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Egan-Morriss C, Kimber RL, Powell NA, Lloyd JR. Biotechnological synthesis of Pd-based nanoparticle catalysts. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:654-679. [PMID: 35224444 PMCID: PMC8805459 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00686j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Palladium metal nanoparticles are excellent catalysts used industrially for reactions such as hydrogenation and Heck and Suzuki C-C coupling reactions. However, the global demand for Pd far exceeds global supply, therefore the sustainable use and recycling of Pd is vital. Conventional chemical synthesis routes of Pd metal nanoparticles do not meet sustainability targets due to the use of toxic chemicals, such as organic solvents and capping agents. Microbes are capable of bioreducing soluble high oxidation state metal ions to form metal nanoparticles at ambient temperature and pressure, without the need for toxic chemicals. Microbes can also reduce metal from waste solutions, revalorising these waste streams and allowing the reuse of precious metals. Pd nanoparticles supported on microbial cells (bio-Pd) can catalyse a wide array of reactions, even outperforming commercial heterogeneous Pd catalysts in several studies. However, to be considered a viable commercial option, the intrinsic activity and selectivity of bio-Pd must be enhanced. Many types of microorganisms can produce bio-Pd, although most studies so far have been performed using bacteria, with metal reduction mediated by hydrogenase or formate dehydrogenase enzymes. Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) possess additional enzymes adapted for extracellular electron transport that potentially offer greater control over the properties of the nanoparticles produced. A recent and important addition to the field are bio-bimetallic nanoparticles, which significantly enhance the catalytic properties of bio-Pd. In addition, systems biology can integrate bio-Pd into biocatalytic processes, and processing techniques may enhance the catalytic properties further, such as incorporating additional functional nanomaterials. This review aims to highlight aspects of enzymatic metal reduction processes that can be bioengineered to control the size, shape, and cellular location of bio-Pd in order to optimise its catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Egan-Morriss
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester UK
| | - Richard L Kimber
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Jonathan R Lloyd
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester UK
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Braasch-Turi M, Crans DC. Synthesis of Naphthoquinone Derivatives: Menaquinones, Lipoquinones and Other Vitamin K Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194477. [PMID: 33003459 PMCID: PMC7582351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinones are a class of isoprenoid molecules that have important roles in human biology and bacterial electron transport, and multiple methods have been developed for their synthesis. These compounds consist of a methylnaphthoquinone (MK) unit and an isoprene side chain, such as found in vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), K2, and other lipoquinones. The most common naturally occurring menaquinones contain multiple isoprene units and are very hydrophobic, rendering it difficult to evaluate the biological activity of these compounds in aqueous assays. One way to overcome this challenge has been the application of truncated MK-derivatives for their moderate solubility in water. The synthesis of such derivatives has been dominated by Friedel-Crafts alkylation with BF3∙OEt2. This attractive method occurs over two steps from commercially available starting materials, but it generally produces low yields and a mixture of isomers. In this review, we summarize reported syntheses of both truncated and naturally occurring MK-derivatives that encompass five different synthetic strategies: Nucleophilic ring methods, metal-mediated reactions, electrophilic ring methods, pericyclic reactions, and homologation and side chain extensions. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, identifying methods with a focus on high yields, regioselectivity, and stereochemistry leading to a detailed overview of the reported chemistry available for preparation of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA;
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA
- Correspondence:
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Microbial production of vitamin K2: current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 39:107453. [PMID: 31629792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in blood clotting and prevention of osteoporosis. It has become a focus of research in recent years and has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of vitamin K2 first, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing the microbial vitamin K2 production on the industrial scale. Then, various strategies, including strain mutagenesis and genetic modification, different cultivation modes, fermentation and separation processes, will be summarized and discussed. The future prospects and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production will also be discussed finally.
