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Kong Y, Hu Y, Li J, Cai J, Qiu Y, Dong C. Anti-inflammatory Effect of a Novel Pectin Polysaccharide From Rubus chingii Hu on Colitis Mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:868657. [PMID: 35571944 PMCID: PMC9105459 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubus chingii Hu has been used as a functional food for a long time. A novel pectin polysaccharide named RCHP-S from R. chingii Hu was structurally identified and explored its anti-inflammatory effect on colitis mice. RCHP-S was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose. NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis showed that RCHP-S was mainly composed of HG-type pectin domains but also contains a small amount of RG-I. The anti-inflammatory tests indicated that the mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with RCHP-S could show a significant inhibitory effect on the mRNA level of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in vitro. Polysaccharide RCHP-S reduced the enteritis symptoms in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice by inhibiting released inflammatory factors. These results indicated that the R. chingii Hu polysaccharide can be used as food additives for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yulong Hu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jieming Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juntao Cai
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanhao Qiu
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanhao Qiu
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou, China
- Chunhong Dong
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Blair L, Pattison MJ, Chakravarty P, Papoutsopoulou S, Bakiri L, Wagner EF, Smale S, Ley SC. TPL-2 Inhibits IFN-β Expression via an ERK1/2-TCF-FOS Axis in TLR4-Stimulated Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:941-954. [PMID: 35082159 PMCID: PMC9012084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
TPL-2 activation of ERK1/2 regulates gene expression in TLR-stimulated macrophages. TPL-2 regulates transcription via ERK1/2 phosphorylation of ternary complex factors. TPL-2 inhibits Ifnb1 transcription via ternary complex factor–induced Fos mRNA expression.
TPL-2 kinase plays an important role in innate immunity, activating ERK1/2 MAPKs in myeloid cells following TLR stimulation. We investigated how TPL-2 controls transcription in TLR4-stimulated mouse macrophages. TPL-2 activation of ERK1/2 regulated expression of genes encoding transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, and signaling regulators. Bioinformatics analysis of gene clusters most rapidly induced by TPL-2 suggested that their transcription was mediated by the ternary complex factor (TCF) and FOS transcription factor families. Consistently, TPL-2 induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation of the ELK1 TCF and the expression of TCF target genes. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of TCF-deficient macrophages demonstrated that TCFs mediate approximately half of the transcriptional output of TPL-2 signaling, partially via induced expression of secondary transcription factors. TPL-2 signaling and TCFs were required for maximal TLR4-induced FOS expression. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome of TLR4-stimulated Fos−/− macrophages indicated that TPL-2 regulated a significant fraction of genes by controlling FOS expression levels. A key function of this ERK1/2-TCF-FOS pathway was to mediate TPL-2 suppression of type I IFN signaling, which is essential for host resistance against intracellular bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Blair
- Immune Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Pattison
- Immune Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Latifa Bakiri
- Laboratory of Genes and Disease, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Laboratory of Genes and Disease, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Genes and Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Steven C Ley
- Immune Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom;
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Luo Y, Liu Y, Shen Y, He J, Li H, Lan C, Li J, Chen H, Chen D, Ren Z, Yu B, Huang Z, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Yan H. Fermented Alfalfa Meal Instead of "Grain-Type" Feedstuffs in the Diet Improves Intestinal Health Related Indexes in Weaned Pigs. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:797875. [PMID: 34966376 PMCID: PMC8710769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.797875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Corn and soybean meal are the two main components in formula feed of farm animals, leading to a serious food competition between humans and livestock. An alternative may be to encourage the utilization of unconventional feedstuff in animal diet. In the current study, we evaluated the utilization of fermented alfalfa meal (FAM) in weaned pigs. Twenty weaned piglets (separately caged) were randomly divided into two groups. Pigs in the control group (CON) were fed corn-soybean meal diet, and part of corn and soya protein concentrate in the diet of another group was replaced by 8% FAM. After 40 days of feeding, the average feed intake of FAM pigs was increased (P > 0.05), and the villus height (VH) of jejunum and duodenum, crypt depth (CD), and VH/CD in FAM pigs was improved compared to the CON group (P < 0.05). The increase (P < 0.05) of goblet cells in the jejunum of FAM pigs was positively correlated with the expression of MUC-2 gene (R = 0.9150). The expression of genes related to immunity (IRAK4, NF-κB, and IL-10) and intestinal barrier (Occludin and MUC-2) in the jejunum, as well as the expression of ZO-1 and MUC-2 in the colon of these pigs, also showed increase (P < 0.05) compared to CON pigs, which was accompanied by the decrease (P < 0.05) of LPS concentration in the serum. The elevated proportion of CD3+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets in spleen (P < 0.05) confirmed the improvement of systemic immune function in FAM pigs. In addition, FAM pigs have a higher β-diversity of microbial community (P < 0.05) and promoted enrichment of probiotics such as Lactobacillus that positively was correlated with acetate concentration in the colon over CON pigs. In summary, partially replacement of expanded corn and soya protein concentrate with FAM (8%) may benefit the intestinal barrier and immune function of weaned pigs without affecting their growth. Our findings also provide evidence of the feasibility of FAM as a dietary component in pigs to reduce the consumption of grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Lan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Jordan KR, Sikora MJ, Slansky JE, Minic A, Richer JK, Moroney MR, Hu J, Wolsky RJ, Watson ZL, Yamamoto TM, Costello JC, Clauset A, Behbakht K, Kumar TR, Bitler BG. The Capacity of the Ovarian Cancer Tumor Microenvironment to Integrate Inflammation Signaling Conveys a Shorter Disease-free Interval. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:6362-6373. [PMID: 32928797 PMCID: PMC7923250 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer has one of the highest deaths to incidence ratios across all cancers. Initial chemotherapy is effective, but most patients develop chemoresistant disease. Mechanisms driving clinical chemo-response or -resistance are not well-understood. However, achieving optimal surgical cytoreduction improves survival, and cytoreduction is improved by neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). NACT offers a window to profile pre- versus post-NACT tumors, which we used to identify chemotherapy-induced changes to the tumor microenvironment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We obtained matched pre- and post-NACT archival tumor tissues from patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (patient, n = 6). We measured mRNA levels of 770 genes (756 genes/14 housekeeping genes, NanoString Technologies), and performed reverse phase protein array (RPPA) on a subset of matched tumors. We examined cytokine levels in pre-NACT ascites samples (n = 39) by ELISAs. A tissue microarray with 128 annotated ovarian tumors expanded the transcriptional, RPPA, and cytokine data by multispectral IHC. RESULTS The most upregulated gene post-NACT was IL6 (16.79-fold). RPPA data were concordant with mRNA, consistent with elevated immune infiltration. Elevated IL6 in pre-NACT ascites specimens correlated with a shorter time to recurrence. Integrating NanoString (n = 12), RPPA (n = 4), and cytokine (n = 39) studies identified an activated inflammatory signaling network and induced IL6 and IER3 (immediate early response 3) post-NACT, associated with poor chemo-response and time to recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Multiomics profiling of ovarian tumor samples pre- and post-NACT provides unique insight into chemo-induced changes to the tumor microenvironment. We identified a novel IL6/IER3 signaling axis that may drive chemoresistance and disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew J Sikora
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jill E Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angela Minic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marisa R Moroney
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Junxiao Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rebecca J Wolsky
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zachary L Watson
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James C Costello
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aaron Clauset
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico
- BioFrontiers Institute, The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kian Behbakht
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - T Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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5
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Piotrowska M, Swierczynski M, Fichna J, Piechota-Polanczyk A. The Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of the intestine: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications for inflammatory bowel diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105243. [PMID: 33080322 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a stress-responsive transcription factor, associated with cellular homeostasis. Under normal conditions Nrf2 is kept in the cytoplasm by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) which facilitates its degradation. Meanwhile, oxidative or electrophilic stress trigger Keap1 dissociation from the Nrf2/Keap1 complex and Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus where it induces the expression of numerous anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory genes. The Nrf2/Keap1 axis plays a crucial role in the development of gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the maintenance of its proper functionality. This axis also seems to be a promising candidate for prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), as well as their severe complications such as intestinal fibrosis and colorectal cancer. This review focuses on the role of Nrf2/Keap1 in 1) the development and proper functionality of GI tract, 2) the pathophysiology of GI diseases and their long-term complications, 3) the effectiveness of currently used drugs and non-conventional treatments which influence Nrf2/Keap1 and are potentially effective in IBD treatment, as well as 4) the effect of gut microbiota on Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piotrowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical UniverSity of Lodz, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Swierczynski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical UniverSity of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical UniverSity of Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piechota-Polanczyk
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
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6
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Sesti-Costa R, Cervantes-Barragan L, Swiecki MK, Fachi JL, Cella M, Gilfillan S, Silva JS, Colonna M. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Inhibits Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Function and Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2257-2268. [PMID: 32169845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce abundant type I IFNs (IFN-I) in response to viral nucleic acids. Generation of pDCs from bone marrow dendritic cell (DC) progenitors and their maintenance is driven by the transcription factor E2-2 and inhibited by its repressor Id2. In this study, we find that mouse pDCs selectively express the receptor for LIF that signals through STAT3. Stimulation of pDCs with LIF inhibited IFN-I, TNF, and IL-6 responses to CpG and induced expression of the STAT3 targets SOCS3 and Bcl3, which inhibit IFN-I and NF-κB signaling. Moreover, although STAT3 has been also reported to induce E2-2, LIF paradoxically induced its repressor Id2. A late-stage bone marrow DC progenitor expressed low amounts of LIFR and developed into pDCs less efficiently after being exposed to LIF, consistent with the induction of Id2. Conversely, pDC development and serum IFN-I responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection were augmented in newly generated mice lacking LIFR in either CD11c+ or hematopoietic cells. Thus, an LIF-driven STAT3 pathway induces SOCS3, Bcl3, and Id2, which render pDCs and late DC progenitors refractory to physiological stimuli controlling pDC functions and development. This pathway can be potentially exploited to prevent inappropriate secretion of IFN-I in autoimmune diseases or promote IFN-I secretion during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sesti-Costa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil 14049-900
| | - Luisa Cervantes-Barragan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Melissa K Swiecki
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - José Luís Fachi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil 14049-900
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
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7
