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Vaghi F, Facchetti G, Rimoldi I, Bottiglieri M, Contini A, Gelmi ML, Bucci R. Highly efficient morpholine-based organocatalysts for the 1,4-addition reaction between aldehydes and nitroolefins: an unexploited class of catalysts. Front Chem 2023; 11:1233097. [PMID: 37638101 PMCID: PMC10451084 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1233097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated how the pyrrolidine nucleus is more efficient than the corresponding piperidine or morpholine as organocatalysts in the condensation of aldehydes with electrophiles via enamine. Focussing on morpholine-enamines, their low reactivity is ascribed to the presence of oxygen on the ring and to the pronounced pyramidalisation of nitrogen, decreasing the nucleophilicity of the enamine. Thus, the selection of efficient morpholine organocatalysts appears to be a difficult challenge. Herein, we reported on the synthesis of new organocatalysts belonging to the class of ß-morpholine amino acids that were tested in a model reaction, i.e., the 1,4-addition reaction of aldehydes to nitroolefins. Starting from commercially available amino acids and epichlorohydrin, we designed an efficient synthesis for the aforementioned catalysts, controlling the configuration and the substitution pattern. Computational studies indeed disclosed the transition state of the reaction, explaining why, despite all the limitations of the morpholine ring for enamine catalysis, our best catalyst works efficiently, affording condensation products with excellent yields, diastereoselection and good-to-exquisite enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raffaella Bucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, DISFARM, Sezione Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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2
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Jasiński R. Understanding the different reactivity of ( Z)- and ( E)-β-nitrostyrenes in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. An MEDT study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9698-9708. [PMID: 35423465 PMCID: PMC8695397 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental reactivity of isomeric (Z)- and (E)-β-nitrostyrenes participating in [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions has been analysed on the basis of molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the HF/6-311G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) computational levels. It was found that the polar zw-type 32CA reactions with 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide proceed via a one-step mechanism, characterised by the attack of the nucleophilic oxygen centre of the nitrone on the electrophilically activated β-position of these nitrostyrenes. This behaviour is completely understood by means of the analysis of the conceptual DFT reactivity indices. These 32CA reactions present low activation enthalpies of 4.4 (Z) and 5.0 (E) kcal mol-1, and are exo (Z) and endo (E) stereoselective (B3LYP), as well as completely meta regioselective (ωB97X-D, B3LYP). The less stable (Z)-β-nitrostyrene is more reactive than the (E)-one (HF). ELF and AIM topological analyses of the reagents and TSs show the great similitude between their electronic structures. Finally, NCI allows explaining the exo stereoselectivity found in the reaction of (Z)-β-nitrostyrene. The present MEDT study explains the different reactivity, selectivity and competitiveness in the title reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology Warszawska 24 31-155 Cracow Poland
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3
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Möhler JS, Schnitzer T, Wennemers H. Amine Catalysis with Substrates Bearing N-Heterocyclic Moieties Enabled by Control over the Enamine Pyramidalization Direction. Chemistry 2020; 26:15623-15628. [PMID: 32573875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective organocatalytic C-C bond formations that tolerate N-heterocycles are valuable since these moieties are common motifs in numerous chiral bioactive compounds. Such transformations are, however, challenging since N-heterocyclic moieties can interfere with the catalytic reaction. Here, we present a peptide that catalyzes conjugate addition reactions between aldehydes and nitroolefins bearing a broad range of different N-heterocyclic moieties with basic and/or H-bonding sites in excellent yields and stereoselectivities. Tuning of the pyramidalization direction of the enamine intermediate enabled the high stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper S Möhler
