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Luo H, Guo M, Li M, Zhao Y, Shen J, Du F, Chen Y, Deng S, Sun Y, Gu L, Li W, Li X, Chen M, Xiao Z, Wang S, Wu X. Protective Effect of Rosavin Against Intestinal Epithelial Injury in Colitis Mice and Intestinal Organoids. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:6023-6038. [PMID: 39247835 PMCID: PMC11380858 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s474368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rhodiola species have been utilized as functional foods in Asia and Europe for promoting health. Research has demonstrated that Rhodiola has the potential to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in animal models. However, the specific active components and the underlying mechanism for ameliorating intestinal damage remain unclear. This study aims to explore the relieving effect of Rosavin (Rov), a known active constituent of Rhodiola, in IBD and the regulatory mechanisms. Methods The therapeutic effect of Rov was evaluated using a murine model of acute colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS). Inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil activation markers were measured by corresponding kits. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, and EdU assays were applied to investigate the tight conjunction proteins expression, epithelial marker expression, number of apoptotic cells, and epithelial proliferation, respectively. The protection effect of Rov on gut epithelial injury was assessed using TNF-α-induced intestinal organoids. Additinally, RNA sequencing was applied to observe the genetic alteration profile in these intestinal organoids. Results Oral administration of Rov significantly attenuated weight loss and restored colon length in mice. Notably, Rov treatment led to decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil activation markers while increasing anti-inflammatory factors. Importantly, Rov restored intestinal despair by increasing the number of Lgr5+ stem cells, Lyz1+ Paneth cells and Muc2+ goblet cells in intestines of colitis mice, displaying reduced epithelial apoptosis and recovered barrier function. In TNF-α-induced intestinal organoids, Rov facilitated epithelial cell differentiation and protected against TNF-α-induced damage. RNA sequencing revealed upregulation in the gene expression associated with epithelial cells (including Lgr5+, Lyz1+ and Muc2+ cells) proliferation and defensin secretion, unveiling the protective mechanisms of Rov on the intestinal epithelial barrier. Discussion Rov holds potential as a natural prophylactic agent against IBD, with its protective action on the intestinal epithelium being crucial for its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Luo
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Three Gorges University Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Yichang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yichang, Hubei, 443003, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shen
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gu
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanping Li
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Gulin County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646500, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wu
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Paediatric Care, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, People's Republic of China
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Li W, Chen D, Zhu Y, Ye Q, Hua Y, Jiang P, Xiang Y, Xu Y, Pan Y, Yang H, Ma Y, Xu H, Zhao C, Zheng C, Chen C, Zhu Y, Xu G. Alleviating Pyroptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Restore Mucosal Integrity in Ulcerative Colitis by Targeting Delivery of 4-Octyl-Itaconate. ACS NANO 2024; 18:16658-16673. [PMID: 38907726 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Current therapies primarily targeting inflammation often fail to address the root relationship between intestinal mucosal integrity and the resulting dysregulated cell death and ensuing inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC). First, UC tissues from human and mice models in this article both emphasize the crucial role of Gasdermin E (GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) as it contributes to colitis by releasing proinflammatory cytokines, thereby compromising the intestinal barrier. Then, 4-octyl-itaconate (4-OI), exhibiting potential for anti-inflammatory activity in inhibiting pyroptosis, was encapsulated by butyrate-modified liposome (4-OI/BLipo) to target delivery for IECs. In brief, 4-OI/BLipo exhibited preferential accumulation in inflamed colonic epithelium, attributed to over 95% of butyrate being produced and absorbed in the colon. As expected, epithelium barriers were restored significantly by alleviating GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in colitis. Accordingly, the permeability of IECs was restored, and the resulting inflammation, mucosal epithelium, and balance of gut flora were reprogrammed, which offers a hopeful approach to the effective management of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Dong Chen
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanmei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Qiange Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Yang Hua
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Yuejie Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Yinya Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Yichun Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Hang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Chang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province,China
| | - Changrong Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guifang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province,China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 21008, Jiangsu Province,China
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Garcia MM, Romero AS, Merkley SD, Meyer-Hagen JL, Forbes C, Hayek EE, Sciezka DP, Templeton R, Gonzalez-Estrella J, Jin Y, Gu H, Benavidez A, Hunter RP, Lucas S, Herbert G, Kim KJ, Cui JY, Gullapalli RR, In JG, Campen MJ, Castillo EF. In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Polystyrene or Mixed Polymer Microspheres and Metabolomic Analysis after Oral Exposure in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:47005. [PMID: 38598326 PMCID: PMC11005960 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global plastic use has consistently increased over the past century with several different types of plastics now being produced. Much of these plastics end up in oceans or landfills leading to a substantial accumulation of plastics in the environment. Plastic debris slowly degrades into microplastics (MPs) that can ultimately be inhaled or ingested by both animals and humans. A growing body of evidence indicates that MPs can cross the gut barrier and enter into the lymphatic and systemic circulation leading to accumulation in tissues such as the lungs, liver, kidney, and brain. The impacts of mixed MPs exposure on tissue function through metabolism remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the impacts of polymer microspheres on tissue metabolism in mice by assessing the microspheres ability to translocate across the gut barrier and enter into systemic circulation. Specifically, we wanted to examine microsphere accumulation in different organ systems, identify concentration-dependent metabolic changes, and evaluate the effects of mixed microsphere exposures on health outcomes. METHODS To investigate the impact of ingested microspheres on target metabolic pathways, mice were exposed to either polystyrene (5 μ m ) microspheres or a mixture of polymer microspheres consisting of polystyrene (5 μ m ), polyethylene (1 - 4 μ m ), and the biodegradability and biocompatible plastic, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (5 μ m ). Exposures were performed twice a week for 4 weeks at a concentration of either 0, 2, or 4 mg / week via oral gastric gavage. Tissues were collected to examine microsphere ingress and changes in metabolites. RESULTS In mice that ingested microspheres, we detected polystyrene microspheres in distant tissues including the brain, liver, and kidney. Additionally, we report on the metabolic differences that occurred in the colon, liver, and brain, which showed differential responses that were dependent on concentration and type of microsphere exposure. DISCUSSION This study uses a mouse model to provide critical insight into the potential health implications of the pervasive issue of plastic pollution. These findings demonstrate that orally consumed polystyrene or mixed polymer microspheres can accumulate in tissues such as the brain, liver, and kidney. Furthermore, this study highlights concentration-dependent and polymer type-specific metabolic changes in the colon, liver, and brain after plastic microsphere exposure. These results underline the mobility within and between biological tissues of MPs after exposure and emphasize the importance of understanding their metabolic impact. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13435.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M. Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Aaron S. Romero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Seth D. Merkley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jewel L. Meyer-Hagen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Charles Forbes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Eliane El Hayek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - David P. Sciezka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Rachel Templeton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Estrella
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Angelica Benavidez
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Russell P. Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kyle Joohyung Kim
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rama R. Gullapalli
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Julie G. In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Matthew J. Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Eliseo F. Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Kobayashi K, Mochizuki J, Yamazaki F, Sashihara T. Yogurt starter strains ameliorate intestinal barrier dysfunction via activating AMPK in Caco-2 cells. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2184157. [PMID: 36852963 PMCID: PMC10832913 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2184157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used probiotics that improve human health in various aspects. We previously reported that yogurt starter strains, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 2038 and Streptococcus thermophilus 1131, potentially enhance the intestinal epithelial barrier function by inducing the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the small intestine. However, their effects on physical barrier functions remain unknown. In this study, we found that both strains ameliorated the decreased trans-epithelial resistance and the increased permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in Caco-2 cells. We also demonstrated that LAB prevented a decrease in the expression and disassembly of tight junctions (TJs) induced by TNF-α and IFN-γ. To assess the repair activity of TJs, a calcium switch assay was performed. Both strains were found to promote the reassembly of TJs, and their activity was canceled by the inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Moreover, these strains showed increased AMPK phosphorylation. These observations suggest that the strains ameliorated physical barrier dysfunction via the activation of AMPK. The activities preventing barrier destruction induced by TNF-α and IFN-γ were strain-dependent. Several strains containing L. bulgaricus 2038 and S. thermophilus 1131 significantly suppressed the barrier impairment, and L. bulgaricus 2038 showed the strongest activity among them. Our findings suggest that the intake of L. bulgaricus 2038 and S. thermophilus 1131 is a potential strategy for the prevention and repair of leaky gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Kobayashi
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Mochizuki