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Gerstgrasser A, Melhem H, Leonardi I, Atrott K, Schäfer M, Werner S, Rogler G, Frey-Wagner I. Cell-specific Activation of the Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway Increases Mucosal Inflammation in Acute but Not in Chronic Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:485-499. [PMID: 27683801 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The transcription factor Nrf2 is a major modulator of the cellular antioxidant response. Oxidative burst of infiltrating macrophages leads to a massive production of reactive oxygen species in inflamed tissue of inflammatory bowel disease patients. This oxidative burst contributes to tissue destruction and epithelial permeability, but it is also an essential part of the antibacterial defence. We therefore investigated the impact of the Nrf2 orchestrated antioxidant response in both acute and chronic intestinal inflammation. METHODS To study the role of Nrf2 overexpression in mucosal inflammation, we used transgenic mice conditionally expressing a constitutively active form of Nrf2 [caNrf2] either in epithelial cells or in the myeloid cell lineage. Acute colitis was induced by dextran sulphate sodium [DSS] in transgenic and control animals, and changes in gene expression were evaluated by genome-wide expression studies. Long-term effects of Nrf2 activation were studied in mice with an IL-10-/- background. RESULTS Expression of caNrf2 either in epithelial cells or myeloid cells resulted in aggravation of DSS-induced acute colitis. Aggravation of inflammation by caNrf2 was not observed in the IL-10-/- model of spontaneous chronic colitis, where even a trend towards reduced prolapse rate was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that a well-balanced redox homeostasis is as important in epithelial cells as in myeloid cells during induction of colitis. Aggravation of acute DSS colitis in response to constitutive Nrf2 expression emphasises the importance of tight regulation of Nrf2 during the onset of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gerstgrasser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology [ZIHP], University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Melhem
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Leonardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology [ZIHP], University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology [ZIHP], University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frey-Wagner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology [ZIHP], University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Zhou Q, Hahn JK, Neupane B, Aidery P, Labeit S, Gawaz M, Gramlich M. Dysregulated IER3 Expression is Associated with Enhanced Apoptosis in Titin-Based Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E723. [PMID: 28353642 PMCID: PMC5412309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis (type I programmed cell death) of cardiomyocytes is a major process that plays a role in the progression of heart failure. The early response gene IER3 regulates apoptosis in a wide variety of cells and organs. However, its role in heart failure is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of IER3 in an inducible heart failure mouse model. Heart failure was induced in a mouse model that imitates a human titin truncation mutation we found in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and ssDNA stainings showed induction of apoptosis in titin-deficient cardiomyocytes during heart failure development, while IER3 response was dysregulated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and knock-down experiments revealed that IER3 proteins target the promotors of anti-apoptotic genes and act as an anti-apoptotic factor in cardiomyocytes. Its expression is blunted during heart failure development in a titin-deficient mouse model. Targeting the IER3 pathway to reduce cardiac apoptosis might be an effective therapeutic strategy to combat heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Julia Kelley Hahn
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Balram Neupane
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Parwez Aidery
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Institute for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Gramlich
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Liu D, Wang Y, Ma S, Sun H, Shi W, Feng X. Individual and combined use of ginsenoside F2 and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside attenuates H2O2-induced apoptosis in HEK-293 cells via the NF-κB pathway. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04689h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside F2 and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside synergistically inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis in HEK-293 cells through mitochondria-mediated apoptotic and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology
- Jilin Medical University
- Jilin 132013
- China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130062
- China
| | - Shuang Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130062
- China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology
- Jilin Medical University
- Jilin 132013
- China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology
- Jilin Medical University
- Jilin 132013
- China
| | - Xianmin Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology
- Jilin Medical University
- Jilin 132013
- China
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10
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Kochan J, Wawro M, Kasza A. IF-combined smRNA FISH reveals interaction of MCPIP1 protein with IER3 mRNA. Biol Open 2016; 5:889-98. [PMID: 27256408 PMCID: PMC4958271 DOI: 10.1242/bio.018010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPIP1 and IER3 are recently described proteins essential for maintenance of immune homeostasis. IER3 is involved in the regulation of apoptosis and differentiation and has been shown lately to protect activated T cells and macrophages from apoptosis. MCPIP1 is an RNase critical for controlling inflammation-related mRNAs. MCPIP1 interacts with and degrades a set of stem-loop-containing mRNAs (including IL-6). Our results demonstrate the involvement of MCPIP1 in the regulation of IER3 mRNA levels. A dual luciferase assay revealed that over-expression of MCPIP1 resulted in a decrease of luciferase activity in the samples co-transfected with constructs containing luciferase CDS attached to IER3 3′UTR. We identified a stem-loop structure similar to that described to be important for destabilization of the IL-6 mRNA by MCPIP1. Examination of IER3 3′UTR sequence, structure and evolutionary conservation revealed that the identified stem-loop is buried within a bigger element. Deletion of this fragment abolished the regulation of IER3 3′UTR-containing transcript by MCPIP1. Finally, using immunofluorescence-combined single-molecule RNA FISH we have shown that the MCPIP1 protein co-localizes with IER3 mRNA. By this method we also proved that the presence of the wild-type NYN/PIN-like domain of MCPIP1 correlated with the decreased level of IER3 mRNA. RNA immunoprecipitation further confirmed the interaction of MCPIP1 with IER3 transcripts in vivo. Summary: We identify IER3 mRNA as a newly discovered MCPIP1 target using recently described IF-based procedures, and also identify a conserved element involved in MCPIP1-dependent IER3 transcript destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow 30-387, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow 30-387, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow 30-387, Poland
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11
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Tiedje C, Diaz-Muñoz MD, Trulley P, Ahlfors H, Laaß K, Blackshear PJ, Turner M, Gaestel M. The RNA-binding protein TTP is a global post-transcriptional regulator of feedback control in inflammation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:7418-40. [PMID: 27220464 PMCID: PMC5009735 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) facilitate post-transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression at multiple levels. The RBP tristetraprolin (TTP/Zfp36) is a signal-induced phosphorylated anti-inflammatory protein guiding unstable mRNAs of pro-inflammatory proteins for degradation and preventing translation. Using iCLIP, we have identified numerous mRNA targets bound by wild-type TTP and by a non-MK2-phosphorylatable TTP mutant (TTP-AA) in 1 h LPS-stimulated macrophages and correlated their interaction with TTP to changes at the level of mRNA abundance and translation in a transcriptome-wide manner. The close similarity of the transcriptomes of TTP-deficient and TTP-expressing macrophages upon short LPS stimulation suggested an effective inactivation of TTP by MK2, whereas retained RNA-binding capacity of TTP-AA to 3′UTRs caused profound changes in the transcriptome and translatome, altered NF-κB-activation and induced cell death. Increased TTP binding to the 3′UTR of feedback inhibitor mRNAs, such as Ier3, Dusp1 or Tnfaip3, in the absence of MK2-dependent TTP neutralization resulted in a strong reduction of their protein synthesis contributing to the deregulation of the NF-κB-signaling pathway. Taken together, our study uncovers a role of TTP as a suppressor of feedback inhibitors of inflammation and highlights the importance of fine-tuned TTP activity-regulation by MK2 in order to control the pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tiedje
