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Garcia MM, Romero AS, Merkley SD, Meyer-Hagen JL, Forbes C, Hayek EE, Sciezka DP, Templeton R, Gonzalez-Estrella J, Jin Y, Gu H, Benavidez A, Hunter RP, Lucas S, Herbert G, Kim KJ, Cui JY, Gullapalli RR, In JG, Campen MJ, Castillo EF. In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Polystyrene or Mixed Polymer Microspheres and Metabolomic Analysis after Oral Exposure in Mice. Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:47005. [PMID: 38598326 PMCID: PMC11005960 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global plastic use has consistently increased over the past century with several different types of plastics now being produced. Much of these plastics end up in oceans or landfills leading to a substantial accumulation of plastics in the environment. Plastic debris slowly degrades into microplastics (MPs) that can ultimately be inhaled or ingested by both animals and humans. A growing body of evidence indicates that MPs can cross the gut barrier and enter into the lymphatic and systemic circulation leading to accumulation in tissues such as the lungs, liver, kidney, and brain. The impacts of mixed MPs exposure on tissue function through metabolism remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the impacts of polymer microspheres on tissue metabolism in mice by assessing the microspheres ability to translocate across the gut barrier and enter into systemic circulation. Specifically, we wanted to examine microsphere accumulation in different organ systems, identify concentration-dependent metabolic changes, and evaluate the effects of mixed microsphere exposures on health outcomes. METHODS To investigate the impact of ingested microspheres on target metabolic pathways, mice were exposed to either polystyrene (5 μ m ) microspheres or a mixture of polymer microspheres consisting of polystyrene (5 μ m ), polyethylene (1 - 4 μ m ), and the biodegradability and biocompatible plastic, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (5 μ m ). Exposures were performed twice a week for 4 weeks at a concentration of either 0, 2, or 4 mg / week via oral gastric gavage. Tissues were collected to examine microsphere ingress and changes in metabolites. RESULTS In mice that ingested microspheres, we detected polystyrene microspheres in distant tissues including the brain, liver, and kidney. Additionally, we report on the metabolic differences that occurred in the colon, liver, and brain, which showed differential responses that were dependent on concentration and type of microsphere exposure. DISCUSSION This study uses a mouse model to provide critical insight into the potential health implications of the pervasive issue of plastic pollution. These findings demonstrate that orally consumed polystyrene or mixed polymer microspheres can accumulate in tissues such as the brain, liver, and kidney. Furthermore, this study highlights concentration-dependent and polymer type-specific metabolic changes in the colon, liver, and brain after plastic microsphere exposure. These results underline the mobility within and between biological tissues of MPs after exposure and emphasize the importance of understanding their metabolic impact. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13435.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M. Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Aaron S. Romero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Seth D. Merkley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jewel L. Meyer-Hagen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Charles Forbes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Eliane El Hayek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - David P. Sciezka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Rachel Templeton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Estrella
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Angelica Benavidez
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Russell P. Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kyle Joohyung Kim
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rama R. Gullapalli
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Julie G. In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Matthew J. Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Eliseo F. Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Gonzalez-Ramos S, Wang J, Cho JM, Zhu E, Park SK, In JG, Reddy ST, Castillo EF, Campen MJ, Hsiai TK. Integrating 4-D light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and genetic zebrafish system to investigate ambient pollutants-mediated toxicity. Sci Total Environ 2023; 902:165947. [PMID: 37543337 PMCID: PMC10659062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollutants, including PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter d ~2.5 μm), PM10 (d ~10 μm), and ultrafine particles (UFP: d < 0.1 μm) impart both short- and long-term toxicity to various organs, including cardiopulmonary, central nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. While rodents have been the principal animal model to elucidate air pollution-mediated organ dysfunction, zebrafish (Danio rerio) is genetically tractable for its short husbandry and life cycle to study ambient pollutants. Its electrocardiogram (ECG) resembles that of humans, and the fluorescent reporter-labeled tissues in the zebrafish system allow for screening a host of ambient pollutants that impair cardiovascular development, organ regeneration, and gut-vascular barriers. In parallel, the high spatiotemporal resolution of light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) enables investigators to take advantage of the transparent zebrafish embryos and genetically labeled fluorescent reporters for imaging the dynamic cardiac structure and function at a single-cell resolution. In this context, our review highlights the integrated strengths of the genetic zebrafish system and LSFM for high-resolution and high-throughput investigation of ambient pollutants-mediated cardiac and intestinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Gonzalez-Ramos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae Min Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Enbo Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seul-Ki Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Atanga R, Appell LL, Lauer FT, Brearley A, Campen MJ, Castillo EF, In JG. Uranium-bearing dust induces differentiation and expansion of enteroendocrine cells in human colonoids. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.10.552796. [PMID: 37609291 PMCID: PMC10441413 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to environmental toxins and heavy metals has been associated with intestinal inflammation, increased susceptibility to pathogen-induced diseases, and higher incidences of colorectal cancer, all of which have been steadily increasing in prevalence for the past 40 years. The negative effects of heavy metals on barrier permeability and inhibition of intestinal epithelial healing have been described; however, transcriptomic changes within the intestinal epithelial cells and impacts on lineage differentiation are largely unknown. Uranium exposure remains an important environmental legacy and physiological health concern, with hundreds of abandoned uranium mines located in the Southwestern United States largely impacting underserved indigenous communities. Herein, using human colonoids, we defined the molecular and cellular changes that occur in response to uranium bearing dust (UBD) exposure. We used single cell RNA sequencing to define the molecular changes that occur to specific identities of colonic epithelial cells. We demonstrate that this environmental toxicant disrupts proliferation and induces hyperplastic differentiation of secretory lineage cells, particularly enteroendocrine cells (EEC). EECs respond to UBD exposure with increased differentiation into de novo EEC sub-types not found in control colonoids. This UBD-induced EEC differentiation does not occur via canonical transcription factors NEUROG3 or NEUROD1. These findings highlight the significance of crypts-based proliferative cells and secretory cell differentiation as major colonic responses to heavy metal-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Atanga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Lidia L. Appell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Fredine T. Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Adrian Brearley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Matthew J. Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Eliseo F. Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Julie G. In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
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4
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Atanga R, Romero AS, Hernandez AJ, Peralta-Herrera E, Merkley SD, In JG, Castillo EF. Inflammatory macrophages prevent colonic goblet and enteroendocrine cell differentiation through Notch signaling. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.29.547119. [PMID: 37425818 PMCID: PMC10327198 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory macrophages in the intestine are a key pathogenic factor driving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we report the role of inflammatory macrophage-mediated notch signaling on secretory lineage differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. Utilizing IL-10-deficient (Il10-/-) mice, a model of spontaneous colitis, we found an increase in Notch activity in the colonic epithelium as well as an increase in intestinal macrophages expressing Notch ligands, which are increased in macrophages upon inflammatory stimuli. Furthermore, a co-culture system of inflammatory macrophages and intestinal stem and proliferative cells during differentiation reduced goblet and enteroendocrine cells. This was recapitulated when utilizing a Notch agonist on human colonic organoids (colonoids). In summary, our findings indicate that inflammatory macrophages upregulate notch ligands that activate notch signaling in ISC via cell-cell interactions, which in turn inhibits secretory lineage differentiation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Atanga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Aaron S. Romero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Anthony Jimenez Hernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | - Seth D. Merkley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Julie G. In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Eliseo F. Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM
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Garcia MM, Romero AS, Merkley SD, Meyer-Hagen JL, Forbes C, Hayek EE, Sciezka DP, Templeton R, Gonzalez-Estrella J, Jin Y, Gu H, Benavidez A, Hunter RP, Lucas S, Herbert G, Kim KJ, Cui JY, Gullapalli R, In JG, Campen MJ, Castillo EF. In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Microplastics and Systemic Metabolomic Alterations After Gastrointestinal Exposure. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.02.542598. [PMID: 37398080 PMCID: PMC10312509 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.542598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Global plastic use has consistently increased over the past century with several different types of plastics now being produced. Much of these plastics end up in oceans or landfills leading to a substantial accumulation of plastics in the environment. Plastic debris slowly degrades into microplastics (MPs) that can ultimately be inhaled or ingested by both animals and humans. A growing body of evidence indicates that MPs can cross the gut barrier and enter into the lymphatic and systemic circulation leading to accumulation in tissues such as the lungs, liver, kidney, and brain. The impacts of mixed MPs exposure on tissue function through metabolism remains largely unexplored. To investigate the impact of ingested MPs on target metabolomic pathways, mice were subjected to either polystyrene microspheres or a mixed plastics (5 µm) exposure consisting of polystyrene, polyethylene and the biodegradability and biocompatible plastic, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid). Exposures were performed twice a week for four weeks at a dose of either 0, 2, or 4 mg/week via oral gastric gavage. Our findings demonstrate that, in mice, ingested MPs can pass through the gut barrier, be translocated through the systemic circulation, and accumulate in distant tissues including the brain, liver, and kidney. Additionally, we report on the metabolomic changes that occur in the colon, liver and brain which show differential responses that are dependent on dose and type of MPs exposure. Lastly, our study provides proof of concept for identifying metabolomic alterations associated with MPs exposure and adds insight into the potential health risks that mixed MPs contamination may pose to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M. Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Aaron S. Romero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Seth D. Merkley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jewel L. Meyer-Hagen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Charles Forbes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eliane El Hayek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - David P. Sciezka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rachel Templeton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Angelica Benavidez
