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Lyu J, Ushimaru R, Abe I. Characterization of Enzymes Catalyzing the Initial Steps of the β-Lactam Tabtoxin Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2022; 24:3337-3341. [PMID: 35510837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tabtoxin is a β-lactam ring-containing phytotoxin produced by a plant pathogenic Pseudomonas species. Here, we describe the early stages of tabtoxin biosynthesis, involving a C-methylation reaction catalyzed by the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferase TblA as the initial step for the β-lactam construction. Gene deletion and in vitro biochemical assays demonstrated that the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase domain of TblD catalyzes the acetylation of the α-amino group of 5-methyl-l-lysine. This establishment of the early reaction steps lays the foundation for characterizing unique β-lactam biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lyu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Richiro Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,ACT-X, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Masschelein J, Jenner M, Challis GL. Antibiotics from Gram-negative bacteria: a comprehensive overview and selected biosynthetic highlights. Nat Prod Rep 2017. [PMID: 28650032 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2017The overwhelming majority of antibiotics in clinical use originate from Gram-positive Actinobacteria. In recent years, however, Gram-negative bacteria have become increasingly recognised as a rich yet underexplored source of novel antimicrobials, with the potential to combat the looming health threat posed by antibiotic resistance. In this article, we have compiled a comprehensive list of natural products with antimicrobial activity from Gram-negative bacteria, including information on their biosynthetic origin(s) and molecular target(s), where known. We also provide a detailed discussion of several unusual pathways for antibiotic biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria, serving to highlight the exceptional biocatalytic repertoire of this group of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Masschelein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK.
| | - M Jenner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK.
| | - G L Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK.
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Origins of the β-lactam rings in natural products. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:401-10. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hamed RB, Gomez-Castellanos JR, Henry L, Ducho C, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. The enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:21-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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5
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Wencewicz TA, Walsh CT. Pseudomonas syringae self-protection from tabtoxinine-β-lactam by ligase TblF and acetylase Ttr. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7712-25. [PMID: 22994681 DOI: 10.1021/bi3011384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae produce the hydroxy-β-lactam antimetabolite tabtoxinine-β-lactam (TβL) as a time-dependent inactivating glutamine analogue of plant glutamine synthetases. The producing pseudomonads use multiple modes of self-protection, two of which are characterized in this study. The first is the dipeptide ligase TblF which converts tabtoxinine-β-lactam to the TβL-Thr dipeptide known as tabtoxin. The dipeptide is not recognized by glutamine synthetase. This represents a Trojan Horse strategy: the dipeptide is secreted, taken up by dipeptide permeases in neighboring cells, and TβL is released by peptidase action. The second self-protection mode is elaboration by the acetyltransferase Ttr, which acetylates the α-amino group of the proximal inactivator TβL, but not the tabtoxin dipeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Wencewicz
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Arrebola E, Cazorla FM, Perez-García A, de Vicente A. Chemical and metabolic aspects of antimetabolite toxins produced by Pseudomonas syringae pathovars. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:1089-110. [PMID: 22069758 PMCID: PMC3202874 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3091089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is a phytopathogenic bacterium present in a wide variety of host plants where it causes diseases with economic impact. The symptoms produced by Pseudomonas syringae include chlorosis and necrosis of plant tissues, which are caused, in part, by antimetabolite toxins. This category of toxins, which includes tabtoxin, phaseolotoxin and mangotoxin, is produced by different pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae. These toxins are small peptidic molecules that target enzymes of amino acids' biosynthetic pathways, inhibiting their activity and interfering in the general nitrogen metabolism. A general overview of the toxins' chemistry, biosynthesis, activity, virulence and potential applications will be reviewed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Arrebola
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Cazorla
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga 29071, Spain; (F.M.C.); (A.P.-G.); (A.V.)
| | - Alejandro Perez-García
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga 29071, Spain; (F.M.C.); (A.P.-G.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonio de Vicente
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga 29071, Spain; (F.M.C.); (A.P.-G.); (A.V.)
