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Wang G, Yuan J, Luo J, Ocansey DKW, Zhang X, Qian H, Xu W, Mao F. Emerging role of protein modification in inflammatory bowel disease. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:173-188. [PMID: 35261214 PMCID: PMC8913920 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The onset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves many factors, including environmental parameters, microorganisms, and the immune system. Although research on IBD continues to expand, the specific pathogenesis mechanism is still unclear. Protein modification refers to chemical modification after protein biosynthesis, also known as post-translational modification (PTM), which causes changes in the properties and functions of proteins. Since proteins can be modified in different ways, such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation, the functions of proteins in different modified states will also be different. Transitions between different states of protein or changes in modification sites can regulate protein properties and functions. Such modifications like neddylation, sumoylation, glycosylation, and acetylation can activate or inhibit various signaling pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and protein kinase B (AKT)) by changing the intestinal flora, regulating immune cells, modulating the release of cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and ultimately leading to the maintenance of the stability of the intestinal epithelial barrier. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of PTM and describe its regulatory role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Jintao Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory, the People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Zhenjiang 212300, China
| | - Ji Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast 02630, Ghana
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Verma P, Srivastava A, Srikanth CV, Bajaj A. Nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy strategies for mitigating inflammatory bowel disease. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1481-1502. [PMID: 33404019 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01359e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) where Ulcerative Colitis (UC) displays localized inflammation in the colon, and Crohn's Disease (CD) affects the entire GIT. Failure of current therapies and associated side-effects bring forth serious social, economic, and health challenges. The gut epithelium provides the best target for gene therapy delivery vehicles to combat IBD. Gene therapy involving the use of nucleic acid (NA) therapeutics faces major challenges due to the hydrophilic, negative-charge, and degradable nature of NAs. Recent success in the engineering of biomaterials for gene therapy and their emergence in clinical trials for various diseases is an inspiration for scientists to develop gene therapy vehicles that can be easily targeted to the desired tissues for IBD. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the formulations of numerous nanoparticles for NA delivery to mitigate IBD that still faces challenges of stability in the GIT, poor therapeutic efficacy, and targetability. This review presents the challenges of gene therapeutics, gastrointestinal barriers, and recent advances in the engineering of nanoparticles for IBD treatment along with future directions for successful translation of nanoparticle-mediated gene therapeutics in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Verma
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Aasheesh Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462030, India
| | - C V Srikanth
- Laboratory of Gut Inflammation and Infection Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad- Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Avinash Bajaj
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemical Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India.
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Piesche M, Roos J, Kühn B, Fettel J, Hellmuth N, Brat C, Maucher IV, Awad O, Matrone C, Comerma Steffensen SG, Manolikakes G, Heinicke U, Zacharowski KD, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. The Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Nitro Fatty Acids and Other Michael Acceptor-Containing Drugs for the Treatment of Inflammation and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 33013366 PMCID: PMC7495092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro fatty acids (NFAs) are endogenously generated lipid mediators deriving from reactions of unsaturated electrophilic fatty acids with reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, Mediterranean diets can be a source of NFA. These highly electrophilic fatty acids can undergo Michael addition reaction with cysteine residues, leading to post-translational modifications (PTM) of selected regulatory proteins. Such modifications are capable of changing target protein function during cell signaling or in biosynthetic pathways. NFA target proteins include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), the pro-inflammatory and tumorigenic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenases (5-LO) biosynthesis pathway as well as soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which is essentially involved in the regulation of vascular tone. In several animal models of inflammation and cancer, the therapeutic efficacy of well-tolerated NFA has been demonstrated. This has already led to clinical phase II studies investigating possible therapeutic effects of NFA in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Albeit Michael acceptors feature a broad spectrum of bioactivity, they have for