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Yin H, Staples SCR, Pickering JG. The fundamentals of fibroblast growth factor 9. Differentiation 2024; 139:100731. [PMID: 37783652 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) was first identified during a screen for factors acting on cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Research over the subsequent two decades has revealed this protein to be a critically important and elegantly regulated growth factor. A hallmark control feature is reciprocal compartmentalization, particularly during development, with epithelium as a dominant source and mesenchyme a prime target. This mesenchyme selectivity is accomplished by the high affinity of FGF9 to the IIIc isoforms of FGFR1, 2, and 3. FGF9 is expressed widely in the embryo, including the developing heart and lungs, and more selectively in the adult, including the CNS and kidneys. Global Fgf9-null mice die shortly after birth due to respiratory failure from hypoplastic lungs. As well, their hearts are dilated and poorly vascularized, the skeleton is small, the intestine is shortened, and male-to-female sex reversal can be found. Conditional Fgf9-null mice have revealed CNS phenotypes, including ataxia and epilepsy. In humans, FGF9 variants have been found to underlie multiple synostoses syndrome 3, a syndrome characterized by multiple joint fusions. Aberrant FGF9 signaling has also been implicated in differences of sex development and cancer, whereas vascular stabilizing effects of FGF9 could benefit chronic diseases. This primer reviews the attributes of this vital growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sabrina C R Staples
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - J Geoffrey Pickering
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Canada; Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada; London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada.
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2
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Zhou W, Su P, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu L. Exploration of the molecular linkage between endometriosis and Crohn disease by bioinformatics methods. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38097. [PMID: 38758892 PMCID: PMC11098239 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis (EMT) is a common disease in reproductive-age woman and Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies reported that patients with EMT had an increased risk of CD. However, the linkage between EMT and CD remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanism of EMT and CD. METHODS The microarray data of EMT and CD were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. Common genes of EMT and CD were obtained to perform the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene Genomes enrichments. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by Cytoscape software and the hub genes were identified by CytoHubba plug-in. Finally we predicted the transcription factors (TFs) of hub genes and constructed a TFs-hub genes regulation network. RESULTS A total of 50 common genes were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene Genomes enrichment showed that the common genes mainly enriched in MAPK pathway, VEGF pathway, Wnt pathway, TGF-beta pathway, and Ras pathway. Fifteen hub genes were collected from the protein-protein interaction network, including FMOD, FRZB, CPE, SST, ISG15, EFEMP1, KDR, ADRA2A, FZD7, AQP1, IGFBP5, NAMPT, PLUA, FGF9, and FHL2. Among them, FGF9, FZD7, IGFBP5, KDR, and NAMPT were both validated in the other 2 datasets. Finally TFs-hub genes regulation network were constructed. CONCLUSION Our findings firstly revealed the linkage between EMT and CD, including inflammation, angiogenesis, immune regulation, and cell behaviors, which may lead to the risk of CD in EMT. FGF9, FZD7, IGFBP5, KDR, and NAMPT may closely relate to the linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Six Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peizhu Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaotao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Six Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang Q, Feng J, Tang L. Non-Coding RNA Related to MAPK Signaling Pathway in Liver Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11908. [PMID: 36233210 PMCID: PMC9570382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement in high-throughput sequencing analysis and the evaluation of chromatin state maps have revealed that eukaryotic cells produce many non-coding transcripts/RNAs. Further, a strong association was observed between some non-coding RNAs and cancer development. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) belong to the serine-threonine kinase family and are the primary signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation from the cell surface to the nucleus. They play an important role in various human diseases. A few non-coding RNAs associated with the MAPK signaling pathway play a significant role in the development of several malignancies, including liver cancer. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms and interactions of microRNA, lncRNA, and other non-coding RNAs in the development of liver cancer that are associated with the MAPK signaling pathway. Further, we briefly discuss the therapeutic strategies for liver cancer related to ncRNA and the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Chang MM, Wu SZ, Yang SH, Wu CC, Wang CY, Huang BM. FGF9/FGFR1 promotes cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, M2 macrophage infiltration and liver metastasis of lung cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101208. [PMID: 34438248 PMCID: PMC8390529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF9 induced cell proliferation, EMT, migration, and invasion of mouse Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells, in vitro. FGF9 interacted with FGFR1 and activated FAK, AKT, and ERK/MAPK signal pathways, induced the expression of EMT key proteins (N-cadherin, vimentin, snail, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP13) and reduced the expression of E-cadherin. FGF9 promoted liver metastasis of subcutaneous inoculated LLC tumor with tumor growth, angiogenesis, EMT and M2-macrophage infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. The FGF9/LLC syngeneic animal model provides a useful tool for the mechanism studies of liver metastasis which is the worst prognostic factor for lung cancer patients with distant organ metastasis.