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schnitzer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Organocatalysed conjugate addition reactions of aldehydes to nitroolefins with anti selectivity. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Schnitzer T, Möhler JS, Wennemers H. Effect of the enamine pyramidalization direction on the reactivity of secondary amine organocatalysts. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1943-1947. [PMID: 34123288 PMCID: PMC8148379 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral secondary amines are valuable catalysts for reactions that proceed through an enamine intermediate. Here, we explored the importance of the pyramidalization direction of the enamine-N on the reactivity of chiral enamines with a combination of computational, NMR spectroscopic, and kinetic experiments. Studies with peptidic catalysts that bear cyclic amines with different ring sizes revealed that endo-pyramidalized enamines are significantly more reactive compared to exo-pyramidalized analogs. The results show that the pyramidalization direction can have a greater effect than n→π* orbital overlap on the reactivity of chiral enamines. The data enabled the development of a catalyst with higher reactivity compared to the parent catalyst. Endo-pyramidalisation at nitrogen bestows enamines derived from α-substituted amines with higher reactivity compared to exo-pyramidalisation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schnitzer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jasper S Möhler
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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6
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Castro-Alvarez A, Carneros H, Calafat J, Costa AM, Marco C, Vilarrasa J. NMR and Computational Studies on the Reactions of Enamines with Nitroalkenes That May Pass through Cyclobutanes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18167-18194. [PMID: 31720519 PMCID: PMC6844152 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The addition of aldehyde enamines to nitroalkenes affords cyclobutanes in all solvents, with all of the pyrrolidine and proline derivatives tested by us and with all of the substrates we have examined. Depending on the temperature, concentration of water, solvent polarity, and other factors, the opening and hydrolysis of such a four-membered ring may take place rapidly or last for several days, producing the final Michael-like adducts (4-nitrobutanals). Thirteen new cyclobutanes have now been characterized by NMR spectroscopy. As could be expected, s-trans-enamine conformers give rise to all-trans-(4S)-4-nitrocyclobutylpyrrolidines, while s-cis-enamine conformers afford all-trans-(4R)-4-nitrocyclobutylpyrrolidines. These four-membered rings can isomerize to adduct enamines, which should be hydrolyzed via their iminium ions. MP2 and M06-2X calculations predict that one iminium ion is more stable than the other iminium species, so that protonation of the adduct enamines can be quite stereoselective; in the presence of water, the so-called syn adducts (e.g., OCH-*CHR-*CHPh-CH2NO2, with R and Ph syn) eventually become the major products. Why one syn adduct is obtained with aldehydes, whereas cyclic ketones (the predicted ring-fused cyclobutanes of which isomerize to their enamines more easily) produce the other syn adduct, is also explained by means of molecular orbital calculations. Nitro-Michael reactions of aldehyde enamines that "stop" at the nitrocyclobutane stage and final enamine stage do not work catalytically, as known, but those of cyclic ketone enamines that do not work stop at the final enamine stage (if their hydrolysis to the corresponding nitroethylketones is less favorable than expected). These and other facts are accounted for, and the proposals of the groups led by Seebach and Hayashi, Blackmond, and Pihko and Papai are reconciled.
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Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of α,α-Disubstituted Aldehydes to Nitroalkenes Organocatalyzed by Chiral Monosalicylamides from trans-Cyclohexane-1,2-Diamines. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010141. [PMID: 29324713 PMCID: PMC6017890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary amine-salicylamides derived from chiral trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamines are used as organocatalysts for the enantioselective conjugate addition of α,α-disubstituted aldehydes to arylated and heteroarylated nitroalkenes. The reaction is performed in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine as an additive in dichloromethane as a solvent at room temperature. The corresponding enantioenriched γ-nitroaldehydes are obtained with enantioselectivities up to 95%. Theoretical calculations are used to justify the reasons of the stereoinduction.