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Choi WS, Eo JY, Nam SW, Kim JH, Lee YH. The Synthesis of Coenzyme Qn Derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2007.51.6.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Min JH, Lee JS, Yang JD, Koo S. The Friedel−Crafts Allylation of a Prenyl Group Stabilized by a Sulfone Moiety: Expeditious Syntheses of Ubiquinones and Menaquinones. J Org Chem 2003; 68:7925-7. [PMID: 14510583 DOI: 10.1021/jo0350155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic method for the protected p-hydroquinone compounds 4 containing the C5 trans allylic sulfone moiety has been developed by the direct Friedel-Crafts allylation of the protected dihydroquinone 2 with 4-chloro-2-methyl-1-phenylsulfonyl-2-butene (7a) or 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylsulfonyl-2-butene (7b). Expeditious total syntheses of coenzyme Q-10 and vitamin K2(20) have been demonstrated from these valuable key compounds 4a and 4b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Min
- Department of Chemistry, Myong Ji University, Yongin, Kyunggi-Do, 449-728, Korea
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Zhukova EÉ, Aref'eva IV, Eremin SV, Evstigneeva RP. Isolation and identification of minor impurities during the synthesis of vitamin K1. Pharm Chem J 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02218883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A new synthesis of 6,10,14,18-Tetramethyl-5,9,13,17 (E,E,E)-nonadecatetraen-2-one. Arch Pharm Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02977514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yoshizawa T, Toyofuku H, Tachibana K, Kuroda T. REGIOSELECTIVE POLYPRENYL REARRANGEMENT OF POLYPRENYL 2,3,4,5-TETRASUBSTITUTED PHENYL ETHERS PROMOTED BY BORON TRIFLUORIDE. CHEM LETT 1982. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1982.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Vecchi M, Schmid M, Walther W, Gerber F. Determination of the diastereomers of vitamin K1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wilson R, Walsh TF, Gee SK. Laser photochemistry: The wavelength dependent oxidative photodegradation of vitamin K analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)78714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Naruta Y, Maruyama K. REGIO- AND STEREOCONTROLLED POLYPRENYLATION OF QUINONES. A NEW SYNTHETIC METHOD OF VITAMIN K SERIES. CHEM LETT 1979. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1979.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ahlquist L, Bergström G, Liljenberg C. Acyclic diterpene alcohols: occurrence and synthesis of geranylcitronellol, phytol and geranylgeraniol. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1978; 16:231-55. [PMID: 358266 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(78)90046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rittich B, Simek M, Coupek J. Separation of naphthoquinones and lipophilic vitamins by gel and thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1977; 133:345-8. [PMID: 190249 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)83492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A separation of naphthoquinones on silica gel and on silica gel impregnated with polyethylene glycol 200 by thin-layer chromatography was compared with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer S-832-gel using tetrahydrofuran as mobile phase. Factors affecting the separations attainable are discussed, and it is concluded that GPC is a suitable method for the determination of K vitamins in natural materials.
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Spectrophotometric and polarographic determination of vitamin K1 in synthetic samples. Pharm Chem J 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00780038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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[237] Synthesis of vitamins K. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)18039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Dunphy PJ, Brodie AF. [233] The structure and function of quinones in respiratory metabolism. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)18035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Isler O, Mayer H, Ruëgg R, Würsch J. Syntheses of vitamins K and related compounds with special reference to labeling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1967; 24:331-47. [PMID: 5340866 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jackman LM, Rüegg R, Ryser G, von Planta C, Gloor U, Mayer H, Schudel P, Kofler M, Isler O. [On the chemistry of vitamin K. 2. Total synthesis and stereochemistry of trans- and cis-(7'R,11'R)-phylloquinone and related compounds]. Helv Chim Acta 1965; 48:1332-49. [PMID: 5846757 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19650480614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mayer H, Gloor U, Isler O, Rüegg R, Wiss O. Über die Chemie des Vitamins K 1. Mitteilung Die absolute Konfiguration des natürlichen Phyllochinons und am Chemikertreffen Schweiz-Österreich in Innsbruck am 4. X. 1963 (vgl.). Helv Chim Acta 1964. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19640470129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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