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuka Yamazaki
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sashihara
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakai D, Miyake M. Intestinal Membrane Function in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 38258040 PMCID: PMC10820082 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a set of chronic inflammatory diseases that mainly develop in the gastrointestinal mucosa, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gastrointestinal membrane permeability is an important factor influencing the pharmacological effects of pharmaceuticals administered orally for treating inflammatory bowel disease and other diseases. Understanding the presence or absence of changes in pharmacokinetic properties under a disease state facilitates effective pharmacotherapy. In this paper, we reviewed the gastrointestinal membrane function in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease from the perspective of in vitro membrane permeability and electrophysiological parameters. Information on in vivo permeability in humans is summarized. We also overviewed the inflammatory bowel disease research using gut-on-a-chip, in which some advances have recently been achieved. It is expected that these findings will be exploited for the development of therapeutic drugs for inflammatory bowel disease and the optimization of treatment options and regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakai
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masateru Miyake
- Pharmapack Co., Ltd., 1-27 Nakaokubo, Toyama 939-2243, Japan;
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Frieling T, Gjini B, Melchior I, Euler P, Kreysel C, Kalde S, Krummen B, Kiesslich R, Hemmerlein B. Endoscopic laser endomicroscopy and "leaky gut" in patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms and food intolerance. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2023; 61:1465-1471. [PMID: 36417920 DOI: 10.1055/a-1959-3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction ("leaky gut syndrome", LGS) is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of disorders of the gut brain axis. Endoscopic confocal laser endomicroscopy (eCLE) is an objective measure to test duodenal permeability. We applied this technique in patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms and food intolerance to characterize the proportion of patients with LGS. MATERIAL AND METHODS In an observational study, we evaluated 85 patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms and food intolerance. Gastrointestinal symptoms were classified according to Rom IV into functional abdominal pain (FAP), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome diarrhea dominant (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome constipation dominant (IBS-C), irritable bowel syndrome with mixed stool (IBS-M), functional abdominal bloating (FAB), functional diarrhea (FD) and unclassified (NC). During eCLE, spontaneous transfer of intravenously applied fluorescein into duodenal lumen (LGS) and following duodenal food challenge (DFC) were analyzed. Blood analysis comprised parameters of mast cell function, histology of duodenal mucosal biopsies analysis of mucosal inflammation, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) as well as number, distribution and morphology of mast cells. RESULTS 24 patients (9 IBS, 9 FAP, 3 FAB, 1 FD, 2 NC), showed LGS, 50 patients (14 IBS-D, 4 IBS-C, 3 IBS-M, 23 FAP, 3 FAB, 3 NC) had no LGS but responded to DFC and 11 patients (6 NC, 3 FAP, 1 FAB, 1 FD) had no LGS and no response to DFC. The proportion of subgroups with/or without spontaneous leakage of fluorescein (+LGS/-LGS) were IBS-LGS/IBS+LGS 67%/33%, FAP-LGS/FAP+LGS 72%/28%,FAB-LGS/FAB+LGS 50%/50%, NC-LGS/NC+LGS 60%/40%. Subgroup analysis revealed no significant differences for all parameters tested. CONCLUSION As a proof of concept, the results of our study indicate that eCLE is a clinical useful tool to evaluate patients with disorders of the gut brain axis and those suspicious of LGS. However, the clinical significance of LGS remains unclear. The study should be an incentive to perform a randomized study including healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frieling
- Medizinische Klinik II, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Besmir Gjini
- Medizinische Klinik II, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Ilka Melchior
- Medizinische Klinik II, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Philipp Euler
- Medizinische Klinik II, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | | | - Sigrid Kalde
- Medizinische Klinik II, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Britta Krummen
- Medizinische Klinik II, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Kiesslich
- Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Büttner J, Blüthner E, Greif S, Kühl A, Elezkurtaj S, Ulrich J, Maasberg S, Jochum C, Tacke F, Pape UF. Predictive Potential of Biomarkers of Intestinal Barrier Function for Therapeutic Management with Teduglutide in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:4220. [PMID: 37836505 PMCID: PMC10574292 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human intestinal tract reacts to extensive resection with spontaneous intestinal adaptation. We analyzed whether gene expression analyses or intestinal permeability (IP) testing could provide biomarkers to describe regulation mechanisms in the intestinal barrier in short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients during adaptive response or treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-2 analog teduglutide. METHODS Relevant regions of the GLP-2 receptor gene were sequenced. Gene expression analyses and immunohistochemistry were performed from mucosal biopsies. IP was assessed using a carbohydrate oral ingestion test. RESULTS The study includes 59 SBS patients and 19 controls. Increases in gene expression with teduglutide were received for sucrase-isomaltase, sodium/glucose cotransporter 1, and calcium/calmodulin serine protein kinase. Mannitol recovery was decreased in SBS but elevated with teduglutide (Δ 40%), showed a positive correlation with remnant small bowel and an inverse correlation with parenteral support. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers predicting clinical and functional features in human SBS are very limited. Altered specific gene expression was shown for genes involved in nutrient transport but not for genes controlling tight junctions. However, mannitol recovery proved useful in describing the absorptive capacity of the gut during adaptation and treatment with teduglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Büttner
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.J.); (F.T.)
| | - Elisabeth Blüthner
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.J.); (F.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Greif
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.J.); (F.T.)
| | - Anja Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin, Core Unit der Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sefer Elezkurtaj
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Pathology, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jan Ulrich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, 20099 Hamburg, Germany; (J.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Maasberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, 20099 Hamburg, Germany; (J.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Christoph Jochum
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.J.); (F.T.)
| | - Frank Tacke
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.J.); (F.T.)
| | - Ulrich-Frank Pape
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow Klinikum, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.J.); (F.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, 20099 Hamburg, Germany; (J.U.); (S.M.)
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8
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Brown GC, Camacho M, Williams‐Gray CH. The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 37157885 PMCID: PMC10947365 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found in, and released from, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, for example in the gut. It is proposed that gut dysfunction in early PD leads to elevated LPS levels in the gut wall and blood, which promotes both α-synuclein aggregation in the enteric neurons and a peripheral inflammatory response. Communication to the brain via circulating LPS and cytokines in the blood and/or the gut-brain axis leads to neuroinflammation and spreading of α-synuclein pathology, exacerbating neurodegeneration in brainstem nuclei and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and manifesting in the clinical symptoms of PD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: (1) gut dysfunction, permeability, and bacterial changes occur early in PD, (2) serum levels of LPS are increased in a proportion of PD patients, (3) LPS induces α-synuclein expression, aggregation, and neurotoxicity, (4) LPS causes activation of peripheral monocytes leading to inflammatory cytokine production, and (5) blood LPS causes brain inflammation and specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, mediated by microglia. If the hypothesis is correct, then treatment options might include: (1) changing the gut microbiome, (2) reducing gut permeability, (3) reducing circulating LPS levels, or (4) blocking the response of immune cells and microglia to LPS. However, the hypothesis has a number of limitations and requires further testing, in particular whether reducing LPS levels can reduce PD incidence, progression, or severity. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Shen X, Chen H, Wen T, Liu L, Hu Q, Xie F, Wang L. A natural chalcone cardamonin inhibits necroptosis and ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis by targeting RIPK1/3 kinases. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175840. [PMID: 37302524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a new form of programmed cell death, is involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Inhibition of necroptosis represents an attractive strategy for UC therapy. Herein, cardamonin, a natural chalcone isolated from Zingiberaceae family, was firstly identified as a potent necroptosis inhibitor. In vitro, cardamonin significantly inhibited necroptosis in TNF-α plus Smac mimetic and z-VAD-FMK (TSZ)-, cycloheximide plus TZ (TCZ)-, or lipopolysaccharide plus SZ (LSZ)-stimulated HT29, L929, or RAW264.7 cell lines. Furthermore, TSZ-induced elevated population of necrotic cells, release of LDH and HMGB1 also could be inhibited by cardamonin in HT29 cells. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay combined with molecular docking demonstrated that cardamonin interacted with RIPK1/3. Furthermore, cardamonin blocked the phosphorylation of RIPK1/3, thereby disrupting RIPK1-RIPK3 necrosome formation and MLKL phosphorylation. In vivo, orally administration of cardamonin attenuated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, which mainly manifested as mitigated intestinal barrier damage, suppressed necroinflammation, and reduced phosphorylation of MLKL. Taken together, our findings revealed that dietary cardamonin is a novel necroptosis inhibitor and has great potential for UC therapy by targeting RIPK1/3 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Shen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongqing Chen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Wen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiongying Hu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Xie
