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Basile BM, Waters SJ, Murray EA. What does preferential viewing tell us about the neurobiology of recognition memory? Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:326-337. [PMID: 38582659 PMCID: PMC11096050 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The two tests most widely used in nonhuman primates to assess the neurobiology of recognition memory produce conflicting results. Preferential viewing tests (e.g., visual paired comparison) produce robust impairments following hippocampal lesions, whereas matching tests (e.g., delayed nonmatching-to-sample) often show complete sparing. Here, we review the data, the proposed explanations for this discrepancy, and then critically evaluate those explanations. The most likely explanation is that preferential viewing tests are not a process-pure assessment of recognition memory, but also test elements of novelty-seeking, habituation, and motivation. These confounds likely explain the conflicting results. Thus, we propose that memory researchers should prefer explicit matching tests and readers interested in the neural substrates of recognition memory should give explicit matching tests greater interpretive weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer J Waters
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Murray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Cheng S, Li M, Fan J, Shang Z, Wan H. Decoding route selection of pigeon during goal-directed behavior: A joint spike-LFP study. Behav Brain Res 2021; 409:113289. [PMID: 33836168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
How to reach the goal is one of the core problems that animals must solve to complete goal-directed behavior. Studies have proved the important role of hippocampus (Hp) in spatial navigation and shown that hippocampal neural activities can represent the current location and goal location. However, for the different routes linking these two locations, the neural representation mechanism of the route selection in Hp is not clear. Here, we addressed this question using neural recordings of Hp ensembles and decoding analyses in pigeons performing a goal-directed route selection task known to require Hp participation. The hippocampal spike trains and local field potentials (LFPs) of five pigeons performing the task were acquired and analyzed. We found that the neuron firing rates and power spectrum characteristics in Hp could encode the animal's route selection during goal-directed behavior, suggesting that the representation of route selection was coherent for hippocampal spike and LFP signals. Decoding results further indicated that joint spike-LFP features resulted in a significant improvement in the representation accuracy of the route selection. These findings of this study will help to understand the encoding mechanism of route selection in goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguan Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiantao Fan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Shang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Wan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou, China.
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Avery SN, McHugo M, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Stable habituation deficits in the early stage of psychosis: a 2-year follow-up study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:20. [PMID: 33414431 PMCID: PMC7791099 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural habituation, the decrease in brain response to repeated stimuli, is a fundamental, highly conserved mechanism that acts as an essential filter for our complex sensory environment. Convergent evidence indicates neural habituation is disrupted in both early and chronic stages of schizophrenia, with deficits co-occurring in brain regions that show inhibitory dysfunction. As inhibitory deficits have been proposed to contribute to the onset and progression of illness, habituation may be an important treatment target. However, a crucial first step is clarifying whether habituation deficits progress with illness. In the present study, we measured neural habituation in 138 participants (70 early psychosis patients (<2 years of illness), 68 healthy controls), with 108 participants assessed longitudinally at both baseline and 2-year follow-up. At follow-up, all early psychosis patients met criteria for a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (i.e., schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder). Habituation slopes (i.e., rate of fMRI signal change) to repeated images were computed for the anterior hippocampus, occipital cortex, and the fusiform face area. Habituation slopes were entered into a linear mixed model to test for effects of group and time by region. We found that early psychosis patients showed habituation deficits relative to healthy control participants across brain regions, and that these deficits were maintained, but did not worsen, over two years. These results suggest a stable period of habituation deficits in the early stage of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Avery
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Maureen McHugo
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.413806.8Research Health Scientist, Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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Johnston M, Scarf D, Wilson A, Millar J, Bartonicek A, Colombo M. The effects of hippocampal and area parahippocampalis lesions on the processing and retention of serial-order behavior, autoshaping, and spatial behavior in pigeons. Hippocampus 2020; 31:261-280. [PMID: 33274822 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of the avian hippocampus and area parahippocampalis in serial-order behavior and a variety of other tasks known to be sensitive to hippocampal damage in mammals. Damage to the hippocampus and area parahippocampalis caused impairments in autoshaping and performance on an analogue of a radial-arm maze task, but had no effect on acquisition of 2-item, 3-item, and 4-item serial-order lists. Additionally, the lesions had no effect on the retention of 3-items lists, or on the ability to perform novel derived lists composed of elements from lists they had previously learned. The impairments in autoshaping and spatial behavior are consistent with the findings in mammals. The absence of impairments on the serial-order task may also be consistent once one considers that damage to the hippocampus in mammals seems to affect more internally-organized rather than externally-organized serial-order tasks. Together, the findings support the view that the avian hippocampal complex serves a function very similar to the mammalian hippocampus, a finding that is interesting given that the architecture of the avian hippocampus differs dramatically from that of the mammalian hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Johnston
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alysha Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Millar
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adam Bartonicek
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Colombo
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Basile BM, Templer VL, Gazes RP, Hampton RR. Preserved visual memory and relational cognition performance in monkeys with selective hippocampal lesions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0484. [PMID: 32832615 PMCID: PMC7439495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The theory that the hippocampus is critical for visual memory and relational cognition has been challenged by discovery of more spared hippocampal tissue than previously reported in H.M., previously unreported extra-hippocampal damage in developmental amnesiacs, and findings that the hippocampus is unnecessary for object-in-context memory in monkeys. These challenges highlight the need for causal tests of hippocampal function in nonhuman primate models. Here, we tested rhesus monkeys on a battery of cognitive tasks including transitive inference, temporal order memory, shape recall, source memory, and image recognition. Contrary to predictions, we observed no robust impairments in memory or relational cognition either within- or between-groups following hippocampal damage. These results caution against over-generalizing from human correlational studies or rodent experimental studies, compel a new generation of nonhuman primate studies, and indicate that we should reassess the relative contributions of the hippocampus proper compared to other regions in visual memory and relational cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Basile
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria L. Templer
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Regina Paxton Gazes
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology and Program in Animal Behavior, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Robert R. Hampton
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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