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Abstract
The natural product himastatin has an unusual homodimeric structure that presents a substantial synthetic challenge. We report the concise total synthesis of himastatin from readily accessible precursors, incorporating a final-stage dimerization strategy that was inspired by a detailed consideration of the compound's biogenesis. Combining this approach with a modular synthesis enabled expedient access to more than a dozen designed derivatives of himastatin, including synthetic probes that provide insight into its antibiotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyan A. D’Angelo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carly K. Schissel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Corresponding authors. ,
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Corresponding authors. ,
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2
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Song Q, Cheng Z, Kariuki M, Hall SCL, Hill SK, Rho JY, Perrier S. Molecular Self-Assembly and Supramolecular Chemistry of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13936-13995. [PMID: 33938738 PMCID: PMC8824434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This Review focuses on the establishment and development of self-assemblies governed by the supramolecular interactions between cyclic peptides. The Review first describes the type of cyclic peptides able to assemble into tubular structures to form supramolecular cyclic peptide nanotubes. A range of cyclic peptides have been identified to have such properties, including α-peptides, β-peptides, α,γ-peptides, and peptides based on δ- and ε-amino acids. The Review covers the design and functionalization of these cyclic peptides and expands to a recent advance in the design and application of these materials through their conjugation to polymer chains to generate cyclic peptide-polymer conjugates nanostructures. The Review, then, concentrates on the challenges in characterizing these systems and presents an overview of the various analytical and characterization techniques used to date. This overview concludes with a critical survey of the various applications of the nanomaterials obtained from supramolecular cyclic peptide nanotubes, with a focus on biological and medical applications, ranging from ion channels and membrane insertion to antibacterial materials, anticancer drug delivery, gene delivery, and antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Song
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Zihe Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Maria Kariuki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Sophie K. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Julia Y. Rho
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick Medical
School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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3
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Silk MR, Price JR, Mohanty B, Leiros HKS, Lund BA, Thompson PE, Chalmers DK. Side-Chain Interactions in d/l Peptide Nanotubes: Studies by Crystallography, NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics. Chemistry 2021; 27:14489-14500. [PMID: 34415083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the factors affecting the stability of cyclic d/l peptide (CP) nanotubes remains underdeveloped. In this work, we investigate the impact of side chain alignment, hydrophobicity and charge on CP nanotube stability through X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We characterise the distinct CP-CP alignments that can form and identify stable and unstable dimers by MD simulation. We measure H-bond half-lives of synthesised CPs by 1 H-D exchange experiments and find good correlation with predicted CP-CP stabilities. We find that hydrophobic amino acids improve CP dimer stability but experimentally reduce solubility. Charged amino acids either increase or decrease CP dimer stability depending on the relative orientation and composition of charged groups. X-ray crystal structures are solved for two CPs, revealing non-tubular folded conformations. Ultimately, this work will assist the educated design of stable tubular structures for potential applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Silk
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jason R Price
- Australian Synchrotron, The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Biswaranjan Mohanty
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hanna-Kirsti S Leiros
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjarte A Lund
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David K Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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4
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Fakhari S, Nouri A, Jamzad M, Arab‐Salmanabadi S, Falaki F. Investigation of inclusion complex of metformin into selective cyclic peptides as novel drug delivery system: Structure, electronic properties,
AIM,
and
NBO
study via
DFT. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Fakhari
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr‐e‐Qods Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Azita Nouri
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr‐e‐Qods Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Mina Jamzad
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr‐e‐Qods Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Foujan Falaki
