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Nigam M, Devi K, Coutinho HDM, Mishra AP. Exploration of gut microbiome and inflammation: A review on key signalling pathways. Cell Signal 2024; 118:111140. [PMID: 38492625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, a crucial component of the human system, is a diverse collection of microbes that belong to the gut of human beings as well as other animals. These microbial communities continue to coexist harmoniously with their host organisms and perform various functions that affect the host's general health. Each person's gut microbiota has a unique makeup. The gut microbiota is well acknowledged to have a part in the local as well as systemic inflammation that underlies a number of inflammatory disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease).The gut microbiota's metabolic products, such as short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) inhibit inflammation by preventing immune system cells like macrophages and neutrophils from producing pro-inflammatory factors, which are triggered by the structural elements of bacteria (like lipopolysaccharide). The review's primary goal is to provide comprehensive and compiled data regarding the contribution of gut microbiota to inflammation and the associated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Wang X, Liang Z, Liu Q, Ye X, Wu X, Deng C, Zhao L, Lu C, Qiu Z, Yao Y, Yang Y, Xu X. Identification of PIK3R5 as a hub in septic myocardial injury and the cardioprotective effects of Psoralidin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155146. [PMID: 37918280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial injury is a severe complication of sepsis, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Psoralidin (PSO), derived from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L., has garnered considerable attention due to its potent pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. PURPOSE Our previous work conducted affirmed that PSO has a protective effect on sepsis and septic myocardial injury, however the specific molecular mechanisms need further clarification. STUDY DESIGN This objective of this study was to use three analytic modalities and bioinformatics methods to identify potential targets, followed by experimental verification. METHODS A series of experiments methods (including echocardiography, HE, western blot, qPCR, RNA-seq, network pharmacology) were used to evaluate the effects of PSO against sepsis and septic myocardial injury in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-injured BALB/c mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injured HL-1 cardiomyocytes. RESULTS Firstly, a group of sepsis-related genes were identified by integrating database surveys, RNA-seq analysis, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WCGNA). Subsequently, the pharmacological targets of PSO were predicted. Furthermore, the identification of phosphoinositide 3- kinase regulatory subunit 5 (PIK3R5) as a crucial hub gene was accomplished via protein-protein interaction network and molecular docking approach. In vivo experiments showed that PSO treatment alleviated septic myocardial injury, as evidenced by improved cardiac function indicators and inflammation response. Similar results were obtained in vitro experiments. Importantly, the expression of PI3KR5 was decreased in the myocardium and cardiomyocytes, and the effect was reversed by PSO treatment. CONCLUSION This study systematically revealed the key targets of PSO in the treatment of septic myocardial injury. These findings offer valuable insights into disease-drug targets, which have certain clinical significance to exploring disease biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xingyan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhenye Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Xuezeng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Madsen HB, Pease LI, Scanlan RL, Akbari M, Rasmussen LJ, Shanley DP, Bohr VA. The DNA repair enzyme, aprataxin, plays a role in innate immune signaling. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1290681. [PMID: 38161589 PMCID: PMC10754971 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1290681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a gradual loss of coordination of hand movements, speech, and eye movements. AOA1 is caused by an inactivation mutation in the APTX gene. APTX resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates. APTX deficiency may lead to the accumulation of 5'-AMP termini, especially in the mitochondrial genome. The consequences of APTX deficiency includes impaired mitochondrial function, increased DNA single-strand breaks, elevated reactive oxygen species production, and altered mitochondrial morphology. All of these processes can cause misplacement of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, which can activate innate immune sensors to elicit an inflammatory response. This study explores the impact of APTX knockout in microglial cells, the immune cells of the brain. RNA-seq analysis revealed significant differences in the transcriptomes of wild-type and APTX knockout cells, especially in response to viral infections and innate immune pathways. Specifically, genes and proteins involved in the cGAS-STING and RIG-I/MAVS pathways were downregulated in APTX knockout cells, which suggests an impaired immune response to cytosolic DNA and RNA. The clinical relevance of these findings was supported by analyzing publicly available RNA-seq data from AOA1 patient cell lines. Comparisons between APTX-deficient patient cells and healthy control cells also revealed altered immune responses and dysregulated DNA- and RNA-sensing pathways in the patient cells. Overall, this study highlights the critical role of APTX in regulating innate immunity, particularly in DNA- and RNA-sensing pathways. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of AOA1 pathology and highlights potential therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena B. Madsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise I. Pease
- CAMPUS for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mansour Akbari
- Center for Healthy Aging, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene J. Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daryl P. Shanley
- CAMPUS for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Vilhelm A. Bohr
- Center for Healthy Aging, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Qin W, Jiang M, Lu S, Hu Y, Gan F, Fang W, Chen D, Bo Z. Effects of external environment on promoter methylation of PIK3R5 and related pathway regulation in steroid-induced femoral head necrosis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117116. [PMID: 37709244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-induced Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head (SANFH) is a condition characterized by the necrosis of the femoral head caused by long-term or high-dose hormone usage. Studies have shown that the PI3K/AKT pathway plays a crucial regulatory role in the development of SANFH. The aim of this study is to determine how external environmental factors induce changes in endogenous hormone levels, how these changes lead to steroid-induced femoral head necrosis, and the interrelationship between the changes in PIK3R5 promoter methylation levels and the regulation of the associated signaling pathways. METHODS Femoral head samples underwent molecular sequencing analysis. Candidate genes were screened by differential gene analysis and functional enrichment analysis.Methylation level of candidate gene PIK3R5 was verified by methylation-specific PCR(MS-PCR). SANFH model was constructed in New Zealand white rabbits, and the model results were verified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.The expression of PIK3R5, PI3K and AKT in rabbit models and human specimens was verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) and Western Blot(WB), respectively. RESULTS Human femoral head sequencing results indicate distinct differences in the methylation level and mRNA expression of PIK3R5 in SANFH. MS-PCR results showed the methylation level of SANFH patients was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01). The RT-qPCR results showed that PIK3R5 and PI3K expression levels in the SANFH group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the WB experiment results were consistent with the RT-qPCR results. The MRI and HE staining results showed that the rabbit model of SANFH was successfully constructed, and the results of RT-qPCR and WB were consistent with the results of human tissues. CONCLUSION During the occurrence and development of SANFH, PIK3R5 gene regulates the PI3K/AKT pathway through methylation modification, promotes the oxidative stress response of cells, and accelerates the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Qin
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Mingyang Jiang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Shenyi Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China; Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China
| | - Fu Gan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Weijun Fang
- Department of Emergency, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Dongxu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China.
