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An empirical pipeline for personalized diagnosis of Lafora disease mutations. iScience 2021; 24:103276. [PMID: 34755096 PMCID: PMC8564118 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal childhood dementia characterized by progressive myoclonic epilepsy manifesting in the teenage years, rapid neurological decline, and death typically within ten years of onset. Mutations in either EPM2A, encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin, or EPM2B, encoding the E3 ligase malin, cause LD. Whole exome sequencing has revealed many EPM2A variants associated with late-onset or slower disease progression. We established an empirical pipeline for characterizing the functional consequences of laforin missense mutations in vitro using complementary biochemical approaches. Analysis of 26 mutations revealed distinct functional classes associated with different outcomes that were supported by clinical cases. For example, F321C and G279C mutations have attenuated functional defects and are associated with slow progression. This pipeline enabled rapid characterization and classification of newly identified EPM2A mutations, providing clinicians and researchers genetic information to guide treatment of LD patients. Lafora disease (LD) patients present with varying clinical progression LD missense mutations differentially affect laforin function An empirical in vitro pipeline is used to classify laforin missense mutations Patient progression can be predicted based on mutation class
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Pondrelli F, Muccioli L, Licchetta L, Mostacci B, Zenesini C, Tinuper P, Vignatelli L, Bisulli F. Natural history of Lafora disease: a prognostic systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:362. [PMID: 34399803 PMCID: PMC8365996 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lafora disease (LD) is a rare fatal autosomal recessive form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. It affects previously healthy children or adolescents, causing pharmacoresistant epilepsy, myoclonus and severe psychomotor deterioration. This work aims to describe the clinical course of LD and identify predictors of outcome by means of a prognostic systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis. Methods A search was conducted on MEDLINE and Embase with no restrictions on publication date. Only studies reporting genetically confirmed LD cases were included. Kaplan–Meier estimate was used to assess probability of death and loss of autonomy. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models with mixed effects (clustered survival data) were performed to evaluate prognostic factors. Results Seventy-three papers describing 298 genetically confirmed LD cases were selected. Mean age at disease onset was 13.4 years (SD 3.7), with 9.1% aged ≥ 18 years. Overall survival rates in 272 cases were 93% [95% CI 89–96] at 5 years, 62% [95% CI 54–69] at 10 years and 57% [95% CI 49–65] at 15 years. Median survival time was 11 years. The probability of loss of autonomy in 110 cases was 45% [95% CI 36–55] at 5 years, 75% [95% CI 66–84] at 10 years, and 83% [95% CI 74–90] at 15 years. Median loss of autonomy time was 6 years. Asian origin and age at onset < 18 years emerged as negative prognostic factors, while type of mutated gene and symptoms at onset were not related to survival or disability. Conclusions This study documented that half of patients survived at least 11 years. The notion of actual survival rate and prognostic factors is crucial to design studies on the effectiveness of upcoming new disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pondrelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Muccioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Mostacci
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Corrado Zenesini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Tinuper
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Vignatelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy.