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr‐e‐Qods Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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5
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Vijayaraj R, Van Damme S, Bultinck P, Subramanian V. Molecular Dynamics and Umbrella Sampling Study of Stabilizing Factors in Cyclic Peptide-Based Nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9922-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vijayaraj
- Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai
600 020, India
- Department
of Inorganic and
Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281(S3), Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - S. Van Damme
- Department
of Inorganic and
Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281(S3), Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - P. Bultinck
- Department
of Inorganic and
Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281(S3), Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - V. Subramanian
- Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai
600 020, India
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6
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van der Knaap M, Otero JM, Llamas-Saiz A, van Raaij MJ, Lageveen LI, Busscher HJ, Grotenbreg GM, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. Design, synthesis and structural analysis of mixed α/β-peptides that adopt stable cyclic hairpin-like conformations. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Afonso R, Mendes A, Gales L. Peptide-based solids: porosity and zeolitic behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13568f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Smith AB, Charnley AK, Hirschmann R. Pyrrolinone-based peptidomimetics. "Let the enzyme or receptor be the judge". Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:180-93. [PMID: 21175156 PMCID: PMC3078624 DOI: 10.1021/ar1001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins, evolved by nature to perform vital biological functions, would constitute ideal candidates for therapeutic intervention were it not for their generally poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Nonpeptide peptidomimetics have thus been pursued because they might overcome these limitations while maintaining both the potency and selectivity of the parent peptide or protein. Since the late 1980s, we have sought to design, synthesize, and evaluate a novel, proteolytically stable nonpeptide peptidomimetic scaffold consisting of a repeating structural unit amenable to iterative construction; a primary concern is maintaining both the appropriate peptide-like side-chains and requisite hydrogen bonding. In this Account, we detail how efforts in the Smith-Hirschmann laboratories culminated in the identification of the 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold. We developed effective synthetic protocols, both in solution and on solid supports, for iterative construction of diverse polypyrrolinones that present functionalized peptide-like side-chains. As a result of the rigid nature of the pyrrolinone scaffold, control over the backbone conformation could be exerted by modulation of the stereogenicity of the constituent monomers and the network of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The extended conformation of the homochiral 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold proved to be an excellent mimic for β-strands and β-sheets. Application to enzyme inhibitor design and synthesis led not only to modest inhibitors of the aspartic acid protease renin and the matrix metalloprotease class of enzymes, but importantly to bioavailable HIV-1 protease inhibitors with subnanomolar binding constants. The design and synthesis of a competent peptide-pyrrolinone hybrid ligand for the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen protein HLA-DR1 further demonstrated the utility of the 3,5-polypyrrolinone motif as a mimic for the extended polyproline type II peptide backbone. Equally important, we sought to define, by synthesis, the additional conformational space accessible to the polypyrrolinone structural motif, with the ultimate goal of accessing pyrrolinone-based turn and helix mimetics. Toward this end, a mono-N-methylated bispyrrolinone was found to adopt an extended helical array in the solid state. Subsequent synthesis of d,l-alternating (heterochiral) tetrapyrrolinones both validated the expected turn conformations in solution and led to a functionally active mimetic of a peptidal β-turn (similar to somatostatin). Finally, the design, synthesis, and structural evaluation of both acyclic and cyclic heterochiral (that is, d,l-alternating) hexapyrrolinones yielded nanotube-like assemblies in the solid state. Taken together, these results illustrate the remarkable potential of the 3,5-linked polypyrrolinone scaffold as β-strand, β-sheet, β-turn, and potentially helical peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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9
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Vijayaraj R, Sundar Raman S, Mahesh Kumar R, Subramanian V. Studies on the Structure and Stability of Cyclic Peptide Based Nanotubes Using Oligomeric Approach: A Computational Chemistry Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16574-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105403u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vijayaraj
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - S. Sundar Raman
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - R. Mahesh Kumar
