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Bourousis E, Xatzipsalti M, Polychroni I, Kanavakis E, Stamoyannou L. A variant of uncertain significance of the HMGA2 gene in a child with Silver-Russell syndrome-like phenotype: a case report. Hormones (Athens) 2024:10.1007/s42000-024-00562-x. [PMID: 38789914 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-024-00562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome 5 (SRS5) is characterized by asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), poor postnatal growth, macrocephaly at birth, and feeding difficulties. Other possible features include triangular shaped face, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, epicanthus, micrognathia, brachydactyly, clinodactyly of the 5th finger, and syndactyly of the 2nd and 3rd toes. Pathogenic variants of the HMGA2 (high mobility group AT-hook 2) gene, on chromosome 12q14, which regulates the transcription of growth factor IGF2, have recently been associated with this syndrome. Herein, we present a 2.5-year-old boy with growth delay, SRS-like phenotype, and a variant of uncertain significance in the HMGA2 gene, which has not, to the best of our knowledge, been described to date in the medical literature. So far, 28 pathogenic variants of the HMGA2 gene in patients with clinical SRS phenotype have recently been reported. Therefore, HMGA2 gene testing should always be done in SRS patients who are found to be negative for the typical 11p15 (epi)mutations and matUPD7, while the mutations should also be added to growth retardation disorder panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Bourousis
- Child's & Adolescent's Development and Endocrinology Unit, Athens General Children's Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou", Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Xatzipsalti
- Child's & Adolescent's Development and Endocrinology Unit, Athens General Children's Hospital "P. & A. Kyriakou", Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Lela Stamoyannou
- Special Child's & Adolescent's Development and Endocrinology Unit, "IASO" Children's Private Hospital, Athens, Greece
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2
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Ventresca S, Lepri FR, Criscuolo S, Bottaro G, Novelli A, Loche S, Cappa M. Case report: Long term response to growth hormone in a child with Silver-Russell syndrome-like phenotype due to a novel paternally inherited IGF2 variant. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1364234. [PMID: 38596219 PMCID: PMC11002242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1364234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS, OMIM, 180860) is a rare genetic disorder with a wide spectrum of symptoms. The most common features are intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), poor postnatal development, macrocephaly, triangular face, prominent forehead, body asymmetry, and feeding problems. The diagnosis of SRS is based on a combination of clinical features. Up to 60% of SRS patients have chromosome 7 or 11 abnormalities, and <1% show abnormalities in IGF2 signaling pathway genes (IGF2, HMGA2, PLAG1 and CDKN1C). The underlying genetic cause remains unknown in about 40% of cases (idiopathic SRS). We report a novel IGF2 variant c.[-6-2A>G] (NM_000612) in a child with severe IUGR and clinical features of SRS and confirm the utility of targeted exome sequencing in patients with negative results to common genetic analyses. In addition, we report that long-term growth hormone treatment improves height SDS in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ventresca
- Pediatric Section, University Hospital Arcispedale Sant’Anna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric University Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Criscuolo
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric University Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Pediatric University Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bottaro
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Pediatric University Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Loche
- Research Area for Innovative Therapies in Endocrinopathies, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Research Area for Innovative Therapies in Endocrinopathies, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Singh A, Pajni K, Panigrahi I, Khetarpal P. Clinical and Molecular Heterogeneity of Silver-Russell Syndrome and Therapeutic Challenges: A Systematic Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2023; 19:157-168. [PMID: 35293298 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220315142542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a developmental disorder involving extreme growth failure, characteristic facial features and underlying genetic heterogeneity. As the clinical heterogeneity of SRS makes diagnosis a challenging task, the worldwide incidence of SRS could vary from 1:30,000 to 1:100,000. Although various chromosomal, genetic, and epigenetic mutations have been linked with SRS, the cause had only been identified in half of the cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS To have a better understanding of the SRS clinical presentation and mutation/ epimutation responsible for SRS, a systematic review of the literature was carried out using appropriate keywords in various scientific databases (PROSPERO protocol registration CRD42021273211). Clinical features of SRS have been compiled and presented corresponding to the specific genetic subtype. An attempt has been made to understand the recurrence risk and the role of model organisms in understanding the molecular mechanisms of SRS pathology, treatment, and management strategies of the affected patients through the analysis of selected literature. RESULTS 156 articles were selected to understand the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of SRS. Information about detailed clinical features was available for 228 patients only, and it was observed that body asymmetry and relative macrocephaly were most prevalent in cases with methylation defects of the 11p15 region. In about 38% of cases, methylation defects in ICRs or genomic mutations at the 11p15 region have been implicated. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (mUPD7) accounts for about 7% of SRS cases, and rarely, uniparental disomy of other autosomes (11, 14, 16, and 20 chromosomes) has been documented. Mutation in half of the cases is yet to be identified. Studies involving mice as experimental animals have been helpful in understanding the underlying molecular mechanism. As the clinical presentation of the syndrome varies a lot, treatment needs to be individualized with multidisciplinary effort. CONCLUSION SRS is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder, with most of the cases being implicated with a mutation in the 11p15 region and maternal disomy of chromosome 7. Recurrence risk varies according to the molecular subtype. Studies with mice as a model organism have been useful in understanding the underlying molecular mechanism leading to the characteristic clinical presentation of the syndrome. Management strategies often need to be individualized due to varied clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Ketan Pajni
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Inusha Panigrahi
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Preeti Khetarpal
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
