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Regioselective Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of 1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives of Pyrimidine Nucleobases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238467. [PMID: 36500573 PMCID: PMC9735522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3-triazoles are versatile building blocks with growing interest in medicinal chemistry. For this reason, organic chemistry focuses on the development of new synthetic pathways to obtain 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, especially with pyridine moieties. In this work, a novel series of 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles functionalized with pyrimidine nucleobases were prepared via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in a regioselective manner for the first time. The N1-propargyl nucleobases, used as an alkyne intermediate, were obtained in high yields (87-92%) with a new two-step procedure that selectively led to the monoalkylated compounds. Then, FeCl3 was employed as an efficient Lewis acid catalyst for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between different aryl and benzyl azides and the N1-propargyl nucleobases previously synthesized. This new protocol allows the synthesis of a series of new 1,2,3-triazole derivatives with good to excellent yields (82-92%). The ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) analysis showed good pharmacokinetic properties and no violations of Lipinsky's rules, suggesting an appropriate drug likeness for these new compounds. Molecular docking simulations, conducted on different targets, revealed that two of these new hybrids could be potential ligands for viral and bacterial protein receptors such as human norovirus capsid protein, SARS-CoV-2 NSP13 helicase, and metallo-β-lactamase.
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Willardiine and Its Synthetic Analogues: Biological Aspects and Implications in Peptide Chemistry of This Nucleobase Amino Acid. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101243. [PMID: 36297355 PMCID: PMC9611319 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Willardiine is a nonprotein amino acid containing uracil, and thus classified as nucleobase amino acid or nucleoamino acid, that together with isowillardiine forms the family of uracilylalanines isolated more than six decades ago in higher plants. Willardiine acts as a partial agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors and more in particular it agonizes the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) receptors of L-glutamate: ie. the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors. Several analogues and derivatives of willardiine have been synthesised in the laboratory in the last decades and these compounds show different binding affinities for the non-NMDA receptors. More in detail, the willardiine analogues have been employed not only in the investigation of the structure of AMPA and kainate receptors, but also to evaluate the effects of receptor activation in the various brain regions. Remarkably, there are a number of neurological diseases determined by alterations in glutamate signaling, and thus, ligands for AMPA and kainate receptors deserve attention as potential neurodrugs. In fact, similar to willardiine its analogues often act as agonists of AMPA and kainate receptors. A particular importance should be recognized to willardiine and its thymine-based analogue AlaT also in the peptide chemistry field. In fact, besides the naturally-occurring short nucleopeptides isolated from plant sources, there are different examples in which this class of nucleoamino acids was investigated for nucleopeptide development. The applications are various ranging from the realization of nucleopeptide/DNA chimeras for diagnostic applications, and nucleoamino acid derivatization of proteins for facilitating protein-nucleic acid interaction, to nucleopeptide-nucleopeptide molecular recognition for nanotechnological applications. All the above aspects on both chemistry and biotechnological applications of willardine/willardine-analogues and nucleopeptide will be reviewed in this work.
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Novel insights on nucleopeptide binding: A spectroscopic and in silico investigation on the interaction of a thymine-bearing tetrapeptide with a homoadenine DNA. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Scognamiglio PL, Platella C, Napolitano E, Musumeci D, Roviello GN. From Prebiotic Chemistry to Supramolecular Biomedical Materials: Exploring the Properties of Self-Assembling Nucleobase-Containing Peptides. Molecules 2021; 26:3558. [PMID: 34200901 PMCID: PMC8230524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides and their synthetic analogs are a class of molecules with enormous relevance as therapeutics for their ability to interact with biomacromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins, potentially interfering with biological pathways often involved in the onset and progression of pathologies of high social impact. Nucleobase-bearing peptides (nucleopeptides) and pseudopeptides (PNAs) offer further interesting possibilities related to their nucleobase-decorated nature for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, thanks to their reported ability to target complementary DNA and RNA strands. In addition, these chimeric compounds are endowed with intriguing self-assembling properties, which are at the heart of their investigation as self-replicating materials in prebiotic chemistry, as well as their application as constituents of innovative drug delivery systems and, more generally, as novel nanomaterials to be employed in biomedicine. Herein we describe the properties of nucleopeptides, PNAs and related supramolecular systems, and summarize some of the most relevant applications of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Platella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Ettore Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Domenica Musumeci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (C.P.); (E.N.); (D.M.)