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Simmons ZR, Sharma S, Wayne J, Li S, Vander Kooi CW, Gentry MS. Generation and characterization of a laforin nanobody inhibitor. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:80-89. [PMID: 33831386 PMCID: PMC8217207 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutations in the gene encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin result in the fatal childhood dementia Lafora disease (LD). A cellular hallmark of LD is cytoplasmic, hyper-phosphorylated, glycogen-like aggregates called Lafora bodies (LBs) that form in nearly all tissues and drive disease progression. Additional tools are needed to define the cellular function of laforin, understand the pathological role of laforin in LD, and determine the role of glycogen phosphate in glycogen metabolism. In this work, we present the generation and characterization of laforin nanobodies, with one being a laforin inhibitor. DESIGN AND METHODS We identify multiple classes of specific laforin-binding nanobodies and determine their binding epitopes using hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry. Using para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and a malachite gold-based assay specific for glucan phosphatase activity, we assess the inhibitory effect of one nanobody on laforin's catalytic activity. RESULTS Six families of laforin nanobodies are characterized and their epitopes mapped. One nanobody is identified and characterized that serves as an inhibitor of laforin's phosphatase activity. CONCLUSIONS The six generated and characterized laforin nanobodies, with one being a laforin inhibitor, are an important set of tools that open new avenues to define unresolved glycogen metabolism questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R Simmons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Savita Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Jeremiah Wayne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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Lynch DS, Wood NW, Houlden H. Late-onset Lafora disease with prominent parkinsonism due to a rare mutation in EPM2A. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e101. [PMID: 27574708 PMCID: PMC4988466 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S Lynch
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience (D.S.L., N.W.W., H.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and Neurogenetics Laboratory (H.H.), National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience (D.S.L., N.W.W., H.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and Neurogenetics Laboratory (H.H.), National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience (D.S.L., N.W.W., H.H.), UCL Institute of Neurology; and Neurogenetics Laboratory (H.H.), National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London
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Orhan Akman H, Emmanuele V, Kurt YG, Kurt B, Sheiko T, DiMauro S, Craigen WJ. A novel mouse model that recapitulates adult-onset glycogenosis type 4. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6801-10. [PMID: 26385640 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE). The diagnostic hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of a poorly branched form of glycogen known as polyglucosan (PG). The disease is clinically heterogeneous, with variable tissue involvement and age at onset. Complete loss of enzyme activity is lethal in utero or in infancy and affects primarily the muscle and the liver. However, residual enzyme activity as low as 5-20% leads to juvenile or adult onset of a disorder that primarily affects the central and peripheral nervous system and muscles and in the latter is termed adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD). Here, we describe a mouse model of GSD IV that reflects this spectrum of disease. Homologous recombination was used to knock in the most common GBE1 mutation p.Y329S c.986A > C found in APBD patients of Ashkenazi Jewish decent. Mice homozygous for this allele (Gbe1(ys/ys)) exhibit a phenotype similar to APBD, with widespread accumulation of PG. Adult mice exhibit progressive neuromuscular dysfunction and die prematurely. While the onset of symptoms is limited to adult mice, PG accumulates in tissues of newborn mice but is initially absent from the cerebral cortex and heart muscle. Thus, PG is well tolerated in most tissues, but the eventual accumulation in neurons and their axons causes neuropathy that leads to hind limb spasticity and premature death. This mouse model mimics the pathology and pathophysiologic features of human adult-onset branching enzyme deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orhan Akman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,
| | - Valentina Emmanuele
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bülent Kurt
- Department of Pathology, Gülhane Medical Military Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William J Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Meekins DA, Raththagala M, Auger KD, Turner BD, Santelia D, Kötting O, Gentry MS, Vander Kooi CW. Mechanistic Insights into Glucan Phosphatase Activity against Polyglucan Substrates. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23361-70. [PMID: 26231210 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucan phosphatases are central to the regulation of starch and glycogen metabolism. Plants contain two known glucan phosphatases, Starch EXcess4 (SEX4) and Like Sex Four2 (LSF2), which dephosphorylate starch. Starch is water-insoluble and reversible phosphorylation solubilizes its outer surface allowing processive degradation. Vertebrates contain a single known glucan phosphatase, laforin, that dephosphorylates glycogen. In the absence of laforin, water-soluble glycogen becomes insoluble, leading to the neurodegenerative disorder Lafora Disease. Because of their essential role in starch and glycogen metabolism glucan phosphatases are of significant interest, yet a comparative analysis of their activities against diverse glucan substrates has not been established. We identify active site residues required for specific glucan dephosphorylation, defining a glucan phosphatase signature motif (CζAGΨGR) in the active site loop. We further explore the basis for phosphate position-specific activity of these enzymes and determine that their diverse phosphate position-specific activity is governed by the phosphatase domain. In addition, we find key differences in glucan phosphatase activity toward soluble and insoluble polyglucan substrates, resulting from the participation of ancillary glucan-binding domains. Together, these data provide fundamental insights into the specific activity of glucan phosphatases against diverse polyglucan substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Meekins
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Madushi Raththagala
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Kyle D Auger
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Benjamin D Turner
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, CH-8008, Zürich, Switzerland, and
| | - Oliver Kötting
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536,
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536,
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Sarparanta J, Jonson PH, Golzio C, Sandell S, Luque H, Screen M, McDonald K, Stajich JM, Mahjneh I, Vihola A, Raheem O, Penttilä S, Lehtinen S, Huovinen S, Palmio J, Tasca G, Ricci E, Hackman P, Hauser M, Katsanis N, Udd B. Mutations affecting the cytoplasmic functions of the co-chaperone DNAJB6 cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Nat Genet 2012; 44:450-5, S1-2. [PMID: 22366786 PMCID: PMC3315599 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D (LGMD1D) was linked to chromosome 7q36 over a decade ago, but its genetic cause has remained elusive. Here we studied nine LGMD-affected families from Finland, the United States and Italy and identified four dominant missense mutations leading to p.Phe93Leu or p.Phe89Ile changes in the ubiquitously expressed co-chaperone DNAJB6. Functional testing in vivo showed that the mutations have a dominant toxic effect mediated specifically by the cytoplasmic isoform of DNAJB6. In vitro studies demonstrated that the mutations increase the half-life of DNAJB6, extending this effect to the wild-type protein, and reduce its protective anti-aggregation effect. Further, we show that DNAJB6 interacts with members of the CASA complex, including the myofibrillar myopathy-causing protein BAG3. Our data identify the genetic cause of LGMD1D, suggest that its pathogenesis is mediated by defective chaperone function and highlight how mutations in a ubiquitously expressed gene can exert effects in a tissue-, isoform- and cellular compartment-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Sarparanta
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Identification and characterization of novel splice variants of the human EPM2A gene mutated in Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Genomics 2012; 99:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Akman HO, Sheiko T, Tay SKH, Finegold MJ, Dimauro S, Craigen WJ. Generation of a novel mouse model that recapitulates early and adult onset glycogenosis type IV. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4430-9. [PMID: 21856731 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the glycogen branching enzyme (GBE). The diagnostic feature of the disease is the accumulation of a poorly branched form of glycogen known as polyglucosan (PG). The disease is clinically heterogeneous, with variable tissue involvement and age of disease onset. Absence of enzyme activity is lethal in utero or in infancy affecting primarily muscle and liver. However, residual enzyme activity (5-20%) leads to juvenile or adult onset of a disorder that primarily affects muscle as well as central and peripheral nervous system. Here, we describe two mouse models of GSD IV that reflect this spectrum of disease. Homologous recombination was used to insert flippase recognition target recombination sites around exon 7 of the Gbe1 gene and a phosphoglycerate kinase-Neomycin cassette within intron 7, leading to a reduced synthesis of GBE. Mice bearing this mutation (Gbe1(neo/neo)) exhibit a phenotype similar to juvenile onset GSD IV, with wide spread accumulation of PG. Meanwhile, FLPe-mediated homozygous deletion of exon 7 completely eliminated GBE activity (Gbe1(-/-)), leading to a phenotype of lethal early onset GSD IV, with significant in utero accumulation of PG. Adult mice with residual GBE exhibit progressive neuromuscular dysfunction and die prematurely. Differently from muscle, PG in liver is a degradable source of glucose and readily depleted by fasting, emphasizing that there are structural and regulatory differences in glycogen metabolism among tissues. Both mouse models recapitulate typical histological and physiological features of two human variants of branching enzyme deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orhan Akman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Akman HO, Raghavan A, Craigen WJ. Animal models of glycogen storage disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:369-88. [PMID: 21377631 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen is a polymer of glucose needed to provide for a continuous source of glucose during fasting. Glycogen synthesis and degradation are tightly controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms and any disturbance in this regulation can lead