a rather long time been avoided as drug candidates owing to their presumed unselective reactivity and toxicity. However, targeted covalent modification of regulatory proteins by Michael acceptors became recognized as a promising approach to drug discovery with the recent FDA approvals of the cancer therapeutics, afatanib (2013), ibrutinib (2013), and osimertinib (2015). Furthermore, the Michael acceptor, neratinib, a dual inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor, was recently approved by the FDA (2017) and by the EMA (2018) for the treatment of breast cancer. Finally, a number of further Michael acceptor drug candidates are currently under clinical investigation for pharmacotherapy of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we focus on the pharmacology of NFA and other Michael acceptor drugs, summarizing their potential as an emerging class of future antiphlogistics and adjuvant in tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Piesche
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.,Oncology Center, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jessica Roos
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kühn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fettel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Hellmuth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Camilla Brat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Isabelle V Maucher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Omar Awad
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany
| | - Carmela Matrone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simon Gabriel Comerma Steffensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Medicine Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Animal Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heinicke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai D Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten J Maier
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Gene Expression Profiling of Mediators Associated with the Inflammatory Pathways in the Intestinal Tissue from Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9238970. [PMID: 32410873 PMCID: PMC7201440 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9238970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple genes have been associated with IBD, and many of these can be linked to alterations in autophagy, UPR, ubiquitination, and metabolic and immune response pathways. The aim of this study was to analyze a transcriptomic panel of mediators associated with the inflammatory pathways in the colonic mucosa of UC patients. Patients and Methods. We studied a total of 100 patients with definitive diagnosis of UC (50 active and 50 in remission) and a control group (50 subjects) without endoscopic evidence of intestinal inflammation. Colonic mucosal biopsies were taken by colonoscopy and preserved in RNA later. Gene expression were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The gene expressions of XBP1, AGR2, HSPA5, UBE2L3, TNFRSF14, LAMP3, FCGR2A, LSP1, CTLA4, SOD2, TDO2, and ALDOB mRNA levels were significantly higher in the colonic mucosa from UC patients (both quiescent and active) as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conversely, IRGM, ORDML3, UBD, CUL2, CYLD, FOXC2, FOXO4, DOK3, and SNX20 mRNA levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with active disease, as compared to those with active disease (P < 0.05). Gene expressions of IRGM, CTLA4, FOXO4, SLC26A3, SLC39A4, SOD2, TDO2, and ALDOB were associated with clinical outcomes, such as medical treatment in response to aminosalicylates, histological remission, clinical course, and evolution. Conclusions : The gene expressions of FOXO4, ALDOB, SOD2, TOD2, SLC26A3, and SLC39A4 were associated with the clinical course and histological activity and are of relevance since these provide the utility of new prognostic markers in IBD. Gene expression signature showed dysregulation in mediators associated with autophagy, ubiquitination, ER stress, oxidative stress, carbohydrate metabolism, solute transport, and T cell regulation in the colonic mucosa from patients with UC, suggesting that these genes could be involved in the pathogenesis of UC.
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Yin L, Xue Y, Shang Q, Zhu H, Liu M, Liu Y, Hu Q. Pharmaceutical Inhibition of Neddylation as Promising Treatments for Various Cancers. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1059-1069. [PMID: 30854973 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190311110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neddylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins, in which a NEDD8 (neural-precursor-cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 8) is covalently introduced onto the substrate proteins to regulate their functions and homeostasis. As neddylation is frequently up-regulated in various cancers, its interference was proposed as a promising therapy of related diseases. OBJECTIVE The recent advances in developing neddylation interfering agents were summarized to provide an overview of current achievements and perspectives for future development. METHODS Reports on neddylation interfering agents were acquired from Pubmed as well as the EPO and clinicaltrials.gov websites, which were subsequently analyzed and summarized according to targets, chemical structures and biological activities. RESULTS Neddylation as a sophisticated procedure comprises proteolytic processing of NEDD8 precursor, deploying conjugating enzymes E1 (NAE), E2 (UBE2M and UBE2F) and various E3, as well as translocating NEDD8 along these conjugating enzymes sequentially and finally to substrate proteins. Among these nodes, NAE, UBE2M and the interaction between UBE2M-DCN1 have been targeted by small molecules, metal complexes, peptides and RNAi. A NAE inhibitor pevonedistat (MLN4924) is currently under evaluation in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. CONCLUSION With multiple inhibitory approaches of neddylation being introduced, the development of neddylation interference as a novel cancer therapy is significantly boosted recently, although its efficacy and the best way to achieve that are still to be demonstrated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiannan Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haichao Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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DeSUMOylase SENP7-Mediated Epithelial Signaling Triggers Intestinal Inflammation via Expansion of Gamma-Delta T Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3522-3538.