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini IBB-CNR, via Tommaso De Amicis 95, I-80145 Naples, Italy
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Gupta MK, Madhanagopal BR, Ganesh KN. Peptide Nucleic Acid with Double Face: Homothymine–Homocytosine Bimodal Cα-PNA (bm-Cα-PNA) Forms a Double Duplex of the bm-PNA2:DNA Triplex. J Org Chem 2020; 86:414-428. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Bharath Raj Madhanagopal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Krishna N. Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Tirupati 517507, India
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6
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Foletti C, Kramer RA, Mauser H, Jenal U, Bleicher KH, Wennemers H. Functionalized Proline-Rich Peptides Bind the Bacterial Second Messenger c-di-GMP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Foletti
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, D-CHAB; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Rolf A. Kramer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, D-CHAB; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Harald Mauser
- Discovery Chemistry, PRCB; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG; Grenzacherstr. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Urs Jenal
- Biozentrum; University of Basel; Klingelbergstr, 50/70 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Konrad H. Bleicher
- Discovery Chemistry, PRCB; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG; Grenzacherstr. 124 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, D-CHAB; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Foletti C, Kramer RA, Mauser H, Jenal U, Bleicher KH, Wennemers H. Functionalized Proline-Rich Peptides Bind the Bacterial Second Messenger c-di-GMP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [PMID: 29521445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
c-di-GMP is an attractive target in the fight against bacterial infections since it is a near ubiquitous second messenger that regulates important cellular processes of pathogens, including biofilm formation and virulence. Screening of a combinatorial peptide library enabled the identification of the proline-rich tetrapeptide Gup-Gup-Nap-Arg, which binds c-di-GMP selectively over other nucleotides in water. Computational and CD spectroscopic studies provided a possible binding mode of the complex and enabled the design of a pentapeptide with even higher binding strength towards c-di-GMP. Biological studies showed that the tetrapeptide inhibits biofilm growth by the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Foletti
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf A Kramer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Mauser
- Discovery Chemistry, PRCB, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstr. 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Jenal
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr, 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konrad H Bleicher
- Discovery Chemistry, PRCB, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstr. 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Chen Z, Cox BD, Garnier-Amblard EC, McBrayer TR, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF, Amblard F. Synthesis and anti-HCV activity of a series of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-dibromo nucleosides and their corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5296-5299. [PMID: 29066308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-substituted nucleoside analogs have displayed potent and selective anti-HCV activities and some of them have reached human clinical trials. In that regard, we report herein the synthesis of a series of 2'-deoxy,2'-dibromo substituted U, C, G and A nucleosides 10a-d and their corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs 13a-d. The synthesized nucleosides 10a-d and prodrugs 13a-d were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against HCV as well as cellular toxicity. The results showed that the most potent compound was prodrug 13a, which exhibited micromolar inhibitory activity (EC50 = 1.5 ± 0.8 µM) with no observed toxicity. In addition, molecular modeling and free energy perturbation calculations for the 5'-triphosphate formed from 13a and related 2'-modified nucleotides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Bryan D Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | | | | | | | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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9
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Sari O, Bassit L, Gavegnano C, McBrayer TR, McCormick L, Cox B, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 2',2',3',3'-tetrafluoro nucleoside analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2017; 58:642-644. [PMID: 28163339 PMCID: PMC5289701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of novel 2',2',3',3'-tetrafluorinated nucleoside analogs along with their phosphoramidate prodrugs. A tetrafluoro ribose moiety was coupled with different Boc/benzoyl-protected nucleobases under Mitsunobu conditions. After deprotection, tetrafluorinated nucleosides 13b, 14b, 20b-22b were reacted with phenyl-(isopropoxy-L-alaninyl)-phosphorochloridate to afford corresponding monophosphate prodrugs 24b-28b. All synthesized compounds were evaluated against several DNA and RNA viruses including HIV, HBV, HCV, Ebola and Zika viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Sari
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Louise McCormick
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bryan Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Cocrystal Pharma, Inc., 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Phosphonylated Acyclic Guanosine Analogues with the 1,2,3-Triazole Linker. Molecules 2015; 20:18789-807. [PMID: 26501246 PMCID: PMC6332235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of {4-[(2-amino-6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}alkylphosphonates and {4-[(2-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}alkylphosphonates as acyclic analogues of guanosine were synthesized and assessed for antiviral activity against a broad range of DNA and RNA viruses and for their cytostatic activity toward three cancerous cell lines (HeLa, L1210 and CEM). They were devoid of antiviral activity; however, several phosphonates were found slightly cytostatic against HeLa cells at an IC50 in the 80–210 µM range. Compounds (1R,2S)-17k and (1S,2S)-17k showed the highest inhibitory effects (IC50 = 15–30 µM) against the proliferation of murine leukemia (L1210) and human T-lymphocyte (CEM) cell lines.
