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Alfieri ML, Panzella L, Amorati R, Cariola A, Valgimigli L, Napolitano A. Role of Sulphur and Heavier Chalcogens on the Antioxidant Power and Bioactivity of Natural Phenolic Compounds. Biomolecules 2022; 12:90. [PMID: 35053239 PMCID: PMC8774257 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of natural phenols is primarily associated to their antioxidant potential, but is ultimately expressed in a variety of biological effects. Molecular scaffold manipulation of this large variety of compounds is a currently pursued approach to boost or modulate their properties. Insertion of S/Se/Te containing substituents on phenols may increase/decrease their H-donor/acceptor ability by electronic and stereo-electronic effects related to the site of substitution and geometrical constrains. Oxygen to sulphur/selenium isosteric replacement in resveratrol or ferulic acid leads to an increase in the radical scavenging activity with respect to the parent phenol. Several chalcogen-substituted phenols inspired by Vitamin E and flavonoids have been prepared, which in some cases prove to be chain-breaking antioxidants, far better than the natural counterparts. Conjugation of catechols with biological thiols (cysteine, glutathione, dihydrolipoic acid) is easily achieved by addition to the corresponding ortho-quinones. Noticeable examples of compounds with potentiated antioxidant activities are the human metabolite 5-S-cysteinyldopa, with high iron-induced lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, due to strong iron (III) binding, 5-S-glutathionylpiceatannol a most effective inhibitor of nitrosation processes, and 5-S-lipoylhydroxytyrosol, and its polysulfides that proved valuable oxidative-stress protective agents in various cellular models. Different methodologies have been used for evaluation of the antioxidant power of these compounds against the parent compounds. These include kinetics of inhibition of lipid peroxidation alkylperoxyl radicals, common chemical assays of radical scavenging, inhibition of the OH• mediated hydroxylation/oxidation of model systems, ferric- or copper-reducing power, scavenging of nitrosating species. In addition, computational methods allowed researchers to determine the Bond Dissociation Enthalpy values of the OH groups of chalcogen modified phenolics and predict the best performing derivative. Finally, the activity of Se and Te containing compounds as mimic of glutathione peroxidase has been evaluated, together with other biological activities including anticancer action and (neuro)protective effects in various cellular models. These and other achievements are discussed and rationalized to guide future development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Alfieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (M.L.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (M.L.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Alice Cariola
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (M.L.A.); (L.P.)
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Viglianisi C, Menichetti S. Chain Breaking Antioxidant Activity of Heavy (S, Se, Te) Chalcogens Substituted Polyphenols. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100487. [PMID: 31623080 PMCID: PMC6826409 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are probably the most important family of natural and synthetic chain-breaking antioxidants. Since long ago, chemists have studied how structural (bioinspired) modifications can improve the antioxidant activity of these compounds in terms of reaction rate with radical reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalytic character, multi-defence action, hydrophilicity/lipophilicity, biodistribution etc. In this framework, we will discuss the effect played on the overall antioxidant profile by the insertion of heavy chalcogens (S, Se and Te) in the phenolic skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Viglianisi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Stefano Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Catechol-Containing Hydroxylated Biomimetic 4-Thiaflavanes as Inhibitors of Amyloid Aggregation. Biomimetics (Basel) 2017; 2:biomimetics2020006. [PMID: 31105169 PMCID: PMC6477597 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics2020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of compounds able to interfere in various ways with amyloid aggregation is of paramount importance in amyloid research. Molecules characterized by a 4-thiaflavane skeleton have received great attention in chemical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical research. Such molecules, especially polyhydroxylated 4-thiaflavanes, can be considered as structural mimickers of several natural polyphenols that have been previously demonstrated to bind and impair amyloid fibril formation. In this work, we tested five different 4-thiaflavanes on the hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) amyloid model for their potential anti-amyloid properties. By combining a thioflavin T assay, atomic force microscopy, and a cell toxicity assay, we demonstrated that such compounds can impair the formation of high-order amyloid aggregates and mature fibrils. Despite this, the tested 4-thiaflavanes, although non-toxic per se, are not able to prevent amyloid toxicity on human neuroblastoma cells. Rather, they proved to block early aggregates in a stable, toxic conformation. Accordingly, 4-thiaflavanes can be proposed for further studies aimed at identifying blocking agents for the study of toxicity mechanisms of amyloid aggregation.