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lun Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Garcia MM, Romero AS, Merkley SD, Meyer-Hagen JL, Forbes C, Hayek EE, Sciezka DP, Templeton R, Gonzalez-Estrella J, Jin Y, Gu H, Benavidez A, Hunter RP, Lucas S, Herbert G, Kim KJ, Cui JY, Gullapalli R, In JG, Campen MJ, Castillo EF. In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Microplastics and Systemic Metabolomic Alterations After Gastrointestinal Exposure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.542598. [PMID: 37398080 PMCID: PMC10312509 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.542598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Global plastic use has consistently increased over the past century with several different types of plastics now being produced. Much of these plastics end up in oceans or landfills leading to a substantial accumulation of plastics in the environment. Plastic debris slowly degrades into microplastics (MPs) that can ultimately be inhaled or ingested by both animals and humans. A growing body of evidence indicates that MPs can cross the gut barrier and enter into the lymphatic and systemic circulation leading to accumulation in tissues such as the lungs, liver, kidney, and brain. The impacts of mixed MPs exposure on tissue function through metabolism remains largely unexplored. To investigate the impact of ingested MPs on target metabolomic pathways, mice were subjected to either polystyrene microspheres or a mixed plastics (5 µm) exposure consisting of polystyrene, polyethylene and the biodegradability and biocompatible plastic, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid). Exposures were performed twice a week for four weeks at a dose of either 0, 2, or 4 mg/week via oral gastric gavage. Our findings demonstrate that, in mice, ingested MPs can pass through the gut barrier, be translocated through the systemic circulation, and accumulate in distant tissues including the brain, liver, and kidney. Additionally, we report on the metabolomic changes that occur in the colon, liver and brain which show differential responses that are dependent on dose and type of MPs exposure. Lastly, our study provides proof of concept for identifying metabolomic alterations associated with MPs exposure and adds insight into the potential health risks that mixed MPs contamination may pose to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M. Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Aaron S. Romero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Seth D. Merkley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jewel L. Meyer-Hagen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Charles Forbes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eliane El Hayek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - David P. Sciezka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rachel Templeton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Angelica Benavidez
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Russell P. Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kyle Joohyung Kim
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Rama Gullapalli
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie G. In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew J. Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eliseo F. Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Fu Y, Kurin M, Landsman M, Fass R, Song G. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Developing Opioid Use Disorder in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pers Med 2023; 13:917. [PMID: 37373905 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of IBS can fluctuate even when IBD is in clinical remission. Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of developing opioid addiction. The aim of the study was to determine whether IBS is an independent risk factor for developing opioid addiction and related gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBD. METHODS We identified patients with Crohn's disease (CD)+IBS and ulcerative colitis (UC) + IBS using TriNetX. The control groups consisted of patients with CD or UC alone without IBS. The main outcome was to compare the risks of receiving oral opioids and developing opioid addiction. A subgroup analysis was performed by selecting patients who were prescribed oral opioids and to compare with those not prescribed opioids. Gastrointestinal symptoms and mortality rates were compared in the cohorts. RESULTS Patients with concomitant IBD and IBS were more likely to be prescribed oral opioids (24.6% vs. 17.2% for CD; 20.2% vs. 12.3% for UC, p < 0.0001) and develop opioid dependence or abuse (p < 0.05). The subset of patients who were prescribed opioids are more likely to develop gastroesophageal reflux disease, ileus, constipation, nausea, and vomiting (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IBS is an independent risk factor for IBD patients to receive opioids and develop opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Fu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metrohealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Michael Kurin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metrohealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Marc Landsman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metrohealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Ronnie Fass
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metrohealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - Gengqing Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metrohealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
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12
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Li T, Lu M, Xu B, Chen H, Li J, Zhu Z, Yu M, Zheng J, Peng P, Wu S. Multiple perspectives reveal the gut toxicity of polystyrene microplastics on Eisenia fetida: Insights into community signatures of gut bacteria and their translocation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156352. [PMID: 35654182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The gut is the primary pathway by which soil animals are exposed to microplastics (MPs). However, the gut toxicity of MPs has not been elucidated in earthworms. Herein, we aimed to study the gut toxicity (e.g., gut barrier dysfunction, gut bacterial translocation, and pathogen invasion) of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on Eisenia fetida and its relationship with gut bacteria. We found that PS-MPs exposure caused gut barrier damage to Eisenia fetida. This damage included apparent injury of gut epithelial cells and significantly lower transcription levels of genes coding for gut tight junction (TJ)-related proteins. We then observed significantly increased levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and gut bacterial load, indicating the occurrence of gut bacterial translocation and related barrier damage. Subsequently, antibacterial immune responses were activated and accompanied by a failure of the antioxidant defense system, indicating that pathogen invasion might occur. Gut barrier damage could weaken host selective pressures (deterministic process) on gut bacteria, such as particular pathogens. Indeed, members of Proteobacteria, e.g., Aeromonas and Escherichia/Shigella, regarded as potential opportunistic pathogens, were remarkable signatures of groups exposed to PS-MPs. These potential opportunistic gut bacteria were pivotal contributors to gut TJ damage and gut bacterial translocation resulting from PS-MPs exposure. In addition, the gut bacterial networks of PS-MPs exposure groups were more uncomplicated than those of the control group, but more negative interactions were easy to observe. In conclusion, our work sheds light on the molecular mechanism of earthworm gut toxicity caused by PS-MPs exposure and provides a prospective risk assessment of MPs in soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Li
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mengtian Lu
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jun Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhu
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mengwei Yu
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiaoyang Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Peilong Peng
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shijin Wu
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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13
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Inflammatory auto-immune diseases of the intestine and their management by natural bioactive compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113158. [PMID: 35644116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by the overactivity of the immune system towards self-constituents. Risk factors of autoimmune diseases are multiple and include genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and psychological. Autoimmune chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, including celiac and inflammatory diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), constitute a significant health problem worldwide. Besides the complexity of the symptoms of these diseases, their treatments have only been palliative. Numerous investigations showed that natural phytochemicals could be promising strategies to fight against these autoimmune diseases. In this respect, plant-derived natural compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids exhibited significant effects against three autoimmune diseases affecting the intestine, particularly bowel diseases. This review focuses on the role of natural compounds obtained from medicinal plants in modulating inflammatory auto-immune diseases of the intestine. It covers the most recent literature related to the effect of these natural compounds in the treatment and prevention of auto-immune diseases of the intestine.
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14
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Ding Y, Wang K, Xu C, Hao M, Li H, Ding L. Intestinal Claudin-7 deficiency impacts the intestinal microbiota in mice with colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:24. [PMID: 35039003 PMCID: PMC8762895 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal epithelial cells form a physical barrier that protects the intestine against the intestinal microbiota through tight junctions (TJs) and adhesive junctions, while barrier disruption may lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Claudin-7 (Cldn7) has been implicated in this protection as an important member of TJs. Here, we experimentally study the effect of Cldn7 deletion on intestinal microbiota in colitis. Methods Colitis model was established based on inducible intestinal conditional Cldn7 gene knockout mice (Cldn7fl/fl; villin-CreERT2), by feeding with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). AB-PAS staining and immunohistochemical staining of Muc2 mucin were used to detect the effect of Cldn7 deficiency on the mucus layer of mice with colitis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to detect how Cldn7 promotes spatial separation of the gut microbiota from the host. The microbiota population was characterized by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of DNA extracted from fecal samples. Results Compared with the controls, Cldn7 knockout increased susceptibility to colitis, including greater degree of weight loss, colon shortening, and a significantly higher disease activity index score. DSS-treated Cldn7 knockout mice promoted the migration of bacteria to the intestinal epithelium to some extent by damaging the intestinal mucus layer. Sequencing of 16S rRNA showed that DSS-treated Cldn7 knockout mice reduced the gut microbiota diversity and had greater relative abundance of Escherichia coli. LEfSe analysis indicated that Escherichia coli may be the key bacteria in Cldn7 knockout mice during DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, the Tax4Fun analysis predicted that DSS-treated Cldn7 knockout mice enriched for microbiota impacting infectious diseases, immune system and metabolic functions. Conclusions Our data suggests an association between intestinal Cldn7 knockout and microbiota dysbiosis during inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ding
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tieyilu 10, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tieyilu 10, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tieyilu 10, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China.,Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Mengdi Hao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tieyilu 10, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tieyilu 10, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tieyilu 10, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing, 100038, China.