| | - Zhandong Bo
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, China.
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Huang Z, Peng Y, Wei Y, Tan Y. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay promote C2C12 cell proliferation by targeting PIK3R5. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 44:11-23. [PMID: 36512272 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a highly conserved RNA quality control system, which can specifically clear abnormal mRNA and play an important role in tumorigenesis. Myoblast proliferation plays an important role in the repair of skeletal muscle injury and the development of myosarcoma, and is controlled by a variety of transcription factors and signals. The molecular mechanism by which NMD regulates the proliferation of myoblast cells is not completely clear. In this study, we found that the NMD activity of skeletal muscle is high in 1-week-old mice but decreases gradually with age, corresponding to a weakening capacity for muscle growth and regeneration. Here, we provide evidence that NMD plays an important role in myoblast proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, we found that PIK3R5 is an NMD substrate gene which can inhibit AKT activity and C2C12 cell proliferation. Therefore, NMD can target PIK3R5 to enhance AKT activity, which in turn promotes C2C12 cell proliferation. This study provides new insights into NMD regulatory mechanisms in muscular development and into potential novel therapeutic strategies for muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhou Huang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yishu Peng
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yanjie Tan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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Ji C, Yang Y, Fu Y, Pu X, Xu G. Improvement of Ganoderma lucidum water extract on the learning and memory impairment and its mechanism in d-galactose-induced aging mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Costa SCG, Rezende‐Filho FC, Freitas JL, Assis Pereira Matos PCA, Della‐Ripa B, França MC, Marques W, Santos M, Cronemberger IVB, Vale TC, Kok F, Alonso I, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OG. Clinical and Genetic Characterization of Brazilian Patients with Ataxia and Oculomotor Apraxia. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1309-1316. [PMID: 35426160 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (AOA) is characterized by early-onset cerebellar ataxia associated with oculomotor apraxia. AOA1, AOA2, AOA3, and AOA4 subtypes may present pathogenic variants in APTX, SETX, PIK3R5, and PNKP genes, respectively. Mutations in XRCC1 have been found to cause autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia-26 (SCAR26) now considered AOA5. OBJECTIVES To examine a cohort of Brazilians with autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia plus oculomotor apraxia and determine the frequencies of AOA subtypes through genetic investigation. METHODS We evaluated clinical, biomarkers, electrophysiological, and radiological findings of 52 patients with AOA phenotype and performed a genetic panel including APTX, SETX, PIK3R5, PNKP, and XRCC1. RESULTS We found pathogenic variants in SETX (15 patients), PNKP (12), and APTX (5). No mutations in PIK3R5 or XRCC1 were identified. CONCLUSIONS AOA2 and AOA4 were the most common forms of AOA in Brazil. Mutations in PIK3R5 and XRCC1 were not part of this genetic spectrum. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Caldas Gonzaga Costa
- Division of General Neurology and Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology Universidade Federal de São Paulo Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Flávio c Rezende‐Filho
- Division of General Neurology and Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology Universidade Federal de São Paulo Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Júlian Leticia Freitas
- Division of General Neurology and Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology Universidade Federal de São Paulo Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Della‐Ripa
- Department of Neurology Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Marques
- Department of Neurology Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos
- UnIGENe, IBMC ‐ Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto Porto Portugal
| | | | - Thiago Cardoso Vale
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora MG Brazil
| | - Fernando Kok
- Department of Neurology Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Isabel Alonso
- UnIGENe, IBMC ‐ Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S ‐ Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto Porto Portugal
| | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Division of General Neurology and Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology Universidade Federal de São Paulo Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Orlando G.P. Barsottini
- Division of General Neurology and Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology Universidade Federal de São Paulo Sao Paulo SP Brazil
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Quintanilha JCF, Racioppi A, Wang J, Etheridge AS, Denning S, Peña CE, Skol AD, Crona DJ, Lin D, Innocenti F. PIK3R5 genetic predictors of hypertension induced by VEGF-pathway inhibitors. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2022; 22:82-88. [PMID: 34775477 PMCID: PMC8799524 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
No biomarkers are available to predict patients at risk of developing hypertension induced by VEGF-pathway inhibitors. This study aimed to identify predictive biomarkers of hypertension induced by these drugs using a discovery-replication approach. The discovery set included 140 sorafenib-treated patients (TARGET study) genotyped for 973 SNPs in 56 genes. The most statistically significant SNPs associated with grade ≥2 hypertension were tested for association with grade ≥2 hypertension in the replication set of a GWAS of 1039 bevacizumab-treated patients from four clinical trials (CALGB/Alliance). In the discovery set, rs444904 (G > A) in PIK3R5 was associated with an increased risk of sorafenib-induced hypertension (p = 0.006, OR = 3.88 95% CI 1.54-9.81). In the replication set, rs427554 (G > A) in PIK3R5 (in complete linkage disequilibrium with rs444904) was associated with an increased risk of bevacizumab-induced hypertension (p = 0.008, OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.09-1.78). This study identified a predictive marker of drug-induced hypertension that should be evaluated for other VEGF-pathway inhibitors.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT00073307 (TARGET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. F. Quintanilha
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Correspondence: Julia C. F. Quintanilha. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Genetic Medicine Bldg. 120 Mason Farm Rd, Campus Box 7361, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7361,
| | - Alessandro Racioppi
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy S. Etheridge
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stefanie Denning
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carol E. Peña
- Bayer Health Care Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew D. Skol
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel J. Crona
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Danyu Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Federico Innocenti
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Correspondence: Federico Innocenti. Federico Innocenti, MD, PhD. While this work was conceived while at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, NC, USA, the submission of the revised version has been conducted while at AbbVie, Inc., South San Francisco, 601 Gateway Blvd, Suite 100. South San Francisco, California 940,
