion with liposomal clodronate prevents suppression of Ntcp expression in endotoxin-treated rats. J Hepatol 2005; 42:102-9. [PMID: 15629514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In sepsis-associated cholestasis, expression of many genes involved in bile acid transport, including Ntcp, is suppressed by cytokines. Kupffer cells (KC) are an important source of cytokines in sepsis. To assess the consequences of KC depletion on hepatic Ntcp expression in endotoxemic rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received liposomal clodronate (CLO) or vehicle (PBS) to deplete KC prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Plasma and liver samples were taken 1 and 16 h after LPS exposure. RESULTS Complete CLO-depletion of KC by was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic gene expression of IL-1beta and TNFalpha as well as TNFalpha plasma levels in CLO/LPS-injected animals were significantly reduced to a mean of 41, 36 and 23% of controls injected with LPS only. Ntcp RNA- and protein expression was significantly higher whereas plasma bile salt concentration was lower in CLO/LPS animals vs. animals injected with LPS only. Binding activity of transcription factors RXR:RAR and HNF1alpha was decreased in LPS only controls but preserved in CLO/LPS treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Clodronate-depletion of KC blocks cytokine-mediated Ntcp suppression upon endotoxin exposure. KC may represent pharmacological targets for treatment of sepsis-associated cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekkehard Sturm
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Elferink MGL, Olinga P, Draaisma AL, Merema MT, Faber KN, Slooff MJH, Meijer DKF, Groothuis GMM. LPS-induced downregulation of MRP2 and BSEP in human liver is due to a posttranscriptional process. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G1008-16. [PMID: 15205115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00071.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin-induced cholestasis in rodents is caused by hepatic downregulation of transporters, including the basolateral Na+-dependent taurocholate transporter (ntcp) and the canalicular bile salt export pump (bsep) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (mrp2). Details about the regulation of the human transporter proteins during this process are lacking. We used precision-cut human and rat liver slices to study the regulation of transporter expression during LPS-induced cholestasis. We investigated the effect of LPS on nitrate/nitrite and cytokine production in relation to the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, NTCP, BSEP, and MRP2 both at the level of mRNA with RT-PCR and protein using immunofluorescence microscopy. In liver slices from both species, LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected within 1-3 h and remained increased over 24 h. In rat liver slices, this was accompanied by a significant decrease of rat ntcp and mrp2 mRNA levels, whereas bsep levels were not affected. These results are in line with previous in vivo studies and validate our liver slice technique. In LPS-treated human liver slices, NTCP mRNA was downregulated and showed an inverse correlation with the amounts of TNF-alpha and Il-1beta produced. In contrast, MRP2 and BSEP mRNA levels were not affected under these conditions. However, after 24-h LPS challenge, both proteins were virtually absent in human liver slices, whereas marker proteins remained detectable. In conclusion, we show that posttranscriptional mechanisms play a more prominent role in LPS-induced regulation of human MRP2 and BSEP compared with the rat transporter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke G L Elferink
- Department Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Sepsis-associated cholestasis should always be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of jaundice in the hospitalized or critically ill patient. The development of a disproportionate elevation of serum bilirubin in comparison with serum alkaline phosphatase and serum aminotransferases should be considered an early warning sign of an underlying infection, even in the absence of fever,leukocytosis, or other signs or symptoms. Prompt recognition and appropriate medical and surgical intervention may reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Moseley
- Medical Service, Ann Arbor VA Health Sysytem, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, USA.