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15
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Kaminsky LW, Al-Sadi R, Ma TY. IL-1β and the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier. Front Immunol 2021; 12:767456. [PMID: 34759934 PMCID: PMC8574155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier controls the paracellular permeation of contents from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal tissue and systemic circulation. A defective intestinal TJ barrier has been implicated as an important pathogenic factor in inflammatory diseases of the gut including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and celiac disease. Previous studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are produced during intestinal inflammation, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, have important intestinal TJ barrier-modulating actions. Recent studies have shown that the IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability is an important contributing factor of intestinal inflammation. The IL-1β-induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability is mediated by regulatory signaling pathways and activation of nuclear transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, myosin light chain kinase gene activation, and post-transcriptional occludin gene modulation by microRNA and contributes to the intestinal inflammatory process. In this review, the regulatory role of IL-1β on intestinal TJ barrier, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate the IL-1β modulation of intestinal TJ permeability, and the potential therapeutic targeting of the TJ barrier are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Kaminsky
- Section of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rana Al-Sadi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Thomas Y Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Ruiz Castro PA, Yepiskoposyan H, Gubian S, Calvino-Martin F, Kogel U, Renggli K, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Talikka M. Systems biology approach highlights mechanistic differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11519. [PMID: 34075172 PMCID: PMC8169754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of IBD have been the subject of intensive exploration. We, therefore, assembled the available information into a suite of causal biological network models, which offer comprehensive visualization of the processes underlying IBD. Scientific text was curated by using Biological Expression Language (BEL) and compiled with OpenBEL 3.0.0. Network properties were analysed by Cytoscape. Network perturbation amplitudes were computed to score the network models with transcriptomic data from public data repositories. The IBD network model suite consists of three independent models that represent signalling pathways that contribute to IBD. In the “intestinal permeability” model, programmed cell death factors were downregulated in CD and upregulated in UC. In the “inflammation” model, PPARG, IL6, and IFN-associated pathways were prominent regulatory factors in both diseases. In the “wound healing” model, factors promoting wound healing were upregulated in CD and downregulated in UC. Scoring of publicly available transcriptomic datasets onto these network models demonstrated that the IBD models capture the perturbation in each dataset accurately. The IBD network model suite can provide better mechanistic insights of the transcriptional changes in IBD and constitutes a valuable tool in personalized medicine to further understand individual drug responses in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Ruiz Castro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Hasmik Yepiskoposyan
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Gubian
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Calvino-Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Wang Y, Tao H, Huang H, Xiao Y, Wu X, Li M, Shen J, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Du F, Ji H, Chen Y, Cho CH, Wang Y, Wang S, Wu X. The dietary supplement Rhodiola crenulata extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through anti-inflammation, mediating gut barrier integrity and reshaping the gut microbiome. Food Funct 2021; 12:3142-3158. [PMID: 33729231 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rhodiola species are edible medicinal plants, which have been traditionally used in both Asia and Europe as an adaptogen, a tonic, an anti-depressant and anti-inflammatory supplement. However, whether it presents a therapeutic effect on colitis or not remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of a Rhodiola crenulata extract (RCE) on mice with DSS-induced colitis. RCE significantly alleviated the pathological abnormalities in colitic mice, including the correspondingly increased colon length, ameliorated colonic injury and reduced pro-inflammatory factors. The protective effect was similar to that of the positive control, 5-aminosalicylic acid. The DSS-induced epithelial apoptosis and maintained intestinal barrier function were attenuated by RCE through the upregulation of the level of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1 and occludin. Notably, RCE prevented gut dysbiosis in colitic mice by restoring the microbial richness and diversity, and decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria phylum and opportunistic pathogenic Parasutterella and Staphylococcus, as well as increasing the abundance of beneficial microbes in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which were closely correlated with its protective effect against colitis. Meanwhile, chemical characterization of RCE was performed by UPLC-HR-MS to explain its material basis. A total of 63 compounds were identified, while the content of two bioactive ingredients (salidroside, 1.81%; rosavin, 0.034%) was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Lacerda JF, Lagos AC, Carolino E, Silva-Herdade AS, Silva M, Sousa Guerreiro C. Functional Food Components, Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:642. [PMID: 33669400 PMCID: PMC7920414 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that affects the intestinal barrier structure. Recent evidence suggests that some food components can influence the integrity of the intestinal barrier and thus its permeability. We aimed at assessing the effect of food components on the intestinal permeability (IP) and on inflammatory markers in individuals with IBD by a single-blind randomized clinical study. Of the 53 individuals included, 47% (n = 25) had been diagnosed with IBD. The participants were divided into 4 groups. IBD patients were allocated to intervention group (n = 14) vs. no intervention group (n = 11), and the same happened with 28 control participants without disease (n = 14 in intervention group vs. n = 14 without intervention). Symptomatology, nutritional status, biochemical parameters (specifically serum zonulin (ZO) to measure IP) were evaluated on all individuals on an eight week period following a diet plan with/without potentially beneficial foods for the IP. At the beginning of the study, there were no significant differences in ZO values between individuals with and without IBD (p > 0.05). The effect of specific food components was inconclusive; however, a trend in the reduction of inflammatory parameters and on the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptomatology was observed. More controlled intervention studies with diet plans, including food components potentially beneficial for the integrity of the intestinal barrier, are of the utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Franco Lacerda
- Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-045 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Hospital of Armed Forces Lisbon Pole, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Ana Catarina Lagos
- Hospital of Armed Forces Lisbon Pole, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, School of Health Technology, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ana Santos Silva-Herdade
- Faculty of Medicine University of Lisbon, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-045 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Silva
- Hospital of Armed Forces Lisbon Pole, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Catarina Sousa Guerreiro
- Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-045 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Environmental Health, University of Lisbon, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
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Yang Y, Hu N, Gao XJ, Li T, Yan ZX, Wang PP, Wei B, Li S, Zhang ZJ, Li SL, Yan R. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and ginseng intervention altered oral pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113251. [PMID: 32810615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Application of cyclosporine A (CsA) as a rescue treatment in acute severe ulcerative colitis (UC) is limited by its narrow therapeutic window and great interpatient variability. As a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A enzyme (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the oral pharmacokinetics of CsA is susceptible to disease status and concomitant medications. Combined treatment with ginseng, a famous medicinal herb frequently prescribed for ameliorating abnormal immune response in many diseases including UC, showed immunologic safety in CsA-based immunosuppression. AIM OF THE STUDY Since the therapeutic levels of CsA can be achieved within 24 h, this study first assessed the impact of acute colitis and ginseng intervention on the single oral dose pharmacokinetics of CsA and explored the underlying mechanisms in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis rats and Caco-2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats received drinking water (normal group), 5% DSS (UC group), or 5% DSS plus daily oral ginseng extract (GS+UC group). On day 7, GS+UC group only received an oral dose of CsA (5 mg/kg), while animals of normal or UC group received an oral, intravenous (1.25 mg/kg), or intraperitoneal dose of CsA (1.25 mg/kg), respectively. Blood, liver/intestine tissues and fecal samples were collected for determining CsA and main hydroxylated metabolite HO-CsA or measuring hepatic/intestinal CYP3A activity. Caco-2 cells were incubated with gut microbial culture supernatant (CS) of different groups or ginseng (decoction or polysaccharides), and then CYP3A, P-gp and tight junction (TJ) proteins were determined. RESULTS Oral CsA exhibited enhanced absorption, systemic exposure and tissue accumulation, and lower fecal excretion, while intravenous or intraperitoneal CsA showed lower systemic exposure and enhanced distribution, in colitis rats. Diminished intestinal and hepatic P-gp expression well explained the changes with DSS-induced colitis. Moreover, blood exposures of HO-CsA in both normal and colitis after oral dosing were significantly higher than intravenous/intraperitoneal dosing, supporting the dominant role of intestinal first-pass metabolism. Interestingly, colitis reduced CYP3A expression in intestine and liver but only potentiated intestinal CYP3A activity, causing higher oral systemic exposure of HO-CsA. Oral ginseng mitigated colitis-induced down-regulation of CYP3A and P-gp expression, facilitated HO-CsA production, biliary excretion and colonic sequestration of CsA, while not affected CsA oral systemic exposure. In Caco-2 cells, gut microbial CS from both colitis and GS+UC group diminished P-gp function, while ginseng polysaccharides directly affected ZO-1 distribution and suppressed TJ proteins expression, explaining unaltered oral CsA systemic exposure. CONCLUSIONS DSS-induced colitis significantly altered oral CsA disposition through regulating intestinal and hepatic P-gp and CYP3A. One-week ginseng treatment enhanced colonic accumulation while not altered the systemic exposure of CsA after single oral dosing, indicating pharmacokinetic compatibility between the two medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Pan-Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Sai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Zai-Jun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China.
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20
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Muehler A, Slizgi JR, Kohlhof H, Groeppel M, Peelen E, Vitt D. Clinical relevance of intestinal barrier dysfunction in common gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2020; 11:114-130. [PMID: 33362939 PMCID: PMC7739114 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v11.i6.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a complex and well-controlled physiological construct designed to separate luminal contents from the bowel wall. In this review, we focus on the intestinal barrier’s relationship with the host’s immune system interaction and the external environment, specifically the microbiome. The bowel allows the host to obtain nutrients vital to survival while protecting itself from harmful pathogens, luminal antigens, or other pro-inflammatory factors. Control over barrier function and the luminal milieu is maintained at the biochemical, cellular, and immunological level. However, disruption to this highly regulated environment can cause disease. Recent advances to the field have progressed the mechanistic understanding of compromised intestinal barrier function in the context of gastrointestinal pathology. There are numerous examples where bowel barrier dysfunction and the resulting interaction between the microbiome and the immune system has disease-triggering consequences. The purpose of this review is to summarize the clinical relevance of intestinal barrier dysfunction in common gastrointestinal and related diseases. This may help highlight the importance of restoring barrier function as a therapeutic mechanism of action in gastrointestinal pathology.