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - V. Subramanian
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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10
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Smith AB, Xiong H, Charnley AK, Brenner M, Mesaros EF, Kenesky CS, Di Costanzo L, Christianson DW, Hirschmann R. Design, synthesis, and structural analysis of D,L-mixed polypyrrolinones. 2. Macrocyclic hexapyrrolinones. Org Lett 2010; 12:2994-7. [PMID: 20518572 DOI: 10.1021/ol101008y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and structural analysis of two macrocyclic D,L-alternating hexapyrrolinones have been achieved. These cyclic peptide mimics adopt a flat, hexagonal conformation, stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between adjacent pyrrolinone rings. Extensive NMR studies and X-ray analysis reveal, respectively, that the macrocyclic hexapyrrolinones aggregate in solution and in the solid state form staggered stacked nanotube-like assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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11
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Zhi-Quan P, Qin-Hui L, De-Liang L, Jiu-Tong C. Synthesis of a new macrocyclic compound and its self-assembly. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20000180123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Smith AB, Wang W, Charnley AK, Carroll PJ, Kenesky CS, Hirschmann R. Design, synthesis, and structural analysis of D,L-mixed polypyrrolinones. 1. From nonpeptide peptidomimetics to nanotubes. Org Lett 2010; 12:2990-3. [PMID: 20518540 PMCID: PMC2892756 DOI: 10.1021/ol101007n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To expand the potential conformational space available to the polypyrroline structural motif, an open chain, D,L-alternating hexapyrrolinone was designed and synthesized. Structural studies, including solution NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis, revealed that the hexapyrrolinone adopts a turn conformation both in solution and in the solid state, with aggregation in solution and a nanotube-like quaternary structure in the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Wenyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Adam K. Charnley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Craig S. Kenesky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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13
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Brea RJ, Reiriz C, Granja JR. Towards functional bionanomaterials based on self-assembling cyclic peptide nanotubes. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 39:1448-56. [PMID: 20419200 DOI: 10.1039/b805753m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to the preparation of artificial nanotubular materials. One of the most successful approaches for the construction of noncovalently bonded nanotube entities is the self-assembly of cyclic polypeptides in stacks that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. This tutorial review covers the history and current situation for synthetic organic nanostructures obtained from self-assembling cyclic peptides. In particular, we describe the evolution to cyclic peptides that not only allow the modification of the outer surface but also the inner cavity by paying special attention to peptide rings that contain cyclic gamma-amino acids. In this respect, we describe the synthesis, properties and application of a new class of homo- and heterodimeric supramolecular assemblies that are precursors of cyclic alpha,gamma-peptide nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Brea
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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14
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Praveena G, Kolandaivel P. Structural and dynamical studies of all-trans and all-cis cyclo[(1R,3S)-γ-Acc-Gly]3 peptides. J Mol Model 2008; 14:1147-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Kranz M, Murray PJ, Taylor S, Upton RJ, Clegg W, Elsegood MRJ. Solution, solid phase and computational structures of apicidin and its backbone-reduced analogs. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:383-8. [PMID: 16342331 DOI: 10.1002/psc.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The recently isolated broad-spectrum antiparasitic apicidin (1) is one of the few naturally occurring cyclic tetrapeptides (CTP). Depending on the solvent, the backbone of 1 exhibits two gamma-turns (in CH(2)Cl(2)) or a beta-turn (in DMSO), differing solely in the rotation of the plane of one of the amide bonds. In the X-ray crystal structure, the peptidic C==Os and NHs are on opposite sides of the backbone plane, giving rise to infinite stacks of cyclotetrapeptides connected by three intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the backbones. Conformational searches (Amber force field) on a truncated model system of 1 confirm all three backbone conformations to be low-energy states. The previously synthesized analogs of 1 containing a reduced amide bond exhibit the same backbone conformation as 1 in DMSO, which is confirmed further by the X-ray crystal structure of a model system of the desoxy analogs of 1. This similarity helps in explaining why the desoxy analogs retain some of the antiprotozoal activities of apicidin. The backbone-reduction approach designed to facilitate the cyclization step of the acyclic precursors of the CTPs seems to retain the conformational preferences of the parent peptide backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kranz