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Földes T, Madarász Á, Révész Á, Dobi Z, Varga S, Hamza A, Nagy PR, Pihko PM, Pápai I. Stereocontrol in Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether Catalyzed Michael Additions: Steric Shielding or Curtin–Hammett Scenario? J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17052-17063. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Földes
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Madarász
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Révész
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Dobi
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Varga
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Hamza
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter R. Nagy
- MTA-BME
Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical
Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petri M. Pihko
- Department
of Chemistry and NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Husch T, Seebach D, Beck AK, Reiher M. Rigorous Conformational Analysis of Pyrrolidine Enamines with Relevance to Organocatalysis. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Husch
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dieter Seebach
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Albert K. Beck
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 2 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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10
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Borges-González J, Feher-Voelger A, Crisóstomo FP, Morales EQ, Martín T. Tetrahydropyran-Based Hybrid Dipeptides as Asymmetric Catalysts for Michael Addition of Aldehydes to β-Nitrostyrenes. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Borges-González
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC; Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife Spain
| | - Andrés Feher-Voelger
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC; Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife Spain
| | - Fernando Pinacho Crisóstomo
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC; Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, CIBICAN; Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 2 38206 La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife Spain
| | - Ezequiel Q. Morales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC; Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC; Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 3 38206 La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, CIBICAN; Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, 2 38206 La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife Spain
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11
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Enantioselective addition of aryl ketones and acetone to nitroalkenes organocatalyzed by carbamate-monoprotected cyclohexa-1,2-diamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Flores-Ferrándiz J, Fiser B, Gómez-Bengoa E, Chinchilla R. Solvent-Induced Reversal of Enantioselectivity in the Synthesis of Succinimides by the Addition of Aldehydes to Maleimides Catalysed by Carbamate-Monoprotected 1,2-Diamines. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Vega-Peñaloza A, Sánchez-Antonio O, Ávila-Ortiz CG, Escudero-Casao M, Juaristi E. An Alternative Synthesis of Chiral (S)-Proline Derivatives that Contain a Thiohydantoin Moiety and Their Application as Organocatalysts in the Asymmetric Michael Addition Reaction under Solvent-Free Conditions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Enantioselective Michael addition of isobutyraldehyde to nitroalkenes organocatalyzed by chiral primary amine-guanidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Burés J, Armstrong A, Blackmond DG. The interplay of thermodynamics and kinetics in dictating organocatalytic reactivity and selectivity. PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-13-01-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of the real-time identification of intermediates in organocatalytic reactions by NMR spectroscopy coupled with detailed kinetic studies highlight a potential role for stable intermediates reversibly formed downstream from what is generally considered to be the enantioselectivity-determining step. In this work, we employ kinetic modeling to explore these concepts further. We demonstrate that when an intermediate is common to multiple reaction pathways, the relative reactivity of these pathways dictates the ultimate outcome, regardless of the relative stability of other intermediates connected to these pathways. Kinetic modeling also illustrates important implications for enantioselectivity depending on whether such intermediates lie on or off the catalytic cycle.
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16
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Kano T, Sugimoto H, Tokuda O, Maruoka K. Unusual anti-selective asymmetric conjugate addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes catalyzed by a biphenyl-based chiral secondary amine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7028-30. [PMID: 23660992 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42488j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unusual anti-selectivity was observed in the conjugate addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes, when a biphenyl-based chiral secondary amine was used as catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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17