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Russell P. Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kyle Joohyung Kim
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Rama Gullapalli
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie G. In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew J. Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Eliseo F. Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Atanga R, Singh V, In JG. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Cells: Present and Future Druggable Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108836. [PMID: 37240181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells are specialized secretory lineage cells in the small and large intestines that secrete hormones and peptides in response to luminal contents. The various hormones and peptides can act upon neighboring cells and as part of the endocrine system, circulate systemically via immune cells and the enteric nervous system. Locally, enteroendocrine cells have a major role in gastrointestinal motility, nutrient sensing, and glucose metabolism. Targeting the intestinal enteroendocrine cells or mimicking hormone secretion has been an important field of study in obesity and other metabolic diseases. Studies on the importance of these cells in inflammatory and auto-immune diseases have only recently been reported. The rapid global increase in metabolic and inflammatory diseases suggests that increased understanding and novel therapies are needed. This review will focus on the association between enteroendocrine changes and metabolic and inflammatory disease progression and conclude with the future of enteroendocrine cells as potential druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Atanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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El Hayek E, Castillo E, In JG, Garcia M, Cerrato J, Brearley A, Gonzalez-Estrella J, Herbert G, Bleske B, Benavidez A, Hsiao H, Yin L, Campen MJ, Yu X. Photoaging of polystyrene microspheres causes oxidative alterations to surface physicochemistry and enhances airway epithelial toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:90-102. [PMID: 36881996 PMCID: PMC10176241 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics represent an emerging environmental contaminant, with large gaps in our understanding of human health impacts. Furthermore, environmental factors may modify the plastic chemistry, further altering the toxic potency. Ultraviolet (UV) light is one such unavoidable factor for airborne microplastic particulates and a known modifier of polystyrene surface chemistry. As an experimental model, we aged commercially available polystyrene microspheres for 5 weeks with UV radiation, then compared the cellular responses in A549 lung cells with both pristine and irradiated particulates. Photoaging altered the surface morphology of irradiated microspheres and increased the intensities of polar groups on the near-surface region of the particles as indicated by scanning electron microscopy and by fitting of high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy C 1s spectra, respectively. Even at low concentrations (1-30 µg/ml), photoaged microspheres at 1 and 5 µm in diameter exerted more pronounced biological responses in the A549 cells than was caused by pristine microspheres. High-content imaging analysis revealed S and G2 cell cycle accumulation and morphological changes, which were also more pronounced in A549 cells treated with photoaged microspheres, and further influenced by the size, dose, and time of exposures. Polystyrene microspheres reduced monolayer barrier integrity and slowed regrowth in a wound healing assay in a manner dependent on dose, photoaging, and size of the microsphere. UV-photoaging generally enhanced the toxicity of polystyrene microspheres in A549 cells. Understanding the influence of weathering and environmental aging, along with size, shape, and chemistry, on microplastics biocompatibility may be an essential consideration for incorporation of different plastics in products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane El Hayek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Eliseo Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Marcus Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jose Cerrato
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Adrian Brearley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Barry Bleske
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Angelica Benavidez
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hsuan Hsiao
- ReproTox Biotech, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lei Yin
- ReproTox Biotech, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- College of Nursing, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Atanga R, Parra AS, In JG. Efficient RNA and RNA-protein co-detection in 3D colonoids by whole-mount staining. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101775. [PMID: 36313534 PMCID: PMC9615320 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a protocol to visualize RNA oligos and proteins independently or together using a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence in human colonoids, expanding on previously published research. Whole-mount staining is used to preserve the colonoid structure and fix onto glass slides. We describe procedures for efficient plating, fixation, and preservation of the colonoids. This workflow can be adapted to 3D organoid models from other tissues or organisms. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to In et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Atanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Amalia S. Parra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA,Corresponding author