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical School Hannover (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel D Diaz-Muñoz
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Philipp Trulley
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical School Hannover (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Kathrin Laaß
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical School Hannover (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Perry J Blackshear
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martin Turner
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical School Hannover (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Ramsey H, Wu MX. Mitochondrial anti-oxidant protects IEX-1 deficient mice from organ damage during endotoxemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 23:658-63. [PMID: 25466275 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a leading cause of mortality in intensive care units worldwide, is often a result of overactive and systemic inflammation following serious infections. We found that mice lacking immediate early responsive gene X-1 (IEX-1) were prone to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced endotoxemia. A nonlethal dose of LPS provoked numerous aberrations in IEX-1 knockout (KO) mice including pancytopenia, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lung neutrophilia, concurrent with liver and kidney damage, followed by death. Given these results, in conjunction with a proven role for IEX-1 in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis during stress, we pre-treated IEX-1 KO mice with Mitoquinone (MitoQ), a mitochondrion-based antioxidant prior to LPS injection. The treatment significantly reduced ROS formation in circulatory cells and protected against pancytopenia and multiple organ failure, drastically increasing the survival rate of IEX-1 KO mice challenged by this low dose of LPS. This study confirms significant contribution of mitochondrial ROS to the etiology of sepsis.
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13
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Ravaud C, Esteve D, Villageois P, Bouloumie A, Dani C, Ladoux A. IER3 Promotes Expansion of Adipose Progenitor Cells in Response to Changes in Distinct Microenvironmental Effectors. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2564-73. [PMID: 25827082 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue expansion is well-orchestrated to fulfill the energy demand. It results from adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia due to adipose progenitor cell (APC) expansion and differentiation. Chronic low grade inflammation and hypoxia take place in obese adipose tissue microenvironment. Both of these events were shown to impact the APC pool by promoting increased self-renewal along with a decrease in the APC differentiation potential. However, no common target has been identified so far. Here we show that the immediate early response 3 gene (IER3) is preferentially expressed in APCs and is essential for APC proliferation and self-renewal. Experiments based on RNA interference revealed that impairing IER3 expression altered cell proliferation through ERK1/2 phosphorylation and clonogenicity. IER3 expression was induced by Activin A, which plays a crucial role in adipocyte differentiation as well as by a decrease in oxygen tension through HIF1-induced transcriptional activation. Interestingly, high levels of IER3 were detected in native APCs (CD34+/CD31- cells) isolated from obese patients and conditioned media from obese adipose tissue-macrophages stimulated its expression. Overall, these results indicate that IER3 is a key player in expanding the pool of APC while highlighting the role of distinct effectors found in an obese microenvironment in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Ravaud
- CNRS UMR 7277, Nice, France.,University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,INSERM UMR 1091, iBV, Nice, France
| | - David Esteve
- Team 1, INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Phi Villageois
- CNRS UMR 7277, Nice, France.,University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,INSERM UMR 1091, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Anne Bouloumie
- Team 1, INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Dani
- CNRS UMR 7277, Nice, France.,University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,INSERM UMR 1091, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Annie Ladoux
- CNRS UMR 7277, Nice, France.,University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,INSERM UMR 1091, iBV, Nice, France
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14
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Wogonin suppresses inflammatory response and maintains intestinal barrier function via TLR4-MyD88-TAK1-mediated NF-κB pathway in vitro. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:423-31. [PMID: 25917044 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE Wogonin has multiple pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we hypothesize that wogonin can protect intestinal barrier function in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Caco-2 cells, which is an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation. METHODS We measured intestinal barrier function in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells by using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transport of fluorescent markers. A quantitative (q) RT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining analysis was used to detect the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and ZO-1) in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells. We measured inflammatory molecules in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells using ELISA and qRT-PCR. In addition, the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and TAK1 and their interaction, and NF-κB activity in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells were investigated by western blot analysis and immune-precipitation. RESULTS We found that exposing Caco-2 cells to wogonin (10 and 50 μM for 24 h) attenuated the LPS-induced changes in TEER and transport of fluorescent markers. In addition, wogonin suppressed LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and ZO-1). Furthermore, LPS-induced up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) were reduced after being pre-treated with wogonin. Moreover, wogonin not only inhibited the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and TAK1 and the interaction between these molecules, but also reduced NF-κB translocation to nucleus and its DNA-binding activity in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that pre-treatment with wogonin could attenuate the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response and maintain intestinal barrier function in LPS-induced Caco-2 cells, thus might be a potential therapy for treating IBD.