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Mustfa SA, Singh M, Suhail A, Mohapatra G, Verma S, Chakravorty D, Rana S, Rampal R, Dhar A, Saha S, Ahuja V, Srikanth CV. SUMOylation pathway alteration coupled with downregulation of SUMO E2 enzyme at mucosal epithelium modulates inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170024. [PMID: 28659381 PMCID: PMC5493774 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification pathways such as SUMOylation are integral to all cellular processes and tissue homeostasis. We investigated the possible involvement of SUMOylation in the epithelial signalling in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Initially in a murine model of IBD, induced by dextran–sulfate–sodium (DSS mice), we observed inflammation accompanied by a lowering of global SUMOylation of colonic epithelium. The observed SUMOylation alteration was due to a decrease in the sole SUMO E2 enzyme (Ubc9). Mass-spectrometric analysis revealed the existence of a distinct SUMOylome (SUMO-conjugated proteome) in DSS mice with alteration of key cellular regulators, including master kinase Akt1. Knocking-down of Ubc9 in epithelial cells resulted in dramatic activation of inflammatory gene expression, a phenomenon that acted via reduction in Akt1 and its SUMOylated form. Importantly, a strong decrease in Ubc9 and Akt1 was also seen in endoscopic biopsy samples (N = 66) of human CD and UC patients. Furthermore, patients with maximum disease indices were always accompanied by severely lowered Ubc9 or SUMOylated-Akt1. Mucosal tissues with severely compromised Ubc9 function displayed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and compromised wound-healing markers. Thus, our results reveal an important and previously undescribed role for the SUMOylation pathway involving Ubc9 and Akt1 in modulation of epithelial inflammatory signalling in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmad Mustfa
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukesh Singh
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
| | - Aamir Suhail
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gayatree Mohapatra
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debangana Chakravorty
- Functional interactomics laboratory, Bose Institute Kolkata, P 1/12, C.I.T Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sarika Rana
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ritika Rampal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, India
| | - Atika Dhar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Functional interactomics laboratory, Bose Institute Kolkata, P 1/12, C.I.T Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, India
| | - C V Srikanth
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
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Cheng M, Hu S, Wang Z, Pei Y, Fan R, Liu X, Wang L, Zhou J, Zheng S, Zhang T, Lin Y, Zhang M, Tao R, Zhong J. Inhibition of neddylation regulates dendritic cell functions via Deptor accumulation driven mTOR inactivation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35643-35654. [PMID: 27224922 PMCID: PMC5094951 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neddylation, a newly identified post-translational modification, is significant for the activity and stability of target proteins. The exact role of neddylation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, specifically those mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), was still rarely reported. Here, we showed that inhibition of neddylation protected mice from mucosal inflammation. Targeting neddylation also inhibited DC maturation characterized by reduced cytokine production, down-regulated costimulatory molecules and suppressed capacity in allogeneic T cell stimulation. Additionally, inactivation of neddylation promotes caspase dependent apoptosis of DCs. These phenomena were attributed to the inactivation of mTOR, which was caused by Cullin-1 deneddylation induced Deptor accumulation. Together, our findings revealed that neddylation inhibition suppressed DC functions through mTOR signaling pathway and provided a potential therapeutic opportunity in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shurong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaofei Pei
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sichang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maochen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Katano M, Kurokawa MS, Matsuo K, Masuko K, Suematsu N, Okamoto K, Kamada T, Nakamura H, Kato T. Phosphoproteome analysis of synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:708-721. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Katano
- Research and Development, Clinical Department; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Manae S. Kurokawa
- Disease Biomarker Analysis and Molecular Regulation; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Yokohama City University School of Medicine; Yokohama Japan