Fibroblast growth factors 9 (FGF9) modulates cell proliferation, differentiation and motility for development and repair in normal cells. Abnormal activation of FGF9 signaling is associated with tumor progression in many cancers. Also, FGF9 may be an unfavorable prognostic indicator for non-small cell lung cancer patients. However, the effects and mechanisms of FGF9 in lung cancer remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the FGF9-induced effects and signal activation profiles in mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that FGF9 significantly induced cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomena (migration and invasion) in LLC cells. Mechanism-wise, FGF9 interacted with FGFR1 and activated FAK, AKT, and ERK/MAPK signal pathways, induced the expression of EMT key proteins (N-cadherin, vimentin, snail, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP13), and reduced the expression of E-cadherin. Moreover, in the allograft mouse model, intratumor injection of FGF9 to LLC-tumor bearing C57BL/6 mice enhanced LLC tumor growth which were the results of increased Ki67 expression and decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression compared to control groups. Furthermore, we have a novel finding that FGF9 promoted liver metastasis of subcutaneous inoculated LLC tumor with angiogenesis, EMT and M2-macrophage infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, FGF9 activated FAK, AKT, and ERK signaling through FGFR1 with induction of EMT to stimulate LLC tumorigenesis and hepatic metastasis. This novel FGF9/LLC allograft animal model may therefore be useful to study the mechanism of liver metastasis which is the worst prognostic factor for lung cancer patients with distant organ metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Su-Zhen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan 73657, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40406, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Wu Y, Tao L, Liang J, Qiao Y, Liu W, Yu H, Yu X, Liu L. miR-187-3p increases gemcitabine sensitivity in breast cancer cells by targeting FGF9 expression. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:952-960. [PMID: 32765654 PMCID: PMC7388565 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in women, which remains a significant health concern worldwide. Gemcitabine is a frequently applied anticancer pharmacological agent. However, the efficacy of gemcitabine is limited by chemoresistance. In the present study, a combination of reverse transcription quantitative-PCR, cell viability, flow cytometry, luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis were performed to elucidate the potential effects of miR-187-3p on gemcitabine sensitivity in the breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. The results revealed that miR-187-3p was significantly decreased in the breast cancer tumor tissues. Moreover, the overexpression of miR-187-3p significantly inhibited cell viability and promoted apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, miR-187-3p overexpression enhanced the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of gemcitabine, indicating that miR-187-3p regulated gemcitabine sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, miR-187-3p negatively regulated the expression of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) by binding to its 3'-untranslated region. Overexpression of FGF9 reversed the aforementioned effects of miR-187-3p overexpression on cell viability and apoptosis in the presence of gemcitabine. In conclusion, the present study indicated that miR-187-3p increased gemcitabine sensitivity in breast cancer cells by targeting FGF9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Wu
- Breast Surgery Department, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Li Tao
- Breast Surgery Department, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Liang
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yashun Qiao
- Breast Surgery Department, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Haina Yu
- Breast Surgery Department, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Xinghui Yu
- Breast Surgery Department, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, P.R. China
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Oncology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
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Li L, Zhang C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Lei Y. DJ-1 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via enhancing FGF9 expression in colorectal cancer. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio051680. [PMID: 32366371 PMCID: PMC7325429 DOI: 10.1242/bio.051680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the main contributor to high recurrence and mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC). In a previous study, we found that DJ-1 plays an important role in CRC metastasis, and is the main target in Ciclopirox olamine (CPX)-treated CRC. However, the mechanism underlying DJ-1-induced CRC metastasis remains elusive. In the present study, our results showed that DJ-1 could activate Wnt signaling resulting in enhanced invasive potential and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC cells. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis reveals that the DJ-1/Wnt signaling pathway may promote CRC cells' EMT by regulating fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) expression. Molecular validation showed that expression of FGF9 was upregulated by the DJ-1/Wnt signaling pathway and decreasing FGF9-expression impeded DJ-1-induced CRC invasive ability and EMT, suggesting that FGF9 is involved in DJ-1-enhanced CRC metastasis. In addition, we show that FGF9 was overexpressed in CRC human specimens and was significantly associated with tumor differentiation. High FGF9 expression was correlated with worse overall survival, and a correlation exhibited between FGF9 and EMT markers (E-cadherin and Vimentin) in CRC samples. Together, our results determined that FGF9 was involved in DJ-1-induced invasion and EMT in CRC cells, and may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for CRC anti-metastatic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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He X, Chen SY, Yang Z, Zhang J, Wang W, Liu MY, Niu Y, Wei XM, Li HM, Hu WN, Sun GG. miR-4317 suppresses non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by targeting fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) and cyclin D2 (CCND2). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:230. [PMID: 30227870 PMCID: PMC6145328 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been indicated as crucial actors in cancer biology. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for NSCLC. Methods The purpose of this study was to characterize and identify the novel biomarker miR-4317 and its targets in NSCLC. The expression of miR-4317 was analyzed by in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effect of miR-4317 on proliferation was evaluated through 3–4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-5-3–carboxymethoxyphenyl-2-4-sulfophenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) and colony formation assays, and cell migration and invasion were evaluated through transwell assays. The expression of target proteins and downstream molecules was analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to assess the target genes of miR4317 in NSCLC cells. Results Our results demonstrated that miR-4317 was downregulated in NSCLC tissues and serum, particularly in lymph node metastasis and advanced clinical stage tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that NSCLC patients with high expression of miR-4317 exhibited better overall survival (OS). Enhanced expression of miR-4317 significantly inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion, and hampered cycles of NSCLC cell lines in vitro. Our results suggested that miR-4317 functions by directly targeting fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) and cyclin D2 (CCND2). In concordance with in vitro studies, mouse xenograft, lung, and brain metastatic studies validated that miR-4317 functions as a potent suppressor miRNA of NSCLC in vivo. Systemically delivered agomiR-4317 reduced tumor growth and inhibited FGF9 and CCND2 protein expression. Reintroduction of FGF9 and CCND2 attenuated miR-4317-mediated suppression of migration and invasion in NSCLC. Conclusions Our results indicate that miR-4317 can reduce NSCLC cell growth and metastasis by targeting FGF9 and CCND2. These findings provide new evidence of miR-4317 as a potential non-invasive biomarker and therapeutic target for NSCLC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0882-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Si-Yuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Mei-Yue Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Yi Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Hong-Min Li
- Department of Pathology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Wan-Ning Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Guo-Gui Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated People's Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China.
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Deng B, Lv W, Duan W, Liu Y, Li Z, Song X, Cui C, Qi X, Wang X, Li C. FGF9 modulates Schwann cell myelination in developing nerves and induces a pro‐inflammatory environment during injury. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8643-8658. [PMID: 29953642 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Deng
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Wenjing Lv
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Weisong Duan
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xueqing Song
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiaoming Qi
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Neurology Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
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Liu Y, Ma J, Beenken A, Srinivasan L, Eliseenkova AV, Mohammadi M. Regulation of Receptor Binding Specificity of FGF9 by an Autoinhibitory Homodimerization. Structure 2017; 25:1325-1336.e3. [PMID: 28757146 PMCID: PMC5587394 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) subfamily specifically binds and activates the mesenchymal "c" splice isoform of FGF receptors 1-3 (FGFR1-3) to regulate organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. The unique N and C termini of FGF9 subfamily ligands mediate a reversible homodimerization that occludes major receptor binding sites within the ligand core region. Here we provide compelling X-ray crystallographic, biophysical, and biochemical data showing that homodimerization controls receptor binding specificity of the FGF9 subfamily by keeping the concentration of active FGF9 monomers at a level, which is sufficient for a normal FGFR "c" isoform binding/signaling, but is insufficient for an illegitimate FGFR "b" isoform binding/signaling. We show that deletion of the N terminus or alanine substitutions in the C terminus of FGF9 skews the delicate ligand equilibrium toward active FGF9 monomers causing off-target binding and activation of FGFR b isoforms. Our study is the first to implicate ligand homodimerization in the regulation of ligand-receptor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrew Beenken
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lakshmi Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna V Eliseenkova