to an inadequate reservoir of glycogen or an accumulation of excess or abnormal glycogen stored either in the cytosol or in the lysosomes. Problems in the degradation or synthesis of glycogen are referred to as glycogen storage disorders (GSDs), which individually are rare diseases, yet collectively are a major category of inborn errors of metabolism in humans. To date, 11 distinct forms of GSDs are represented in animal models. These models provide a means to understand the mechanisms that regulate and execute the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In this review, we summarize animal models that have arisen spontaneously in nature or have been engineered in the laboratory by recombinant DNA techniques, and categorize the disorders of glycogen metabolism as disorders of either synthesis or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orhan Akman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Lafora disease is a rare, fatal, autosomal recessive, progressive myoclonic epilepsy. It may also be considered as a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism because of the formation of polyglucosan inclusion bodies in neural and other tissues due to abnormalities of the proteins laforin or malin. The condition is characterized by epilepsy, myoclonus and dementia. Diagnostic findings on MRI and neurophysiological testing are not definitive and biopsy or genetic studies may be required. Therapy in Lafora disease is currently limited to symptomatic management of the epilepsy, myoclonus and intercurrent complications. With a greater understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved, there is justified hope for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Monaghan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Vernia S, Rubio T, Heredia M, de Córdoba SR, Sanz P. Increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and decreased proteasomal function in lafora disease models lacking the phosphatase laforin. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5907. [PMID: 19529779 PMCID: PMC2692001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora disease; LD) is a fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in either the EPM2A gene, encoding the dual specificity phosphatase laforin, or the EPM2B gene, encoding the E3-ubiquitin ligase malin. Previously, we and others have shown that both proteins form a functional complex that regulates glycogen synthesis by a novel mechanism involving ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of at least two proteins, glycogen synthase and R5/PTG. Since laforin and malin localized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their regulatory role likely extend to other proteins unrelated to glycogen metabolism, we postulated that their absence may also affect the ER-unfolded protein response pathway. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we demonstrate that siRNA silencing of laforin in Hek293 and SH-SY5Y cells increases their sensitivity to agents triggering ER-stress, which correlates with impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway and increased apoptosis. Consistent with these findings, analysis of tissue samples from a LD patient lacking laforin, and from a laforin knockout (Epm2a-/-) mouse model of LD, demonstrates constitutive high expression levels of ER-stress markers BIP/Grp78, CHOP and PDI, among others. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate that, in addition to regulating glycogen synthesis, laforin and malin play a role protecting cells from ER-stress, likely contributing to the elimination of unfolded proteins. These data suggest that proteasomal dysfunction and ER-stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of LD, which may offer novel therapeutic approaches for this fatal neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vernia
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Heredia
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pascual Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Singh S, Ganesh S. Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy: A meta-analysis of reported mutations in the first decade following the discovery of theEPM2AandNHLRC1genes. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:715-23. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dubey D, Ganesh S. Modulation of functional properties of laforin phosphatase by alternative splicing reveals a novel mechanism for the EPM2A gene in Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3010-20. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Widdess-Walsh P, Prayson RA, Cohen B, Lachhwani D. A 12-year-old girl with seizures and dementia. Brain Pathol 2007; 17:464-5, 474. [PMID: 17919132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00091_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wang W, Lohi H, Skurat AV, DePaoli-Roach AA, Minassian BA, Roach PJ. Glycogen metabolism in tissues from a mouse model of Lafora disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 457:264-9. [PMID: 17118331 PMCID: PMC2577384 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Laforin, encoded by the EPM2A gene, by sequence is a member of the dual specificity protein phosphatase family. Mutations in the EPM2A gene account for around half of the cases of Lafora disease, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The hallmark of the disease is the presence of Lafora bodies, which contain polyglucosan, a poorly branched form of glycogen, in neurons, muscle and other tissues. Glycogen metabolizing enzymes were analyzed in a transgenic mouse over-expressing a dominant negative form of laforin that accumulates Lafora bodies in several tissues. Skeletal muscle glycogen was increased 2-fold as was the total glycogen synthase protein. However, the -/+glucose-6-P activity of glycogen synthase was decreased from 0.29 to 0.16. Branching enzyme activity was increased by 30%. Glycogen phosphorylase activity was unchanged. In whole brain, no differences in glycogen synthase or branching enzyme activities were found. Although there were significant differences in enzyme activities in muscle, the results do not support the hypothesis that Lafora body formation is caused by a major change in the balance between glycogen elongation and branching activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5122