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Zhang C, Wu S, Chen E, Yu L, Wang J, Wu M. ALX1-transcribed LncRNA AC132217.4 promotes osteogenesis and bone healing via IGF-AKT signaling in mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:328. [PMID: 35639207 PMCID: PMC11073114 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The osteogenic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is critical for bone formation and regeneration. A high non-/delayed-union rate of fracture healing still occurs in specific populations, implying an urgent need to discover novel targets for promoting osteogenesis and bone regeneration. Long non-coding (lnc)RNAs are emerging regulators of multiple physiological processes, including osteogenesis. Based on differential expression analysis of RNA sequencing data, we found that lncRNA AC132217.4, a 3'UTR-overlapping lncRNA of insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2), was highly induced during osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Afterward, both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments proved that AC132217.4 promotes osteoblast development from BMSCs. As for its molecular mechanism, we found that AC132217.4 binds with IGF2 mRNA to regulate its expression and downstream AKT activation to control osteoblast maturation and function. Furthermore, we identified two splicing factors, splicing component 35 KDa (SC35) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1), which regulate the biogenesis of AC132217.4 at the post-transcriptional level. We also identified a transcription factor, ALX1, which regulates AC132217.7 expression at the transcriptional level to promote osteogenesis. Importantly, in-vivo over-expression of AC132217.4 essentially promotes the bone healing process in a murine tibial drill-hole model. Our study demonstrates that lncRNA AC132217.4 is a novel anabolic regulator of BMSC osteogenesis and could be a plausible therapeutic target for improving bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shali Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erman Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luyang Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfu Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mengrui Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Loid P, Lipsanen-Nyman M, Ala-Mello S, Hannula-Jouppi K, Kere J, Mäkitie O, Muurinen M. Case report: A novel de novo IGF2 missense variant in a Finnish patient with Silver-Russell syndrome. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:969881. [PMID: 36268036 PMCID: PMC9578642 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.969881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS, OMIM 180860) is a rare imprinting disorder characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction, feeding difficulties in early childhood, characteristic facial features, and body asymmetry. The molecular cause most commonly relates to hypomethylation of the imprinted 11p15.5 IGF2/H19 domain but remains unknown in about 40% of the patients. Recently, heterozygous paternally inherited pathogenic variants in IGF2, the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), have been identified in patients with SRS. We report a novel de novo missense variant in IGF2 (c.122T > G, p.Leu41Arg) on the paternally derived allele in a 16-year-old boy with a clinical diagnosis of SRS. The missense variant was identified by targeted exome sequencing and predicted pathogenic by multiple in silico tools. It affects a highly conserved residue on a domain that is important for binding of other molecules. Our finding expands the spectrum of disease-causing variants in IGF2. Targeted exome sequencing is a useful diagnostic tool in patients with negative results of common diagnostic tests for SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Loid
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Genetics Research Program, Helsinki, Finland.,Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marita Lipsanen-Nyman
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Ala-Mello
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Hannula-Jouppi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Genetics Research Program, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Genetics Research Program, Helsinki, Finland.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Genetics Research Program, Helsinki, Finland.,Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mari Muurinen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Genetics Research Program, Helsinki, Finland.,Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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6
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García-Mato Á, Cervantes B, Murillo-Cuesta S, Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Varela-Nieto I. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Signaling in Mammalian Hearing. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101553. [PMID: 34680948 PMCID: PMC8535591 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a peptide hormone belonging to the insulin family of proteins. Almost all of the biological effects of IGF-1 are mediated through binding to its high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor (IGF1R), a transmembrane receptor belonging to the insulin receptor family. Factors, receptors and IGF-binding proteins form the IGF system, which has multiple roles in mammalian development, adult tissue homeostasis, and aging. Consequently, mutations in genes of the IGF system, including downstream intracellular targets, underlie multiple common pathologies and are associated with multiple rare human diseases. Here we review the contribution of the IGF system to our understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of human hearing loss by describing, (i) the expression patterns of the IGF system in the mammalian inner ear; (ii) downstream signaling of IGF-1 in the hearing organ; (iii) mouse mutations in the IGF system, including upstream regulators and downstream targets of IGF-1 that inform cochlear pathophysiology; and (iv) human mutations in these genes causing hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela García-Mato
- Institute for Biomedical Research “Alberto Sols” (IIBm), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-M.); (B.C.); (S.M.-C.)
- Rare Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERER), CIBER, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Cervantes
- Institute for Biomedical Research “Alberto Sols” (IIBm), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-M.); (B.C.); (S.M.-C.)
- Rare Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERER), CIBER, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Murillo-Cuesta
- Institute for Biomedical Research “Alberto Sols” (IIBm), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-M.); (B.C.); (S.M.-C.)
- Rare Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERER), CIBER, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- Rare Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERER), CIBER, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.R.-d.l.R.); (I.V.-N.)
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Institute for Biomedical Research “Alberto Sols” (IIBm), Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-M.); (B.C.); (S.M.-C.)
- Rare Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERER), CIBER, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.R.-d.l.R.); (I.V.-N.)