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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MicroRNA-140-5p inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting the unique isomerase Pin1 to block multiple cancer-driving pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45915. [PMID: 28383568 PMCID: PMC5382892 DOI: 10.1038/srep45915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer related-death. As a major common regulator of numerous cancer-driving pathways and a unique therapeutic target, the prolyl isomerase Pin1 is overexpressed in a majority of HCCs, whereas the mechanism underlying Pin1 overexpression remains elusive. Here we find that miR-140-5p inhibits HCC by directly targeting Pin1 to block multiple cancer-driving pathways. Bioinformatics analysis, miRNA binding and functional assays identify that miR-140-5p directly interacts with the 3′UTR of Pin1 and inhibits Pin1 translation. Furthermore, like stable Pin1 knockdown, moderate overexpression of miR-140-5p not only eliminates Pin1, but also inhibits cells growth and metastasis. Importantly, these effects of miR-140-5p are largely rescued by reconstitution of Pin1. Moreover, miR-140-5p inhibits multiple Pin1-dependent cancer pathways and suppresses tumor growth in mice. The clinical significance of these findings has been substantiated by the demonstrations that miR-140-5p is frequently down-regulated and inversely correlated with Pin1 overexpression in HCC tissues and cell lines. Given prevalent miR-140-5p downregulation in other cancers and major impact of Pin1 overexpression on activating numerous cancer-driving pathways including global miRNA downregulation, the miR-140-5p/Pin1 axis may play a major role in tumorigenesis and offer promising therapeutic targets for HCC and other cancers.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biliary atresia (BA) is an idiopathic neonatal liver disease, characterized by inflammatory and fibrotic obliteration of extrahepatic bile ducts. Therefore, reliable methods for noninvasive diagnosis are needed. The present study aimed to analyze circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients with BA using next-generation sequencing for identifying novel diagnostic biomarkers. METHODS An initial screening of miRNAs in plasma from patients with BA and healthy controls (HCs) was performed on an Illumina next-generation sequencing platform. Differential miRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Target genes and related signal transduction pathways of differential miRNAs were predicted by online software. RESULTS In total, 146 differential miRNAs were identified by deep sequencing. Fifteen miRNAs with read counts >1000, that included 7 upregulated and 8 downregulated miRNAs, were predicted to be associated with liver fibrosis, biliary differentiation, and bile duct development. Of these, 6 miRNAs with read counts >5000 were analyzed by qPCR on an independent sample set comprising 44 patients with BA, 20 cholestatic disease controls, and 20 HCs. Two upregulated miRNAs (miR-122-5p, miR-100-5p) and 2 downregulated miRNAs (miR-140-3p, miR-126-3p) were confirmed by individual qPCR. Only miR-140-3p was significantly different from controls (P < 0.05), yielding an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.75 with sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 79.1% at optimal threshold. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that patients with BA exhibit a distinct profile of circulating miRNAs and that plasma miR-140-3p may be a promising diagnostic biomarker for this disease.
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Giacomini A, Chiodelli P, Matarazzo S, Rusnati M, Presta M, Ronca R. Blocking the FGF/FGFR system as a two-compartment antiangiogenic/antitumor approach in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:172-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abdel-Rahman WM, Lotsari-Salomaa JE, Kaur S, Niskakoski A, Knuutila S, Järvinen H, Mecklin JP, Peltomäki P. The Role of Chromosomal Instability and Epigenetics in Colorectal Cancers Lacking β-Catenin/TCF Regulated Transcription. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:6089658. [PMID: 27047543 PMCID: PMC4800109 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6089658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All colorectal cancer cell lines except RKO displayed active β-catenin/TCF regulated transcription. This feature of RKO was noted in familial colon cancers; hence our aim was to dissect its carcinogenic mechanism. MFISH and CGH revealed distinct instability of chromosome structure in RKO. Gene expression microarray of RKO versus 7 colon cancer lines (with active Wnt signaling) and 3 normal specimens revealed 611 differentially expressed genes. The majority of the tested gene loci were susceptible to LOH in primary tumors with various β-catenin localizations as a surrogate marker for β-catenin activation. The immunohistochemistry of selected genes (IFI16, RGS4, MCTP1, DGKI, OBCAM/OPCML, and GLIPR1) confirmed that they were differentially expressed in clinical specimens. Since epigenetic mechanisms can contribute to expression changes, selected target genes were evaluated for promoter methylation in patient specimens from sporadic and hereditary colorectal cancers. CMTM3, DGKI, and OPCML were frequently hypermethylated in both groups, whereas KLK10, EPCAM, and DLC1 displayed subgroup specificity. The overall fraction of hypermethylated genes was higher in tumors with membranous β-catenin. We identified novel genes in colorectal carcinogenesis that might be useful in personalized tumor profiling. Tumors with inactive Wnt signaling are a heterogeneous group displaying interaction of chromosomal instability, Wnt signaling, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sippy Kaur
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Niskakoski
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Heikki Järvinen
- Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029 HUS, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1337] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Duggimpudi S, Larsson E, Nabhani S, Borkhardt A, Hoell JI. The cell cycle regulator CCDC6 is a key target of RNA-binding protein EWS. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119066. [PMID: 25751255 PMCID: PMC4353705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic translocation of EWSR1 to ETS transcription factor coding region is considered as primary cause for Ewing sarcoma. Previous studies focused on the biology of chimeric transcription factors formed due to this translocation. However, the physiological consequences of heterozygous EWSR1 loss in these tumors have largely remained elusive. Previously, we have identified various mRNAs bound to EWS using PAR-CLIP. In this study, we demonstrate CCDC6, a known cell cycle regulator protein, as a novel target regulated by EWS. siRNA mediated down regulation of EWS caused an elevated apoptosis in cells in a CCDC6-dependant manner. This effect was rescued upon re-expression of CCDC6. This study provides evidence for a novel functional link through which wild-type EWS operates in a target-dependant manner in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitha Duggimpudi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Schafiq Nabhani
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica I Hoell
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kippner LE, Kim J, Gibson G, Kemp ML. Single cell transcriptional analysis reveals novel innate immune cell types. PeerJ 2014; 2:e452. [PMID: 25024920 PMCID: PMC4081288 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda E. Kippner
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jinhee Kim
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa L. Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Meng QH, Xu E, Hildebrandt MAT, Liang D, Lu K, Ye Y, Wagar EA, Wu X. Genetic variants in the fibroblast growth factor pathway as potential markers of ovarian cancer risk, therapeutic response, and clinical outcome. Clin Chem 2013; 60:222-32. [PMID: 24146310 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.211490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor (FGFR) axis plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, but little is known of its influence in ovarian cancer. We sought to determine the association of genetic variants in the FGF pathway with risk, therapeutic response, and survival of patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS We matched 339 non-Hispanic white ovarian cancer cases with 349 healthy controls and genotyped them for 183 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 24 FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) genes. Genetic associations for the main effect, gene-gene interactions, and the cumulative effect were determined. RESULTS Multiple SNPs in the FGF-FGFR axis were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. In particular, FGF1 [fibroblast growth factor 1 (acidic)] SNP rs7727832 showed the most significant association with ovarian cancer (odds ratio, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.31-3.95). Ten SNPs were associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. FGF18 (fibroblast growth factor 18) SNP rs3806929, FGF7 (fibroblast growth factor 7) SNP rs9920722, FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23) SNP rs12812339, and FGF5 (fibroblast growth factor 5) SNP rs3733336 were significantly associated with a favorable treatment response, with a reduction of risk of nonresponse of 40% to 60%. Eleven SNPs were significantly associated with overall survival. Of these SNPs, FGF23 rs7961824 was the most significantly associated with improved prognosis (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.39-0.78) and was associated with significantly longer survival durations, compared with individuals with the common genotype at this locus (58.1 months vs. 38.0 months, P = 0.005). Survival tree analysis revealed FGF2 rs167428 as the primary factor contributing to overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Significant associations of genetic variants in the FGF pathway were associated with ovarian cancer risk, therapeutic response, and survival. The discovery of multiple SNPs in the FGF-FGFR pathway provides a molecular approach for risk assessment, monitoring therapeutic response, and prognosis.
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Yin Y, Betsuyaku T, Garbow JR, Miao J, Govindan R, Ornitz DM. Rapid induction of lung adenocarcinoma by fibroblast growth factor 9 signaling through FGF receptor 3. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5730-41. [PMID: 23867472 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are expressed in many non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) primary tumors and derived cell lines, and mutations in FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) have been identified in human lung adenocarcinoma. FGF9 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NSCLC by synergizing with EGFR pathways or by providing an escape pathway mediating resistance to EGFR inhibition. To model pathogenic mechanisms mediated by FGF signals, we have established a mouse model in which FGF9 expression can be induced in adult lung epithelium. Here, we show that induced expression of FGF9 in adult lung leads to the rapid proliferation of distal airway epithelial cells that express the stem cell marker, Sca-1, and the proximal and distal epithelial markers, Sftpc and CC10, the rapid formation of Sftpc-positive adenocarcinomas, and eventual metastasis in some mice. Furthermore, we have identified FGFR3 as the obligate receptor mediating the FGF9 oncogenic signal. These results identify an FGF9-FGFR3 signal as a primary oncogenic pathway for lung adenocarcinoma and suggest that this pathway could be exploited for customized therapeutic applications for both primary tumors and those that have acquired resistance to inhibition of other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yin