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Merkley SD, Goodfellow SM, Guo Y, Wilton ZER, Byrum JR, Schwalm KC, Dinwiddie DL, Gullapalli RR, Deretic V, Jimenez Hernandez A, Bradfute SB, In JG, Castillo EF. Non-autophagy Role of Atg5 and NBR1 in Unconventional Secretion of IL-12 Prevents Gut Dysbiosis and Inflammation. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 16:259-274. [PMID: 34374750 PMCID: PMC8864635 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal myeloid cells play a critical role in balancing intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we report that expression of the autophagy-related 5 [Atg5] protein in myeloid cells prevents dysbiosis and excessive intestinal inflammation by limiting IL-12 production. Mice with a selective genetic deletion of Atg5 in myeloid cells [Atg5ΔMye] showed signs of dysbiosis preceding colitis, and exhibited severe intestinal inflammation upon colitis induction that was characterised by increased IFNγ production. The exacerbated colitis was linked to excess IL-12 secretion from Atg5-deficient myeloid cells and gut dysbiosis. Restoration of the intestinal microbiota or genetic deletion of IL-12 in Atg5ΔMye mice attenuated the intestinal inflammation in Atg5ΔMye mice. Additionally, Atg5 functions to limit IL-12 secretion through modulation of late endosome [LE] acidity. Last, the autophagy cargo receptor NBR1, which accumulates in Atg5-deficient cells, played a role by delivering IL-12 to LE. In summary, Atg5 expression in intestinal myeloid cells acts as an anti-inflammatory brake to regulate IL-12, thus preventing dysbiosis and uncontrolled IFNγ-driven intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Merkley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Samuel M Goodfellow
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zoe E R Wilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Janie R Byrum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kurt C Schwalm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Darrell L Dinwiddie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rama R Gullapalli
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anthony Jimenez Hernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Corresponding author: Eliseo F. Castillo, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, MSC 10 550, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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10
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Noel G, In JG, Lemme-Dumit JM, DeVine LR, Cole RN, Guerrerio AL, Campbell JD, Kovbasnjuk O, Pasetti MF. Human Breast Milk Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function and Innate Immunity in a Healthy Pediatric Human Enteroid Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685171. [PMID: 34327199 PMCID: PMC8313895 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been associated with long lasting health benefits. Nutrients and bioactive components of human breast milk promote cell growth, immune development, and shield the infant gut from insults and microbial threats. The molecular and cellular events involved in these processes are ill defined. We have established human pediatric enteroids and interrogated maternal milk's impact on epithelial cell maturation and function in comparison with commercial infant formula. Colostrum applied apically to pediatric enteroid monolayers reduced ion permeability, stimulated epithelial cell differentiation, and enhanced tight junction function by upregulating occludin. Breast milk heightened the production of antimicrobial peptide α-defensin 5 by goblet and Paneth cells, and modulated cytokine production, which abolished apical release of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF. These attributes were not found in commercial infant formula. Epithelial cells exposed to breast milk elevated apical and intracellular pIgR and enabled maternal IgA translocation. Proteomic data revealed a breast milk-induced molecular pattern associated with tissue remodeling and homeostasis. Using a novel ex vivo pediatric enteroid model, we have identified distinct cellular and molecular events involved in human milk-mediated improvement of human intestinal physiology and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Noel
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jose M. Lemme-Dumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren R. DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony L. Guerrerio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James D. Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Dokladny K, In JG, Kaper J, Kovbasnjuk O. Human Epithelial Stem Cell-Derived Colonoid Monolayers as a Model to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli-Host Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:285-296. [PMID: 33704759 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoid cultures established from crypt-derived stem cells truly revolutionized our approach to study intestinal epithelial physiology and pathologies as they can be propagated indefinitely and preserve the genetic signature of the donor and the gut segment specificity in culture. Here we describe human stem cell-derived colonoid monolayers as a reliable and reproducible model to study Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection and STEC-caused pathologies of the whole colonic epithelium comprising a mixture of colonocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine, and other rare cells present in human colonic epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Dokladny
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - James Kaper
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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12
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In JG, Yin J, Atanga R, Doucet M, Cole RN, DeVine L, Donowitz M, Zachos NC, Blutt SE, Estes MK, Kovbasnjuk O. Epithelial WNT2B and Desert Hedgehog Are Necessary for Human Colonoid Regeneration after Bacterial Cytotoxin Injury. iScience 2020; 23:101618. [PMID: 33089106 PMCID: PMC7559866 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal regeneration and crypt hyperplasia after radiation or pathogen injury relies on Wnt signaling to stimulate stem cell proliferation. Mesenchymal Wnts are essential for homeostasis and regeneration in mice, but the role of epithelial Wnts remains largely uncharacterized. Using the enterohemorrhagic E. coli-secreted cytotoxin EspP to induce injury to human colonoids, we evaluated a simplified, epithelial regeneration model that lacks mesenchymal Wnts. Here, we demonstrate that epithelial-produced WNT2B is upregulated following injury and essential for regeneration. Hedgehog signaling, specifically activation via the ligand Desert Hedgehog (DHH), but not Indian or Sonic Hedgehog, is another driver of regeneration and modulates WNT2B expression. These findings highlight the importance of epithelial WNT2B and DHH in regulating human colonic regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Roger Atanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michele Doucet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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13
