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Di Rocco F, Rossi M, Verlut I, Szathmari A, Beuriat PA, Chatron N, Chauvel-Picard J, Mottolese C, Monin P, Vinchon M, Guernouche S, Collet C. Clinical interest of molecular study in cases of isolated midline craniosynostosis. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:621-628. [PMID: 36732661 PMCID: PMC10250395 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In some cases of infants with apparently isolated single-suture synostosis, an underlying variant can be found. We aimed to determine the molecular substratum in isolated sagittal and metopic craniosynostosis. To this end, we included all infants who presented isolated midline synostosis (sagittal or metopic) and had undergone surgery at the craniosynostosis national reference center of Lyon University Hospital. All infants were examined by a multidisciplinary team including neurosurgeons, clinical geneticists and neuropsychologist. Among 101 infants tested, 13 carried a total of 13 variants; that is, 12.9% of the infants carried a variant in genes known to be involved in craniosynostosis. Seven infants carried SMAD6 variants, 2 in FGFR2, 1 in TWIST1, one in FREM1, one in ALX4 and one in TCF12. All variants were detected at the heterozygous level in genes associated with autosomal dominant craniosynostosis. Also, neurodevelopmental testing showed especially delayed acquisition of language in children with than without variants in SMAD6. In conclusion, a high percentage of young children with isolated midline craniosynostosis, especially in isolated trigonocephaly, carried SMAD6 variants. The interpretation of the pathogenicity of the genes must take into account incomplete penetrance, usually observed in craniosynostosis. Our results highlight the interest of molecular analysis in the context of isolated sagittal and/or metopic craniosynostosis to enhance an understanding of the pathophysiology of midline craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Di Rocco
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Verlut
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandru Szathmari
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Aurélien Beuriat
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Chauvel-Picard
- Department of Pediatric Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Carmine Mottolese
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Monin
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Matthieu Vinchon
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Sofia Guernouche
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, French Referral Center for Craniosynostosis, Hôpital Femme Mère-Enfant Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INSERM 1033, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Collet
- Department of Genetics, Robert Debré Hospital, Inserm 1132, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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JNK Signaling: Regulation and Functions Based on Complex Protein-Protein Partnerships. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:793-835. [PMID: 27466283 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress insults. JNKs also regulate important physiological processes, including neuronal functions, immunological actions, and embryonic development, via their impact on gene expression, cytoskeletal protein dynamics, and cell death/survival pathways. Although the JNK pathway has been under study for >20 years, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners of JNKs underlying the diversity of actions. Here we review the current knowledge of JNK structure and isoforms as well as the partnerships of JNKs with a range of intracellular proteins. Many of these proteins are direct substrates of the JNKs. We analyzed almost 100 of these target proteins in detail within a framework of their classification based on their regulation by JNKs. Examples of these JNK substrates include a diverse assortment of nuclear transcription factors (Jun, ATF2, Myc, Elk1), cytoplasmic proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation (DCX, Tau, WDR62) or vesicular transport (JIP1, JIP3), cell membrane receptors (BMPR2), and mitochondrial proteins (Mcl1, Bim). In addition, because upstream signaling components impact JNK activity, we critically assessed the involvement of signaling scaffolds and the roles of feedback mechanisms in the JNK pathway. Despite a clarification of many regulatory events in JNK-dependent signaling during the past decade, many other structural and mechanistic insights are just beginning to be revealed. These advances open new opportunities to understand the role of JNK signaling in diverse physiological and pathophysiological states.