- GlaxoSmithKline Cambridge Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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16
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Nefzi A, Santos RT. A versatile access to new macrocyclic oligoheterocycles (MOH). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3358-61. [PMID: 16678411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and straightforward methodology for the parallel solid-phase synthesis of a variety of new macrocyclic oligoheterocycles is described. Exhaustive reduction of resin-bound cyclic polyamides using borane generates polyamines. Treatment of separated pairs of amines with a variety of bifunctional reagents provides, following cleavage from the solid support, the desired macrocyclic oligoheterocyclic (MOH) compounds in good yields and purities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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17
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Seebach D, Overhand M, Kühnle FNM, Martinoni B, Oberer L, Hommel U, Widmer H. β-Peptides: Synthesis by Arndt-Eistert homologation with concomitant peptide coupling. Structure determination by NMR and CD spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography. Helical secondary structure of a β-hexapeptide in solution and its stability towards pe. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19960790402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Gauthier D, Baillargeon P, Drouin M, Dory YL. Self-Assembly of Cyclic Peptides into Nanotubes and Then into Highly Anisotropic Crystalline Materials This work was supported by FCAR Québec. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:4635-4638. [PMID: 12404370 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20011217)40:24<4635::aid-anie4635>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gauthier
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Supramoléculaire, Département de Chimie Université de Sherbrooke 3001 12e Avenue nord, Fleurimont, J1H 5N4, PQ (Canada)
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19
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Gauthier D, Baillargeon P, Drouin M, Dory YL. Self-Assembly of Cyclic Peptides into Nanotubes and Then into Highly Anisotropic Crystalline Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011217)113:24<4771::aid-ange4771>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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23
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24
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Kalesse M, Wartchow R. Structural features for the promotion of optimal stacking in the solid state. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Motesharei K, Ghadiri MR. Diffusion-Limited Size-Selective Ion Sensing Based on SAM-Supported Peptide Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9727171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kianoush Motesharei
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry & Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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26
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27
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Schmidt U, Langner J. Cyclotetrapeptides and cyclopentapeptides: occurrence and synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1997; 49:67-73. [PMID: 9128102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1997.tb01122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The structures reported for the three cancerostatic all-L-cyclotetrapeptides cyclo(Pro-Leu)2, cyclo(Pro-Val)2 and cyclo(Pro-Phe)2 isolated from a tunicate seem questionable. The synthetic compounds claimed to be identical to the naturally occurring cyclotetrapeptides are in fact not cyclotetrapeptides but rather cyclooctapeptides. We have not been able to prepare the tyrosinase inhibitor cyclo(Pro-Val-Pro-Tyr). Ring closure of H-Pro-Val-Pro-Tyr-OC6F5 gave rise to 31% of cyclo(Pro-Val-Pro-D-Tyr). The same product was obtained in 53% yield from H-Pro-Val-Pro-D-Tyr-OC6F5. For the ring closure to the all-L-cyclopentapeptide cyclo(Pro-Ala-Ala-Phe-Leu), all ring closure positions have been investigated. The reaction at the nitrogen atom of leucine leads to 21% of the all-L-cyclopentapeptide. Dimers or mixtures of monomers and dimers result from reaction at all other positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Ghadiri MR, Kobayashi K, Granja JR, Chadha RK, McRee DE. Strukturelle und thermodynamische Voraussetzungen für die Bildung selbstorganisierter röhrenförmiger Peptid-Nanostrukturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Reza Ghadiri M, Granja JR, Milligan RA, McRee DE, Khazanovich N. Correction: Self-assembling organic nanotubes based on a cyclic peptide architecture. Nature 1994. [DOI: 10.1038/372709a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Sun X, Lorenzi GP. On the Stacking of ? -Rings: The solution self-association behavior of two partiallyN-methylated cyclo(hexaleucines). Helv Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19940770607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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A structural two-ring version of a tubular stack of?-rings in crystals of a cyclic D,L-hexapeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00706936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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