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Liu Y, Jing XB, Wang ZC, Han QK. HCP5, as the sponge of miR-1291, facilitates AML cell proliferation and restrains apoptosis via increasing PIK3R5 expression. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:38. [PMID: 34187569 PMCID: PMC8244151 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is recognized as a hematological neoplasm with heterogenetic cytology and short-term outcome. HCP5 has been proven to be related with the pathogenesis of AML. However, the underlying mechanism of HCP5 in AML remains unclear. Methods Clinical profiles of AML patients were downloaded from TCGA and GTEx databases. LncBase and TargetScan online tools were utilized to predict potential targets, and dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the association between miR-1291 and HCP5 or PIK3R5. Cell Counting Kit 8 and flow cytometry tests were implemented to evaluate the effects of HCP5/miR-1291/PIK3R5 axis in AML cells. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were conducted to detect the expression levels of genes. Results HCP5 and PIK3R5 were significantly increased in AML tissue samples compared with healthy controls. HCP5 facilitated AML cells viability and inhibited apoptosis. There was a positive relationship between HCP5 and PIK3R5, but miR-1291 negatively regulated PIK3R5. Overexpression of PIK3R5 enhanced the promoting effect of HCP5 in the development of AML, while weakened the suppression of miR-1291 to AML progression. Conclusion Our findings manifested that HCP5 was remarkably upregulated in AML and upregulated HCP5 promoted the malignant behaviors of AML cells by mediating miR-1291/PIK3R5 axis, which would provide a new insight for the treatment of AML. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40246-021-00340-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Bing Jing
- Department of Nursing, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Cheng Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Kun Han
- Department of Hematology, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Gongqingtuan West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Eldakhakhny BM, Al Sadoun H, Choudhry H, Mobashir M. In-Silico Study of Immune System Associated Genes in Case of Type-2 Diabetes With Insulin Action and Resistance, and/or Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:641888. [PMID: 33927693 PMCID: PMC8078136 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.641888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes and obesity are among the leading human diseases and highly complex in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and are among the most frequent and highly complex and heterogeneous in nature. Based on epidemiological evidence, it is known that the patients suffering from obesity are considered to be at a significantly higher risk of type-2 diabetes. There are several pieces of evidence that support the hypothesis that these diseases interlinked and obesity may aggravate the risk(s) of type-2 diabetes. Multi-level unwanted alterations such as (epi-) genetic alterations, changes at the transcriptional level, and altered signaling pathways (receptor, cytoplasmic, and nuclear level) are the major sources that promote several complex diseases, and such a heterogeneous level of complexity is considered as a major barrier in the development of therapeutics. With so many known challenges, it is critical to understand the relationships and the shared causes between type-2 diabetes and obesity, and these are difficult to unravel and understand. For this purpose, we have selected publicly available datasets of gene expression for obesity and type-2 diabetes, have unraveled the genes and the pathways associated with the immune system, and have also focused on the T-cell signaling pathway and its components. We have applied a simplified computational approach to understanding differential gene expression and patterns and the enriched pathways for obesity and type-2 diabetes. Furthermore, we have also analyzed genes by using network-level understanding. In the analysis, we observe that there are fewer genes that are commonly differentially expressed while a comparatively higher number of pathways are shared between them. There are only 4 pathways that are associated with the immune system in case of obesity and 10 immune-associated pathways in case of type-2 diabetes, and, among them, only 2 pathways are commonly altered. Furthermore, we have presented SPNS1, PTPN6, CD247, FOS, and PIK3R5 as the overexpressed genes, which are the direct components of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basmah Medhat Eldakhakhny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Al Sadoun
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- SciLifeLab, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Paucar M, Taylor AMR, Hadjivassiliou M, Fogel BL, Svenningsson P. Progressive Ataxia with Elevated Alpha-Fetoprotein: Diagnostic Issues and Review of the Literature. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 9:tre-09-708. [PMID: 31656689 PMCID: PMC6790008 DOI: 10.7916/tohm.v0.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Ataxias represent a challenging group of disorders due to significant clinical overlap. Here, we present a patient with early-onset progressive ataxia, polyneuropathy and discuss how elevation of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) narrows the differential diagnosis. Case report Ataxia, polyneuropathy, and mild elevation of AFP are features compatible with ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) but also with ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 4 (AOA4). A genetic analysis demonstrated biallelic mutations in senataxin (SETX), confirming the diagnosis of AOA2. Discussion Mild elevation of AFP is found in patients with AOA2 and AOA4, and higher levels are commonly seen in ataxia-telangiectasia. AFP is a useful diagnostic tool but not a biomarker for disease progression in AOA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE
| | - Alexander M R Taylor
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Brent L Fogel
- Department of Neurology, UCLA Program in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE
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12
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Rathinaswamy MK, Burke JE. Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) regulatory subunits and their roles in signaling and disease. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 75:100657. [PMID: 31611073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a group of heterodimeric lipid kinases that regulate crucial cellular processes including proliferation, survival, growth, and metabolism. The diversity in functions controlled by the various catalytic isoforms (p110α, p110β, p110δ, and p110γ) depends on their abilities to be activated by distinct stimuli such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the Ras family of small G-proteins. A major factor determining the ability of each p110 enzyme to be activated is the presence of regulatory binding partners. Given the overwhelming evidence for the involvement of PI3Ks in diseases such as cancer, inflammation, immunodeficiency and diabetes, an understanding of how these regulatory proteins influence PI3K function is essential. This article highlights research deciphering the role of regulatory subunits in PI3K signaling and their involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Rathinaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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13
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Arias M. Keys to overcoming the challenge of diagnosing autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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14