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Haajanen K, Botting NP. Synthesis of multiply 13C-labeled furofuran lignans using 13C-labeled cinnamyl alcohols as building blocks. Steroids 2006; 71:231-9. [PMID: 16360720 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant lignans are currently being widely studied for their potential benefits for human health as their consumption has been correlated with lower risks for developing chronic diseases, such as breast cancer and coronary heart disease. However, studies of some classes of lignans, in particular the furofurans, are hampered by the lack of suitable standards to allow accurate analysis. Herein, we report the syntheses of two racemic (13)C-labeled furofuran lignans [7,8,9-(13)C(3)]medioresinol and [7,8,9-(13)C(3)]sesamin as internal standards for LC-MS analysis. The labeled furofuran lignans were constructed from triply labeled cinnamyl alcohols, using a radical cyclization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Haajanen
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST Scotland, UK
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Roth P, Hädener A, Tamm C. Further Studies on the Biosynthesis of Tabtoxin (Wildfire Toxin): Incorporation of [2,3-13C2]Pyruvate into the β-Lactam Moiety. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19900730228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu L, Shaw PD. A possible role for acetylated intermediates in diaminopimelate and tabtoxinine-beta-lactam biosynthesis in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci BR2.024. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:5922-7. [PMID: 9294453 PMCID: PMC179485 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.18.5922-5927.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The deduced product of an open reading frame (ORF3) located in the tabtoxinine-beta-lactam (T beta L) biosynthetic region of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci BR2.024 (BR2.024) has significant sequence homology to the dapD products of other bacteria. dapD encodes L-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate succinyl coenzyme A succinyltransferase (THDPA-ST), an enzyme in the diaminopimelate (DAP) and lysine biosynthetic pathway. Complementation studies, in vitro transcription-translation experiments, and enzymatic assays indicated that ORF3 encodes a product with THDPA-ST activity in Escherichia coli dapD mutant beta 274. However, a BR2.024 mutant with an insert in ORF3 was prototrophic, and only basal THDPA-ST activity was detected in extracts of both parent and mutant. This finding suggested that ORF3 was not required for DAP biosynthesis and that it did not encode a product with THDPA-ST activity. The results of enzymatic studies, indicating that BR2.024 uses acetylated intermediates for DAP biosynthesis, are consistent with the hypothesis that BR2.024 does not need THDPA-ST for DAP biosynthesis. The ORF3 mutant produced reduced levels of tabtoxin, indicating that ORF3 may have a role in T beta L biosynthesis. We have named the gene tabB and have proposed a possible function for the gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61801, USA
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Liu L, Shaw PD. Characterization of dapB, a gene required by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci BR2.024 for lysine and tabtoxinine-beta-lactam biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:507-13. [PMID: 8990304 PMCID: PMC178722 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.2.507-513.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dapB gene, which encodes L-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate reductase, the second enzyme of the lysine branch of the aspartic amino acid family, was cloned and sequenced from a tabtoxin-producing bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci BR2.024. The deduced amino acid sequence shared 60 to 90% identity to known dapB gene products from gram-negative bacteria and 19 to 21% identity to the dapB products from gram-positive bacteria. The consensus sequence for the NAD(P)H binding site [(V/I)(A/G)(V/I)XGXXGXXG)] and the proposed substrate binding site (HHRHK) were conserved in the polypeptide. A BR2.024 dapB mutant is a diaminopimelate auxotroph and tabtoxin negative. The addition of a mixture of L-,L-, D,D-, and meso-diaminopimelate to defined media restored growth but not tabtoxin production. Cloned DNA fragments containing the parental dapB gene restored the ability to grow in defined media and tabtoxin production to the dapB mutant. These results indicate that the dapB gene is required for both lysine and tabtoxin biosynthesis, thus providing the first genetic evidence that the biosynthesis of tabtoxin proceeds in part along the lysine biosynthetic pathway. These data also suggest that L-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate is a common intermediate for both lysine and tabtoxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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Baldwin JE, Fieldhouse R, Russell AT. Synthesis and assignment of the relative stereochemistry of a putative biosynthetic precursor of tabtoxinine β-lactam. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Tamm C. Chemie der Kohlenhydrate, der Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe und der mikrobiellen Stoffwechselprodukte im Spiegel derHelvetica Chimica Acta 1918-1992. Helv Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19920750703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Barta TM, Kinscherf TG, Willis DK. Regulation of tabtoxin production by the lemA gene in Pseudomonas syringae. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:3021-9. [PMID: 1314808 PMCID: PMC205957 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.9.3021-3029.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens, a pathogen of oats, was mutagenized with Tn5 to generate mutants defective in tabtoxin production. From a screen of 3,400 kanamycin-resistant transconjugants, seven independent mutants that do not produce tabtoxin (Tox-) were isolated. Although the Tn5 insertions within these seven mutants were linked, they were not located in the previously described tabtoxin biosynthetic region of P. syringae. Instead, all of the insertions were within the P. syringae pv. coronafaciens lemA gene. The lemA gene is required by strains of P. syringae pv. syringae for pathogenicity on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). In contrast to the phenotype of a P. syringae pv. syringae lemA mutant, the Tox- mutants of P. syringae pv. coronafaciens were still able to produce necrotic lesions on oat plants (Avena sativa), although without the chlorosis associated with tabtoxin production. Northern (RNA) hybridization experiments indicated that a functional lemA gene was required for the detection of a transcript produced from the tblA locus located in the tabtoxin biosynthetic region. Marker exchange mutagenesis of the tblA locus resulted in loss of tabtoxin production. Therefore, both the tblA and lemA genes are required for tabtoxin biosynthesis, and the regulation of tabtoxin production by lemA probably occurs at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Barta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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