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Viglianisi C, Amorati R, Di Pietro L, Menichetti S. A Straightforward Route to Potent Phenolic Chain-Breaking Antioxidants by Acid-Promoted Transposition of 1,4-Benzo[b]oxathiines to Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophenes. Chemistry 2015; 21:16639-45. [PMID: 26440303 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of simple phenols with limited antioxidant activity into potent chain-breaking antioxidants was achieved by a three-step protocol, consisting of the conversion of phenols into 1,4-benzo[b]oxathiines followed by an unprecedented acid-promoted transposition to o-hydroxydihydrobenzo[b]thiophenes, or dihydrobenzo[de]thiochromenes, starting from phenols or naphthols, respectively. These derivatives, bearing a benzo-fused heterocycle with a sulfide sulfur ortho to the phenolic OH, have a rate constant of reaction with alkylperoxyl radicals (kinh ) comparable to that of α-tocopherol. A solid rationale for the transposition mechanism as well as for the structure-antioxidant activity relationship is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Viglianisi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy).
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Leonardo Di Pietro
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy)
| | - Stefano Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy).
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Lai HW, Liu ZQ. Thiaflavan scavenges radicals and inhibits DNA oxidation: a story from the ferrocene modification. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:227-36. [PMID: 24842241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
4-Thiaflavan is a sulfur-substituted flavonoid with a benzoxathiin scaffold. The aim of this work is to compare abilities of sulfur and oxygen atom, hydroxyl groups, and ferrocene moiety at different positions of 4-thiaflavan to trap radicals and to inhibit DNA oxidation. It is found that abilities of thiaflavans to trap radicals and to inhibit DNA oxidation are increased in the presence of ferrocene moiety and are further improved by the electron-donating group attaching to thiaflavan skeleton. It can be concluded that the ferrocene moiety plays the major role for thiaflavans to be antioxidants even in the absence of phenolic hydroxyl groups. On the other hand, the antioxidant effectiveness of phenolic hydroxyl groups in thiaflavans can be improved by the electron-donating group. The influences of sulfur and oxygen atoms in thiaflavans on the antioxidant property of para-hydroxyl group exhibit different manners when the thiaflavans are used to trap radicals and to inhibit DNA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wang Lai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Viglianisi C, Bartolozzi MG, Pedulli GF, Amorati R, Menichetti S. Optimization of the Antioxidant Activity of Hydroxy-Substituted 4-Thiaflavanes: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Chemistry 2011; 17:12396-404. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Amorati R, Attanasi OA, Favi G, Menichetti S, Pedulli GF, Viglianisi C. Amphiphilic antioxidants from “cashew nut shell liquid” (CNSL) waste. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1352-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Menichetti S, Amorati R, Bartolozzi MG, Pedulli GF, Salvini A, Viglianisi C. A Straightforward Hetero-Diels-Alder Approach to (2-ambo,4′R,8′R)-α/β/γ/δ-4-Thiatocopherol. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Menichetti S, Viglianisi C. Generation and Trapping of o-Thioquinones on Solid Support: Synthesis of Hydroxylated 4-Thiaflavans. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500902856339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Menichetti
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Organica and Laboratorio di Progettazione Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi (HeteroBioLab), Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico , Università di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Caterina Viglianisi
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Organica and Laboratorio di Progettazione Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi (HeteroBioLab), Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico , Università di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Buzzini P, Menichetti S, Pagliuca C, Viglianisi C, Branda E, Turchetti B. Antimycotic activity of 4-thioisosteres of flavonoids towards yeast and yeast-like microorganisms. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3731-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Amorati R, Catarzi F, Menichetti S, Pedulli GF, Viglianisi C. Effect of ortho-SR Groups on O−H Bond Strength and H-Atom Donating Ability of Phenols: A Possible Role for the Tyr-Cys Link in Galactose Oxidase Active Site? J Am Chem Soc 2007; 130:237-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja075554h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Amorati