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Schiess N, Zee DS, Siddiqui KA, Szolics M, El-Hattab AW. Novel PNKP mutation in siblings with ataxia-oculomotor apraxia type 4. J Neurogenet 2018; 31:23-25. [PMID: 28552035 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1322079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic and genetic spectrum of ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (AOA) disorders is rapidly evolving and new technologies such as genetic mapping using whole exome sequencing reveal subtle distinctions among the various subtypes. We report a novel PNKP mutation in two siblings with progressive ataxia, abnormal saccades, sensorimotor neuropathy and dystonia consistent with the AOA type 4 phenotype. Laboratory evaluation revealed hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia with elevated LDL, elevated IgE levels and normal α fetoprotein levels. Eye movement examination demonstrated a marked saccade initiation defect with profound hypometric horizontal saccades. Vertical saccades were also affected but less so. Also present were conspicuous thrusting head movements when attempting to change gaze, but rather than an apraxia these were an adaptive strategy to take advantage of an intact vestibulo-ocular reflex to carry the eyes to a new target of interest. This is demonstrated in accompanying videos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Schiess
- a Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - David S Zee
- a Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins Hospital , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Khurram A Siddiqui
- b Department of Neurology , Al Ain Hospital , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Miklos Szolics
- c Department of Neurology , Tawam Hospital , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- d Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders , Tawam Hospital , Al-Ain , United Arab Emirates
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15
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16
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Abstract
The autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias comprise more than half of the known genetic forms of ataxia and represent an extensive group of clinically heterogeneous disorders that can occur at any age but whose onset is typically prior to adulthood. In addition to ataxia, patients often present with polyneuropathy and clinical symptoms outside the nervous system. The most common of these diseases is Friedreich ataxia, caused by mutation of the frataxin gene, but recent advances in genetic analysis have greatly broadened the ever-expanding number of causative genes to over 50. In this review, the clinical neurogenetics of the recessive cerebellar ataxias will be discussed, including updates on recently identified novel ataxia genes, advancements in unraveling disease-specific molecular pathogenesis leading to ataxia, potential treatments under development, technologic improvements in diagnostic testing such as clinical exome sequencing, and what the future holds for clinicians and geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Fogel
- Program in Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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17
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Choudry TN, Hilton-Jones D, Lennox G, Houlden H. Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2: an evolving axonal neuropathy. Pract Neurol 2017; 18:52-56. [PMID: 29212862 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2017-001711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A 23-year-old woman had presented initially to a podiatrist complaining of poorly fitting shoes during her adolescence. After extensive neurological review, she was diagnosed with ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. This is a progressive autosomal recessive ataxia associated with cerebellar atrophy, peripheral neuropathy and an elevated serum α-fetoprotein. Within Europe, it is the most frequent autosomal recessive ataxia after Friedreich's ataxia and is due to mutations in the senataxin (SETX) gene. The age of onset is approximately 15 years.The diagnosis of oculomotor apraxia type 2 is often challenging. We provide a framework for assessing a young ataxic patient with or without oculomotor apraxia and review clues that will aid diagnosis. The prognosis, level of disability, cancer and immunosuppression risk all markedly differ between the conditions. Patients and their families need the correct diagnosis for genetic counselling, management and long-term surveillance with appropriate subspecialty services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Graham Lennox
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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18
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Tzoulis C, Sztromwasser P, Johansson S, Gjerde IO, Knappskog P, Bindoff LA. PNKP Mutations Identified by Whole-Exome Sequencing in a Norwegian Patient with Sporadic Ataxia and Edema. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:272-275. [PMID: 27165045 PMCID: PMC5243888 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We identified PNKP mutations in a Norwegian woman with AOA. This patient had the typical findings with cognitive dysfunction, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar dysarthria, horizontal nystagmus, oculomotor apraxia, and severe truncal and appendicular ataxia. In addition, she had hypoalbuminemia and massive lower limb edema which showed some improvement with treatment. Exome sequencing identified two heterozygous mutations, one in exon 14 (c.1196T>C, p.Leu399Pro) and one in exon 16 (c.1393_1396del, p.Glu465*). This is the first non-Portuguese patient with AOA due to PNKP mutations and provides independent verification that PNKP mutations cause AOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tzoulis
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paweł Sztromwasser
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Otto Gjerde
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Knappskog
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - L A Bindoff
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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19
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Beaudin M, Klein CJ, Rouleau GA, Dupré N. Systematic review of autosomal recessive ataxias and proposal for a classification. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2017; 4:3. [PMID: 28250961 PMCID: PMC5324265 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-017-0061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The classification of autosomal recessive ataxias represents a significant challenge because of high genetic heterogeneity and complex phenotypes. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review of the literature to examine all recessive ataxias in order to propose a new classification and properly circumscribe this field as new technologies are emerging for comprehensive targeted gene testing. Methods We searched Pubmed and Embase to identify original articles on recessive forms of ataxia in humans for which a causative gene had been identified. Reference lists and public databases, including OMIM and GeneReviews, were also reviewed. We evaluated the clinical descriptions to determine if ataxia was a core feature of the phenotype and assessed the available evidence on the genotype-phenotype association. Included disorders were classified as primary recessive ataxias, as other complex movement or multisystem disorders with prominent ataxia, or as disorders that may occasionally present with ataxia. Results After removal of duplicates, 2354 references were reviewed and assessed for inclusion. A total of 130 articles were completely reviewed and included in this qualitative analysis. The proposed new list of autosomal recessive ataxias includes 45 gene-defined disorders for which ataxia is a core presenting feature. We propose a clinical algorithm based on the associated symptoms. Conclusion We present a new classification for autosomal recessive ataxias that brings awareness to their complex phenotypes while providing a unified categorization of this group of disorders. This review should assist in the development of a consensus nomenclature useful in both clinical and research applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40673-017-0061-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaudin