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Rai A, Yadav LDS. An organocatalytic approach to stereoselective synthesis of 2-hydroxyazetidines and 2-hydroxypyrrolidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Seebach D, Sun X, Ebert MO, Schweizer WB, Purkayastha N, Beck AK, Duschmalé J, Wennemers H, Mukaiyama T, Benohoud M, Hayashi Y, Reiher M. Stoichiometric Reactions of Enamines Derived from Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ethers with Nitro Olefins and Lessons for the Corresponding Organocatalytic Conversions - a Survey. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Melchiorre P. Katalyse mit primären Cinchona-Aminen zur asymmetrischen Funktionalisierung von Carbonylverbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Melchiorre P. Cinchona-based primary amine catalysis in the asymmetric functionalization of carbonyl compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9748-70. [PMID: 22893602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric aminocatalysis exploits the potential of chiral primary and secondary amines to catalyze asymmetric reactions. It has greatly simplified the functionalization of carbonyl compounds while ensuring high enantioselectivity. Recent advances in cinchona-based primary amine catalysis have provided new synthetic opportunities and conceptual perspectives for successfully attacking major challenges in carbonyl compound chemistry, which traditional approaches have not been able to address. This Review outlines the historical context for the development of this catalyst class while charting the landmark discoveries and applications that have further expanded the synthetic potential of aminocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Melchiorre
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Seebach D, Sun X, Sparr C, Ebert MO, Schweizer WB, Beck AK. 1,2-Oxazine N-Oxides as Catalyst Resting States in Michael Additions of Aldehydes to Nitro Olefins Organocatalyzed by α,α-Diphenylprolinol Trimethylsilyl Ether. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Burés J, Armstrong A, Blackmond DG. Curtin-Hammett paradigm for stereocontrol in organocatalysis by diarylprolinol ether catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6741-50. [PMID: 22452319 DOI: 10.1021/ja300415t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Detailed mechanistic study of two reactions catalyzed by diarylprolinol ether catalysts, the conjugate addition of aldehydes to nitro-olefins and the α-chlorination of aldehydes, leads to the proposal that the stereochemical outcome in these cases is not determined by the transition state of the step in which the stereogenic center is formed from enamine attack on the electrophile but instead is correlated with the relative stability and reactivity of diastereomeric intermediates downstream in the catalytic cycle. This combination of kinetic and thermodynamic factors illustrates a remarkable Curtin-Hammett scenario that can result in either an enhancement or an erosion of the selectivity that would be predicted by the transition state for enamine attack on the electrophile. Evidence is offered to suggest that this concept may represent a general phenomenon for pyrrolidine-based catalysts lacking an acidic directing proton. Implications for catalyst and reaction design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Burés
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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Yang H, Wong MW. (S)-Proline-catalyzed nitro-Michael reactions: towards a better understanding of the catalytic mechanism and enantioselectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3229-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06993h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Gresser MJ, Wales SM, Keller PA. The attempted stereoselective synthesis of chiral 2,2′-biindoline. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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26
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Wales SM, Willis AC, Keller PA. The first syntheses of enantiopure 2,2′-biindoline. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:9226-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Uehara H, Barbas C. anti-Selective Asymmetric Michael Reactions of Aldehydes and Nitroolefins Catalyzed by a Primary Amine/Thiourea. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9848-52. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Uehara H, Barbas C. anti-Selective Asymmetric Michael Reactions of Aldehydes and Nitroolefins Catalyzed by a Primary Amine/Thiourea. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Zou J. Fluorapatite: An Effective Solid Base Catalyst for Michael Addition of Indole/pyrrole to Nitroalkenes under Solventless Condition. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Belot S, Massaro A, Tenti A, Mordini A, Alexakis A. Enantioselective Organocatalytic Conjugate Addition of Aldehydes to Nitrodienes. Org Lett 2008; 10:4557-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801772p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Belot
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Area di Ricerca CNR di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Assunta Massaro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Area di Ricerca CNR di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Alice Tenti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Area di Ricerca CNR di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Alessandro Mordini
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Area di Ricerca CNR di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Alexandre Alexakis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Area di Ricerca CNR di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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Tao Q, Tang G, Lin K, Zhao YF. α-Aminophosphonates as novel organocatalysts for asymmetric Michael addition of carbonyl compounds to nitroolefins. Chirality 2008; 20:833-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gu LQ, Zhao G. 4,4′-Disubstituted-L-proline Catalyzes the Direct Asymmetric Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitrostyrenes. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Seebach D, Beck A, Badine D, Limbach M, Eschenmoser A, Treasurywala A, Hobi R, Prikoszovich W, Linder B. Are Oxazolidinones Really Unproductive, Parasitic Species in Proline Catalysis? – Thoughts and Experiments Pointing to an Alternative View. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Oare DA, Heathcock CH. Acyclic Stereocontrol in Michael Addition Reactions of Enamines and Enol Ethers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470147290.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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35