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Kobayashi T, Siegmund B, Le Berre C, Wei SC, Ferrante M, Shen B, Bernstein CN, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Hibi T. Ulcerative colitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:74. [PMID: 32913180 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 739] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown aetiology affecting the colon and rectum. Multiple factors, such as genetic background, environmental and luminal factors, and mucosal immune dysregulation, have been suggested to contribute to UC pathogenesis. UC has evolved into a global burden given its high incidence in developed countries and the substantial increase in incidence in developing countries. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying UC has led to the emergence of new treatments. Since the early 2000s, anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatment has significantly improved treatment outcomes. Advances in medical treatments have enabled a paradigm shift in treatment goals from symptomatic relief to endoscopic and histological healing to achieve better long-term outcomes and, consequently, diagnostic modalities have also been improved to monitor disease activity more tightly. Despite these improvements in patient care, a substantial proportion of patients, for example, those who are refractory to medical treatment or those who develop colitis-associated colorectal dysplasia or cancer, still require restorative proctocolectomy. The development of novel drugs and improvement of the treatment strategy by implementing personalized medicine are warranted to achieve optimal disease control. However, delineating the aetiology of UC is necessary to ultimately achieve disease cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Le Berre
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Inserm U1256 NGERE, Lorraine University, Lorraine, France
| | - Shu Chen Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bo Shen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre and Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Silvio Danese
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS - and Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Inserm U1256 NGERE, Lorraine University, Lorraine, France
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Dean G, Hanauer S, Levitsky J. The Role of the Intestine in the Pathogenesis of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Evidence and Therapeutic Implications. Hepatology 2020; 72:1127-1138. [PMID: 32394535 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a progressive biliary tract disease without approved medical therapy, is not well understood. The relationship between PSC and inflammatory bowel disease has inspired theories that intestinal factors may contribute to the development and progression of hepatobiliary fibrosis in PSC. There is evidence from both fecal and mucosa-associated microbial studies that patients with PSC harbor an abnormal enteric microbiome. These organisms are thought to produce toxic byproducts that stimulate immune-mediated damage of hepatocytes and the biliary tree. The link between these mechanisms may be related to altered intestinal permeability leading to migration of bacteria or associated toxins to the liver through the portal circulation. In support of these concepts, early trials have demonstrated improved biochemical parameters and symptoms of PSC with oral antibiotics, ostensibly through manipulation of the enteric microbiota. This article reviews the published literature for evidence as well as gaps in knowledge regarding these mechanisms by which intestinal aberrations might drive the development of PSC. We also identify areas of future research that are needed to link and verify these pathways to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Dean
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen Hanauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Josh Levitsky
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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23
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Zhang Y, Thanou M, Vllasaliu D. Exploiting disease-induced changes for targeted oral delivery of biologics and nanomedicines in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:128-138. [PMID: 32853696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and progressive disorder with destructive inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Biologics have changed the management of IBD, but have serious limitations, which is associated with their systemic administration via injection. Oral administration is the most accepted route of drug administration. However, the physiological barriers of the GIT pose significant challenges for oral administration of biologics, making this route of administration currently unavailable. The status of tissue barriers to oral drug delivery is altered in IBD. This may bring more challenges, but also present opportunities for oral delivery of biologics. This article provides an overview of disease-induced alterations of GIT barriers in IBD and discusses challenges, opportunities and commonly-utilised strategies for oral delivery of complex therapeutics, including biologics and nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyue Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Maya Thanou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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24
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Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Perspective on Intracellular Response Mechanisms. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves perturbation of intestinal immune homeostasis in genetically susceptible individuals. A mutual interplay between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and gut resident microbes maintains a homeostatic environment across the gut. An idiopathic gastrointestinal (GI) complication triggers aberrant physiological stress in the epithelium and peripheral myeloid cells, leading to a chronic inflammatory condition. Indeed, events in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria contribute to orchestrating intracellular mechanisms such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and oxidative stress, respectively, to resolve aberrant cellular stress. This review highlights the signaling cascades encrypted within ER and mitochondria in IECs and/or myeloid cells to dissipate chronic stress in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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25
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Lee HS, Vancamelbeke M, Verstockt S, Wilms T, Verstockt B, Sabino J, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Cleynen I. Molecular Changes in the Non-Inflamed Terminal Ileum of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081793. [PMID: 32731480 PMCID: PMC7464680 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease confined to the colon. Although the etiopathogenesis remains unknown, small bowel dysfunctions like histological and permeability alterations have been described in ulcerative colitis. We evaluated the molecular gene signature in the non-inflamed terminal ileum of 36 ulcerative colitis patients (7 active, with Mayo endoscopic subscore ≥2, and 29 inactive) as compared to 15 non-inflammatory bowel disease controls. Differential gene expression analysis with DESeq2 showed distinct expression patterns depending on disease activity and maximal disease extent. We found 84 dysregulated genes in patients with active extensive colitis and 20 in inactive extensive colitis, compared to controls. There was an overlap of 5 genes: REG1B, REG1A, MUC4, GRAMD2, and CASP10. In patients with left-sided colitis, ileal gene expression levels were similar to controls. Based on gene co-expression analysis, ileal changes in active ulcerative colitis patients were related to immune functions. The ileal changes in the inactive ulcerative colitis subjects converged into the maintenance of the intestinal barrier through increased mitochondrial function and dampened immune functions. In conclusion, we identified molecular changes in the non-inflamed ileum of ulcerative colitis that are dependent on colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Su Lee
- Laboratory of Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (H.-S.L.); (S.V.); (T.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Maaike Vancamelbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
| | - Sare Verstockt
- Laboratory of Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (H.-S.L.); (S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Tom Wilms
- Laboratory of Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (H.-S.L.); (S.V.); (T.W.)
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - João Sabino
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.V.); (B.V.); (J.S.); (M.F.); (S.V.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Laboratory of Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (H.-S.L.); (S.V.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1637-7480
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26
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Liu F, Zhang Q, Lin C, Yao Y, Wang M, Liu C, Zhu C. A comparative study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-hydroxy-4-methoxycanthin-6-one and its metabolite in normal and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis rats by HPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1761-1770. [PMID: 32363585 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the existing form of 5-hydroxy-4-methoxycanthin-6-one (PQ-A) in vivo after oral administration and the effects on its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution by colitis. METHODS A rapid HPLC-MS/MS method was established to simultaneously determine PQ-A and its main metabolite, 1-methoxicabony-β-carboline (PQ-B), in biological samples acquired from normal and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitic rats administered orally with PQ-A. Then, the pharmacokinetics of both PQ-A and PQ-B, and tissue distribution of PQ-A in the above two states were analysed. KEY FINDINGS The pharmacokinetic results showed that the prototype of PQ-A was the main existing form in both physiological and pathological conditions. And significant difference between the above two status in pharmacokinetics of PQ-A was observed, such as higher exposure and longer elimination in colitis than that in normal rats. It suggested that the pharmacokinetics of medications for colitis was affected by enteritis. The tissue distribution studies displayed that PQ-A mainly accumulated in intestinal tract. Especially, the distribution of PQ-A in intestinal tract was increased obviously in colitic rats. CONCLUSIONS These results contributed to further illuminate the ADME process of PQ-A in different status and were prospected to be the reference to the clinical application of similar medicines in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangle Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Kühn F, Adiliaghdam F, Cavallaro PM, Hamarneh SR, Tsurumi A, Hoda RS, Munoz AR, Dhole Y, Ramirez JM, Liu E, Vasan R, Liu Y, Samarbafzadeh E, Nunez RA, Farber MZ, Chopra V, Malo MS, Rahme LG, Hodin RA. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase targets the gut barrier to prevent aging. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134049. [PMID: 32213701 PMCID: PMC7213802 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut barrier dysfunction and gut-derived chronic inflammation play crucial roles in human aging. The gut brush border enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) functions to inhibit inflammatory mediators and also appears to be an important positive regulator of gut barrier function and microbial homeostasis. We hypothesized that this enzyme could play a critical role in regulating the aging process. We tested the role of several IAP functions for prevention of age-dependent alterations in intestinal homeostasis by employing different loss-of-function and supplementation approaches. In mice, there is an age-related increase in gut permeability that is accompanied by increases in gut-derived portal venous and systemic inflammation. All these phenotypes were significantly more pronounced in IAP-deficient animals. Oral IAP supplementation significantly decreased age-related gut permeability and gut-derived systemic inflammation, resulted in less frailty, and extended lifespan. Furthermore, IAP supplementation was associated with preserving the homeostasis of gut microbiota during aging. These effects of IAP were also evident in a second model system, Drosophilae melanogaster. IAP appears to preserve intestinal homeostasis in aging by targeting crucial intestinal alterations, including gut barrier dysfunction, dysbiosis, and endotoxemia. Oral IAP supplementation may represent a novel therapy to counteract the chronic inflammatory state leading to frailty and age-related diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kühn
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Adiliaghdam
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul M. Cavallaro
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sulaiman R. Hamarneh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy Tsurumi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alexander R. Munoz
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yashoda Dhole
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juan M. Ramirez
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Enyu Liu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robin Vasan
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ehsan Samarbafzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rocio A. Nunez
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Z. Farber
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanita Chopra
- Department of Neurology,, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madhu S. Malo
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurence G. Rahme
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard A. Hodin
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fasano A. All disease begins in the (leaky) gut: role of zonulin-mediated gut permeability in the pathogenesis of some chronic inflammatory diseases. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32051759 PMCID: PMC6996528 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20510.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved hygiene leading to reduced exposure to microorganisms has been implicated as one possible cause for the recent "epidemic" of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) in industrialized countries. That is the essence of the hygiene hypothesis that argues that rising incidence of CIDs may be, at least in part, the result of lifestyle and environmental changes that have made us too "clean" for our own good, so causing changes in our microbiota. Apart from genetic makeup and exposure to environmental triggers, inappropriate increase in intestinal permeability (which may be influenced by the composition of the gut microbiota), a "hyper-belligerent" immune system responsible for the tolerance-immune response balance, and the composition of gut microbiome and its epigenetic influence on the host genomic expression have been identified as three additional elements in causing CIDs. During the past decade, a growing number of publications have focused on human genetics, the gut microbiome, and proteomics, suggesting that loss of mucosal barrier function, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, may substantially affect antigen trafficking, ultimately influencing the close bidirectional interaction between gut microbiome and our immune system. This cross-talk is highly influential in shaping the host gut immune system function and ultimately shifting genetic predisposition to clinical outcome. This observation led to a re-visitation of the possible causes of CIDs epidemics, suggesting a key pathogenic role of gut permeability. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that the zonulin family, a group of proteins modulating gut permeability, is implicated in a variety of CIDs, including autoimmune, infective, metabolic, and tumoral diseases. These data offer novel therapeutic targets for a variety of CIDs in which the zonulin pathway is implicated in their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Center for Celiac Research and Treatment and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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The mitochondrial negative regulator MCJ modulates the interplay between microbiota and the host during ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:572. [PMID: 31953445 PMCID: PMC6969106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences indicate that mitochondrial genes and function are decreased in active ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, in particular, the activity of Complex I of the electron transport chain is heavily compromised. MCJ is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein identified as a natural inhibitor of respiratory chain Complex I. The induction of experimental colitis in MCJ-deficient mice leads to the upregulation of Timp3 expression resulting in the inhibition of TACE activity that likely inhibits Tnf and Tnfr1 shedding from the cell membrane in the colon. MCJ-deficient mice also show higher expression of Myd88 and Tlr9, proinflammatory genes and disease severity. Interestingly, the absence of MCJ resulted in distinct microbiota metabolism and composition, including a member of the gut community in UC patients, Ruminococcus gnavus. These changes provoked an effect on IgA levels. Gene expression analyses in UC patients showed decreased levels of MCJ and higher expression of TIMP3, suggesting a relevant role of mitochondrial genes and function among active UC. The MCJ deficiency disturbs the regulatory relationship between the host mitochondria and microbiota affecting disease severity. Our results indicate that mitochondria function may be an important factor in the pathogenesis. All together support the importance of MCJ regulation during UC.