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “A. Mangini”, Università di Bologna, Via S. Donato 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, e Laboratorio di Progettazione Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Bioattivi (HeteroBioLab), Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Francesca Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “A. Mangini”, Università di Bologna, Via S. Donato 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, e Laboratorio di Progettazione Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Bioattivi (HeteroBioLab), Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefano Menichetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “A. Mangini”, Università di Bologna, Via S. Donato 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, e Laboratorio di Progettazione Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Bioattivi (HeteroBioLab), Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Gian Franco Pedulli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “A. Mangini”, Università di Bologna, Via S. Donato 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, e Laboratorio di Progettazione Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Bioattivi (HeteroBioLab), Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Caterina Viglianisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica “A. Mangini”, Università di Bologna, Via S. Donato 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, e Laboratorio di Progettazione Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Bioattivi (HeteroBioLab), Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Gattuso G, Barreca D, Caristi C, Gargiulli C, Leuzzi U. Distribution of flavonoids and furocoumarins in juices from cultivars of Citrus bergamia Risso. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:9921-9927. [PMID: 17960888 DOI: 10.1021/jf072065s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
HPLC separation of flavonoids and furocoumarins in the crude juices of three cultivars of Citrus bergamia Risso ("Castagnaro", "Fantastico", and "Femminello") was carried out on a C18 reversed phase column. The analysis was performed in a single run using a DAD detector coupled with an ESI-MS-MS source. Two furocoumarins (bergapten and bergamottin) were detected and quantified simultaneously with the sixteen flavonoid components previously found in industrial bergamot juice. Full characterization of the furocoumarins was performed by (1)H NMR analysis on samples separated by means of preparative HPLC. The free-radical scavenging ability of cultivar juices was assessed by using DPPH radical. The data presented show that the "Femminello" cultivar, even though it is the least common of the three, is by far the richest in health-promoting bioactive compounds (both flavonoids and furocoumarins). Given the range of applications of furocoumarins, the preparative separation described herein is proposed as a simple and rapid method to obtain this class of compounds in good yield from crude juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gattuso
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy.
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Amorati R, Cavalli A, Fumo MG, Masetti M, Menichetti S, Pagliuca C, Pedulli GF, Viglianisi C. Kinetic and Thermochemical Study of the Antioxidant Activity of Sulfur-Containing Analogues of Vitamin E. Chemistry 2007; 13:8223-30. [PMID: 17636469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing analogues of vitamin E (thiachromanols), either linked or not to a catechol moiety, were synthesized and their hydrogen-atom donating ability evaluated. The determination of the O--H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of the alpha-tocopherol analogue 4 by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) equilibration technique provided a value of 78.9 kcal mol(-1), that is, approximately 1.8 kcal mol(-1) higher than that of alpha-tocopherol. The kinetic rate constants for the reaction with peroxyl radicals (kinh), measured by inhibited autoxidation studies, showed that thiachromanols react 2.5 times slower than the corresponding tocopherols, in agreement with the higher BDE value. This behavior was explained, on the basis of crystallographic analyses and DFT calculations, in terms of a change in the molecular geometry caused by insertion of a sulfur atom into the framework of vitamin E. This behavior implies a greater deviation of the condensed ring from coplanarity with the aromatic ring, thus giving rise to a decrease in the conjugative stabilization of the phenoxyl radical and consequently to an increase in the O--H bond strength. Although less reactive than tocopherols, thiachromanols may, however, act as bimodal antioxidants as a result of the hydroperoxide decomposing ability of the sulfur atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Amorati
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica A. Mangini Università di Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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