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7
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Hwa V, Fujimoto M, Zhu G, Gao W, Foley C, Kumbaji M, Rosenfeld RG. Genetic causes of growth hormone insensitivity beyond GHR. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:43-58. [PMID: 33029712 PMCID: PMC7979432 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) syndrome, first described in 1966, is classically associated with monogenic defects in the GH receptor (GHR) gene which result in severe post-natal growth failure as consequences of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) deficiency. Over the years, recognition of other monogenic defects downstream of GHR has greatly expanded understanding of primary causes of GHI and growth retardation, with either IGF-I deficiency or IGF-I insensitivity as clinical outcomes. Mutations in IGF1 and signaling component STAT5B disrupt IGF-I production, while defects in IGFALS and PAPPA2, disrupt transport and release of circulating IGF-I, respectively, affecting bioavailability of the growth-promoting IGF-I. Defects in IGF1R, cognate cell-surface receptor for IGF-I, disrupt not only IGF-I actions, but actions of the related IGF-II peptides. The importance of IGF-II for normal developmental growth is emphasized with recent identification of defects in the maternally imprinted IGF2 gene. Current application of next-generation genomic sequencing has expedited the pace of identifying new molecular defects in known genes or in new genes, thereby expanding the spectrum of GH and IGF insensitivity. This review discusses insights gained and future directions from patient-based molecular and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Masanobu Fujimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 40014, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Corinne Foley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Meenasri Kumbaji
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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8
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Liao J, Zeng TB, Pierce N, Tran DA, Singh P, Mann JR, Szabó PE. Prenatal correction of IGF2 to rescue the growth phenotypes in mouse models of Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108729. [PMID: 33567274 PMCID: PMC7968144 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) are imprinting disorders manifesting as aberrant fetal growth and severe postnatal-growth-related complications. Based on the insulator model, one-third of BWS cases and two-thirds of SRS cases are consistent with misexpression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), an important facilitator of fetal growth. We propose that the IGF2-dependent BWS and SRS cases can be identified by prenatal diagnosis and can be prevented by prenatal intervention targeting IGF2. We test this hypothesis using our mouse models of IGF2-dependent BWS and SRS. We find that genetically normalizing IGF2 levels in a double rescue experiment corrects the fetal overgrowth phenotype in the BWS model and the growth retardation in the SRS model. In addition, we pharmacologically rescue the BWS growth phenotype by reducing IGF2 signaling during late gestation. This animal study encourages clinical investigations to target IGF2 for prenatal diagnosis and prenatal prevention in human BWS and SRS. Liao et al. use mouse models to test a prenatal approach for correcting growth anomalies in two imprinting diseases, BWS and SRS. They find that cases where the fetal growth factor IGF2 is misregulated can be diagnosed, and growth can be corrected by prenatally adjusting IGF2 or its signaling output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liao
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Tie-Bo Zeng
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Nicholas Pierce
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Diana A Tran
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Purnima Singh
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Mann
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Piroska E Szabó
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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9
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Masunaga Y, Fujisawa Y, Muramatsu M, Ono H, Inoue T, Fukami M, Kagami M, Saitsu H, Ogata T. Insulin resistant diabetes mellitus in SHORT syndrome: case report and literature review. Endocr J 2021; 68:111-117. [PMID: 32879144 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SHORT syndrome is a rare developmental disorder frequently associated with growth failure and insulin resistant diabetes mellitus (IRDM). Since GH has a diabetogenic effect, GH therapy has been regarded as a contraindication. We observed a Brazilian girl with SHORT syndrome who received GH therapy from 4 6/12 years of age for SGA short stature. GH dosage was increased from 0.23 to 0.36 mg/kg/week, but statural response to GH therapy remained poor. Her blood HbA1c level, though it remained 5.5-6.0% in childhood, began to elevate with puberty and increased to 9.2% at 10 6/12 years of age, despite the discontinuation of GH therapy at 9 11/12 years of age. Laboratory studies indicated antibody-negative IRDM. She was treated with metformin and canagliflozin (a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor), which ameliorated overt diurnal hyperglycemia and mild nocturnal hypoglycemia and reduced her blood HbA1c around 7%. Whole exome sequencing revealed a de novo heterozygous pathogenic variant (c.1945C>T:p.(Arg649Trp)) in PIK3R1 known as the sole causative gene for SHORT syndrome. Subsequent literature review for patients with molecularly confirmed SHORT syndrome revealed the development of IRDM in 10 of 15 GH-untreated patients aged ≥12 years but in none of three GH-treated and six GH-untreated patients aged ≤10 years. These findings imply a critical role of pubertal development and/or advanced age rather than GH therapy in the development of IRDM, and a usefulness of SGLT2 inhibitor in the treatment of IRDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Masunaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mayumi Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takanobu Inoue
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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10
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Novel Variant in PLAG1 in a Familial Case with Silver-Russell Syndrome Suspicion. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121461. [PMID: 33291420 PMCID: PMC7762056 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare growth-related genetic disorder that is mainly associated with prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. Molecular causes are not clear in all cases, the most common ones being loss of methylation on chromosome 11p15 (≈50%) and maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 7 (upd(7)mat) (≈10%). However, pathogenic variants in genes such as CDKN1C, HMGA2, IGF2, or PLAG1 have also been described. Previously, two families and one sporadic case have been reported with PLAG1 alterations. Here, we present a case of a female with clinical suspicion of SRS (i.e., intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, triangular face, psychomotor delay, speech delay, feeding difficulties). No alterations in methylation or copy number were detected at chromosomes 11p15 and 7 using methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA). The custom panel study by next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed a frameshift variant in the PLAG1 gene (NM_002655.3:c.551delA; p.(Lys184Serfs *45)). Familial studies confirmed that the variant was inherited from the mother and it was also present in other family members. New evidence of pathogenic alterations in the HMGA2-PLAG1-IGF2 pathway suggest the importance of studying and taking into account these genes as alternative molecular causes of Silver-Russell syndrome.
