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Morf WE, Pretsch E, De Rooij NF. Theoretical Treatment and Numerical Simulation of Potential and Concentration Profiles in Extremely Thin Non-Electroneutral Membranes Used for Ion-Selective Electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010; 642:45-56. [PMID: 23255874 PMCID: PMC3523753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of extremely thin non-electroneutral membranes for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is investigated. A theoretical treatment of potential and concentration profiles in space-charge membranes of << 1 μm thickness is presented. The theory is based on the Nernst-Planck equation for ion fluxes, which reduces to Boltzmann's formula at equilibrium, and on the Poisson relationship between space-charge density and electric field gradient. A general solution in integral form is obtained for the potential function and the corresponding ion profiles at equilibrium. A series of explicit sub-solutions is derived for particular cases. Membrane systems with up to three different ion species are discussed, including trapped ionic sites and co-extracted ions. Solid-contacted thin membranes (without formation of aqueous films at the inner interface) are shown to exhibit a sub-Nernstian response. The theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations using a simplified finite-difference procedure based on the Nernst-Planck-Poisson model, which are shown to be in excellent agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Morf
- Institute of Microengineering (IMT), SAMLAB, Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL STI), CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Lindner E, Tóth K. To the Memory of Ernő Pungor: A Subjective View on the History of Ion-Selective Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Seo J, Park S, Lee SS, Fainerman-Melnikova M, Lindoy LF. Copper(II) Interaction with Mono-, Bis- and Tris-Ring N3O2 Macrocycles: Synthetic, X-ray, Competitive Membrane Transport, and Hypochromic Shift Studies. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:2770-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic801265y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joobeom Seo
- Department of Chemistry (BK21) and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, S. Korea, and Centre for Heavy Metal Research, School of Chemistry, F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sunhong Park
- Department of Chemistry (BK21) and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, S. Korea, and Centre for Heavy Metal Research, School of Chemistry, F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry (BK21) and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, S. Korea, and Centre for Heavy Metal Research, School of Chemistry, F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Marina Fainerman-Melnikova
- Department of Chemistry (BK21) and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, S. Korea, and Centre for Heavy Metal Research, School of Chemistry, F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Leonard F. Lindoy
- Department of Chemistry (BK21) and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, S. Korea, and Centre for Heavy Metal Research, School of Chemistry, F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Potentiometric sensors share unique characteristics that set them apart from other electrochemical sensors. Potentiometric nanoelectrodes have been reported and successfully used for many decades, and we review these developments. Current research chiefly focuses on nanoscale films at the outer or the inner side of the membrane, with outer layers for increasing biocompatibility, expanding the sensor response, or improving the limit of detection (LOD). Inner layers are mainly used for stabilizing the response and eliminating inner aqueous contacts or undesired nanoscale layers of water. We also discuss the ultimate detectability of ions with such sensors and the power of coupling the ultra-low LODs of ion-selective electrodes with nanoparticle labels to give attractive bioassays that can compete with state-of-the-art electrochemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Morf WE, Pretsch E, De Rooij NF. Computer Simulation of Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes and Related Systems by Finite-Element Procedures. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007; 602:43-54. [PMID: 20376294 PMCID: PMC2849319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple but powerful numerical simulation for analyzing the electrochemical behavior of ion-selective membranes and liquid junctions is presented. The computer modeling makes use of a finite-element procedure in the space and time domains, which can be easily processed (e. g., with MS Excel software) without the need for complex mathematical evaluations. It leads to convincing results on the dynamic evolution of concentration profiles, potentials, and fluxes in the studied systems. The treatment accounts for influences of convection, flow, or stirring in the sample solution that act on the boundary diffusion layer and it is even capable of including the effects of an electrolyte flow through the whole system. To minimize the number of arbitrary parameters, interfacial reactions are assumed to be near local equilibrium, and space-charge influences are considered via phase-boundary potential differences. The applicability of the computer simulation is demonstrated for different ion-selective membranes as well as for liquid junctions. The numerical results are in excellent agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Morf
- Institute of Microtechnology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Móczár I, Gyurcsányi R, Huszthy P, Jágerszki G, Tóth K, Lindner E. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel, Colored Lipophilic Additive for Spectral Imaging the Transport in Ionophore Based Ion-Selective Membranes. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Influence of cationic and anionic additives on the electrical properties of ionophore-based ion-selective membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kwon NH, Won MS, Park DS, Shim YB. Stability Enhancement of All-Solid-State H+ ISEs with Cross-Linked Silicon-Urethane Matrices. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Charge transfer resistance and differential capacity of the plasticized PVC membrane|water interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Radecka H, Tohda K, Umezawa Y. Optimum concentration of anionic sites in lipophilic macrocyclic pentaamine-based liquid membranes for potentiometric responses to anionic analytes. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:1221-4. [PMID: 11990601 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Radecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Science, Division of Food Research, Olsztyn