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Comparison of the Intestinal Drug Permeation and Accumulation Between Normal Human Intestinal Tissues and Human Intestinal Tissues With Ulcerative Colitis. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:1623-1626. [PMID: 31870787 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine drug absorption profile utilizing human intestinal tissues from ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and to compare with normal tissues from intestinal cancer patients. Human intestinal tissues from UC and cancer patients mounted in a mini-Ussing chamber were used to evaluate the permeation of drugs, including FD-4, a very low permeable marker, rebamipide, a low permeable marker, and metoprolol, a high permeable marker. The transport index, an index of sum of permeated and tissue-accumulated molecules, of the model drugs was in accordance with their absorption rank order, and was almost kept constant irrespective of autopsy grade based on tissue fibrosis. On the other hand, UC tissues of grade 2 showed the decreased Xcorr, an index of permeated amount of molecules and increased Tcorr, an index of tissue-accumulated molecules for every tested compound. Our finding of the transport characteristics in intestinal tissues of severe UC patients in mini-Ussing chamber system demonstrated that autopsy grade of UC patients did not drastically change membrane permeability of the tested compounds. Furthermore, it was suggested that morphological changes of intestinal tissues caused by fibrosis led to limited permeation and subsequently increased accumulation with little change of total absorption.
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Jauregi-Miguel A, Santin I, Garcia-Etxebarria K, Olazagoitia-Garmendia A, Romero-Garmendia I, Sebastian-delaCruz M, Irastorza I, Castellanos-Rubio A, Bilbao JR. MAGI2 Gene Region and Celiac Disease. Front Nutr 2019; 6:187. [PMID: 31921880 PMCID: PMC6930898 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) patients present a loss of intestinal barrier function due to structural alterations in the tight junction (TJ) network, the most apical unions between epithelial cells. The association of TJ-related gene variants points to an implication of this network in disease susceptibility. This work aims to characterize the functional implication of TJ-related, disease-associated loci in CD pathogenesis. We performed an association study of 8 TJ-related gene variants in a cohort of 270 CD and 91 non-CD controls. The expression level of transcripts located in the associated SNP region was analyzed by RT-PCR in several human tissues and in duodenal biopsies of celiac patients and non-CD controls. (si)RNA-driven silencing combined with gliadin in the Caco2 intestinal cell line was used to analyze the implication of transcripts from the associated region in the regulation of TJ genes. We replicated the association of rs6962966*A variant [p = 0.0029; OR = 1.88 (95%1.24–2.87)], located in an intron of TJ-related MAGI2 coding gene and upstream of RP4-587D13.2 transcript, bioinformatically classified as a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). The expression of both genes is correlated and constitutively downregulated in CD intestine. Silencing of lncRNA decreases the levels of MAGI2 protein. At the same time, silencing of MAGI2 affects the expression of several TJ-related genes. The associated region is functionally altered in disease, probably affecting CD-related TJ genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Jauregi-Miguel
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Leioa, Spain
| | - Izortze Santin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Leioa, Spain.,CIBER in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Koldo Garcia-Etxebarria
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Leioa, Spain
| | - Ane Olazagoitia-Garmendia
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Leioa, Spain
| | - Irati Romero-Garmendia
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Leioa, Spain
| | - Maialen Sebastian-delaCruz
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Leioa, Spain
| | - Iñaki Irastorza
- Department of Pediatrics, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Ainara Castellanos-Rubio
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose Ramón Bilbao
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), Leioa, Spain.,CIBER in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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The gut microbiota: a new perspective on the toxicity of malachite green (MG). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9723-9737. [PMID: 31728586 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiome critically contributes to host health status. Thus, investigating the relationship between the gut microbiome and toxic chemicals is a hot topic in toxicology research. Exposure to malachite green (MG) has been linked to various health disorders. Thus, exploring the gut microbiota changes in response to MG would provide a new perspective on the toxicity effects of this chemical substance. MG exposure resulted in the significantly lower alpha diversity (Mann-Whitney U test, z = - 6.83, p = 0.00) but higher beta diversity (Mann-Whitney U test, z = - 1.98, p = 0.04) of gut microbiota, and significantly decreased ecosystem stability (alpha and beta variability; Mann-Whitney U test, all p < 0.05) of gut microbial communities. Gut bacterial networks showed that the interactions became more complex and stronger after MG exposure, which could decrease the stability of the network. Changes in gut microbiota composition were mainly reflected in the enrichment of opportunistic bacteria (i.e., Aeromonas and Vibrio) and the depression of fermentative bacteria (i.e., Bacteroides and Paludibacter). MG exposure leads to a significantly increased gut permeability (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; Mann-Whitney U test, z = - 6.92, p = 0.00), which could reduce the host selective pressures on particular bacterial species (such as members in Aeromonas and Vibrio). This result was further supported by the weakened importance of a deterministic microbial assembly after MG exposure. All these findings indicated that MG exposed fishes might have more possibilities to be infected, as demonstrated by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, high-level immune responses, and increased gut permeability. These findings greatly improve our understanding of the toxicity effects of MG.
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Effects of Anti-Cytokine Antibodies on Gut Barrier Function. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7028253. [PMID: 31780866 PMCID: PMC6875247 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7028253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cytokine antibodies are used in treating chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatic diseases. Patients with these diseases often have a compromised gut barrier function, suggesting that anti-cytokine antibodies may contribute to the re-establishment of gut barrier integrity, in addition to their immunomodulatory effects. This paper reviews the effects of anti-cytokine antibodies on gut barrier function and their mechanisms.