| | - Kayo Masuko
- Preventive Medical Center; Sanno Hospital Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoya Suematsu
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; International University of Health and Welfare; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Kawasaki Japan
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11
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Zhong HJ, Wang W, Kang TS, Yan H, Yang Y, Xu L, Wang Y, Ma DL, Leung CH. A Rhodium(III) Complex as an Inhibitor of Neural Precursor Cell Expressed, Developmentally Down-Regulated 8-Activating Enzyme with in Vivo Activity against Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Med Chem 2016; 60:497-503. [PMID: 27976900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the identification of the rhodium(III) complex [Rh(phq)2(MOPIP)]+ (1) as a potent and selective ATP-competitive neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8)-activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the overall organometallic design of complex 1 was important for anti-inflammatory activity. Complex 1 showed promising anti-inflammatory activity in vivo for the potential treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macao P. R China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , T1303, Cha Chi-Ming Science Tower, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Shu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macao P. R China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lipeng Xu
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , T1303, Cha Chi-Ming Science Tower, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macao P. R China
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Ehrentraut SF, Curtis VF, Wang RX, Saeedi BJ, Ehrentraut H, Onyiah JC, Kelly CJ, Campbell EL, Glover LE, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Perturbation of neddylation-dependent NF-κB responses in the intestinal epithelium drives apoptosis and inhibits resolution of mucosal inflammation. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:mbc.E16-05-0273. [PMID: 27682585 PMCID: PMC5170552 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has revealed a central role for neddylation (the conjugation of a Nedd8-moiety to Cullin proteins) in the fine tuning of the NF-κB response (via Cullin-1). In the present study, we investigated the contribution of Cullin-1 neddylation and NF-κB signaling to mucosal inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Initial in vitro studies using cultured intestinal epithelial cells revealed that the neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 prominently induces the deneddylation of Cullin-1. Parallel western blot, luciferase reporter and gene target assays identified MLN4924 as a potent inhibitor of intestinal epithelial NF-κB. Subsequent studies revealed that MLN4924 potently induces epithelial apoptosis but only in the presence of additional inflammatory stimuli. In vivo administration of MLN4924 (3 mg/kg/d) in a TNBS-induce colitis model significantly accentuated disease severity. Indeed, MLN4924 resulted in worsened clinical scores and increased mortality early in the inflammatory response. Histologic analysis of the colon revealed that neddylation inhibition results in increased tissue damage and significantly increased mucosal apoptosis as determined by TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 staining, particularly prominent within the epithelium. Extensions of these studies revealed that ongoing inflammation is associated with significant loss of deneddylase-1 (SENP8) expresssion. These studies reveal that intact Cullin-1 neddylation is central to resolution of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Valerie F Curtis
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Ruth X Wang
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Bejan J Saeedi
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Heidi Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph C Onyiah
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Eastern Colorado Veterans Affairs Hospital, Denver, CO
| | - Caleb J Kelly
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eric L Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Louise E Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 Eastern Colorado Veterans Affairs Hospital, Denver, CO
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13
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Wang B, Lin L, Ai Q, Zeng T, Ge P, Zhang L. HAT inhibitor, garcinol, exacerbates lipopolysaccharide‑induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:5290-6. [PMID: 27122221 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation modification catalyzed by histone acetyl transferases (HATs) is important for transcriptional regulation. The present study investigated the effects of the HAT inhibitor garcinol on the expression of inflammation‑associated genes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages and LPS‑challenged mice. The levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. The degree of multi‑organ injury was evaluated by histopathological examination of the lung, determination of the alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen in plasma samples and by monitoring the survival rate of the experimental animals. The results of the current study demonstrated that garcinol promoted LPS‑induced expression of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) in RAW264.7 cells. These effects were associated with reduced acetylation of nuclear factor‑κB p65. Additionally, treatment with garcinol enhanced LPS‑induced expression of TNF‑α and IL‑6, exacerbated LPS‑induced lung injury, increased LPS‑induced elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen, and reduced the survival rate of LPS‑challenged mice. These data indicated that the HAT inhibitor, garcinol, enhances LPS‑induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that acetylation modification has an important regulatory function during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Physiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Medical College, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Pu Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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14