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Alexander V. Skurat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5122
| | - Anna A. DePaoli-Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5122
| | - Berge A. Minassian
- Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Peter J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5122
- ¶Correspondence to: Peter J. Roach, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5122, Phone 317 274-1582, FAX 317 274-4686, E-mail
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Wang W, Parker GE, Skurat AV, Raben N, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ. Relationship between glycogen accumulation and the laforin dual specificity phosphatase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:588-92. [PMID: 17022935 PMCID: PMC1850102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laforin, encoded by the EPM2A gene, is a dual specificity protein phosphatase that has a functional glycogen-binding domain. Mutations in the EPM2A gene account for around half of the cases of Lafora disease, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The hallmark of the disease is the presence of Lafora bodies, which contain polyglucosan, a poorly branched form of glycogen, in neurons and other tissues. We examined the level of laforin protein in several mouse models in which muscle glycogen accumulation has been altered genetically. Mice with elevated muscle glycogen have increased laforin as judged by Western analysis. Mice completely lacking muscle glycogen or with 10% normal muscle glycogen had reduced laforin. Mice defective in the GAA gene encoding lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (acid maltase) overaccumulate glycogen in the lysosome but did not have elevated laforin. We propose, therefore, that laforin senses cytosolic glycogen accumulation which in turn determines the level of laforin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gretchen E. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202–5122 and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research
| | - Alexander V. Skurat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202–5122 and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research
| | - Nina Raben
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Anna A. DePaoli-Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202–5122 and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research
| | - Peter J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202–5122 and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research
- ¶Correspondence to: Peter J. Roach, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5122, Phone 317 274-1582, FAX 317 274-4686, E-mail
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Wu C, Liu Y, Zheng P. Dimerization of Laforin is required for its optimal phosphatase activity, regulation of GSK3beta phosphorylation, and Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34768-74. [PMID: 16971387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607778200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy of progressive myoclonus type 2 gene A (EPM2A) encodes a dual specificity protein phosphatase called Laforin. Laforin is also a tumor suppressor that dephosphorylates GSK3beta at the critical Ser9 position and regulates Wnt signaling. The epilepsy-causing mutations have a deleterious effect on phosphatase activity, regardless of whether they locate in the carbohydrate-binding domain (CBD) at the N terminus or the dual specificity phosphatase domain (DSPD) at the C terminus. How mutations outside the DSPD reduce the phosphatase activity of Laforin remains unexplained. Here we report that Laforin expressed in mammalian cells forms dimers that are highly resistant to SDS treatment. Deleting CBD completely abolished the dimerization and phosphatase activity of Laforin. Moreover, all of the naturally occurring Laforin mutations tested impaired laforin GSK3beta dephosphorylation at Ser9 dimerization, and beta-catenin accumulation in nucleus. Our results demonstrate a critical role of dimerization in Laforin function and suggest an important new dimension in protein phosphatase function and in molecular pathogenesis of Lafora's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Program of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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20
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Worby CA, Gentry MS, Dixon JE. Laforin, a dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates complex carbohydrates. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30412-8. [PMID: 16901901 PMCID: PMC2774450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606117200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Laforin is the only phosphatase in the animal kingdom that contains a carbohydrate-binding module. Mutations in the gene encoding laforin result in Lafora disease, a fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, which is diagnosed by the presence of intracellular deposits of insoluble complex carbohydrates known as Lafora bodies. We demonstrate that laforin interacts with proteins known to be involved in glycogen metabolism and rule out several of these proteins as potential substrates. Surprisingly, we find that laforin displays robust phosphatase activity against a phosphorylated complex carbohydrate. Furthermore, this activity is unique to laforin, since several other phosphatases are unable to dephosphorylate polysaccharides. Finally, fusing the carbohydrate-binding module of laforin to the dual specific phosphatase VHR does not result in the ability of this phosphatase to dephosphorylate polysaccharides. Therefore, we hypothesize that laforin is unique in its ability to utilize a phosphorylated complex carbohydrate as a substrate and that this function may be necessary for the maintenance of normal cellular glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Worby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0721, USA