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Parsons TE, Weinberg SM, Khaksarfard K, Howie RN, Elsalanty M, Yu JC, Cray JJ. Craniofacial shape variation in Twist1+/- mutant mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:826-33. [PMID: 24585549 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) is a relatively common birth defect resulting from the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. Human genetic studies have identified several genes in association with CS. One such gene that has been implicated in both syndromic (Saethre-Chotzen syndrome) and nonsyndromic forms of CS in humans is TWIST1. In this study, a heterozygous Twist1 knock out (Twist1(+/-) ) mouse model was used to study the craniofacial shape changes associated with the partial loss of function. A geometric morphometric approach was used to analyze landmark data derived from microcomputed tomography scans to compare craniofacial shape between 17 Twist1(+/-) mice and 26 of their Twist1(+/+) (wild type) littermate controls at 15 days of age. The results show that despite the purported wide variation in synostotic severity, Twist1(+/-) mice have a consistent pattern of craniofacial dysmorphology affecting all major regions of the skull. Similar to Saethre-Chotzen, the calvarium is acrocephalic and wide with an overall brachycephalic shape. Mutant mice also exhibited a shortened cranial base and a wider and shorted face, consistent with coronal CS associated phenotypes. The results suggest that these differences are at least partially the direct result of the Twist1 haploinsufficiency on the developing craniofacial skeleton. This study provides a quantitative phenotype complement to the developmental and molecular genetic research previously done on Twist1. These results can be used to generate further hypotheses about the effect of Twist1 and premature suture fusion on the entire craniofacial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trish E Parsons
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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A newly described bovine type 2 scurs syndrome segregates with a frame-shift mutation in TWIST1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22242. [PMID: 21814570 PMCID: PMC3141036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental pathways involved in horn development are complex and still poorly understood. Here we report the description of a new dominant inherited syndrome in the bovine Charolais breed that we have named type 2 scurs. Clinical examination revealed that, despite a strong phenotypic variability, all affected individuals show both horn abnormalities similar to classical scurs phenotype and skull interfrontal suture synostosis. Based on a genome-wide linkage analysis using Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip genotyping data from 57 half-sib and full-sib progeny, this locus was mapped to a 1.7 Mb interval on bovine chromosome 4. Within this region, the TWIST1 gene encoding a transcription factor was considered as a strong candidate gene since its haploinsufficiency is responsible for the human Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, characterized by skull coronal suture synostosis. Sequencing of the TWIST1 gene identified a c.148_157dup (p.A56RfsX87) frame-shift mutation predicted to completely inactivate this gene. Genotyping 17 scurred and 20 horned founders of our pedigree as well as 48 unrelated horned controls revealed a perfect association between this mutation and the type 2 scurs phenotype. Subsequent genotyping of 32 individuals born from heterozygous parents showed that homozygous mutated progeny are completely absent, which is consistent with the embryonic lethality reported in Drosophila and mouse suffering from TWIST1 complete insufficiency. Finally, data from previous studies on model species and a fine description of type 2 scurs symptoms allowed us to propose different mechanisms to explain the features of this syndrome. In conclusion, this first report on the identification of a potential causal mutation affecting horn development in cattle offers a unique opportunity to better understand horn ontogenesis.
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Wilkie AO, Byren JC, Hurst JA, Jayamohan J, Johnson D, Knight SJL, Lester T, Richards PG, Twigg SRF, Wall SA. Prevalence and complications of single-gene and chromosomal disorders in craniosynostosis. Pediatrics 2010; 126:e391-400. [PMID: 20643727 PMCID: PMC3535761 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We describe the first cohort-based analysis of the impact of genetic disorders in craniosynostosis. We aimed to refine the understanding of prognoses and pathogenesis and to provide rational criteria for clinical genetic testing. METHODS We undertook targeted molecular genetic and cytogenetic testing for 326 children who required surgery because of craniosynostosis, were born in 1993-2002, presented to a single craniofacial unit, and were monitored until the end of 2007. RESULTS Eighty-four children (and 64 relatives) had pathologic genetic alterations (86% single-gene mutations and 14% chromosomal abnormalities). The FGFR3 P250R mutation was the single largest contributor (24%) to the genetic group. Genetic diagnoses accounted for 21% of all craniosynostosis cases and were associated with increased rates of many complications. Children with an initial clinical diagnosis of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis were more likely to have a causative mutation if the synostoses were unicoronal or bicoronal (10 of 48 cases) than if they were sagittal or metopic (0 of 55 cases; P = .0003). Repeat craniofacial surgery was required for 58% of children with single-gene mutations but only 17% of those with chromosomal abnormalities (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Clinical genetic assessment is critical for the treatment of children with craniosynostosis. Genetic testing of nonsyndromic cases (at least for FGFR3 P250R and FGFR2 exons IIIa/c) should be targeted to patients with coronal or multisuture synostoses. Single-gene disorders that disrupt physiologic signaling in the cranial sutures often require reoperation, whereas chromosomal abnormalities follow a more-indolent course, which suggests a different, secondary origin of the associated craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford
,Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
,Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital
| | - Jo C. Byren
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Jane A. Hurst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital
| | - Jayaratnam Jayamohan
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David Johnson
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Samantha J. L. Knight
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford
| | - Tracy Lester
- Genetics Laboratories, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. Richards
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | | | - Steven A. Wall
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital
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Vichalkovski A, Gresko E, Hess D, Restuccia DF, Hemmings BA. PKB/AKT phosphorylation of the transcription factor Twist-1 at Ser42 inhibits p53 activity in response to DNA damage. Oncogene 2010; 29:3554-65. [PMID: 20400976 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) is ubiquitously expressed in cells. Phosphorylation of its multiple targets in response to various stimuli, including growth factors or cytokines, promotes cell survival and inhibits apoptosis. PKB is upregulated in many different cancers and a significant amount of the enzyme is present in its activated form. Here we show that PKB phosphorylates one of the anti-apoptotic proteins--transcription factor Twist-1 at Ser42. Cells expressing Twist-1 displayed inefficient p53 upregulation in response to DNA damage induced by gamma-irradiation or the genotoxic drug adriamycin. This influenced the activation of p53 target genes such as p21(Waf1) and Bax and led to aberrant cell-cycle regulation and the inhibition of apoptosis. The impaired induction of these p53 effector molecules is likely to be mediated by PKB-dependent phosphorylation of Twist-1 because, unlike the wild-type mutant, the Twist-1 S42A mutant did not confer cell resistance to DNA damage. Moreover, phosphorylation of Twist-1 at Ser42 was shown in vivo in various human cancer tissues, suggesting that this post-translational modification ensures functional activation of Twist-1 after promotion of survival during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vichalkovski
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel, Switzerland
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Singh S, Gramolini AO. Characterization of sequences in human TWIST required for nuclear localization. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:47. [PMID: 19534813 PMCID: PMC2709654 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twist is a transcription factor that plays an important role in proliferation and tumorigenesis. Twist is a nuclear protein that regulates a variety of cellular functions controlled by protein-protein interactions and gene transcription events. The focus of this study was to characterize putative nuclear localization signals (NLSs) 37RKRR40 and 73KRGKK77 in the human TWIST (H-TWIST) protein. RESULTS Using site-specific mutagenesis and immunofluorescences, we observed that altered TWISTNLS1 K38R, TWISTNLS2 K73R and K77R constructs inhibit nuclear accumulation of H-TWIST in mammalian cells, while TWISTNLS2 K76R expression was un-affected and retained to the nucleus. Subsequently, co-transfection of TWIST mutants K38R, K73R and K77R with E12 formed heterodimers and restored nuclear localization despite the NLSs mutations. Using a yeast-two-hybrid assay, we identified a novel TWIST-interacting candidate TCF-4, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. The interaction of TWIST with TCF-4 confirmed using NLS rescue assays, where nuclear expression of mutant TWISTNLS1 with co-transfixed TCF-4 was observed. The interaction of TWIST with TCF-4 was also seen using standard immunoprecipitation assays. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the presence of two putative NLS motifs in H-TWIST and suggests that these NLS sequences are functional. Furthermore, we identified and confirmed the interaction of TWIST with a novel protein candidate TCF-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Physiology, Charles H, Best Institute, University of Toronto, 112 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L6, Canada.
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8
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Woods RH, Ul-Haq E, Wilkie AOM, Jayamohan J, Richards PG, Johnson D, Lester T, Wall SA. Reoperation for intracranial hypertension in TWIST1-confirmed Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: a 15-year review. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 123:1801-1810. [PMID: 19483581 PMCID: PMC2719244 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181a3f391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a syndromic craniosynostosis defined by a genetic mutation affecting the TWIST1 gene on chromosome 7p21. It is typically associated with unicoronal or bicoronal synostosis, eyelid ptosis, dysmorphic external ears, and other variable facial and limb abnormalities. Surgical management of the craniosynostosis addresses the calvarial deformity and may relieve or reduce the risk of intracranial hypertension. The aim of this study was to assess surgical intervention, with particular consideration of the reoperation rate for intracranial hypertension, in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome patients. METHODS A retrospective case note analysis was performed on all patients with a confirmed TWIST1 gene abnormality who