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Gu L, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao G. A new class of efficient poly(ethylene-glycol)-supported catalyst based on proline for the asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to nitrostyrenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Lalonde MP, Chen Y, Jacobsen EN. A Chiral Primary Amine Thiourea Catalyst for the Highly Enantioselective Direct Conjugate Addition of α,α-Disubstituted Aldehydes to Nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lalonde MP, Chen Y, Jacobsen EN. A Chiral Primary Amine Thiourea Catalyst for the Highly Enantioselective Direct Conjugate Addition of α,α-Disubstituted Aldehydes to Nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6366-70. [PMID: 16937417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu P Lalonde
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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38
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Effective and recyclable dendritic catalysts for the direct asymmetric Michael addition of aldehydes to nitrostyrenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Mossé S, Laars M, Kriis K, Kanger T, Alexakis A. 3,3‘-Bimorpholine Derivatives as a New Class of Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Michael Addition. Org Lett 2006; 8:2559-62. [PMID: 16737313 DOI: 10.1021/ol0607490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New N-alkyl-3,3'-bimorpholine derivatives (iPBM) were revealed to be efficient organocatalysts for the asymmetric direct Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroolefins and a vinyl sulfone. In these transformations using iPBM, 1,4-adducts were afforded in high yields, with good to high levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction could be explained by an acyclic synclinal model. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mossé
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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40
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Mossé S, Alexakis A. First Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Vinyl Sulfones. Org Lett 2005; 7:4361-4. [PMID: 16178533 DOI: 10.1021/ol051488h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The first asymmetric direct Michael addition of aldehydes to vinyl sulfones catalyzed by N-iPr-2,2'-bipyrrolidine is described. 1,4-Adducts are obtained in good yields and enantioselectivities. The determination of absolute configuration allowed us to postulate a Si,Si transition state model, as shown previously for nitroolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mossé
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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41
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Eberle M, Egli M, Seebach D. Enantioselektive Verseifung der Diacetate von 2-Nitro-1,3-diolen mit Schweineleber-Esterase und Herstellung enantiomerenreiner Derivate von 2-Nitro-allylalkoholen (chirale Verknüpfungsreagenzien). Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19880710102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Seebach D, Kimmerlin T, Šebesta R, Campo MA, Beck AK. How we drifted into peptide chemistry and where we have arrived at. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Andrey O, Alexakis A, Bernardinelli G. Asymmetric Michael addition of alpha-hydroxyketones to nitroolefins catalyzed by chiral diamine. Org Lett 2003; 5:2559-61. [PMID: 12841780 DOI: 10.1021/ol0348755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The regio-, stereo-, and enantioselective direct Michael addition of alpha-hydroxyketones to beta-arylnitroolefins catalyzed by N-iPr-2,2'-bipyrrolidine is described. The formation of an internal hydrogen bond between the OH group of alpha-hydoxyacetone and the tertiary nitrogen of the catalyst leads to the formation of a rigid cis enamine intermediate that explains the inversion of the expected diastereoselectivity and the very high ee's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Andrey
- Chimie Organique, Sciences II, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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44
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Alexakis A, Andrey O. Diamine-catalyzed asymmetric Michael additions of aldehydes and ketones to nitrostyrene. Org Lett 2002; 4:3611-4. [PMID: 12375900 DOI: 10.1021/ol026543q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The direct Michael addition of aldehydes and ketones to nitrostyrene, catalyzed by N-i-Pr-2,2'-bipyrrolidine, is described. The desired 1,4-adducts are obtained in excellent yield with enantioselectivities up to 85% ee and dr up to 95:5 of the syn product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Alexakis
- Chimie Organique, Sciences II, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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45
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An efficient asymmetric synthesis of nitroolefinic lactones with chiral nitroenamines possessing bulky chiral leaving groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(97)00452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Murahashi SI, Naota T. A New Way for Efficient Catalysis by Using Low Valent Ruthenium Complexes as Redox Lewis Acid and Base Catalysts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1996. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.69.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Garg N, Hossain N, Plavec J, Chattopadhyaya J. New synthesis of 3′--substituted-3′-nitromethyl-ribo-thymidines. Tetrahedron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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An Unusual Rearrangement of a LithiatedN-Acyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline to an Amino-indan Skeleton and Structural Comparison of 3-Amino-2-methylindan- and -tetrahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic Acids as Possible Building Blocks for Peptide-Turn Mimics. Helv Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19930760721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Hossain N, Papchikhin A, Garg N, Fedorov I, Chattopadhyaya J. Synthesis of 2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-nitro-2′,3′-didehydrothymidine. Its Use as a General Intermediate for the Preparation of Various 2′,3′-Substituted Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319308021219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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