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Lerner A, Aminov R, Matthias T. Dysbiosis May Trigger Autoimmune Diseases via Inappropriate Post-Translational Modification of Host Proteins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:84. [PMID: 26903965 PMCID: PMC4742538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut ecosystem with myriads of microorganisms and the high concentration of immune system cells can be considered as a separate organ on its own. The balanced interaction between the host and microbial cells has been shaped during the long co-evolutionary process. In dysbiotic conditions, however, this balance is compromised and results in abnormal interaction between the host and microbiota. It is hypothesize here that the changed spectrum of microbial enzymes involved in post-translational modification of proteins (PTMP) may contribute to the aberrant modification of host proteins thus generating autoimmune responses by the host, resulting in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel; AESKU.KIPP InstituteWendelsheim, Germany
| | - Rustam Aminov
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
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15
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Bennike TB, Carlsen TG, Ellingsen T, Bonderup OK, Glerup H, Bøgsted M, Christiansen G, Birkelund S, Stensballe A, Andersen V. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Ulcerative Colitis: A Proteome Analysis of Intestinal Biopsies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:2052-67. [PMID: 25993694 PMCID: PMC4603666 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of the inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC), remains incompletely explained. We hypothesized that an analysis of the UC colon proteome could reveal novel insights into the disease etiology. METHODS Mucosal colon biopsies were taken by endoscopy from noninflamed tissue of 10 patients with UC and 10 controls. The biopsies were either snap-frozen for protein analysis or prepared for histology. The protein content of the biopsies was characterized by high-throughput gel-free quantitative proteomics, and biopsy histology was analyzed by light microscopy and confocal microscopy. RESULTS We identified and quantified 5711 different proteins with proteomics. The abundance of the proteins calprotectin and lactotransferrin in the tissue correlated with the degree of tissue inflammation as determined by histology. However, fecal calprotectin did not correlate. Forty-six proteins were measured with a statistically significant differences in abundances between the UC colon tissue and controls. Eleven of the proteins with increased abundances in the UC biopsies were associated with neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps. The findings were validated by microscopy, where an increased abundance of neutrophils and the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps by extracellular DNA present in the UC colon tissue were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils, induced neutrophil extracellular traps, and several proteins that play a part in innate immunity are all increased in abundance in the morphologically normal colon mucosa from patients with UC. The increased abundance of these antimicrobial compounds points to the stimulation of the innate immune system in the etiology of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Bjerg Bennike
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Organ Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research-Center Soenderjylland, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Torkell Ellingsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole Kristian Bonderup
- Diagnostic Center, Section of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital Silkeborg, Silkeborg, Denmark
- University Research Clinic for Innovative Patient Pathways, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Glerup
- Diagnostic Center, Section of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital Silkeborg, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Organ Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research-Center Soenderjylland, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Viborg, Viborg, Denmark
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16