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | | | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A4 Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC G1V 0A6 Canada.,Department of Neurological Sciences, CHU de Quebec - Université Laval, 1401 18th street, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
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20
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Keys to overcoming the challenge of diagnosing autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia. Neurologia 2016; 34:248-258. [PMID: 27460185 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia refers to a large group of diseases affecting the cerebellum and/or its connections, although they may also involve other regions of the nervous system. These diseases are accompanied by a wide range of systemic manifestations (cardiopathies, endocrinopathies, skeletal deformities, and skin abnormalities). DEVELOPMENT This study reviews current knowledge of the most common forms of autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia in order to provide tips that may facilitate diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS A thorough assessment of clinical phenotype (pure cerebellar or cerebellar-plus syndrome, with or without systemic manifestations), laboratory tests (vitamin E, acanthocytosis, albumin, cholesterol, phytanic acid, lactic acid, creatine kinase, cholestanol, coenzyme Q10, alpha-fetoprotein, copper, ceruloplasmin, chitotriosidase), nerve conduction studies (presence and type of neuropathy), and an magnetic resonance imaging study (presence of cerebellar atrophy, presence and location of signal alterations) may help establish a suspected diagnosis, which should be confirmed by detecting the underlying genetic mutation. A positive genetic test result is necessary to determine prognosis and provide adequate genetic counselling, and will also permit appropriate treatment of some entities (abetalipoproteinaemia, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, Refsum disease, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, Niemann-Pick disease type C, Wilson disease). Without a genetic diagnosis, conducting basic research and therapeutic trials will not be possible.
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21
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Jiang B, Glover JNM, Weinfeld M. Neurological disorders associated with DNA strand-break processing enzymes. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:130-140. [PMID: 27470939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The termini of DNA strand breaks induced by reactive oxygen species or by abortive DNA metabolic intermediates require processing to enable subsequent gap filling and ligation to proceed. The three proteins, tyrosyl DNA-phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1), aprataxin (APTX) and polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP) each act on a discrete set of modified strand-break termini. Recently, a series of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders have been associated with mutations in the genes coding for these proteins. Mutations in TDP1 and APTX have been linked to Spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1) and Ataxia-ocular motor apraxia 1 (AOA1), respectively, while mutations in PNKP are considered to be responsible for Microcephaly with seizures (MCSZ) and Ataxia-ocular motor apraxia 4 (AOA4). Here we present an overview of the mechanisms of these proteins and how their impairment may give rise to their respective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - J N Mark Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
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22
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Dumitrache LC, McKinnon PJ. Polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (PNKP) mutations and neurologic disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:121-129. [PMID: 27125728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of human neurologic diseases are caused by inherited defects in DNA repair. In many cases, these syndromes almost exclusively impact the nervous system, underscoring the critical requirement for genome stability in this tissue. A striking example of this is defective enzymatic activity of polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (PNKP), leading to microcephaly or neurodegeneration. Notably, the broad neural impact of mutations in PNKP can result in markedly different disease entities, even when the inherited mutation is the same. For example microcephaly with seizures (MCSZ) results from various hypomorphic PNKP mutations, as does ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 4 (AOA4). Thus, other contributing factors influence the neural phenotype when PNKP is disabled. Here we consider the role for PNKP in maintaining brain function and how perturbation in its activity can account for the varied pathology of neurodegeneration or microcephaly present in MCSZ and AOA4 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia C Dumitrache
- Dept. of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Dept. of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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23
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Balint B, Bhatia KP. Hot topic: PNKP mutations cause ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 4. Mov Disord 2016; 31:500. [PMID: 26970421 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Balint
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Viaud J, Mansour R, Antkowiak A, Mujalli A, Valet C, Chicanne G, Xuereb JM, Terrisse AD, Séverin S, Gratacap MP, Gaits-Iacovoni F, Payrastre B. Phosphoinositides: Important lipids in the coordination of cell dynamics. Biochimie 2015; 125:250-8. [PMID: 26391221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
By interacting specifically with proteins, phosphoinositides organize the spatiotemporal formation of protein complexes involved in the control of intracellular signaling, vesicular trafficking and cytoskeleton dynamics. A set of specific kinases and phosphatases ensures the production, degradation and inter-conversion of phosphoinositides to achieve a high level of precision in the regulation of cellular dynamics coordinated by these lipids. The direct involvement of these enzymes in cancer, genetic or infectious diseases, and the recent arrival of inhibitors targeting specific phosphoinositide kinases in clinic, emphasize the importance of these lipids and their metabolism in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Viaud
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
| | - Rana Mansour
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Adrien Antkowiak
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Abdulrahman Mujalli
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Colin Valet
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Gaëtan Chicanne
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Jean-Marie Xuereb
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Anne-Dominique Terrisse
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Sonia Séverin
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Gratacap
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Gaits-Iacovoni
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 03, France.