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Developmental Biology, Radiology, and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, China Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yang H, Fang F, Chang R, Yang L. MicroRNA-140-5p suppresses tumor growth and metastasis by targeting transforming growth factor β receptor 1 and fibroblast growth factor 9 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 58:205-17. [PMID: 23401231 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED By comparing the expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in different hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subtypes, we identified miR-140-5p as an HCC-related miRNA. We found that miR-140-5p was significantly decreased in HCC tissues and all of six liver cancer cell lines examined and its expression levels were correlated with multiple nodules, vein invasion, capsular formation, and differentiation, as well as overall and disease-free survival of HCC. We also found that miR-140-5p suppressed HCC cell proliferation and HCC metastasis. Multipathway reporter arrays suggested that miR-140-5p inhibited transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and mitogen-activated protein kinase / extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling. TGFB receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) were then characterized as the direct targets for miR-140-5p after it was found that ectopic miR-140-5p expression suppressed TGFBR1 and FGF9 expression. Silencing TGFBR1 and FGF9 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) resembled the phenotype resulting from ectopic miR-140-5p expression, while overexpression of TGFBR1 and FGF9 attenuated the effect of miR-140-5p on HCC growth and metastasis. CONCLUSION These data elucidated a tumor suppressor role for miR-140-5p in HCC development and progression with therapeutic potential. Our correlation studies in clinical HCC samples further suggest that miR-140-5p could be a valuable biomarker for HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Liver Cancer Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
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20
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Wang Y, Wu XL, Wei DQ, Li YX, Wang JF. Autoinhibitory mechanism for the mutation-induced impaired FGF9 signaling. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2422-9. [PMID: 22920789 DOI: 10.1021/ci3003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), an important member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, can bind with high affinity to FGFR3 in a heparin-dependent approach. In humans, the deletions and mutations resulting in dysfunction of the FGF9 signaling can cause human skeletal dysplasia and cancers. A mutation (S99N) in this protein has been identified to be associated with significantly impaired FGF signaling considered as a potential cause of synostoses syndrome. However, the detailed mechanism for this observation still remains unknown. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to study the interactions of FGF9(WT/S99N), FGFR3c, and heparin, with an aim of providing atomic sights into the detailed mechanism for the impaired FGF signaling caused by the S99N mutation. We found that the S99N mutation has a well-ordered C-terminal structure, which can reduce its homodimerization ability so as to break the monomer-dimer equilibrium in the FGF signaling, which is considered as a key factor to regulate extracellular matrix affinity and tissue diffusion in the FGF signaling pathway. The FGF9(WT) monomer can preferentially form a homodimer owing to its comparatively favorable binding free energy. In contrast, the FGF9(S99N) monomer is preferred to bind with the FGFR3c receptor to form an inactive complex, leading to impair FGF signaling. To support our computational findings, we also performed biochemical experiments, which confirm the computational results mentioned above. The impaired FGF signaling is believed to be a potential cause of human synostoses syndrome, implicating an important role for FGF9 in normal joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine-Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Abdel-Rahman WM, Ruosaari S, Knuutila S, Peltomäki P. Differential roles of EPS8 in carcinogenesis: Loss of protein expression in a subset of colorectal carcinoma and adenoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3896-903. [PMID: 22876043 PMCID: PMC3413063 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (EPS8) expression status and role in colorectal carcinogenesis given that EPS8 has a conserved actin barbed-end capping function that is required for proper maturation in intestinal cells.
METHODS: We studied 8 colon cancer cell lines and 58 colorectal tumors (19 adenomas and 39 carcinomas). We performed expression microarray analysis of colon cancer cell lines followed by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis and immunohistochemistry for EPS8 expression in colon tumors. Subsequently, we performed mutation analysis by direct sequencing and methylation analysis by bisulfite sequencing and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assays.
RESULTS: Expression microarray analysis of colon cancer cell lines showed overexpression of EPS8 transcript in all lines but RKO. Genome wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of colon tumors, showed considerable LOH at the EPS8 gene locus. Immunohistochemically, EPS8 was constitutively expressed in normal colonic mucosa with a dot-like supranuclear localization with accentuation at the luminal surface supporting its proposed role in epithelial maturation. Nineteen colon tumors (4 adenoma, 15 carcinoma) out of 51 (37%) showed strikingly tumor specific EPS8 protein loss. Of the remaining tumors, 5/51 (2 adenoma, and 3 carcinoma, 10%) showed marked overexpression, while 27/51 tumors (53%) showed retained expression. Mutation analysis revealed a missense mutation (c.794C>T, p.R265C) in exon 8 in RKO. The EPS8 promoter was also methylated in RKO, but there was no significant methylation in other cell lines or carcinoma specimens.
CONCLUSION: The loss of EPS8 expression in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas suggests that down regulation of this gene contributes to the development of a subset of colorectal cancers, a finding which could have applications in diagnosis and treatment.