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Tohda K, Higuchi T, Dragoe D, Umezawa Y. Threshold ionic site concentrations required for Nernstian potentiometric responses of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:833-9. [PMID: 11708115 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An equation that can describe the concentrations of ionic sites required for a Nernstian potentiometric response slope of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes is presented. This equation is derived from a model based on electrical diffuse layers on both the membrane and the aqueous sides of the interface, in which the phase boundary potential is correlated to the surface charge density as well as the salt concentrations in the bulk membrane and aqueous solution. To experimentally and accurately confirm the validity of this equation, response characteristics of field effect transistors covered by neutral ionophore-based liquid membranes with varying concentrations of a derivative of tetraphenylborate as an anionic site but free of ionic impurities were examined. The observed membrane potentials and the response slopes for membranes with various concentrations of anionic sites were in good agreement with the values calculated from the theory presented in this paper with the measured complexation stability constants for the relevant systems. This result indicates that the theoretical prediction based on the proposed equation for the anionic site concentration is accessible for the preparation of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes, which show Nernstian response slopes for the primary ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tohda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Andredakis GE, Moschou EA, Matthaiou K, Froudakis GE, Chaniotakis NA. Theoretical and experimental studies of metallated phenanthroline derivatives as carriers for the optimization of the nitrate sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vincze A, Horvai G, Leermakers FAM. Modeling of the Electrified Interface of Liquid Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9835420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Vincze
- Department of NBC and Environmental Protection, Miklós Zrínyi University of National Defense, H-1101 Budapest, Hungária krt. 9-11, Hungary, Division of Chemical Information Technology, Technical University of Budapest, H-1111 Budapest, Gellért tér 4, Hungary, and Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - G. Horvai
- Department of NBC and Environmental Protection, Miklós Zrínyi University of National Defense, H-1101 Budapest, Hungária krt. 9-11, Hungary, Division of Chemical Information Technology, Technical University of Budapest, H-1111 Budapest, Gellért tér 4, Hungary, and Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. A. M. Leermakers
- Department of NBC and Environmental Protection, Miklós Zrínyi University of National Defense, H-1101 Budapest, Hungária krt. 9-11, Hungary, Division of Chemical Information Technology, Technical University of Budapest, H-1111 Budapest, Gellért tér 4, Hungary, and Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Bakker E, Bühlmann P, Pretsch E. Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 1. General Characteristics. Chem Rev 1997; 97:3083-3132. [PMID: 11851486 DOI: 10.1021/cr940394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1528] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Odashima K, Bühlmann P, Sugawara M, Tohda K, Koga K, Umezawa Y. Chemical sensing based on membranes with supramolecular functions of biomimetic and biological origin. ADVANCES IN SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1068-7459(97)80018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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EMF response of neutral-carrier based ion-sensitive field effect transistors with membranes free of ionic sites. Electrochim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bakker E, Nägele M, Schaller U, Pretsch E. Applicability of the phase boundary potential model to the mechanistic understanding of solvent polymeric membrane-based ion-selective electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140070906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bühlmann P, Yajima S, Tohda K, Umezawa K, Nishizawa S, Umezawa Y. Studies on the phase boundaries and the significance of ionic sites of liquid membrane ion-selective electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vincze A, Horvai G, Leermakers FAM. Computer modeling of the membrane-solution interface of liquid membrane ion-selective electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140070915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Syverud K, Ratkje SK. An Operationally Defined Method for Ion Selective Electrode Studies: Potassium Selectivity of Polyvinyl Chloride Membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1994.185.part_2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Verpoorte EMJ, Chan ADC, Harrison DJ. Ion pairing and acid dissociation constants in poly(vinyl chloride)-based ion-selective electrode membranes. ELECTROANAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Anion effects on Donnan failure of aminated-poly(vinyl chloride)-based and neutral-carrier-based pH sensors. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cation permselectivity in the phase boundary of ionophore-incorporated solvent polymeric membranes as studied by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nahir TM, Buck RP. Transport Properties of H+-Selective Membranes Containing Amine-Derivative Ionophores and Mobile Sites. Helv Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19930760124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Horv�th V, Horvai G, Pungor E. Ion exchange at neutral carrier ion-selective electrode membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00321246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Verpoorte EM, Harrison D. Calibration of anion permeation in K+ ion-selective electrode membranes using impedance methods. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80109-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Preparation of di- and triamides and their application in ion-selective electrodes. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01041636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Huser M, Morf WE, Fluri K, Seiler K, Schulthess P, Simon W. Transport Properties of Anion-Selective Membranes Based on Cobyrinates and Metalloporphyrin Complexes as Ionophores. Helv Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19900730528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Harrison D. Effect of blood on K+ion sensitive membrane electrode performance and bulk resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(90)85133-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Morf WE, Simon W. Influence of Anionic Sites In Solvent Polymeric Membranes On Potential Response and Ion-Selectivity Behavior. ANAL LETT 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718908051399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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