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25
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Wei S, Wang Y, Xu H, Kuang Y. Screening of potential biomarkers for chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma with miRNA expression profiling data by bioinformatics approach. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2427-2431. [PMID: 26622864 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to screen out the biomarkers associated with chemoresistance in ovarian carcinomas and to investigate the molecular mechanisms. microRNA (miRNA) expression data was obtained from published microarray data of the GSE43867 dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), including the data of 86 chemotherapy-treated patients with serous epithelial ovarian carcinomas (response group, 36 complete response cases and 12 partial response cases; non-response group, 10 stable cases and 28 progressive disease cases), and identification of differentially-expressed miRNAs were conducted with a GEO2R online tool based on R language. TargetScan 6.2 was used to predict the targets of differentially-expressed miRNAs. Protein-protein interaction network analysis was conducted by STRING 9.1, while functional enrichment [Gene Ontology (GO) biological process terms] and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted by GeneCodis3 for the target genes. A total of 6 differentially-expressed miRNAs were screened out, with 317 target genes obtained. It was found that 67 interactions existed among 76 genes/proteins through the PPI network analysis, and that 6 of these were potential key genes (PIK3R5, MAPK3, PTEN, S1PR3, BDKRB2 and NCBP2). The main biological processes involved in chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma were apoptosis, programmed cell death, cell migration, cell death and cell motility. The miRNA target genes were found to be associated with the ErbB signaling pathway, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway and other pathways in cancer. IK3R5, MAPK3 and PIK3R5 are involved in the majority of GO terms and KEGG pathways associated with chemoresistance in ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Wei
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Kuang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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26
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Abstract
Ataxia is a disorder of balance and coordination resulted from dysfunctions involving cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections. While a variety of disorders can cause secondary ataxias, the list of genetic causes of ataxias is growing longer. Genetic abnormalities may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, abnormal mechanisms of DNA repair, possible protein misfolding, and abnormalities in cytoskeletal proteins. Few ataxias are fully treatable while hope for efficacious gene therapy and pharmacotherapy is emerging. A discussion of the ataxias is presented here with brief mention of acquired ataxias, and a greater focus on inherited ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Akbar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, L3-100, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, L3-100, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Leslie EJ, Taub MA, Liu H, Steinberg KM, Koboldt DC, Zhang Q, Carlson JC, Hetmanski JB, Wang H, Larson DE, Fulton RS, Kousa YA, Fakhouri WD, Naji A, Ruczinski I, Begum F, Parker MM, Busch T, Standley J, Rigdon J, Hecht JT, Scott AF, Wehby GL, Christensen K, Czeizel AE, Deleyiannis FWB, Schutte BC, Wilson RK, Cornell RA, Lidral AC, Weinstock GM, Beaty TH, Marazita ML, Murray JC. Identification of functional variants for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in or near PAX7, FGFR2, and NOG by targeted sequencing of GWAS loci. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:397-411. [PMID: 25704602 PMCID: PMC4375420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for nonsyndromic orofacial clefts have identified multiple strongly associated regions, the causal variants are unknown. To address this, we selected 13 regions from GWASs and other studies, performed targeted sequencing in 1,409 Asian and European trios, and carried out a series of statistical and functional analyses. Within a cluster of strongly associated common variants near NOG, we found that one, rs227727, disrupts enhancer activity. We furthermore identified significant clusters of non-coding rare variants near NTN1 and NOG and found several rare coding variants likely to affect protein function, including four nonsense variants in ARHGAP29. We confirmed 48 de novo mutations and, based on best biological evidence available, chose two of these for functional assays. One mutation in PAX7 disrupted the DNA binding of the encoded transcription factor in an in vitro assay. The second, a non-coding mutation, disrupted the activity of a neural crest enhancer downstream of FGFR2 both in vitro and in vivo. This targeted sequencing study provides strong functional evidence implicating several specific variants as primary contributory risk alleles for nonsyndromic clefting in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Leslie
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Margaret A Taub
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, China
| | - Karyn Meltz Steinberg
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jenna C Carlson
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jacqueline B Hetmanski
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David E Larson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Robert S Fulton
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Youssef A Kousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ferdouse Begum
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Margaret M Parker
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tamara Busch
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Standley
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Rigdon
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alan F Scott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew E Czeizel
- Foundation for the Community Control of Hereditary Diseases, Budapest 1148, Hungary
| | - Frederic W-B Deleyiannis
- Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian C Schutte
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew C Lidral
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - George M Weinstock
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06117, USA
| | - Terri H Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Bras J, Alonso I, Barbot C, Costa M, Darwent L, Orme T, Sequeiros J, Hardy J, Coutinho P, Guerreiro R. Mutations in PNKP cause recessive ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 4. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:474-9. [PMID: 25728773 PMCID: PMC4375449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of disorders. We used homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing to study a cohort of nine Portuguese families who were identified during a nationwide, population-based, systematic survey as displaying a consistent phenotype of recessive ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (AOA). The integration of data from these analyses led to the identification of the same homozygous PNKP (polynucleotide kinase 3′-phosphatase) mutation, c.1123G>T (p.Gly375Trp), in three of the studied families. When analyzing this particular gene in the exome sequencing data from the remaining cohort, we identified homozygous or compound-heterozygous mutations in five other families. PNKP is a dual-function enzyme with a key role in different pathways of DNA-damage repair. Mutations in this gene have previously been associated with an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by microcephaly; early-onset, intractable seizures; and developmental delay (MCSZ). The finding of PNKP mutations associated with recessive AOA extends the phenotype associated with this gene and identifies a fourth locus that causes AOA. These data confirm that MCSZ and some forms of ataxia share etiological features, most likely reflecting the role of PNKP in DNA-repair mechanisms.