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15
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Feng J, Guo C, Zhu Y, Pang L, Yang Z, Zou Y, Zheng X. Baicalin down regulates the expression of TLR4 and NFkB-p65 in colon tissue in mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:4063-4072. [PMID: 25550915 PMCID: PMC4276173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baicalin is one of flavonoid extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis, which has several functions including anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, antitumor and et al. However, the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory of baicalin in ulcerative colitis is not clear. METHODS Mice colitis models were established by dextran sodium sulfate, Mice administrated with baicalin (100 mg/kg) and mesalazine (100 mg/kg) twice daily by intragastric injection for 7 days after colitis induced were defined as treated group. Then the mice were sacrificed and the colon samples were collected. Toll-like receptor-2, 4, 9 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Signaling proteins such as TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 were analyzed by western blotting. Cytokine's mRNA include TNF-α, IL-6 IL-10 and IL-13 were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Modified disease activity index were used to analyse the severity of the disease by assessed of diarrhea, stool (occult) blood and body weight loss of the mice. RESULTS Compared with control and model groups, modified disease activity index in baicalin and mesalazine treated, mice decreased gradually. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed the expression of TLR4, but not TLR2 and TLR9, in the mucosa of mice colon were decreased. Western blot analysis showed that in colitis model, the expression of NF-κB p65 and TLR4 decreased (P < 0.05), while the expression of MyD88 increased significantly compared to control group, and MyD88 expression can not be repressed by baicalin (P < 0.05). Baicalin and mesalazine treatment suppressed the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 mRNA (P < 0.05), yet up-regulated the expression of IL-10 mRNA (P < 0.05), compared to the DDS and control groups. CONCLUSIONS Baicalin administration by intragastric injection ameliorates the severity of colon inflammation. The possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory response by baicalin may involve in the blocking of the TLR4/NF-κB-p65/IL-6 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Feng
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Medical College2# Wenmingdong Road, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Cancan Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical College2# Wenmingdong Road, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical College2# Wenmingdong Road, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Liping Pang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical College2# Wenmingdong Road, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Psychological, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical CollegeDongguan 523808, China
| | - Xuebao Zheng
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Medical College2# Wenmingdong Road, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang 524023, China
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16
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Bär F, Föh B, Pagel R, Schröder T, Schlichting H, Hirose M, Lemcke S, Klinger A, König P, Karsten CM, Büning J, Lehnert H, Fellermann K, Ibrahim SM, Sina C. Carboxypeptidase E modulates intestinal immune homeostasis and protects against experimental colitis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102347. [PMID: 25051500 PMCID: PMC4106776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EEC) produce neuropeptides, which are crucially involved in the maintenance of the intestinal barrier. Hence, EEC dysfunction is suggested to be involved in the complex pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is characterized by decreased intestinal barrier function. However, the underlying mechanisms for EEC dysfunction are not clear and suitable models for a better understanding are lacking. Here, we demonstrate that Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) is specifically expressed in EEC of the murine colon and ileum and that its deficiency is associated with reduced intestinal levels of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Peptide YY (PYY), which are both produced by EEC. Moreover, cpe−/− mice exhibit an aggravated course of DSS-induced chronic colitis compared to wildtype littermates. In addition, we observed elevated mucosal IL-6 and KC transcript levels already at baseline conditions in cpe−/− mice. Moreover, supernatants obtained from isolated intestinal crypts of cpe−/− mice lead to increased IL-6 and KC expression in MODE-K cells in the presence of LPS. This effect was reversible by co-administration of recombinant NPY, suggesting a CPE mediated immunosuppressive effect in the intestines by influencing the processing of specific neuropeptides. In this context, the chemotaxis of bone marrow derived macrophages towards respective supernatants was enhanced. In conclusion, our data point to an anti-inflammatory role of CPE in the intestine by influencing local cytokine levels and thus regulating the migration of myeloid immune cells into the mucosa. These findings highlight the importance of EEC for intestinal homeostasis and propose EEC as potential therapeutic targets in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bär
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bandik Föh
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - René Pagel
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Torsten Schröder
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heidi Schlichting
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Misa Hirose
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Lemcke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Antje Klinger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian M. Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jürgen Büning
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Klaus Fellermann
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Saleh M. Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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17
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Wagner AE, Will O, Sturm C, Lipinski S, Rosenstiel P, Rimbach G. DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice is mitigated by sulforaphane pre-treatment. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:2085-91. [PMID: 24231100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Brassica-derived isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN) is known to induce factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor centrally involved in chemoprevention. Furthermore, SFN exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. However, little is known regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of SFN in severe inflammatory phenotypes. In the present study, we tested if pre-treatment with SFN protects mice from dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis. C57BL/6 mice received either phosphate-buffered saline (control) or 25 mg/kg body weight (BW) SFN per os for 7 days. Subsequently, acute colitis was induced by administering 4% DSS via drinking water for 5 days and BWs, stool consistency and faecal blood loss were recorded. Following endoscopic colonoscopy, mice were sacrificed, the organs excised and spleen weights and colon lengths measured. For histopathological analysis, distal colon samples were fixed in 4% para-formaldehyde, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin/eosin. Inflammatory biomarkers were also measured in distal colon. Treatment with SFN prior to colitis induction significantly minimised both BW loss and the disease activity index compared to control mice. Furthermore, colon lengths in SFN pre-treated mice were significantly longer than in control mice. Both macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the colon revealed attenuated inflammation in SFN pre-treated animals. mRNA analysis of distal colon samples confirmed reduced expression of inflammatory markers and increased expression of Nrf2-dependent genes in SFN pre-treated mice. Our results indicate that pre-treating mice with SFN confers protection from DSS-induced colitis. These protective effects were corroborated macroscopically, microscopically and at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika E Wagner