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Hidemura K, Zhao YL, Ito K, Nakao A, Tatsumi Y, Kanazawa H, Takagi K, Ohta M, Hasegawa T. Shiga-like toxin II impairs hepatobiliary transport of doxorubicin in rats by down-regulation of hepatic P glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein Mrp2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1636-42. [PMID: 12709333 PMCID: PMC153315 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.5.1636-1642.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of Shiga-like toxin II (SLT-II), derived from Escherichia coli O157:H7, on the hepatobiliary excretion of doxorubicin, a substrate for P glycoprotein and the multidrug resistance-associated protein Mrp2, and on the expression of P glycoprotein and Mrp2 in rats. Histopathological examination did not show any liver injury in SLT-II-treated rats. A significant delay in the disappearance of doxorubicin from plasma after its intravenous administration (5 mg/kg of body weight) was observed in rats treated 24 h earlier with SLT-II (2 micro g/animal). When rats received an infusion of doxorubicin (2.6 micro g/min) 24 h after intravenous injection of SLT-II, the steady-state concentration of doxorubicin in plasma increased and the bile flow decreased, whereas the concentration in liver did not alter. SLT-II significantly increased the unbound fraction of doxorubicin in plasma but did not alter the concentration in liver tissue. SLT-II significantly decreased the biliary excretion rate and biliary clearance of doxorubicin based on the total concentration and concentration of the unbound fraction in plasma and liver. Western blot analysis revealed that SLT-II down-regulated P glycoprotein and Mrp2 in the liver, which could explain the observed decrease in the biliary excretion of doxorubicin by SLT-II. A tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production inhibitor, pentoxifylline, could not protect SLT-II-induced decreases in the biliary clearance of doxorubicin and down-regulation of both transporters. It is unlikely that TNF-alpha plays a major role in the SLT-II-induced decrease in the hepatobiliary transport of doxorubicin and the down-regulation of both transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Hidemura
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Japan
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Monte MJ, Badia MD, Serrano MA, Sacristan MP, Cassio D, Marin JJ. Predominance of human versus rat phenotype in the metabolic pathways for bile acid synthesis by hybrid WIF-B9 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1534:45-55. [PMID: 11750886 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The rat hepatoma-human fibroblast hybrid cell line WIF-B9 stably exhibits the structural and functional characteristics of normal differentiated hepatocytes. The abilities of these cells to synthesize bile acids and amidate them with glycine and taurine were investigated. The release of bile acids into the culture media over 72 h was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. WIF-B9 cells were able to synthesize bile acids (1.10+/-0.17 nmol/mg protein) but less efficiently than rat hepatocytes in primary culture (2.19+/-0.19 nmol/mg protein; P<0.01). The patterns of major bile acid species produced by both types of cells were also different. Cholic acid (CA; 72%) and beta-muricholic acid (19%) were the major bile acids produced by rat hepatocytes, while chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) accounted for only 4.5% of total bile acids. In contrast, muricholic acids were absent, while CA (62%) and CDCA (34%) were the most abundant bile acids synthesized by WIF-B9 cells. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and gene- and species-specific primers for key enzymes involved in bile acid synthesis, the expression of human, but not rat, orthologues of CYP7A1, CYP27, CYP8B and CYP7B1 was found in WIF-B9 cells. Induction of cell stress by serum deprivation did not change the amount of total bile acids synthesized by these cells, but an inversion of the CA-to-CDCA ratio from 1.8 to 0.3 together with a marked increase in the proportion of intermediate metabolites related to the acidic pathway was found. Using 500 microM radiolabeled CA and 2 mM of taurine or glycine, the ability to amidate CA over 48 h was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Rat hepatocytes conjugated more than 90% CA with either amino acid, whereas this ability was very poor (< 2%) in WIF-B9 cells. Regarding the expression of enzymes and the products of bile acid synthesis, it may be concluded that the human phenotype predominates over that of the rat in WIF-B9 cells. Moreover, these cells are almost completely unable to further conjugate primary bile acids, which facilitates the manipulation of these steroids in analytical procedures. These characteristics make WIF-B9 cells a suitable in vitro model to carry out studies on bile acid synthesis by 'human-like' metabolic pathways.