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Subramony S, Moscovich M, Ashizawa T. Genetics and Clinical Features of Inherited Ataxias. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Mendelian disorders of PI metabolizing enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:867-81. [PMID: 25510381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
More than twenty different genetic diseases have been described that are caused by mutations in phosphoinositide metabolizing enzymes, mostly in phosphoinositide phosphatases. Although generally ubiquitously expressed, mutations in these enzymes, which are mainly loss-of-function, result in tissue-restricted clinical manifestations through mechanisms that are not completely understood. Here we analyze selected disorders of phosphoinositide metabolism grouped according to the principle tissue affected: the nervous system, muscle, kidney, the osteoskeletal system, the eye, and the immune system. We will highlight what has been learnt so far from the study of these disorders about not only the cellular and molecular pathways that are involved or are governed by phosphoinositides, but also the many gaps that remain to be filled to gain a full understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the clinical manifestations of this steadily growing class of diseases, most of which still remain orphan in terms of treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
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DNA repair abnormalities leading to ataxia: shared neurological phenotypes and risk factors. Neurogenetics 2014; 15:217-28. [PMID: 25038946 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since identification of mutations in the ATM gene leading to ataxia-telangiectasia, enormous efforts have been devoted to discovering the roles this protein plays in DNA repair as well as other cellular functions. Even before the identification of ATM mutations, it was clear that other diseases with different genomic loci had very similar neurological symptoms. There has been significant progress in understanding why cancer and immunodeficiency occur in ataxia-telangiectasia even though many details remain to be determined, but the field is no closer to determining why the nervous system requires ATM and other DNA repair genes. Even though rodent disease models have similar DNA repair abnormalities as the human diseases, they have no consistent, robust neuropathological phenotype making it difficult to understand the neurological underpinnings of disease. Therefore, it may be useful to reassess the neurological and neuropathological characteristics of ataxia-telangiectasia in human patients to look for potential commonalities in DNA repair diseases that result in ataxia. In doing so, it is clear that ataxia-telangiectasia and similar diseases share neurological features other than merely ataxia, such as length-dependent motor and sensory neuropathies, and that the neuroanatomical localization for these symptoms is understood. Cells affected in ataxia-telangiectasia and similar diseases are some of the largest single nucleated cells in the body. In addition, a subset of these diseases also has extrapyramidal movements and oculomotor apraxia. These neurological and neuropathological similarities may indicate a common DNA repair related pathogenesis with very large cell size as a critical risk factor.
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Schieving JH, de Vries M, van Vugt JMG, Weemaes C, van Deuren M, Nicolai J, Wevers RA, Willemsen MA. Alpha-fetoprotein, a fascinating protein and biomarker in neurology. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18:243-8. [PMID: 24120489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is present in fetal serum in concentrations up to 5,000,000 μg/l. After birth, AFP gene expression is turned down with a subsequent fall of the serum concentrations of this albumin-like protein to 'adult values' of circa 0.5-15 μg/l from the age of 2 years onwards. Irrespective of its assumed important functions, individuals with AFP deficiency appear fully healthy. The other way around, the presence of AFP in the circulation after the first years of life doesn't seem to harm, since individuals with 'hereditary persistence of AFP' are also without clinical abnormalities. During pregnancy, AFP (in maternal serum) has long been recognized as a marker for congenital anomalies of the fetus. Equally well known is AFP as biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma and some other malignancies. There are at least four neurodegenerative disorders, all inherited as autosomal recessive traits and characterized by the presence of cerebellar ataxia, abnormal ocular movements, and neuropathy, for which an elevated concentration of serum AFP is an important diagnostic biomarker. The availability of a reliable biomarker is not only important during screening or diagnostic processes, but is also relevant for objective follow-up during (future) therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Schieving
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J M G van Vugt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C Weemaes
- Department of Pediatrics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M van Deuren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Nicolai
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R A Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chen B, Brinkmann K, Chen Z, Pak CW, Liao Y, Shi S, Henry L, Grishin NV, Bogdan S, Rosen MK. The WAVE regulatory complex links diverse receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Cell 2014; 156:195-207. [PMID: 24439376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) controls actin cytoskeletal dynamics throughout the cell by stimulating the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex at distinct membrane sites. However, the factors that recruit the WRC to specific locations remain poorly understood. Here, we have identified a large family of potential WRC ligands, consisting of ∼120 diverse membrane proteins, including protocadherins, ROBOs, netrin receptors, neuroligins, GPCRs, and channels. Structural, biochemical, and cellular studies reveal that a sequence motif that defines these ligands binds to a highly conserved interaction surface of the WRC formed by the Sra and Abi subunits. Mutating this binding surface in flies resulted in defects in actin cytoskeletal organization and egg morphology during oogenesis, leading to female sterility. Our findings directly link diverse membrane proteins to the WRC and actin cytoskeleton and have broad physiological and pathological ramifications in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Klaus Brinkmann
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Zhucheng Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chi W Pak