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Shi X, Chang H, Grohmann M, Kiesman WF, Kwok DIA. Process Development of an N-Benzylated Chloropurine at the Kilogram Scale. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op5003903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Shi
- Chemical Process
Research and Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hexi Chang
- Chemical Process
Research and Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Markus Grohmann
- Dottikon Exclusive
Synthesis AG, P.O. Box 5605, Dottikon, Switzerland
| | - William F. Kiesman
- Chemical Process
Research and Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Daw-Iong Albert Kwok
- Chemical Process
Research and Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Thakur RK, Mishra A, Ramakrishna K, Mahar R, Shukla SK, Srivastava A, Tripathi RP. Synthesis of novel pyrimidine nucleoside analogues owning multiple bases/sugars and their glycosidase inhibitory activity. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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González-Olvera R, Espinoza-Vázquez A, Negrón-Silva GE, Palomar-Pardavé ME, Romero-Romo MA, Santillan R. Multicomponent click synthesis of new 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of pyrimidine nucleobases: promising acidic corrosion inhibitors for steel. Molecules 2013; 18:15064-79. [PMID: 24322491 PMCID: PMC6270236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of new mono-1,2,3-triazole derivatives of pyrimidine nucleobases were synthesized by one-pot copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between N-1-propargyluracil and thymine, sodium azide and several benzyl halides. The desired heterocyclic compounds were obtained in good yields and characterized by NMR, IR, and high resolution mass spectrometry. These compounds were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for steel in 1 M HCl solution, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The results indicate that these heterocyclic compounds are promising acidic corrosion inhibitors for steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo González-Olvera
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, México D.F., C.P. 02200, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.G.-O.); (A.E.-V.)
| | - Araceli Espinoza-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, México D.F., C.P. 02200, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.G.-O.); (A.E.-V.)
- Departamento de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, México D.F., C.P. 02200, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.E.P.-P.); (M.A.R.-R.)
| | - Guillermo E. Negrón-Silva
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, México D.F., C.P. 02200, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.G.-O.); (A.E.-V.)
| | - Manuel E. Palomar-Pardavé
- Departamento de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, México D.F., C.P. 02200, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.E.P.-P.); (M.A.R.-R.)
| | - Mario A. Romero-Romo
- Departamento de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, México D.F., C.P. 02200, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.E.P.-P.); (M.A.R.-R.)
| | - Rosa Santillan
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, 07000 México D. F., Mexico; E-Mail:
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Subirós-Funosas R, Nieto-Rodriguez L, Jensen KJ, Albericio F. COMU: scope and limitations of the latest innovation in peptide acyl transfer reagents. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:408-14. [PMID: 23712932 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The methodology for peptide bond formation is undergoing a continuous evolution where the main actors are being renewed. In recent years, coupling reagents based on the Oxyma scaffold, such as the uronium salt COMU, has been a groundbreaking contribution to the field. The advantages of COMU over classic benzotriazole-based reagents (HATU, HBTU, HCTU, TBTU) were proven in terms of solubility and coupling efficiency in bulky junctions in our groups and others. However, some aspects of the use of COMU need to be revised and improved, such as the stability of commercial samples in organic solvents, which hampers the compatibility with long synthesis in automated synthesizers. In this review, an overview of the main features and suggestions to improve the use of COMU are presented, along with a discussion on the best conditions for its use in microwave-assisted peptide robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Subirós-Funosas
- Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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