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Curtis VF, Ehrentraut SF, Campbell EL, Glover LE, Bayless A, Kelly CJ, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Stabilization of HIF through inhibition of Cullin-2 neddylation is protective in mucosal inflammatory responses. FASEB J 2014; 29:208-15. [PMID: 25326537 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is interest in understanding post-translational modifications of proteins in inflammatory disease. Neddylation is the conjugation of the molecule neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8) to promote protein stabilization. Cullins are a family of NEDD8 targets important in the stabilization and degradation of proteins, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF; via Cullin-2). Here, we elucidate the role of human deneddylase-1 (DEN-1, also called SENP8) in inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo and define conditions for targeting neddylation in models of mucosal inflammation. HIF provides protection in inflammatory models, so we examined the contribution of DEN-1 to HIF stabilization. Pharmacologic targeting of neddylation activity with MLN4924 (IC50, 4.7 nM) stabilized HIF-1α, activated HIF promoter activity by 2.5-fold, and induced HIF-target genes in human epithelial cells up to 5-fold. Knockdown of DEN-1 in human intestinal epithelial cells resulted in increased kinetics in barrier formation, decreased permeability, and enhanced barrier restitution by 2 ± 0.5-fold. Parallel studies in vivo revealed that MLN4924 abrogated disease severity in murine dextran sulfate sodium colitis, including weight loss, colon length, and histologic severity. We conclude that DEN-1 is a regulator of cullin neddylation and fine-tunes the inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacologic inhibition of cullin neddylation may provide a therapeutic opportunity in mucosal inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan F Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Amanda Bayless
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Caleb J Kelly
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, and
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17
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Bennike T, Birkelund S, Stensballe A, Andersen V. Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases: Current status and proteomics identification strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3231-3244. [PMID: 24696607 PMCID: PMC3964395 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unambiguous diagnosis of the two main forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), represents a challenge in the early stages of the diseases. The diagnosis may be established several years after the debut of symptoms. Hence, protein biomarkers for early and accurate diagnostic could help clinicians improve treatment of the individual patients. Moreover, the biomarkers could aid physicians to predict disease courses and in this way, identify patients in need of intensive treatment. Patients with low risk of disease flares may avoid treatment with medications with the concomitant risk of adverse events. In addition, identification of disease and course specific biomarker profiles can be used to identify biological pathways involved in the disease development and treatment. Knowledge of disease mechanisms in general can lead to improved future development of preventive and treatment strategies. Thus, the clinical use of a panel of biomarkers represents a diagnostic and prognostic tool of potentially great value. The technological development in recent years within proteomic research (determination and quantification of the complete protein content) has made the discovery of novel biomarkers feasible. Several IBD-associated protein biomarkers are known, but none have been successfully implemented in daily use to distinguish CD and UC patients. The intestinal tissue remains an obvious place to search for novel biomarkers, which blood, urine or stool later can be screened for. When considering the protein complexity encountered in intestinal biopsy-samples and the recent development within the field of mass spectrometry driven quantitative proteomics, a more thorough and accurate biomarker discovery endeavor could today be performed than ever before. In this review, we report the current status of the proteomics IBD biomarkers and discuss various emerging proteomic strategies for identifying and characterizing novel biomarkers, as well as suggesting future targets for analysis.
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Ehrentraut SF, Kominsky DJ, Glover LE, Campbell EL, Kelly CJ, Bowers BE, Bayless AJ, Colgan SP. Central role for endothelial human deneddylase-1/SENP8 in fine-tuning the vascular inflammatory response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:392-400. [PMID: 23209320 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the mechanisms that control responses to inflammation is critical to the development of effective therapies. We sought to define the most proximal regulators of the Cullin (Cul)-RING ligases, which play a central role in the stabilization of NF-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In these studies, we identify the human deneddylase-1 (SENP8) as a key regulator of Cul neddylation response in vitro and in vivo. Using human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs), we examined inflammatory responses to LPS or TNF-α by assessing Cul neddylation status, NF-κB and HIF-1α stabilization, and inflammatory cytokine secretion. HMECs with an intact neddylation pathway showed a time-dependent induction of Cul-1 neddylation, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, stabilization of HIF-1α, and increased NF-κB/HIF-α promoter activity in response to LPS. HMECs lacking SENP8 were unable to neddylate Cul-1 and subsequently were unable to activate NF-κB or HIF-1α. Pharmacological targeting of neddylation (MLN4924) significantly abrogated NF-κB responses, induced HIF-1α promoter activity, and reduced secretion of TNF-α-elicited proinflammatory cytokines. MLN4924 stabilized HIF and abrogated proinflammatory responses while maintaining anti-inflammatory IL-10 responses in vivo following LPS administration. These studies identify SENP8 as a proximal regulator of Cul neddylation and provide an important role for SENP8 in fine-tuning the inflammatory response. Moreover, our findings provide feasibility for therapeutic targeting of the Culs during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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