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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18
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Translational regulation of specific mRNAs controls feedback inhibition and survival during macrophage activation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004368. [PMID: 24945926 PMCID: PMC4063670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For a rapid induction and efficient resolution of the inflammatory response, gene expression in cells of the immune system is tightly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. The control of mRNA translation has emerged as an important determinant of protein levels, yet its role in macrophage activation is not well understood. We systematically analyzed the contribution of translational regulation to the early phase of the macrophage response by polysome fractionation from mouse macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Individual mRNAs whose translation is specifically regulated during macrophage activation were identified by microarray analysis. Stimulation with LPS for 1 h caused translational activation of many feedback inhibitors of the inflammatory response including NF-κB inhibitors (Nfkbid, Nfkbiz, Nr4a1, Ier3), a p38 MAPK antagonist (Dusp1) and post-transcriptional suppressors of cytokine expression (Zfp36 and Zc3h12a). Our analysis showed that their translation is repressed in resting and de-repressed in activated macrophages. Quantification of mRNA levels at a high temporal resolution by RNASeq allowed us to define groups with different expression patterns. Thereby, we were able to distinguish mRNAs whose translation is actively regulated from mRNAs whose polysomal shifts are due to changes in mRNA levels. Active up-regulation of translation was associated with a higher content in AU-rich elements (AREs). For one example, Ier3 mRNA, we show that repression in resting cells as well as de-repression after stimulation depends on the ARE. Bone-marrow derived macrophages from Ier3 knockout mice showed reduced survival upon activation, indicating that IER3 induction protects macrophages from LPS-induced cell death. Taken together, our analysis reveals that translational control during macrophage activation is important for cellular survival as well as the expression of anti-inflammatory feedback inhibitors that promote the resolution of inflammation. When macrophages encounter pathogens, they initiate inflammation by secreting pro-inflammatory factors such as the cytokine TNF. Because a prolonged or overshooting release of these factors is harmful for the organism, their production needs to be tightly controlled and shut off in due time. To ensure a rapid but transient inflammatory response, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, stability and translation of mRNAs. While control of transcription and mRNA stability has been studied extensively, little is known about translational regulation in macrophages. In this study, we measured the translation of all mRNAs expressed in mouse macrophages. Upon activation of macrophages with the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide, we found that many feedback inhibitors, which are important for dampening the inflammatory response, are translationally up-regulated. Translation of these mRNAs is repressed in resting cells and de-repressed after stimulation. In contrast to feedback inhibitors, most cytokines are primarily regulated by changes in mRNA abundance. Furthermore, we could show that one of the feedback inhibitors, IER3, protects macrophages from cell death during activation. Therefore, regulation at the level of translation is important for the induction of negative feedback loops and cellular survival.
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19
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Stachel I, Geismann C, Aden K, Deisinger F, Rosenstiel P, Schreiber S, Sebens S, Arlt A, Schäfer H. Modulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation by the stress response gene immediate early response-3 (IER3) in colonic epithelial cells: a novel mechanism of cellular adaption to inflammatory stress. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1917-29. [PMID: 24311782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.490920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) protects from carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis, underlying the rationale for using Nrf2 inducers in chemoprevention, this antioxidative transcription factor may also act as a proto-oncogene. Thus, an enhanced Nrf2 activity promotes formation and chemoresistance of colon cancer. One mechanism causing persistent Nrf2 activation is the adaptation of epithelial cells to oxidative stress during chronic inflammation, e.g. colonocytes in inflammatory bowel diseases, and the multifunctional stress response gene immediate early response-3 (IER3) has a crucial role under these conditions. We now demonstrate that colonic tissue from Ier3(-/-) mice subject of dextran sodium sulfate colitis exhibit greater Nrf2 activity than Ier3(+/+) mice, manifesting as increased nuclear Nrf2 protein level and Nrf2 target gene expression. Likewise, human NCM460 colonocytes subjected to shRNA-mediated IER3 knockdown exhibit greater Nrf2 activity compared with control cells, whereas IER3 overexpression attenuated Nrf2 activation. IER3-deficient NCM460 cells exhibited reduced reactive oxygen species levels, indicating increased antioxidative protection, as well as lower sensitivity to TRAIL or anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and greater clonogenicity. Knockdown of Nrf2 expression reversed these IER3-dependent effects. Further, the enhancing effect of IER3 deficiency on Nrf2 activity relates to the control of the inhibitory tyrosine kinase Fyn by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or knockdown of Akt or Fyn expression abrogated the impact of IER3 deficiency on Nrf2 activity. In conclusion, the interference of IER3 with the PI3K/Akt-Fyn pathway represents a novel mechanism of Nrf2 regulation that may get lost in tumors and by which IER3 exerts its stress-adaptive and tumor-suppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Stachel
- From the Department of Internal Medicine 1, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel
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20
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Bär F, Bochmann W, Widok A, von Medem K, Pagel R, Hirose M, Yu X, Kalies K, König P, Böhm R, Herdegen T, Reinicke AT, Büning J, Lehnert H, Fellermann K, Ibrahim S, Sina C. Mitochondrial gene polymorphisms that protect mice from colitis. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1055-1063.e3. [PMID: 23872498 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysregulated energy homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa frequently is observed in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Intestinal tissues from these patients have reduced activity of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex, so mitochondrial dysfunction could contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which OXPHOS activity could be altered. We used conplastic mice, which have identical nuclear but different mitochondrial genomes, to investigate activities of the OXPHOS complex. METHODS Colitis was induced in C57BL/6J wild-type (B6.B6) and 3 strains of conplastic mice (B6.NZB, B6.NOD, and B6.AKR) by administration of dextran sodium sulfate or rectal application of trinitrobenzene sulfonate. Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemical analysis, and immunoblot analysis; we also measured mucosal levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species, OXPHOS complex activity, and epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS We identified mice with increased mucosal OXPHOS complex activities and levels of ATP. These mice developed less-severe colitis after administration of dextran sodium sulfate or trinitrobenzene sulfonate than mice with lower mucosal levels of ATP. Colon tissues from these mice also had increased enterocyte proliferation and transcription factor nuclear factor-κB activity, which have been shown to protect the mucosal barrier-defects in these processes have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS Variants in mitochondrial DNA that increase mucosal levels of ATP protect mice from colitis. Increasing mitochondrial ATP synthesis in intestinal epithelial cells could be a therapeutic approach for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bär