attended the Oxford Craniofacial Unit over a 15-year period. Each patient's mutation and clinical features were recorded. Surgical intervention and sequelae were examined in greater detail. RESULTS Thirty-four patients with genetically confirmed Saethre-Chotzen syndrome were identified. All had craniosynostosis (bicoronal, 76 percent; unicoronal, 18 percent; bicoronal and sagittal, 6 percent), and the majority had eyelid ptosis, low frontal hairline, and external ear anomalies. Thirty-one patients had received surgical intervention. Nine of 26 patients (35 percent) with at least 12 months of follow-up after primary intervention and eight of 19 patients (42 percent) with at least 5 years of follow-up developed intracranial hypertension necessitating secondary calvarial surgery. CONCLUSIONS Despite standard surgical intervention, patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome have a high rate (35 to 42 percent) of recurrent intracranial hypertension necessitating further surgical expansion. All patients with either bicoronal synostosis or unicoronal synostosis with syndromic features should be screened for TWIST1 mutations, as this confers a greater risk than nonsyndromic synostosis of the same sutures. Regular follow-up throughout the childhood years is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger H Woods
- Oxford, United Kingdom From the Oxford Craniofacial Unit and the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, and the Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Churchill Hospital
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Mehmood R, Yasuhara N, Oe S, Nagai M, Yoneda Y. Synergistic nuclear import of NeuroD1 and its partner transcription factor, E47, via heterodimerization. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1639-52. [PMID: 19272376 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The transition from undifferentiated pluripotent cells to terminally differentiated neurons is coordinated by a repertoire of transcription factors. NeuroD1 is a type II basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factor that plays critical roles in neuronal differentiation and maintenance in the central nervous system. Its dimerization with E47, a type I bHLH transcription factor, leads to the transcriptional regulation of target genes. Mounting evidence suggests that regulating the localization of transcription factors contributes to the regulation of their activity during development as defects in their localization underlie a variety of developmental disorders. In this study, we attempted to understand the nuclear import mannerisms of NeuroD1 and E47. We found that the nuclear import of NeuroD1 and E47 is energy-dependent and involves the Ran-mediated pathway. Herein, we demonstrate that NeuroD1 and E47 can dimerize inside the cytoplasm before their nuclear import. Moreover, this dimerization promotes nuclear import as the nuclear accumulation of NeuroD1 was enhanced in the presence of E47 in an in vitro nuclear import assay, and NLS-deficient NeuroD1 was successfully imported into the nucleus upon E47 overexpression. NeuroD1 also had a similar effect on the nuclear accumulation of NLS-deficient E47. These findings suggest a novel role for dimerization that may promote, at least partially, the nuclear import of transcription factors allowing them to function efficiently in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Mehmood
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Rasmussen SA, Yazdy MM, Frías JL, Honein MA. Priorities for public health research on craniosynostosis: summary and recommendations from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-sponsored meeting. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:149-58. [PMID: 18080327 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
On June 8-9, 2006, the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention held a meeting entitled "Prioritizing a Public Health Research Agenda for Craniosynostosis". The meeting goals were to review current knowledge in the area, discuss research gaps, and identify future priorities for public health research. Participants with a broad range of expertise (including clinical and molecular genetics, cranial morphology, epidemiology, pediatrics, psychology, public health, and surgery) contributed to the development of the research agenda. Meeting participants were asked to consider public health significance and feasibility when identifying areas of priority for future public health research. Participants identified several priorities, including the need to better delineate the prevalence and phenotype of craniosynostosis (CS); to identify factors important in the causation of CS (including potentially modifiable environmental risk factors as well as genes involved in isolated CS and gene-gene and gene-environment interactions); and to better understand short- and long-term outcomes of CS (e.g., surgical, neurocognitive and neuropsychological outcomes, psychological adjustment, and social relationships) and issues related to clinical care that could affect those outcomes. The need for improved collaboration among clinical treatment centers and standardization of data collection to address these priorities was emphasized. These priorities will be used to guide future public health research on CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Rasmussen