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11
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Forbes BE, Blyth AJ, Wit JM. Disorders of IGFs and IGF-1R signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111035. [PMID: 32941924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system comprises two ligands, IGF-I and IGF-II, that regulate multiple physiological processes, including mammalian development, metabolism and growth, through the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R). The growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis is the major regulator of longitudinal growth. IGF-II is expressed in many tissues, notably the placenta, to regulate human pre- and post-natal growth and development. This review provides a brief introduction to the IGF system and summarizes findings from reports arising from recent larger genomic sequencing studies of human genetic mutations in IGF1 and IGF2 and genes of proteins regulating IGF action, namely the IGF-1R, IGF-1R signaling pathway components and the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). A perspective on the effect of homozygous mutations on structure and function of the IGFs and IGF-1R is also given and this is related to the effects on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Blyth
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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12
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Binder G, Ziegler J, Schweizer R, Habhab W, Haack TB, Heinrich T, Eggermann T. Novel mutation points to a hot spot in CDKN1C causing Silver-Russell syndrome. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 33076988 PMCID: PMC7574352 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic CDKN1C gain-of-function variants on the maternal allele were initially reported as a cause of IMAGe syndrome characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, metaphyseal dysplasia, primary adrenal insufficiency and genital anomalies. Recently, a maternally inherited CDKN1C missense mutation (p.Arg279Leu) was identified in several members of a single family clinically diagnosed with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) but without adrenal insufficiency. Thereafter, two half siblings from UK with familial SRS were described who carried the same mutation. This specific amino acid change is located within a narrow functional region containing the mutations previously associated with IMAGe syndrome. RESULTS Here, we describe a third familial case with maternally inherited SRS due to a missense variant affecting the same amino acid position 279 but leading to a different amino acid substitution (p. (Arg279Ser)). The two affected family members (mother and son) presented with the complete SRS phenotype (both Netchine-Harbison CSS score 5 of 6) but without body asymmetry or adrenal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with loss-of-function genomic IGF2 mutations, CDKN1C gain-of-function mutations are a less frequent cause of SRS and seem to affect a cluster of few amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Binder
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Julian Ziegler
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Schweizer
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wisam Habhab
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Heinrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Jiménez KM, Morel A, Parada-Niño L, Alejandra González-Rodriguez M, Flórez S, Bolívar-Salazar D, Becerra-Bayona S, Aguirre-García A, Gómez-Murcia T, Fernanda Castillo L, Carlosama C, Ardila J, Vaiman D, Serrano N, Laissue P. Identifying new potential genetic biomarkers for HELLP syndrome using massive parallel sequencing. Pregnancy Hypertens 2020; 22:181-190. [PMID: 33059327 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is a frequently occurring multisystemic disease affecting ~5% of pregnancies. PE patients may develop HELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet), a mother and foetus life-threatening condition. Research into HELLP's genetic origin has been relatively unsuccessful, mainly because normal placental function and blood pressure regulation involve the fine-regulation of hundreds of genes. OBJECTIVE To identify new genes and mutations constituting potential biomarkers for HELLP syndrome. STUDY DESIGN The present case-control study involved whole-exome sequencing of 79 unrelated HELLP women. Candidate variants were screened in a control population constituted by 176 individuals. Stringent bioinformatics filters were used for selecting potentially etiological sequence variants in a subset of 487 genes. We used robust in silico mutation modelling for predicting the potential effect on protein structure. RESULTS We identified numerous sequence variants in genes related to angiogenesis/coagulation/blood pressure regulation, cell differentiation/communication/adhesion, cell cycle and transcriptional gene regulation, extracellular matrix biology, lipid metabolism and immunological response. Five sequence variants generated premature stop codons in genes playing an essential role in placental physiology (STOX1, PDGFD, IGF2, MMP1 and DNAH11). Six variants (ERAP1- p.Ile915Thr, ERAP2- p.Leu837Ser, COMT-p.His192Gln, CSAD-p.Pro418Ser, CDH1- p.Ala298Thr and CCR2-p.Met249Lys) led to destabilisation of protein structure as they had significant energy and residue interaction-related changes. We identified at least two mutations in 57% of patients, arguing in favour of a polygenic origin for the HELLP syndrome. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel evidence regarding PE/HELLP's genetic origin, leading to new biomarkers, having potential clinical usefulness, being proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Marcela Jiménez
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adrien Morel
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Parada-Niño
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Alejandra González-Rodriguez
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Stephanie Flórez
- Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Bolívar-Salazar
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Angel Aguirre-García
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Gómez-Murcia
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luisa Fernanda Castillo
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Carlosama
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Javier Ardila
- Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, équipe FGTB, 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Norma Serrano
- Research Centre, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia (FCV), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Paul Laissue
- Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, équipe FGTB, 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France; Orphan Diseases Group, Biopas Laboratoires, Bogotá, Colombia.
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14
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Hübner CT, Meyer R, Kenawy A, Ambrozaityte L, Matuleviciene A, Kraft F, Begemann M, Elbracht M, Eggermann T. HMGA2 Variants in Silver-Russell Syndrome: Homozygous and Heterozygous Occurrence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5839772. [PMID: 32421827 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a clinical and molecular heterogeneous disorder associated with short stature, typical facial gestalt, and body asymmetry. Though molecular causes of SRS can be identified in a significant number of patients, about one-half of patients currently remain without a molecular diagnosis. However, determination of the molecular cause is required for a targeted treatment and genetic counselling. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to corroborate the role of HMGA2 as an SRS-causing gene and reevaluate its mode of inheritance. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS Patients were part of an ongoing study aiming on SRS-causing genes. They were classified according to the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system, and DNA samples were investigated by whole exome sequencing. Common molecular causes of SRS were excluded before. RESULTS Three novel pathogenic HMGA2 variants were identified in 5 patients from 3 SRS families, and fulfilling diagnostic criteria of SRS. For the first time, homozygosity for a variant in HMGA2 could be identified in a severely affected sibpair, whereas parents carrying heterozygous variants had a mild phenotype. Treatment with recombinant growth hormone led to a catch-up growth in 1 patient, whereas all others did not receive growth hormone and stayed small. One patient developed type 2 diabetes at age 30 years. CONCLUSIONS Identification of novel pathogenic variants confirms HMGA2 as an SRS-causing gene; thus, HMGA2 testing should be implemented in molecular SRS diagnostic workup. Furthermore, inheritance of HMGA2 is variable depending on the severity of the variant and its consequence for protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Meyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Asmaa Kenawy