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Noth R, Häsler R, Stüber E, Ellrichmann M, Schäfer H, Geismann C, Hampe J, Bewig B, Wedel T, Böttner M, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P, Arlt A. Oral glutamine supplementation improves intestinal permeability dysfunction in a murine acute graft-vs.-host disease model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G646-54. [PMID: 23370678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00246.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although a profound barrier dysfunction has been reported, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanism evoking gastrointestinal graft-vs.-host disease (GI-GvHD) and apparent therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of oral glutamine on the course of GI-GvHD in an acute semiallogenic graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) in irradiated B6D2F1 mice. An acute semiallogenic GvHD was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lymphocytes from C57BL/6 mice to irradiated B6D2F1 mice. Half of the GvHD animals received oral glutamine supplementation for 6 days started at the time of lymphocyte transfer. Six days after induction of the semiallogenic GvHD, jejunum specimens were prepared. The expression of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the tight junction protein occludin was investigated by PCR. Histological changes along with the apoptotic response were evaluated and intestinal permeability was assessed. Animals with GvHD showed a strong increase in paracellular permeability as a sign of the disturbed barrier function. TNF-α expression was significantly increased and the expression of the tight junction protein occludin decreased. GvHD led to mucosal atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, crypt apoptosis, and a disintegration of the tight junctions. Glutamine-treated mice showed reduced expression of TNF-α, increased occludin expression, fewer histological changes in the jejunum, smaller number of apoptotic cells in the crypt, and reduced gastrointestinal permeability. In conclusion, oral glutamine seems to have beneficial effects on the severity of inflammatory changes in the course of GvHD and might be a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Noth
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Ustyugova IV, Zhi L, Wu MX. Reciprocal regulation of the survival and apoptosis of Th17 and Th1 cells in the colon. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:333-43. [PMID: 21618360 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immediate early response gene X-1 (IEX-1) is a stress-inducible gene involved in the regulation of cell growth, apoptosis and inflammation. METHODS Acute colitis was induced by treatment of IEX-1 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) control mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), whereas chronic colitis was induced in Rag-/- mice by adoptive transfer of CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) T cells isolated from the two strains of mice. The diseases and responses of lamina propria lymphocytes were analyzed in the mice. RESULTS IEX-1 KO mice produced IL-17 in the colon significantly greater than WT control mice following DSS treatment owing to better survival and differentiation of both IL-17-secreting γδ T cells and Th17 cells. The altered level of IL-17 production contributed critically to the reduced colon inflammation in IEX-1 KO mice, and administration of neutralizing anti-IL-17 antibody increased susceptibility of the animal to the disease. Strikingly, in contrast to the better survival of T cells producing IL-17, lack of IEX-1 enhanced apoptosis in proinflammatory T cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Enhanced apoptosis in Th1 cells and better survival of Th17 cells may both result in a delayed onset of colitis in Rag-/- mice receiving pathogenic CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) T cells isolated from IEX-1 KO animals compared to those mice transferred with WT counterparts CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the refractoriness of IEX-1 knockout (KO) mice to DSS-induced colitis and diminished pathogenesis of IEX-1-deficient CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) T cells. These data demonstrate that IEX-1 reciprocally regulates T-cell survival and apoptosis in a subset-dependent fashion. Inhibition of IEX-1 may thus offer novel strategies for colitis treatment by simultaneous induction of apoptosis in proinflammatory Th1 cells while promoting the survival and differentiation of a protective T-cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Ustyugova
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Calcagno SR, Li S, Shahid MW, Wallace MB, Leitges M, Fields AP, Murray NR. Protein kinase C iota in the intestinal epithelium protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1685-97. [PMID: 21744423 PMCID: PMC3116999 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrity of the intestinal epithelium is critical for the absorption and retention of fluid and nutrients. The intestinal epithelium also provides a barrier between the intestinal bacteria and the body's immune surveillance. Therefore, intestinal epithelial barrier function is critically important, and disruption of the intestinal epithelium results in rapid repair of the damaged area. METHODS We evaluated the requirement for protein kinase C iota (PKCι) in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to epithelial damage using a well-characterized mouse model of colitis. Mice were analyzed for the clinical, histological, and cellular effects of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. RESULTS Knockout of the mouse PKCι gene (Prkci) in the intestinal epithelium (Prkci KO mice) had no effect on normal colonic homeostasis; however, Prkci KO mice were significantly more sensitive to DSS-induced colitis and death. After withdrawal of DSS, Prkci KO mice exhibited a continued increase in apoptosis, inflammation, and damage to the intestinal microvasculature and a progressive loss of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) expression, a regulatory peptide important for intestinal wound healing. Knockdown of PKCι expression in HT-29 cells reduced wound healing and TFF3 expression, while addition of exogenous TFF3 restored wound healing in PKCι-depleted cells. CONCLUSIONS Expression of PKCι in the intestinal epithelium protects against DSS-induced colitis. Our data suggest that PKCι reduces DSS-induced damage by promoting intestinal epithelial wound healing through the control of TFF3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Muhammad W. Shahid
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael B. Wallace
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael Leitges
- Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alan P. Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nicole R. Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA,To whom correspondences should be addressed: Nicole R. Murray, Ph.D. Department of Cancer Biology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine-Jacksonville Griffin Cancer Building Room 213 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224 Tel. 904-953-6108 Fax: 904-953-6233
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IEX-1 suppresses apoptotic damage in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells induced by co-culturing with macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Biosci Rep 2011; 31:345-51. [DOI: 10.1042/bsr20100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that apoptosis of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells is induced by co-culturing with human macrophage-like THP-1 cells, mainly via the action of TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) secreted from THP-1 cells [Satsu, Ishimoto, Nakano, Mochizuki, Iwanaga and Shimizu (2006) Exp. Cell Res. 312, 3909–3919]. Our recent DNA microarray analysis of co-cultured Caco-2 cells showed that IEX-1 (immediate early-response gene X-1) is the most significantly increased gene during co-culture [Ishimoto, Nakai, Satsu, Totsuka and Shimizu (2010) Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74, 437–439]. Hence, we investigated the role of IEX-1 in the co-culture-induced damage of Caco-2 cells. We showed that IEX-1 expression induced in Caco-2 cells was suppressed by anti-TNFα antibody treatment. Experiments using IEX-1-overexpressing and -knockdown Caco-2 cells suggested that IEX-1 was involved in the suppression of Caco-2 cell damage. Increases in caspase 3 activity and TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1) mRNA expression were shown in IEX-1-knockdown Caco-2 cells, suggesting that IEX-1 plays a role in the suppression of apoptosis and protects cells by controlling sensitivity to TNFα under both normal and inflammatory conditions.