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Wilkie AOM, Bochukova EG, Hansen RMS, Taylor IB, Rannan-Eliya SV, Byren JC, Wall SA, Ramos L, Venâncio M, Hurst JA, O'rourke AW, Williams LJ, Seller A, Lester T. Clinical dividends from the molecular genetic diagnosis of craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1941-9. [PMID: 17621648 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A dozen years have passed since the first genetic lesion was identified in a family with craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of the cranial sutures. Subsequently, mutations in the FGFR2, FGFR3, TWIST1, and EFNB1 genes have been shown to account for approximately 25% of craniosynostosis, whilst several additional genes make minor contributions. Using specific examples, we show how these discoveries have enabled refinement of information on diagnosis, recurrence risk, prognosis for mental development, and surgical planning. However, phenotypic variability can present a significant challenge to the clinical interpretation of molecular genetic tests. In particular, the difficulty of analyzing the complex interaction of genetic background and prenatal environment in determining clinical features, limits the value of identifying low penetrance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Seto ML, Hing AV, Chang J, Hu M, Kapp-Simon KA, Patel PK, Burton BK, Kane AA, Smyth MD, Hopper R, Ellenbogen RG, Stevenson K, Speltz ML, Cunningham ML. Isolated sagittal and coronal craniosynostosis associated with TWIST box mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:678-86. [PMID: 17343269 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, affects 1 in 2,500 live births. Isolated single-suture fusion is most prevalent, with sagittal synostosis occurring in 1/5,000 live births. The etiology of isolated (nonsyndromic) single-suture craniosynostosis is largely unknown. In syndromic craniosynostosis, there is a highly nonrandom pattern of causative autosomal dominant mutations involving TWIST1 and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). Prior to our study, there were no published TWIST1 mutations in the anti-osteogenic C-terminus, recently coined the TWIST Box, which binds and inhibits RUNX2 transactivation. RUNX2 is the principal master switch for osteogenesis. We performed mutational analysis on 164 infants with isolated, single-suture craniosynostosis for mutations in TWIST1, the IgIIIa exon of FGFR1, the IgIIIa and IgIIIc exons of FGFR2, and the Pro250Arg site of FGFR3. We identified two patients with novel TWIST Box mutations: one with isolated sagittal synostosis and one with isolated coronal synostosis. Kress et al. [2006] reported a TWIST Box "nondisease-causing polymorphism" in a patient with isolated sagittal synostosis. However, compelling evidence suggests that their and our sequence alterations are pathogenic: (1) a mouse with a mutation of the same residue as our sagittal synostosis patient developed sagittal synostosis, (2) mutation of the same residue precluded TWIST1 interaction with RUNX2, (3) each mutation involved nonconservative amino acid substitutions in highly conserved residues across species, and (4) control chromosomes lacked TWIST Box sequence alterations. We suggest that genetic testing of patients with isolated sagittal or coronal synostosis should include TWIST1 mutational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne L Seto
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, USA.
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Cunningham ML, Seto ML, Ratisoontorn C, Heike CL, Hing AV. Syndromic craniosynostosis: from history to hydrogen bonds. Orthod Craniofac Res 2007; 10:67-81. [PMID: 17552943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2007.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The syndromic craniosynostoses, usually involving multiple sutures, are hereditary forms of craniosynostosis associated with extracranial phenotypes such as limb, cardiac, CNS and tracheal malformations. The genetic etiology of syndromic craniosynostosis in humans is only partially understood. Syndromic synostosis has been found to be associated with mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family (FGFR1, -R2, -R3), TWIST1, MSX2, and EFNB1. Apert, Pfeiffer, Crouzon, and Jackson-Weiss syndromes are due to gain-of-function mutations of FGFR2 in either the Ig II-III linker region (Apert) or Ig III domain. Loss of function mutations of TWIST1 and gain-of-function mutations of MSX2 lead to Saethre-Chotzen and Boston-type syndromes, respectively. The mutations in Pfeiffer (FGFR1), Muenke (FGFR3), and Apert syndrome (FGFR2) are caused by the same amino acid substitution in a highly conserved region of the Ig II-III linker region of these proteins, which suggests that these receptor tyrosine kinases have an overlapping function in suture biology. In this review we will discuss the historical descriptions, current phenotypes and molecular causes of the more common forms of syndromic craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machael L Cunningham
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington Department of Pediatrics and Children's Craniofacial Center, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Wilkie AOM, Bochukova EG, Hansen RMS, Taylor IB, Rannan-Eliya SV, Byren JC, Wall SA, Ramos L, Venâncio M, Hurst JA, O'Rourke AW, Williams LJ, Seller A, Lester T. Clinical dividends from the molecular genetic diagnosis of craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:2631-9. [PMID: 16838304 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A dozen years have passed since the first genetic lesion was identified in a family with craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of the cranial sutures. Subsequently, mutations in the FGFR2, FGFR3, TWIST1, and EFNB1 genes have been shown to account for approximately 25% of craniosynostosis, whilst several additional genes make minor contributions. Using specific examples, we show how these discoveries have enabled refinement of information on diagnosis, recurrence risk, prognosis for mental development, and surgical planning. However, phenotypic variability can present a significant challenge to the clinical interpretation of molecular genetic tests. In particular, the difficulty of analyzing the complex interaction of genetic background and prenatal environment in determining clinical features, limits the value of identifying low penetrance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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