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Leech B, McIntyre E, Steel A, Sibbritt D. Risk factors associated with intestinal permeability in an adult population: A systematic review. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13385. [PMID: 31243854 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased intestinal permeability (IP) involves the loss of integrity between the cells of the small intestine. IP has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis and exacerbation of many chronic diseases. Many potential risk factors for IP are proposed in contemporary literature. The purpose of this review is to identify the most significant risk factors for IP. METHODS A systematic search of literature published up until September 2018 in the PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases was conducted. RESULTS A total of 47 articles met the inclusion criteria. Elevated levels of proinflammatory markers, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, anthropometric measurements resembling obesity, advanced disease severity, comorbidity and the consumption of a Western-style diet were identified as the strongest risk factors for altered intestinal integrity. The risk of IP increases when coupled with a multiple disease state or combined with other environmental risk factors. Furthermore, many of the identified risk factors such as anthropometric measurements and biomarkers were external from intestinal health and rather resembled a metabolic-like condition. CONCLUSIONS This review identified a number of potential risk factors for IP, ranging from biomarkers to anthropometric measurements, demographics, dietary intake and chronic diseases. These risk factors warrant the attention of clinicians and other healthcare providers to aid the identification of potential patients at risk of altered IP. Further research needs to examine whether the identified risk factors are homogeneous with the diagnosis of IP or whether the disease state influences the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Leech
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erica McIntyre
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amie Steel
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Sibbritt
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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35
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Uno Y. Hypothesis: Mechanism of irritable bowel syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease. Med Hypotheses 2019; 132:109324. [PMID: 31421429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional bowel symptoms can be occurred during remission from inflammatory bowel disease. In this case, a low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet is effective for the amelioration or prevention of symptoms. However, the reason is not fully explained. This report proposes a hypothesis regarding the entire process in which inflammatory bowel disease with IBS-like symptoms (IBD-IBS) causes symptoms. A detailed process was assumed, starting from high pressure in the lumen and finally to abdominal symptoms. In this process, relationships were linked based on interactions such as ischemia, compliance, pain threshold, visceral hypersensitivity, mast cells, and permeability reported in IBD-IBS. In the process mapping, to understand the relationship between the amount of gas increased by FODMAP and ischemia, the hydrodynamic hypothesis and Ritchie's hypothesis were adapted. Ischemia in dilated intestines due to an increase in gas volume can induce excessive spasms via the mast cells and show the whole process of lowering the pain threshold. From the standpoint of the mechanism of IBD-IBS, the origin trigger may be FODMAP. Therefore, a low-FODMAP diet is recommended to relieve and prevent IBD-IBS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Uno
- Office Uno Column, 419-2, Yota, Onoe-Cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan.
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36
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Shen Y, Cui X, Jiang S, Qian DW, Duan JA. Comparative pharmacokinetics of nine major bioactive components in normal and ulcerative colitis rats after oral administration of Lizhong decoction extracts by UPLC-TQ-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4521. [PMID: 30818413 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lizhong decoction (LZD), a classic formula, has been used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) for thousands of years in clinical practice. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of its major bioactive components in rats under different physiological and pathological states are not clear. Thus, in this study, a rapid and sensitive analytical method, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, was developed and applied to simultaneously determine glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, glycyrrhizin, isoliquiritigenin, 6-gingerol, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Re in normal and UC rats after oral administration of LZD extract. A Waters BEH C18 UPLC column was used for chromatographic separation, while acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid were selected as mobile phase. The linearity of nine analytes was >0.9920. Inter- and intra-day accuracy was ≤ 11.4% and precision was from 1.1 to 12.7%. Additionally, stable and suitable extraction recoveries were also obtained. The established method was validated and found to be specific, accurate and precise for nine analytes. Furthermore, it was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic investigation of nine major components after oral administration of LZD extracts to normal and model rats, respectively. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax , Tmax , AUC0-t , AUC0-∞ ) in the plasma of UC rats were significantly different from those of normal rats, which could provide a reference for the clinical application of LZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Association between increased intestinal permeability and disease: A systematic review. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Virili C, Stramazzo I, Santaguida MG, Bruno G, Brusca N, Capriello S, Cellini M, Severi C, Gargano L, Centanni M. Ulcerative Colitis as a Novel Cause of Increased Need for Levothyroxine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:233. [PMID: 31040825 PMCID: PMC6476912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thyroxine absorption takes place at the small intestine level and several disorders affecting this intestinal tract lead to thyroxine malabsorption. An increased need for thyroxine has also been observed in gastric disorders due to variations in drug dissolution and/or in its ionization status. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that has been postulated as a potential cause of the increased need for thyroxine, but there is a lack of evidence on this topic. This study is aimed at measuring the thyroxine requirement in hypothyroid patients with UC. Patients and Methods: Among 8,573 patients with thyroid disorders consecutively seen in our referral center from 2010 to 2017, we identified 34 patients with a definite diagnosis of UC. Thirteen of them were hypothyroid (12 F/1 M; median age = 53 years), bearing UC during the remission phase and in need for thyroxine treatment, thus representing the study group. The dose of T4 required by UC patients has been compared to the one observed in 51 similarly treated age- and weight-matched patients, compliant with treatment and clearly devoid of any gastrointestinal and /or pharmacological interference. Results: To reach the target serum TSH, the dose of thyroxine had to be increased in twelve out of thirteen (92%) hypothyroid patients with ulcerative colitis. The median thyroxine dose required by UC patients was 1.54 μg/kg weight/day, that is 26% higher than the control patients, to reach a similar TSH (1.23 μg/kg weight/day; p = 0.0002). Since half of our study group consisted of patients aged over 60 years old, we analyzed the effect of age on the subdivision in two classes. Six out of seven (86%) adult patients (<60 years) required more T4 than those in the respective control group (1.61 vs. 1.27 μg/kg weight/day; +27%; p < 0.0001). An increased dose (+17%; p = 0.0026) but to a lesser extent, was also observed in all patients over 60 years, as compared to the control group. Conclusions: In almost all hypothyroid patients with UC, the therapeutic dose of thyroxine is increased. Therefore, ulcerative colitis, even during clinical remission, should be included among the gastrointestinal causes of an increased need for oral thyroxine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Virili
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- *Correspondence: Camilla Virili
| | - Ilaria Stramazzo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Bruno
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunzia Brusca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Silvia Capriello
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Miriam Cellini
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Carola Severi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Gargano
- Endocrinology Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL Latina, Latina, Italy
| | - Marco Centanni
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, AUSL Latina, Latina, Italy
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Kuehn F, Adiliaghdam F, Hamarneh SR, Vasan R, Liu E, Liu Y, Ramirez JM, Hoda RS, Munoz AR, Ko FC, Armanini M, Brooks DJ, Bouxsein ML, Demay MB, Hodin RA. Loss of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Leads to Distinct Chronic Changes in Bone Phenotype. J Surg Res 2018; 232:325-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yu LCH. Microbiota dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancers: exploring a common ground hypothesis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:79. [PMID: 30413188 PMCID: PMC6234774 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease which arises as a result of the interaction of genetic, environmental, barrier and microbial factors leading to chronic inflammation in the intestine. Patients with IBD had a higher risk of developing colorectal carcinoma (CRC), of which the subset was classified as colitis-associated cancers. Genetic polymorphism of innate immune receptors had long been considered a major risk factor for IBD, and the mutations were also recently observed in CRC. Altered microbial composition (termed microbiota dybiosis) and dysfunctional gut barrier manifested by epithelial hyperpermeability and high amount of mucosa-associated bacteria were observed in IBD and CRC patients. The findings suggested that aberrant immune responses to penetrating commensal microbes may play key roles in fueling disease progression. Accumulative evidence demonstrated that mucosa-associated bacteria harbored colitogenic and protumoral properties in experimental models, supporting an active role of bacteria as pathobionts (commensal-derived opportunistic pathogens). Nevertheless, the host factors involved in bacterial dysbiosis and conversion mechanisms from lumen-dwelling commensals to mucosal pathobionts remain unclear. Based on the observation of gut leakiness in patients and the evidence of epithelial hyperpermeability prior to the onset of mucosal histopathology in colitic animals, it was postulated that the epithelial barrier dysfunction associated with mucosal enrichment of specific bacterial strains may predispose the shift to disease-associated microbiota. The speculation of leaky gut as an initiating factor for microbiota dysbiosis that eventually led to pathological consequences was proposed as the "common ground hypothesis", which will be highlighted in this review. Overall, the understanding of the core interplay between gut microbiota and epithelial barriers at early subclinical phases will shed light to novel therapeutic strategies to manage chronic inflammatory disorders and colitis-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Suite 1020, #1 Jen-Ai Rd. Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Investigation into complementary and integrative medicine practitioners' clinical experience of intestinal permeability: A cross-sectional survey. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018; 31:200-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Shen H, Gao XJ, Li T, Jing WH, Han BL, Jia YM, Hu N, Yan ZX, Li SL, Yan R. Ginseng polysaccharides enhanced ginsenoside Rb1 and microbial metabolites exposure through enhancing intestinal absorption and affecting gut microbial metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 216:47-56. [PMID: 29366768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polysaccharides and small molecules commonly co-exist in decoctions of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Our previous study outlined that ginseng polysaccharides (GP) could interact with co-existing ginsenosides to produce synergistic effect in an over-fatigue and acute cold stress model via gut microbiota involved mechanisms. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to verify the interactions by examining the impact of GP on oral pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), the dominant protopanoxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside in Ginseng, on a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced experimental colitis model which was characterized by gut dysbiosis, and to delineate the underlying mechanisms in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats received drinking water (normal group), 5% DSS (UC group), or 5% DSS plus daily oral administration of GP (GP group) for 7 days and fecal samples were collected on day -3, 0 and 6. On day 7 all animals received an oral dosage of Rb1 and blood samples were withdrawn for pharmacokinetic study. The in vitro metabolism study of Rb1 in gut microbiota from normal and UC rats and the transport study of Rb1 across Caco-2 cell monolayer were carried out in presence/absence of GP. Rb1 and its bacterial metabolites ginsenoside Rd (Rd), ginsenoside F2 (F2), Compound K (CK) and PPD were determined using LC-MS/MS. Total and target bacteria in fecal samples were determined by using 16S rRNA-based RT-PCR. β-Glucosidase activity was determined by measuring 4-nitrophenol formed from 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside hydrolysis. RESULTS DSS induction did not alter AUC0-t and Cmax of Rb1, which, however, were doubled together with elevated AUC0-t of the metabolites, in particular Rd and CK, in GP group. GP influenced the microbial composition and showed a prebiotic-like effect. Accordingly, GP treatment could partially restore the β-glucosidase activity which was reduced by DSS induction. The presence of GP resulted in quicker microbial metabolism of Rb1 and higher Rd formation in first 8 h of incubation, while the impact on F2 and CK formation/conversion became obvious after 8 h. More interestingly, GP slightly stimulated Caco-2 cell growth and facilitated Rb1 transport across the Caco-2 monolayer in both directions, increasing the Papp of Rb1 from 10-7 cm/s to 10-6 cm/s. CONCLUSIONS GP alleviated DSS-induced colitis-like symptoms and enhanced the systemic exposure of Rb1 through enhancing microbial deglycosylation and intestinal epithelial absorption of Rb1. These findings further demonstrated the important role of gut microbiota in the multifaceted action of polysaccharides in the holistic actions of traditional decoction of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Xue-Jiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Wang-Hui Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Bei-Lei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yu-Meng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, PR China.