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21
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Ganesh S, Puri R, Singh S, Mittal S, Dubey D. Recent advances in the molecular basis of Lafora's progressive myoclonus epilepsy. J Hum Genet 2005; 51:1-8. [PMID: 16311711 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lafora's disease (LD) is an autosomal recessive and fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy with onset in late childhood or adolescence. LD is characterised by the presence of intracellular polyglucosan inclusions, called Lafora bodies, in tissues including the brain, liver and skin. Patients have progressive neurologic deterioration, leading to death within 10 years of onset. No preventive or curative treatment is available for LD. At least three genes underlie LD, of which two have been isolated and mutations characterised: EPM2A and NHLRC1. The EPM2A gene product laforin is a protein phosphatase while the NHLRC1 gene product malin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and promotes the degradation of laforin. Analyses of the structure and function of these gene products suggest defects in post-translational modification of proteins as the common mechanism that leads to the formation of Lafora inclusion bodies, neurodegeneration and the epileptic phenotype of LD. In this review, we summarise the available information on the genetic basis of LD, and correlate these advances with the rapidly expanding information about the mechanisms of LD gained from studies on both cell biological and animal models. Finally, we also discuss a possible mechanism to explain the locus heterogeneity observed in LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Rajat Puri
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Shuchi Mittal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Deepti Dubey
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India
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Lohi H, Ianzano L, Zhao XC, Chan EM, Turnbull J, Scherer SW, Ackerley CA, Minassian BA. Novel glycogen synthase kinase 3 and ubiquitination pathways in progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:2727-36. [PMID: 16115820 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy, caused by defective laforin or malin, insidiously present in normal teenagers with cognitive decline, followed by rapidly intractable epilepsy, dementia and death. Pathology reveals neurodegeneration with neurofibrillary tangle formation and Lafora bodies (LBs). LBs are deposits of starch-like polyglucosans, insufficiently branched and hence insoluble glycogen molecules resulting from glycogen synthase (GS) overactivity relative to glycogen branching enzyme activity. We previously made the unexpected observation that laforin, in the absence of which polyglucosans accumulate, specifically binds polyglucosans. This suggested that laforin's role is to detect polyglucosan appearances during glycogen synthesis and to initiate mechanisms to downregulate GS. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is the principal inhibitor of GS. Dephosphorylation of GSK3 at Ser 9 activates GSK3 to inhibit GS through phosphorylation at multiple sites. Glucose-6-phosphate is a potent allosteric activator of GS. Glucose-6-phosphate levels are high when the amount of glucose increases and its activation of GS overrides any phospho-inhibition. Here, we show that laforin is a GSK3 Ser 9 phosphatase, and therefore capable of inactivating GS through GSK3. We also show that laforin interacts with malin and that malin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds GS. We propose that laforin, in response to appearance of polyglucosans, directs two negative feedback pathways: polyglucosan-laforin-GSK3-GS to inhibit GS activity and polyglucosan-laforin-malin-GS to remove GS through proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Lohi
- Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8
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23
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Singh S, Suzuki T, Uchiyama A, Kumada S, Moriyama N, Hirose S, Takahashi Y, Sugie H, Mizoguchi K, Inoue Y, Kimura K, Sawaishi Y, Yamakawa K, Ganesh S. Mutations in the NHLRC1 gene are the common cause for Lafora disease in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:347-352. [PMID: 16021330 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by epilepsy, myoclonus, and progressive neurological deterioration. LD is caused by mutations in the EMP2A gene encoding a protein phosphatase. A second gene for LD, termed NHLRC1 and encoding a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, was recently identified on chromosome 6p22. The LD is relatively common in southern Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. A few sporadic cases with typical LD phenotype have been reported from Japan; however, our earlier study failed to find EPM2A mutations in four Japanese families with LD. We recruited four new families from Japan and searched for mutations in EPM2A . All eight families were also screened for NHLRC1 mutations. We found five independent families having novel mutations in NHLRC1. Identified mutations include five missense mutations (p.I153M, p.C160R, p.W219R, p.D245N, and p.R253K) and a deletion mutation (c.897insA; p.S299fs13). We also found a family with a ten base pair deletion (c.822-832del10) in the coding region of EPM2A. In two families, no EPM2A or NHLRC1 mutation was found. Our study, in addition to documenting the genetic and molecular heterogeneity observed for LD, suggests that mutations in the NHLRC1 gene may be a common cause of LD in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Toshimitsu Suzuki