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Laima Ambrozaityte
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Matuleviciene
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Florian Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Chatterjee S, Cottrell E, Rose SJ, Mushtaq T, Maharaj AV, Williams J, Savage MO, Metherell LA, Storr HL. GHR gene transcript heterogeneity may explain phenotypic variability in GHR pseudoexon (6Ψ) patients. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:EC-20-0026. [PMID: 32061156 PMCID: PMC7077524 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The homozygous GH receptor (GHR) pseudoexon (6Ψ) mutation leads to growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) with clinical and biochemical heterogeneity. We investigated whether transcript heterogeneity (6Ψ-GHR to WT-GHR transcript ratio) and/or concurrent defects in other short stature (SS) genes contribute to this. METHODS 6Ψ-GHR and WT-GHR mRNA transcripts of 4 6Ψ patient (height SDS -4.2 to -3.1) and 1 control fibroblasts were investigated by RT-PCR. Transcripts were quantified by qRT-PCR and delta delta CT analysis and compared using ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. In eleven 6Ψ patients, 40 genes known to cause GHI/SS were analysed by targeted next generation sequencing. RESULTS RT-PCR confirmed 6Ψ-GHR transcript in the 6Ψ patients but not control. 6Ψ-GHR transcript levels were comparable in patients 1 and 3 but significantly different among all other patients. The mean 6Ψ:WT transcript ratios ranged from 29-71:1 for patients 1-4 and correlated negatively with height SDS (R=-0.85; p<0.001). Eight deleterious variants in 6 genes were detected but the number of gene hits did not correlate with the degree of SS in individual 6Ψ patients. CONCLUSION Variable amounts of 6Ψ- and WT-GHR transcripts were identified in 6Ψ patients but no 6Ψ transcript was present in the control. Higher 6Ψ:WT GHR transcript ratio correlated with SS severity and may explain the phenotypic variability. Analysis of known SS genes suggested that phenotypic variation is independent of the genetic background. This is the first report of transcript heterogeneity producing a spectrum of clinical phenotypes in different individuals harbouring an identical homozygous genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Chatterjee
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emily Cottrell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Rose
- Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Avinaash V Maharaj
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jack Williams
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin O Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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16
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Absent digit in Russell-Silver syndrome: expanding the clinical spectrum of a well known syndrome. Clin Dysmorphol 2020; 29:118-120. [PMID: 31895057 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Masunaga Y, Inoue T, Yamoto K, Fujisawa Y, Sato Y, Kawashima-Sonoyama Y, Morisada N, Iijima K, Ohata Y, Namba N, Suzumura H, Kuribayashi R, Yamaguchi Y, Yoshihashi H, Fukami M, Saitsu H, Kagami M, Ogata T. IGF2 Mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5572642. [PMID: 31544945 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IGF2 is a paternally expressed growth-promoting gene. Here, we report five cases with IGF2 mutations and review IGF2 mutation-positive patients described in the literature. We also compare clinical features between patients with IGF2 mutations and those with H19/IGF2:IG-DMR epimutations. RESULTS We recruited five cases with IGF2 mutations: case 1 with a splice site mutation (c.-6-1G>C) leading to skipping of exon 2 and cases 2-5 with different missense mutations (p.(Cys70Tyr), p.(Cys71Arg), p.(Cys33Ser), and p.(Cys45Ser)) affecting cysteine residues involved in the S-S bindings. All the mutations resided on the paternally inherited allele, and the mutation of case 5 was present in a mosaic condition. Clinical assessment revealed Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) phenotype with Netchine-Harbison scores of ≥5/6 in all the apparently nonmosaic 14 patients with IGF2 mutations (cases 1-4 described in this study and 10 patients reported in the literature). Furthermore, compared with H19/IGF2:IG-DMR epimutations, IGF2 mutations were associated with low frequency of hemihypoplasia, high frequency of feeding difficulty and/or reduced body mass index, and mild degree of relative macrocephaly, together with occasional development of severe limb malformations, high frequency of cardiovascular anomalies and developmental delay, and low serum IGF-II values. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that IGF2 mutations constitute a rare but important cause of SRS. Furthermore, while both IGF2 mutations and H19/IGF2:IG-DMR epimutations lead to SRS, a certain degree of phenotypic difference is observed between the two groups, probably due to the different IGF2 expression pattern in target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Masunaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takanobu Inoue
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Yamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawashima-Sonoyama
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Naoya Morisada
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ohata
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Hospital, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | | | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Department of Genetics, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Shibukawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshihashi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Xia CL, Lyu Y, Li C, Li H, Zhang ZT, Yin SW, Mao Y, Li W, Kong LY, Liang B, Jiang HK, Li-Ling J, Liu CX, Wei J. Rare De Novo IGF2 Variant on the Paternal Allele in a Patient With Silver-Russell Syndrome. Front Genet 2019; 10:1161. [PMID: 31803239 PMCID: PMC6872539 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare, well-recognized disorder characterized by growth restriction, including intrauterine and postnatal growth. Most SRS cases are caused by hypomethylation of the paternal imprinting center 1 (IC1) in chromosome 11p15.5 and maternal uniparental disomy in chromosome 7 (UPD7). Here, we report on a Chinese family with a 4 year old male proband presenting with low birth weight, growth retardation, short stature, a narrow chin, delayed bone age, and speech delays, as a result of a rare molecular etiology. Whole-exome sequencing was conducted, and a novel de novo IGF2 splicing variant, NM_000612.4: c.157+5G > A, was identified on the paternal allele. In vitro functional analysis by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing revealed that the variant leads to an aberrant RNA transcript lacking exon 2. Our results further confirm the IGF2 variant mediates SRS and expand the pathogenic variant and phenotypic spectrum of IGF2-mediated SRS. The results indicate that, beyond DNA methylation and UPD7 and CDKN1C variant tests, IGF2 gene screening should also be considered for SRS molecular diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Research Center of China Medical University Birth Cohort, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Research Center of China Medical University Birth Cohort, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Research Center of China Medical University Birth Cohort, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Research Center of China Medical University Birth Cohort, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Research Center of China Medical University Birth Cohort, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shao-Wei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Research Center of China Medical University Birth Cohort, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Mao
- Basecare Medical Device Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- Basecare Medical Device Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | | | - Bo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Kun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jesse Li-Ling