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Häsler R, Kerick M, Mah N, Hultschig C, Richter G, Bretz F, Sina C, Lehrach H, Nietfeld W, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P. Alterations of pre-mRNA splicing in human inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:603-11. [PMID: 21324547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is regarded as a pivotal mechanism for generating proteome diversity and complexity from a limited inventory of mammalian genes. Aberrant splicing has been described as a predisposing factor for a number of diseases, but very little is known about its role in chronic inflammation. In this study, we systematically screened 149 splicing factors and 145 potential intron retention events for occurrence and differential expression in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). As a result, we identified 47 splicing factors and 33 intron retention events that were differentially regulated in mucosal tissue of IBD patients at transcript level. Despite the fact that Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, two subtypes of IBD, share the expression patterns of splicing factors and intron retention events in the majority of cases, we observed significant differences. To investigate these subtype-specific changes in detail we determined the expression levels of seven splicing factors (DUSP11, HNRPAB, HNRPH3, SLU7, SFR2IP, SFPQ, SF3B14) and three intron retention events (PARC, IER3, FGD2) in a cohort of 165 patients with inflammatory diseases of the colon (120 with IBD) and 30 healthy controls by real time PCR (TaqMan). This study demonstrates the potential impact of regulated splicing factors on subsequent regulated intron retention in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, exemplified by IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Schittenhelmstrasse 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Arlt A, Schäfer H. Role of the immediate early response 3 (IER3) gene in cellular stress response, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:545-52. [PMID: 21112119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the early response gene immediate early response 3 (IER3), formerly known as IEX-1, is induced by a great variety of stimuli, such as growth factors, cytokines, ionizing radiation, viral infection and other types of cellular stress. Being of a rather unique protein structure not sharing any similarity to other vertebrate proteins, IER3 plays a complex and to some extent contradictory role in cell cycle control and apoptosis. As outlined in this review, these effects of IER3 relate to an interference with certain signalling pathways, in particular NF-κB, MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt. In addition to numerous functional data relying on cell culture based studies, transgenic and knock-out mouse models revealed an involvement of IER3 expression in immune functions and in the physiology of the cardiovascular system. Deficiency of IER3 expression in mice results in an aberrant immune regulation and enhanced inflammation, in an alteration of blood pressure control and hypertension or in an impaired genomic stability. A number of patient related studies revealed an involvement of IER3 in tumorigenesis in a cell-type dependent but not yet understood manner. Future studies should establish the potential of IER3 as a new predictive marker and as a molecular target in human diseases such as cancer, inflammatory diseases or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Arlt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology & Hepatology, UKSH-Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Bldg. 6, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Impaired immune tolerance to Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide promotes neutrophil migration and decreased apoptosis. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4151-6. [PMID: 20679442 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00600-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth, is characterized by an exaggerated host immune and inflammatory response to periopathogenic bacteria. Toll-like receptor activation, cytokine network induction, and accumulation of neutrophils at the site of inflammation are important in the host defense against infection. At the same time, induction of immune tolerance and the clearance of neutrophils from the site of infection are essential in the control of the immune response, resolution of inflammation, and prevention of tissue destruction. Using a human monocytic cell line, we demonstrate that Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a major etiological factor in periodontal disease, induces only partial immune tolerance, with continued high production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) but diminished secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) after repeated challenge. This cytokine response has functional consequences for other immune cells involved in the response to infection. Primary human neutrophils incubated with P. gingivalis LPS-treated naïve monocyte supernatant displayed a high migration index and increased apoptosis. In contrast, neutrophils treated with P. gingivalis LPS-tolerized monocyte supernatant showed a high migration index but significantly decreased apoptosis. Overall, these findings suggest that induction of an imbalanced immune tolerance in monocytes by P. gingivalis LPS, which favors continued secretion of IL-8 but decreased TNF-α production, may be associated with enhanced migration of neutrophils to the site of infection but also with decreased apoptosis and may play a role in the chronic inflammatory state seen in periodontal disease.
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