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akira Uchiyama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Center for Severely Handicapped, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Kumada
- Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Center for Severely Handicapped, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuko Moriyama
- National Rehabilitation Center for Disabled Children, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hirose
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Takahashi
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Sugie
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hamamatsu City Medical Center for Developmental Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Mizoguchi
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yushi Inoue
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazue Kimura
- Segawa Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Sawaishi
- Department of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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Gentry MS, Worby CA, Dixon JE. Insights into Lafora disease: malin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and promotes the degradation of laforin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8501-6. [PMID: 15930137 PMCID: PMC1150849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503285102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy caused by recessive mutations in either a gene encoding a dual-specificity phosphatase, known as laforin, or a recently identified gene encoding the protein known as malin. Here, we demonstrate that malin is a single subunit E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase and that its RING domain is necessary and sufficient to mediate ubiquitination. Additionally, malin interacts with and polyubiquitinates laforin, leading to its degradation. Missense mutations in malin that are present in LD patients abolish its ability to polyubiquitinate and signal the degradation of laforin. Our results demonstrate that laforin is a physiologic substrate of malin, and we propose possible models to explain how recessive mutations in either malin or laforin result in LD. Furthermore, these data distinguish malin as an E3 Ub ligase whose activity is necessary to prevent a neurodegenerative disease that involves formation of nonproteinacious inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, USA
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25
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Abstract
Motor and phonic tics are most frequently due to Tourette syndrome, but there are many other causes of tics. We analyzed data on 155 patients with tics and co-existent disorders (101M/54F; mean age 40.5 +/- 20.2 years). Fourteen (9.0%) patients had tics associated with an insult to the basal ganglia, such as head trauma (N = 4, 2.5%), stroke (N = 2, 1.2%), encephalitis (N = 3, 1.9%) and other causes. In addition, certain drugs, toxins, and post-infectious causes were associated with tics. Rarely, peripheral injury can cause movement disorders, including tics (N = 1, 0.6%). Pervasive developmental disorders, including Asperger's syndrome (N = 13, 8.3%), mental retardation (N = 4, 2.5%), autism (N = 3, 1.9%), and Savant's syndrome (N = 1, 0.6%), also may be associated with tics, as noted in 21 of the 155 patients (13.5%). Genetic and chromosomal disorders, such as Down's syndrome 5 (3.2%), neuroacanthocytosis (N = 2, 1.2%), and Huntington's disease (N = 1, 0.6%), were associated with tics in 16 patients (10.3%). We have also examined the co-existence of tics and other movement disorders such as dystonia (N = 31, 20.0%) and essential tremor (N = 17, 10.9%). Sixteen (10.3%) patients presented psychogenic tics, and one (0.6%) psychogenic tics and dystonia; conversely, Tourette syndrome preceded the onset of psychogenic dystonia (N = 1, 0.6%), and psychogenic tremor (N = 1, 0.6%) in two patients. Finally, 12 (7.7%) patients had tics in association with non-movement related neurological disorders, such as static encephalopathy (N = 2, 1.2%) and seizures (N = 3, 1.9%). To understand the physiopathology of tics and Tourette syndrome, it is important to recognize that these may be caused or associated with other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicte I Mejia
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Structurally similar to retinoic acid (RA), the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) controls many developmental and physiological processes via complicated signaling networks that are composed of receptors, secondary messengers, protein kinase/phosphatase cascades, transcription factors, and chromatin-remodeling factors. In addition, ABA signaling is further modulated by mRNA maturation and stability, microRNA (miRNA) levels, nuclear speckling, and protein degradation. This chapter highlights the identified regulators of ABA signaling and reports their homologues in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
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