- Jinxin Research Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jinjiang Maternal and Children's Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai-Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Research Center of China Medical University Birth Cohort, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Research Center of China Medical University Birth Cohort, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Vasques GA, Andrade NLM, Correa FA, Jorge AAL. Update on new GH-IGF axis genetic defects. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:608-617. [PMID: 31939486 PMCID: PMC10522240 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The somatotropic axis is the main hormonal regulator of growth. Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are the key components of the somatotropic axis. This axis has been studied for a long time and the knowledge of how some molecules could promote or impair hormones production and action has been growing over the last decade. The enhancement of large-scale sequencing techniques has expanded the spectrum of known genes and several other candidate genes that could affect the GH-IGF1-bone pathway. To date, defects in more than forty genes were associated with an impairment of the somatotropic axis. These defects can affect from the secretion of GH to the bioavailability and action of IGF-1. Affected patients present a large heterogeneous group of conditions associated with growth retardation. In this review, we focus on the description of the GH-IGF axis genetic defects reported in the last decade. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):608-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A. Vasques
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Nathalia L. M. Andrade
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernanda A. Correa
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Alexander A. L. Jorge
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Hospital das ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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20
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Estrada-Cuzcano A, Etard C, Delvallée C, Stoetzel C, Schaefer E, Scheidecker S, Geoffroy V, Schneider A, Studer F, Mattioli F, Chennen K, Sigaudy S, Plassard D, Poch O, Piton A, Strahle U, Muller J, Dollfus H. Novel IQCE variations confirm its role in postaxial polydactyly and cause ciliary defect phenotype in zebrafish. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:240-254. [PMID: 31549751 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polydactyly is one of the most frequent inherited defects of the limbs characterized by supernumerary digits and high-genetic heterogeneity. Among the many genes involved, either in isolated or syndromic forms, eight have been implicated in postaxial polydactyly (PAP). Among those, IQCE has been recently identified in a single consanguineous family. Using whole-exome sequencing in patients with uncharacterized ciliopathies, including PAP, we identified three families with biallelic pathogenic variations in IQCE. Interestingly, the c.895_904del (p.Val301Serfs*8) was found in all families without sharing a common haplotype, suggesting a recurrent mechanism. Moreover, in two families, the systemic phenotype could be explained by additional pathogenic variants in known genes (TULP1, ATP6V1B1). RNA expression analysis on patients' fibroblasts confirms that the dysfunction of IQCE leads to the dysregulation of genes associated with the hedgehog-signaling pathway, and zebrafish experiments demonstrate a full spectrum of phenotypes linked to defective cilia: Body curvature, kidney cysts, left-right asymmetry, misdirected cilia in the pronephric duct, and retinal defects. In conclusion, we identified three additional families confirming IQCE as a nonsyndromic PAP gene. Our data emphasize the importance of taking into account the complete set of variations of each individual, as each clinical presentation could finally be explained by multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada-Cuzcano
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christelle Etard
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Clarisse Delvallée
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Scheidecker
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aline Schneider
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fouzia Studer
- Centre de Référence pour les affections rares en génétique ophtalmologique, CARGO, Filière SENSGENE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Francesca Mattioli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Kirsley Chennen
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Complex Systems and Translational Bioinformatics, ICube UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Olivier Poch
- Complex Systems and Translational Bioinformatics, ICube UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Amélie Piton
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Uwe Strahle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jean Muller
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Laboratoire de Génétique médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre de Référence pour les affections rares en génétique ophtalmologique, CARGO, Filière SENSGENE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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21
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Yamoto K, Saitsu H, Nishimura G, Kosaki R, Takayama S, Haga N, Tonoki H, Okumura A, Horii E, Okamoto N, Suzumura H, Ikegawa S, Kato F, Fujisawa Y, Nagata E, Takada S, Fukami M, Ogata T. Comprehensive clinical and molecular studies in split-hand/foot malformation: identification of two plausible candidate genes (LRP6 and UBA2). Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1845-1857. [PMID: 31332306 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition. We sequentially performed screening of the previously identified Japanese founder 17p13.3 duplication/triplication involving BHLHA9, array comparative genomic hybridization, and whole exome sequencing (WES) in newly recruited 41 Japanese families with non-syndromic and syndromic SHFM. We also carried out WES in seven families with nonsyndromic and syndromic SHFM in which underlying genetic causes including pathogenic copy-number variants (CNVs) remained undetected in our previous studies of 56 families. Consequently, we identified not only known pathogenic CNVs (17p13.3 duplications/triplications [n = 21], 2q31 deletion [n = 1], and 10q24 duplications [n = 3]) and rare variants in known causative genes (TP63 [n = 3], DLX5 [n = 1], IGF2 [n = 1], WNT10B [n = 3], WNT10B/PORCN [n = 1], and PORCN [n = 1]), but also a de novo 19q13.11 deletion disrupting UBA2 (n = 1) and variants that probably affect function in LRP6 (n = 1) and UBA2 (n = 1). Thus, together with our previous data based on testing of 56 families, molecular studies for a total of 97 families with SHFM revealed underlying genetic causes in 75 families, and clinical studies for the 75 families indicated a certain degree of correlation between genetic causes and phenotypes. The results imply that SHFM primarily occurs as a genetic disorder with genotype-phenotype correlations. Furthermore, the results together with previous data such as the development of SHFM in Lrp6 knockout mice, the presence of SHFM in two subjects with 19q13 deletions involving UBA2, and strong mouse Uba2 expression in the developing limb buds, imply that LRP6 and UBA2 represent plausible candidate genes for SHFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Iruma, Japan
| | - Rika Kosaki
- Division of Medical Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takayama
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Haga
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Tonoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Tenshi Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Emiko Horii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya First Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Eiko Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Eggermann T, Begemann M, Kurth I, Elbracht M. Contribution of GRB10 to the prenatal phenotype in Silver-Russell syndrome? Lessons from 7p12 copy number variations. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:103671. [PMID: 31100449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The growth factor binding protein 10 (GRB10) has been suggested as a candidate gene for Silver-Russell syndrome because of its localization in 7p12, its imprinting status, data from mice models and its putative role in growth. Based on a new patient with normal growth carrying a GRB10 deletion affecting the paternal allele and data from the literature, we conclude that the heterogeneous clinical findings in patients with copy number variations (CNVs) of GRB10 gene depend on the size and the gene content of the CNV. However, evidence from mouse and human cases indicate a growth suppressing role of GRB10 in prenatal development. As a result, an increase of active maternal GRB10 copies, e.g. by maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 or duplications of the region results in intrauterine growth retardation. In contrast, a defective GRB10 copy might result in prenatal overgrowth, whereas the paternal GRB10 allele is not required for proper prenatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (RWTH), Aachen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