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Ahmad I, Iwata T, Leung HY. Mechanisms of FGFR-mediated carcinogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:850-60. [PMID: 22273505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the evidence for a role of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) mediated signalling in carcinogenesis are considered and relevant underlying mechanisms highlighted. FGF signalling mediated by FGFR follows a classic receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathway and its deregulation at various points of its cascade could result in malignancy. Here we review the accumulating reports that revealed the association of FGF/FGFRs to various types of cancer at a genetic level, along with in vitro and in vivo evidences available so far, which indicates the functional involvement of FGF signalling in tumour formation and progression. An increasing number of drugs against the FGF pathways is currently in clinical testing. We will discuss the strategies for future FGF research in cancer and translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Nieminen TT, Shoman S, Eissa S, Peltomäki P, Abdel-Rahman WM. Distinct genetic and epigenetic signatures of colorectal cancers according to ethnic origin. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 21:202-11. [PMID: 22028395 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of colorectal cancer varies depending on ethnic origin. Egyptian colorectal carcinoma is surprisingly young-age disease with high proportion of rectal and advanced stage cancers. METHODS We characterized 69 sporadic Egyptian colorectal cancers for promoter methylation at 24 tumor suppressor genes, microsatellite instability, and expression of mismatch repair, p53, and β-catenin proteins. Data were compared with 80 Western colorectal carcinoma of sporadic and familial origin from Finland. RESULTS Egyptian colorectal carcinomas showed significantly higher methylation of the microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors as reflected by the average number of methylated genes per case (P = 0.00002) and tumor suppressor gene methylator phenotype (TSGMP), defined here as methylation of ≥ 5 genes, (P = 0.0001) compared with the sporadic Western cancers. The TSGMP was associated with advanced stage in the Egyptian cancers (P = 0.0016). Four genes were differentially methylated between Egyptian and Western cases, of which the association of CDKN2B/p15 methylation with Egyptian origin was outstanding (P = 4.83 E-10). Egyptian carcinoma also showed significantly lower frequency of nuclear β-catenin localization than the sporadic Western cancers (P = 0.00006) but similar to that of the familial Western subset designated as familial colorectal cancer type X. CONCLUSIONS We show novel pathway in colon carcinogenesis marked by high methylation of MSS cancers, remarkable CDKN2B/p15 methylation, and low frequency of Wnt signaling activation. IMPACT Our findings highlight the possible effect of environmental exposures in carcinogenesis through DNA methylation and should have applications in prevention, molecular diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina T Nieminen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play essential roles in tightly regulating cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation during development and adult life. Deregulation of FGFR signalling, on the other hand, has been associated with many developmental syndromes, and with human cancer. In cancer, FGFRs have been found to become overactivated by several mechanisms, including gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and mutations. FGFR alterations are detected in a variety of human cancers, such as breast, bladder, prostate, endometrial and lung cancers, as well as haematological malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that FGFs and FGFRs may act in an oncogenic fashion to promote multiple steps of cancer progression by inducing mitogenic and survival signals, as well as promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and tumour angiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFRs in human cancer are therefore currently being explored. In the present review we will give an overview of FGF signalling, the main FGFR alterations found in human cancer to date, how they may contribute to specific cancer types and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Gau BH, Chen TM, Shih YHJ, Sun HS. FUBP3 interacts with FGF9 3' microsatellite and positively regulates FGF9 translation. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:3582-93. [PMID: 21252297 PMCID: PMC3089454 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A TG microsatellite in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of FGF9 mRNA has previously been shown to modulate FGF9 expression. In the present study, we investigate the possible interacting protein that binds to FGF9 3'-UTR UG-repeat and study the mechanism underlying this protein-RNA interaction. We first applied RNA pull-down assays and LC-MS analysis to identify proteins associated with this repetitive sequence. Among the identified proteins, FUBP3 specifically bound to the synthetic (UG)(15) oligoribonucleotide as shown by supershift in RNA-EMSA experiments. The endogenous FGF9 protein was upregulated in response to transient overexpression and downregulated after knockdown of FUBP3 in HEK293 cells. As the relative levels of FGF9 mRNA were similar in these two conditions, and the depletion of FUBP3 had no effect on the turn-over rate of FGF9 mRNA, these data suggested that FUBP3 regulates FGF9 expression at the post-transcriptional level. Further examination using ribosome complex pull-down assay showed overexpression of FUBP3 promotes FGF9 expression. In contrast, polyribosome-associated FGF9 mRNA decreased significantly in FUBP3-knockdown HEK293 cells. Finally, reporter assay suggested a synergistic effect of the (UG)-motif with FUBP3 to fine-tune the expression of FGF9. Altogether, results from this study showed the novel RNA-binding property of FUBP3 and the interaction between FUBP3 and FGF9 3'-UTR UG-repeat promoting FGF9 mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Huang Gau