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Beno DW, Uhing MR, Goto M, Chen Y, Jiyamapa-Serna VA, Kimura RE. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B potentiates LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction in chronically catheterized rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G866-72. [PMID: 11292594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.5.g866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Most models of liver dysfunction in sepsis use endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) to induce a pathophysiological response. In our study published in this issue (Beno DWA, Uhing MR, Goto M, Chen Y, Jiyamapa-Serna VA, and Kimura RE. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280: G858-G865, 2001), the adverse effect of LPS on hepatic function in vivo was only significant at relatively high LPS doses despite high tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations. However, many patients with sepsis are exposed to multiple bacterial toxins that may augment the immune response, resulting in increased hepatic dysfunction. We have developed a model of polymicrobial sepsis by parentally administering a combination of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and LPS. Using this model, we demonstrate that SEB (50 microg/kg) potentiates the effect of LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction as measured by decreased rates of biliary indocyanine green clearance and bile flow. These increases were most pronounced with doses of 10 and 100 microg/kg LPS, doses that by themselves do not induce hepatic dysfunction. This may explain the seemingly increased incidence and severity of liver dysfunction in sepsis, and it suggests that the exclusive use of LPS for replicating septic shock may not be relevant for studies of hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Beno
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Rush Children's Hospital, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress, Chicago, IL 60612
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18
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Hooiveld GJ, van Montfoort JE, Meijer DK, Müller M. Function and regulation of ATP-binding cassette transport proteins involved in hepatobiliary transport. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 12:525-43. [PMID: 11231121 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(01)00101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds is mediated by the coordinated action of multiple transport systems present at the sinusoidal (basolateral) and canalicular (apical) membrane domains of hepatocytes. During the last few years many of these transporters have been cloned and functionally characterized. In addition, the molecular bases of several forms of cholestatic liver disease have been defined. Combined, this has greatly expanded our understanding of the normal physiology of bile formation, the pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis, as well as of drug elimination and disposition processes. In this review recent advances, with respect to function and regulation of ATP binding cassette transport proteins expressed in liver, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hooiveld
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Hooiveld GJ, van Montfoort JE, Meijer DK, Müller M. Function and regulation of ATP-binding cassette transport proteins involved in hepatobiliary transport. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000; 12:13-30. [PMID: 11121730 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds is mediated by the coordinated action of multiple transport systems present at the sinusoidal (basolateral) and canalicular (apical) membrane domains of hepatocytes. During the last few years many of these transporters have been cloned and functionally characterized. In addition, the molecular bases of several forms of cholestatic liver disease have been defined. Combined, this has greatly expanded our understanding of the normal physiology of bile formation, the pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis, as well as of drug elimination and disposition processes. In this review recent advances, with respect to function and regulation of ATP binding cassette transport proteins expressed in liver, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Hooiveld
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Kawaguchi T, Sakisaka S, Mitsuyama K, Harada M, Koga H, Taniguchi E, Sasatomi K, Kimura R, Ueno T, Sawada N, Mori M, Sata M. Cholestasis with altered structure and function of hepatocyte tight junction and decreased expression of canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter in a rat model of colitis. Hepatology 2000; 31:1285-95. [PMID: 10827154 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.7435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Because some cholestasis is resulted from altered hepatocyte tight junctions (TJs) or the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter, we have investigated the following topics in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease: (1) alterations in hepatocyte TJs and in the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter, (2) etiologic factors for cholestasis, and (3) effects of antibiotics on cholestasis. Rats with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis were studied 24 hours after treatment. Hepatocyte TJs and the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter were evaluated by immunostaining for TJ-associated proteins, 7H6 and ZO-1, and multidrug resistance protein 2 (mrp2). To investigate etiologic factors causing cholestasis, portal endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokines were examined. The effects of polymyxin B, penicillin G, or metronidazole on immunostaining for 7H6, ZO-1, mrp2, and cholestasis were investigated. (1) Immunostaining for 7H6 and ZO-1 colocalized outlining the bile canaliculi and immunostaining for mrp2 localized on the canalicular membrane in controls. Treatment with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced significant cholestasis and caused translocation of immunostaining for 7H6, but not that for ZO-1, to the cytoplasm and diminished immunostaining for mrp2 on the canaliculus membrane. (2) The levels of portal endotoxin, but not proinflammatory cytokines, was increased. (3) Polymyxin B, but not the other antibiotics, prevented alterations in immunostaining for both 7H6 and mrp2, and cholestasis. We described that both hepatocyte TJs and the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter were altered and that gut-derived endotoxin levels in the portal blood were increased in this rat colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawaguchi
- Second Department of Medicine and Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Trauner M, Boyer JL. Cholestatic syndromes. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2000; 16:239-50. [PMID: 17023881 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200005000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Continued advances in the field of liver cell biology and molecular biology have provided further insights into the normal physiology of bile secretion and the pathogenesis and therapy for cholestatic syndromes. Important new data have also been published about pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, drug-induced cholestasis, and cholestatic syndromes caused by viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Karl Franzens University School of Medicine, Graz, Austria
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