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23
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Storr HL, Chatterjee S, Metherell LA, Foley C, Rosenfeld RG, Backeljauw PF, Dauber A, Savage MO, Hwa V. Nonclassical GH Insensitivity: Characterization of Mild Abnormalities of GH Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:476-505. [PMID: 30265312 PMCID: PMC6607971 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GH insensitivity (GHI) presents in childhood with growth failure and in its severe form is associated with extreme short stature and dysmorphic and metabolic abnormalities. In recent years, the clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of GHI and other overlapping short stature syndromes have rapidly expanded. This can be attributed to advancing genetic techniques and a greater awareness of this group of disorders. We review this important spectrum of defects, which present with phenotypes at the milder end of the GHI continuum. We discuss their clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics. The objective of this review is to clarify the definition, identification, and investigation of this clinically relevant group of growth defects. We also review the therapeutic challenges of mild GHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumana Chatterjee
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Foley
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Martin O Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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24
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Adachi M, Fukami M, Kagami M, Sho N, Yamazaki Y, Tanaka Y, Asakura Y, Hanakawa J, Muroya K. Severe in utero under-virilization in a 46,XY patient with Silver-Russell syndrome with 11p15 loss of methylation. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:191-196. [PMID: 30676999 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterized by growth retardation and variable features including macrocephaly, body asymmetry, and genital manifestations such as cryptorchidism in 46,XY patients. Case presentation The patient was born at 39 weeks with a birth weight of 1344 g. Subtle clitoromegaly warranted a thorough evaluation, which disclosed 46,XY karyotype, bilateral undescended testes, and a rudimentary uterus. Because of severe under-virilization, the patient was assigned as female. Failure to thrive, macrocephaly, and body asymmetry led to the diagnosis of SRS, confirmed by marked hypomethylation of H19/IGF2 intergenic differentially methylated region (IG-DMR). From age 9 years, progressive virilization occurred, which necessitated luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) treatment. Gonadal resection at 15 years revealed immature testes with mostly Sertoli-cell-only tubules. Panel analysis for 46,XY-differences of sex development (DSD) failed to detect any pathogenic variants. Conclusions This is the second reported case of molecularly proven 46,XY SRS accompanied by severe under-virilization. SRS should be included in the differential diagnosis of 46,XY-DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Adachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Sho
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamazaki
- Department of Urology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukichi Tanaka
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Asakura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junko Hanakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Muroya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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25
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Poulton C, Azmanov D, Atkinson V, Beilby J, Ewans L, Gration D, Dreyer L, Shetty V, Peake C, McCormack E, Palmer R, Lewis B, Dawkins H, Broley S, Baynam G. Silver Russel syndrome in an aboriginal patient from Australia. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2561-2563. [PMID: 30152198 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS OMIM 180860) is a rare, albeit well-recognized disorder characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. It remains a clinical diagnosis with a molecular cause identifiable in approximately 60%-70% of patients. We report a 4-year-old Australian Aboriginal girl who was born at 32 weeks gestation with features strongly suggestive of SRS, after extensive investigation she was referred to our undiagnosed disease program (UDP). Genomic sequencing was performed which identified a heterozygous splice site variant in IGF2 which is predicted to be pathogenic by in-silico studies, paternal allelic origin, de novo status, and RNA studies on fibroblasts. We compare clinical findings with reported patients to add to the knowledge base on IGF2 variants and to promote the engagement of other Australian Aboriginal families in genomic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Poulton
- Department of Neonatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dimitar Azmanov
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vanessa Atkinson
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John Beilby
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa Ewans
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dylan Gration
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren Dreyer
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vinutha Shetty
- Department of Endocrinology, Perth Children's Hospital Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ciara Peake
- Department of Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emma McCormack
- Faculty of Science, Doctor of Medicine Program, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Palmer
- School of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University - Perth City Campus, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Barry Lewis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hugh Dawkins
- Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie Broley
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women Perth, Western Australia Register for Developmental Abnormalities, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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26
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Domené HM, Fierro-Carrión G. Genetic disorders of GH action pathway. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 38:19-23. [PMID: 29249625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While insensitivity to GH (GHI) is characterized by low IGF-I levels, normal or elevated GH levels, and lack of IGF-I response to GH treatment, IGF-I resistance is characterized by elevated IGF-I levels with normal/high GH levels. Several genetic defects are responsible for impairment of GH and IGF-I actions resulting in short stature that could affect intrauterine growth or be present in the postnatal period. The genetic defects affecting GH and/or IGF-I action can be divided into five different groups: GH insensitivity by defects affecting the GH receptor (GHR), the intracellular GH signaling pathway (STAT5B, STAT3, IKBKB, IL2RG, PIK3R1), the synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2), the transport/bioavailability of IGFs (IGFALS, PAPPA2), and defects affecting IGF-I sensitivity (IGF1R). Complete GH insensitivity (GHI) was first reported by Zvi Laron and his colleagues in patients with classical appearance of GH deficiency, but presenting elevated levels of GH. The association of GH insensitivity with several clinical sings of immune-dysfunction and autoimmune dysregulation are characteristic of molecular defects in the intracellular GH signaling pathway (STAT5B, STAT3, IKBKB, IL2RG, PIK3R1). Gene mutations in the IGF1 and IGF2 genes have been described in patients presenting intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal short stature. Molecular defects have also been reported in the IGFALS gene, that encodes the acid-labile subunit (ALS), responsible to stabilize circulating IGF-I in ternary complexes, and more recently in the PAPPA2 gen that encodes the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2, a protease that specifically cleaves IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 regulating the accessibility of IGFs to their target tissues. Mutations in the IGF1R gene resulted in IGF-I insensitivity in patients with impaired intrauterine and postnatal growth. These studies have revealed novel molecular mechanisms of GH insensitivity/primary IGF-I deficiency beyond the GH receptor gene. In addition, they have also underlined the importance of several players of the GH-IGF axis in the complex system that promotes human growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas (CEDIE-CONICET), "Dr. César Bergadá", División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo Fierro-Carrión