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Haugsten EM, Wiedlocha A, Olsnes S, Wesche J. Roles of fibroblast growth factor receptors in carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1439-52. [PMID: 21047773 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) play essential roles both during development and in the adult. Upon ligand binding, FGFRs induce intracellular signaling networks that tightly regulate key biological processes, such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. Deregulation of FGFR signaling can thus alter tissue homeostasis and has been associated with several developmental syndromes as well as with many types of cancer. In human cancer, FGFRs have been found to be deregulated by multiple mechanisms, including aberrant expression, mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and amplifications. In this review, we will give an overview of the main FGFR alterations described in human cancer to date and discuss their contribution to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Margrethe Haugsten
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Krejci P, Prochazkova J, Bryja V, Kozubik A, Wilcox WR. Molecular pathology of the fibroblast growth factor family. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1245-55. [PMID: 19621416 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family contains 22 proteins that regulate a plethora of physiological processes in both developing and adult organism. The mutations in the FGF genes were not known to play role in human disease until the year 2000, when mutations in FGF23 were found to cause hypophosphatemic rickets. Nine years later, seven FGFs have been associated with human disorders. These include FGF3 in Michel aplasia; FGF8 in cleft lip/palate and in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; FGF9 in carcinoma; FGF10 in the lacrimal/salivary glands aplasia, and lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome; FGF14 in spinocerebellar ataxia; FGF20 in Parkinson disease; and FGF23 in tumoral calcinosis and hypophosphatemic rickets. The heterogeneity in the functional consequences of FGF mutations, the modes of inheritance, pattern of involved tissues/organs, and effects in different developmental stages provide fascinating insights into the physiology of the FGF signaling system. We review the current knowledge about the molecular pathology of the FGF family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Krejci
- Department of Immunology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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28
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Wu XL, Gu MM, Huang L, Liu XS, Zhang HX, Ding XY, Xu JQ, Cui B, Wang L, Lu SY, Chen XY, Zhang HG, Huang W, Yuan WT, Yang JM, Gu Q, Fei J, Chen Z, Yuan ZM, Wang ZG. Multiple synostoses syndrome is due to a missense mutation in exon 2 of FGF9 gene. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:53-63. [PMID: 19589401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play diverse roles in several developmental processes. Mutations leading to deregulated FGF signaling can cause human skeletal dysplasias and cancer.(1,2) Here we report a missense mutation (Ser99Asp) in exon 2 of FGF9 in 12 patients with multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS) in a large Chinese family. In vitro studies demonstrate that FGF9(S99N) is expressed and secreted as efficiently as wild-type FGF9 in transfected cells. However, FGF9(S99N) induces compromised chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, which is accompanied by enhanced osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Biochemical analysis reveals that S99N mutation in FGF9 leads to significantly impaired FGF signaling, as evidenced by diminished activity of Erk1/2 pathway and decreased beta-catenin and c-Myc expression when compared with wild-type FGF9. Importantly, the binding of FGF9(S99N) to its receptor is severely impaired although the dimerization ability of mutant FGF9 itself or with wild-type FGF9 is not detectably affected, providing a basis for the defective FGFR signaling. Collectively, our data demonstrate a previously uncharacterized mutation in FGF9 as one of the causes of SYNS, implicating an important role of FGF9 in normal joint development.
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Rial NS, Lazennec G, Prasad AR, Krouse RS, Lance P, Gerner EW. Regulation of deoxycholate induction of CXCL8 by the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2270-80. [PMID: 19173296 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated deoxycholic acid (DCA), mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and chronic inflammation are associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. APC status was manipulated to determine whether DCA mediates inflammatory molecules in normal or initiated colonic mucosa. DCA increased steady state mRNA and protein levels of CXCL8 in cells which do not express wild-type APC. Steady-state CXCL8 mRNA and protein were suppressed when cells with conditional expression of wild-type APC were exposed to DCA. Immunostaining did not detect CXCL8 in normal human colonic mucosa. CXCL8 was expressed in adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas. CXCL8 expression correlated with nuclear beta-catenin localization in epithelial cells of adenomas, but was associated with endothelial cells and neutrophils in the adenocarcinomas. DCA-mediated CXCL8 promoter-reporter activity was elevated in a mutant APC background. Wild-type APC suppressed this effect. Mutation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) sites suppressed the activation of the CXCL8 promoter-reporter by DCA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding to the 5'-promoter of CXCL8 was induced by DCA. The beta-catenin transcription factor was bound to the 5'-promoter of CXCL8 in the absence or presence of DCA. Phenotypic assays determined that DCA-mediated invasion was blocked by antibody-directed against CXCL8 or wild-type APC. CXCL8 exposure led to matrix metalloproteinase-2 production and increased invasion on laminin-coated filters. These data suggest that DCA-mediated CXCL8 occurs in initiated colonic epithelium and neutralizing CXCL8 could reduce the invasive potential of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S Rial
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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