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuxing Liao
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuoyong Shi
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa Henry
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Votsi C, Christodoulou K. Molecular diagnosis of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia in the whole exome/genome sequencing era. World J Neurol 2013; 3:115-128. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v3.i4.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare neurodegenerative disorders characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance and an early age of onset. Progressive ataxia is usually the prominent symptom and is often associated with other neurological or additional features. ARCA classification still remains controversial even though different approaches have been proposed over the years. Furthermore, ARCA molecular diagnosis has been a challenge due to phenotypic overlap and increased genetic heterogeneity observed within this group of disorders. Friedreich’s ataxia and ataxia telangiectasia have been reported as the most frequent and well-studied forms of ARCA. Significant progress in understanding the genetic etiologies of the ARCA has been achieved during the last 15 years. The methodological revolution that has been observed in genetics over the last few years has contributed significantly to the molecular diagnosis of rare diseases including the ARCAs. Development of high throughput technologies has resulted in the identification of new ARCA genes and novel mutations in known ARCA genes. Therefore, an improvement in the molecular diagnosis of ARCA is expected. Moreover, based on the fact that many patients still remain undiagnosed, additional forms of ataxia are expected to be identified. We hereby review the current knowledge on the ARCAs, focused on the genetic findings of the most common forms that were molecularly characterized before the whole exome/genome era, as well as the most recently described forms that have been elucidated with the use of these novel technologies. The significant contribution of whole-exome sequencing or whole-genome sequencing in the molecular diagnosis of ARCAs is discussed.
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Nanetti L, Cavalieri S, Pensato V, Erbetta A, Pareyson D, Panzeri M, Zorzi G, Antozzi C, Moroni I, Gellera C, Brusco A, Mariotti C. SETX mutations are a frequent genetic cause of juvenile and adult onset cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:123. [PMID: 23941260 PMCID: PMC3751478 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives/background Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia defines a group of genetically distinct recessive ataxias including ataxia-telangectasia (A-T, ATM gene), ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1, APTX gene) and type 2 (AOA2, SETX gene). Although, a few unique clinical features differentiate each of these forms, the patients also share common clinical signs, such as the presence of cerebellar atrophy, sensorimotor axonal neuropathy, and elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) serum level. Materials and methods We selected 22 Italian patients from 21 families, presenting progressive cerebellar ataxia, axonal neuropathy, and elevated serum AFP. We screened the coding regions of ATM, APTX and SETX genes for point mutations by direct sequencing or DHPLC, and searched genomic rearrangements in SETX by MLPA analysis. In selected cases, quantification of ATM and senataxin proteins was performed by Western blot. Clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging data were collected. Results Thirteen patients (12 families) carried SETX mutations (AOA2, 57%), two were mutated in ATM (A-T), and three in APTX (AOA1). In three remaining patients, we could not find pathogenic mutations, and in one case we found, in homozygosis, the SETX p.K992R polymorphism (population frequency 1-2%). In AOA2 cases, we identified 14 novel and three reported SETX mutations. Signs at onset were gait ataxia and facial dyskinesia, and the age ranged between 11 and 18 years. None had obvious oculomotor apraxia at the latest examination (age 14–45 years). The patient carrying the p.K992R SETX polymorphism had a phenotype similar to that of the diagnosed AOA2 patients, while the other three undiagnosed subjects had a very late onset and a few distinguishing clinical features. Discussion and conclusions We describe a large series of 13 AOA2 Italian patients. The phenotype was consistent with previous descriptions of AOA2, except for a higher frequency of strabism, and for the absence of oculomotor apraxia. In our survey ~60% of juvenile-to-adult cases with cerebellar ataxia, sensorimotor neuropathy and increased AFP are due to mutations in the SETX gene, and a smaller percentage to APTX and ATM gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nanetti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The hereditary cerebellar ataxias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that primarily affect the cerebellum; often there are additional features such as neuropathy, cognitive decline, or maculopathy that help define the clinical subtype of ataxia. They are commonly classified according to their mode of inheritance into autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial forms. Great advances have been made in understanding the genetics of cerebellar ataxias in the last 15 years. At least 36 different forms of ADCA are known, 20 autosomal-recessive, two X-linked, and several forms of ataxia associated with mitochondrial defects are known to date. However, in about 40 % of suspected genetically determined ataxia cases, the underlying genetic defect remains undetermined. Although the majority of disease genes have been found in the last two decades, over the last 2 years the genetics has undergone a methodological revolution. New DNA sequencing technologies are enabling us to investigate the whole or large targeted proportions of the genome in a rapid, affordable, and comprehensive way. Exome and targeted sequencing has recently identified four new genes causing ataxia: TGM6, ANO10, SYT14, and rundataxin. This approach is likely to continue to discover new ataxia genes and make screening of existing genes more effective. Translating the genetic findings into isolated and overlapping disease pathways will help stratify patient groups and identify therapeutic targets for ataxia that have so far remained undiscovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sailer
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Al-Owain M, Al-Zaidan H, Al-Hassnan Z. Map of autosomal recessive genetic disorders in Saudi Arabia: Concepts and future directions. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2629-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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