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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27
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Tümer Z, López-Hernández JA, Netchine I, Elbracht M, Grønskov K, Gede LB, Sachwitz J, den Dunnen JT, Eggermann T. Structural and sequence variants in patients with Silver-Russell syndrome or similar features-Curation of a disease database. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:345-364. [PMID: 29250858 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a clinically and molecularly heterogeneous disorder involving prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and the term SRS-like is broadly used to describe individuals with clinical features resembling SRS. The main molecular subgroups are loss of methylation of the distal imprinting control region (H19/IGF2:IG-DMR) on 11p15.5 (50%) and maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (5%-10%). Through a comprehensive literature search, we identified 91 patients/families with various structural and small sequence variants, which were suggested as additional molecular defects leading to SRS/SRS-like phenotypes. However, the molecular and phenotypic data of these patients were not standardized and therefore not comparable, rendering difficulties in phenotype-genotype comparisons. To overcome this challenge, we curated a disease database including (epi)genetic phenotypic data of these patients. The clinical features are scored according to the Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system (NH-CSS), which has recently been accepted as standard by consensus. The structural and sequence variations are reviewed and where necessary redescribed according to recent recommendations. Our study provides a framework for both research and diagnostic purposes through facilitating a standardized comparison of (epi)genotypes with phenotypes of patients with structural/sequence variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Irène Netchine
- Sorbonne Universite, INSERM UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,APHP, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lene Bjerring Gede
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jana Sachwitz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johan T den Dunnen
- Human Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Heide S, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Keren B, Harbison MD, Azzi S, Rossignol S, Michot C, Lackmy-Port Lys M, Demeer B, Heinrichs C, Newfield RS, Sarda P, Van Maldergem L, Trifard V, Giabicani E, Siffroi JP, Le Bouc Y, Netchine I, Brioude F. Chromosomal rearrangements in the 11p15 imprinted region: 17 new 11p15.5 duplications with associated phenotypes and putative functional consequences. J Med Genet 2017; 55:205-213. [PMID: 29223973 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 11p15 region contains two clusters of imprinted genes. Opposite genetic and epigenetic anomalies of this region result in two distinct growth disturbance syndromes: Beckwith-Wiedemann (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndromes (SRS). Cytogenetic rearrangements within this region represent less than 3% of SRS and BWS cases. Among these, 11p15 duplications were infrequently reported and interpretation of their pathogenic effects is complex. OBJECTIVES To report cytogenetic and methylation analyses in a cohort of patients with SRS/BWS carrying 11p15 duplications and establish genotype/phenotype correlations. METHODS From a cohort of patients with SRS/BWS with an abnormal methylation profile (using ASMM-RTQ-PCR), we used SNP-arrays to identify and map the 11p15 duplications. We report 19 new patients with SRS (n=9) and BWS (n=10) carrying de novo or familial 11p15 duplications, which completely or partially span either both telomeric and centromeric domains or only one domain. RESULTS Large duplications involving one complete domain or both domains are associated with either SRS or BWS, depending on the parental origin of the duplication. Genotype-phenotype correlation studies of partial duplications within the telomeric domain demonstrate the prominent role of IGF2, rather than H19, in the control of growth. Furthermore, it highlights the role of CDKN1C within the centromeric domain and suggests that the expected overexpression of KCNQ1OT1 from the paternal allele (in partial paternal duplications, excluding CDKN1C) does not affect the expression of CDKN1C. CONCLUSIONS The phenotype associated with 11p15 duplications depends on the size, genetic content, parental inheritance and imprinting status. Identification of these rare duplications is crucial for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Heide
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine D Harbison
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Salah Azzi
- Nuclear Dynamics ISPG, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvie Rossignol
- Service de Pédiatrie 1, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Michot
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Marilyn Lackmy-Port Lys
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Compétences Maladies Rares Anomalies du développement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pointe-a-Pitre Abymes, Pointe-a-Pitre, France
| | - Bénédicte Demeer
- Service de Génétique Clinique et Oncogénétique, CLAD Nord de France, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Claudine Heinrichs
- Service d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ron S Newfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Sarda
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- CHU, Centre de Génétique Humaine Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Véronique Trifard
- Service de Pédiatrie, CH de La Roche sur Yon, La Roche sur Yon, France
| | - Eloise Giabicani
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Département de Génétique, APHP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Paris, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Irène Netchine
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
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29
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Liu D, Wang Y, Yang XA, Liu D. De Novo Mutation of Paternal IGF2 Gene Causing Silver-Russell Syndrome in a Sporadic Patient. Front Genet 2017; 8:105. [PMID: 28848601 PMCID: PMC5550680 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare, but well-recognized disease characterized by growth disorder. To date, there are two reports arguing IGF2 mutation for the onset of SRS. Herein, we present another sporadic case harboring IGF2 mutation. The male proband was the first and only child of a non-consanguineous Chinese couple. He was small for gestational age, with relative macrocephaly at birth. Severe feeding difficulties, low feeding, and growth retardation were revealed during neonatal period. At 4.5 years old, obvious body asymmetry was noted. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel de novo c.101G > A (p.Gly34Asp, NM_000612) variant in IGF2 and Sanger sequencing validated the variant. Amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the IGF2 variant was on the paternal allele. Alignment shows the variant is evolutionarily conserved. Structural modeling argues that the variant site might be important for the binding of IGF2 to its receptor. Our study provides further evidence that IGF2 mutation may be another mechanism of SRS, and we consider that IGF2 should be included in a disease specific gene panel in case it is designed for SRS routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Yajian Wang
- Joy Orient Translational Medicine Research Center Co., Ltd.Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-An Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China.,Beijing Scientific Operation Biotechnology Co., Ltd.Beijing, China
| | - Deyun Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
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