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Health services research as a framework for expanding a whole systems research agenda in complementary and integrative medicine: The example of intestinal permeability. Eur J Integr Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Evaluation of gut-blood barrier dysfunction in various models of trauma, hemorrhagic shock, and burn injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83:944-953. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa constitutes a critical barrier where millions of microbes and environmental antigens come in close contact with the host immune system. Intestinal barrier defects have been associated with a broad range of diseases and therefore denote a new therapeutic target. Areas covered: This review is based on an extensive literature search in PubMed of how the intestinal barrier contributes to health and as a trigger for disease. It discusses the anatomy of the intestinal barrier and explains the available methods to evaluate its function. Also reviewed is the importance of diet and lifestyle factors on intestinal barrier function, and three prototypes of chronic diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) that have been linked to barrier defects are discussed. Expert commentary: The intestinal barrier has been investigated by various methods, but correlation of results across studies is difficult, representing a major shortcoming in the field. New upcoming techniques and research on the effect of barrier-restoring therapeutics may improve our current understanding of the gut barrier, and provide a step forward towards personalised medicine.
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Mourad FH, Barada KA, Saade NE. Impairment of Small Intestinal Function in Ulcerative Colitis: Role of Enteric Innervation. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:369-377. [PMID: 27655154 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small intestinal dysfunction has been described in patients with ulcerative colitis and in experimental animal models of colitis. This is demonstrated by a decrease in fluid, electrolyte, amino acid, fat and carbohydrate absorption as well as by deranged intestinal motility. Histopathological changes in the small intestines in colitis have not been consistently demonstrated, but there is evidence of structural and biochemical alterations as shown by increased intestinal permeability and a decrease in the expression of multiple brush border membrane enzymes such as disaccharidases and aminopetidases, in both humans and experimental animals. The pathophysiology of this dysfunction has not been elucidated, but it is thought to include alterations in neural circuitry such as increased neuronal excitability, neuronal damage and changes of neuropeptidergic innervation and receptors as well as an increase in local production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alterations in the production of some neurohumoral mediators. In the following, we provide an update on the advancement of clinical and scientific contributions to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the alteration of the functions of apparently intact small intestinal segments, induced by ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi H Mourad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon.,Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon
| | - Kassem A Barada
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon.,Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon
| | - Nayef E Saade
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon
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Wu WJ, Yan R, Li T, Li YP, Zhou RN, Wang YT. Pharmacokinetic alterations of rhubarb anthraquinones in experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in the rat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:600-607. [PMID: 28214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhubarb (Rhei Rhizoma et Radix) is used for the treatment of digestive diseases in traditional medicinal practice in China. Recent studies also support its beneficial activities in alleviating ulcerative colitis (UC). AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to characterize the oral pharmacokinetics of rhubarb anthraquinones, the main bioactive components of this herb, in the experimental chronic colitis rat model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and to identify the factors causing the pharmacokinetic alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats received drinking water (normal group) or 5% DSS for the first 7 days and 3% DSS for additional 14 days (UC group). On day 21 both groups received an oral dose of the rhubarb extract (equivalent to 5.0g crude drug/kg body weight). Plasma anthraquinone aglycones levels were determined directly by an LC-MS/MS method and the total of each anthraquinone (aglycone+conjugates) was quantified after β-glucuronidases hydrolysis. RESULTS Rhubarb anthraquinones predominantly existed as conjugates in plasma samples from both groups and only free aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin were detected. Compared to the normal rats, both Cmax and AUC of the three free anthraquinones were increased, while the systemic exposure (AUC) of the total (aglycone+conjugates) of most anthraquinones decreased by UC accompanied by the disappearance of multiple-peak phenomenon in the plasma concentration-time profiles. Gut bacteria from UC rats exhibited a decreased activity in hydrolyzing anthraquinone glycosides to form respective aglycone and there were significant decreases in microbial β-glucosidases and β-glucuronidases activities. Moreover, the intestinal microsomes from UC rats catalyzed glucuronidation of free anthraquinones with higher activities, while the activities of hepatic microsomes were comparable to normal rats. CONCLUSIONS The decreases of β-glucuronidases activity in DSS-induced chronic rat colitis should mainly account for the decreases in systemic exposure and abrogation of enterohepatic recirculation of most rhubarb anthraquinones after oral intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Rui-Na Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Gajęcka M, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcki M. Activity of Zearalenone in the Porcine Intestinal Tract. Molecules 2016; 22:E18. [PMID: 28029134 PMCID: PMC6155780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that low doses (somewhat above the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, NOAEL) of the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites display multispecificity towards various biological targets in gilts. The observed responses in gilts were surprising. The presence of ZEN and zearalenols (ZELs) did not evoke a response in the porcine gastrointestinal tract, which was attributed to dietary tolerance. Lymphocyte proliferation was intensified in jejunal mesenteric lymph nodes, and lymphocyte counts increased in the jejunal epithelium with time of exposure. In the distal digestive tract, fecal bacterial counts decreased, the activity of fecal bacterial enzymes and lactic acid bacteria increased, and cecal water was characterized by higher genotoxicity. The accompanying hyperestrogenism led to changes in mRNA activity of selected enzymes (cytochrome P450, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, nitric oxide synthases) and receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptors), and it stimulated post-translational modifications which play an important role in non-genomic mechanisms of signal transmission. Hyperestrogenism influences the regulation of the host's steroid hormones (estron, estradiol and progesteron), it affects the virulence of bacterial genes encoding bacterial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs), and it participates in detoxification processes by slowing down intestinal activity, provoking energy deficits and promoting antiporter activity at the level of enterocytes. In most cases, hyperestrogenism fulfils all of the above roles. The results of this study indicate that low doses of ZEN alleviate inflammatory processes in the digestive system, in particular in the proximal and distal intestinal tract, and increase body weight gains in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/01, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1251384. [PMID: 28123927 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beside digesting nutrients and absorbing solutes and electrolytes, the intestinal epithelium with its barrier function is in charge of a tightly controlled antigen trafficking from the intestinal lumen to the submucosa. This trafficking dictates the delicate balance between tolerance and immune response causing inflammation. Loss of barrier function secondary to upregulation of zonulin, the only known physiological modulator of intercellular tight junctions, leads to uncontrolled influx of dietary and microbial antigens. Additional insights on zonulin mechanism of action and the recent appreciation of the role that altered intestinal permeability can play in the development and progression of chronic inflammatory disorders has increased interest of both basic scientists and clinicians on the potential role of zonulin in the pathogenesis of these diseases. This review focuses on the recent research implicating zonulin as a master regulator of intestinal permeability linked to the development of several chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Sturgeon
- Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston, MA, USA; European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy
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50
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Abstract
The acute phase of IBD with inflamed gut and often ulcerated mucosa is clearly different from the apparently normal mucosa characteristic of IBS. However, more detailed assessment has detected immune activation, increased gut permeability, increased mucosal serotonin availability, abnormalities of enteric nerve structure and function, and dysbiosis in gut microbiota in IBS - all features seen in IBD. Furthermore, as treatments for inflammation in IBD have become more effective it is now apparent that ∼1 in 3 patients with IBD in remission from inflammation still have persistent abnormalities of sensation, motility and gut microbiota, which might cause IBS-like symptoms. This Perspective explores the overlap between IBS and IBD and their treatments, proposing future directions for research in this stimulating area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Spiller
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, E Floor West Block, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Giles Major
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, E Floor West Block, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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