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Johnson K, Yin J, In JG, Kulkarni S, Pasricha P, Tse CM, Donowitz M. Cholinergic-induced anion secretion in murine jejunal enteroids involves synergy between muscarinic and nicotinic pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C321-C330. [PMID: 32551856 PMCID: PMC7500216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00179.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine induces robust electrogenic anion secretion in mammalian intestine and it has long been hypothesized that it mediates the epithelial response through the M3 and, to a lesser extent, the M1 muscarinic receptors in the mouse. However, nicotinic receptors have recently been identified in intestinal enterocytes by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR/RNAseq, although any direct influence on intestinal transport has not been identified. We tested the hypothesis that cholinergic-induced anion secretion in the intestine is a result of both muscarinic and nicotinic pathways that are intrinsic to the intestinal epithelia. We developed a method to generate mouse jejunal enteroid monolayers which were used to measure active electrogenic anion secretion by the Ussing chamber/voltage-clamp technique. Here, we show that the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) and the muscarinic agonist bethanechol (BCh) stimulate short-lived, concentration-dependent anion secretion in the epithelial cell-only enteroid monolayers. The muscarinic antagonist atropine completely inhibited CCh- and BCh-induced secretion, while the nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium reduced the CCh response by ~45%. While nicotine alone did not alter anion secretion, it increased the BCh-induced increase in short-circuit current in a concentration-dependent manner; this synergy was prevented by pretreatment with hexamethonium. In addition to being sensitive to hexamethonium, monolayers express both classes of cholinergic receptor by qRT-PCR, including 13 of 16 nicotinic receptor subunits. Our findings indicate that an interaction between muscarinic and nicotinic agonists synergistically stimulates anion secretion in mouse jejunal epithelial cells and identify a role for epithelial nicotinic receptors in anion secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie G In
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Subhash Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pankaj Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung Ming Tse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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In JG, Foulke-Abel J, Clarke E, Kovbasnjuk O. Human Colonoid Monolayers to Study Interactions Between Pathogens, Commensals, and Host Intestinal Epithelium. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31033964 PMCID: PMC6816237 DOI: 10.3791/59357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human 3-dimensional (3D) enteroid or colonoid cultures derived from crypt base stem cells are currently the most advanced ex vivo model of the intestinal epithelium. Due to their closed structures and significant supporting extracellular matrix, 3D cultures are not ideal for host-pathogen studies. Enteroids or colonoids can be grown as epithelial monolayers on permeable tissue culture membranes to allow manipulation of both luminal and basolateral cell surfaces and accompanying fluids. This enhanced luminal surface accessibility facilitates modeling bacterial-host epithelial interactions such as the mucus-degrading ability of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) on colonic epithelium. A method for 3D culture fragmentation, monolayer seeding, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements to monitor the progress towards confluency and differentiation are described. Colonoid monolayer differentiation yields secreted mucus that can be studied by the immunofluorescence or immunoblotting techniques. More generally, enteroid or colonoid monolayers enable a physiologically-relevant platform to evaluate specific cell populations that may be targeted by pathogenic or commensal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G In
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Elizabeth Clarke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center;
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15
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Yu H, Hasan NM, In JG, Estes MK, Kovbasnjuk O, Zachos NC, Donowitz M. The Contributions of Human Mini-Intestines to the Study of Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:291-312. [PMID: 28192061 PMCID: PMC5549102 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lack of accessibility to normal and diseased human intestine and the inability to separate the different functional compartments of the intestine even when tissue could be obtained have held back the understanding of human intestinal physiology. Clevers and his associates identified intestinal stem cells and established conditions to grow "mini-intestines" ex vivo in differentiated and undifferentiated conditions. This pioneering work has made a new model of the human intestine available and has begun making contributions to the understanding of human intestinal transport in normal physiologic conditions and the pathophysiology of intestinal diseases. However, this model is reductionist and lacks many of the complexities of normal intestine. Consequently, it is not yet possible to predict how great the advances using this model will be for understanding human physiology and pathophysiology, nor how the model will be modified to include multiple other intestinal cell types and physical forces necessary to more closely approximate normal intestine. This review describes recent studies using mini-intestines, which have readdressed previously established models of normal intestinal transport physiology and newly examined intestinal pathophysiology. The emphasis is on studies with human enteroids grown either as three-dimensional spheroids or two-dimensional monolayers. In addition, comments are provided on mouse studies in cases when human studies have not yet been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Nesrin M Hasan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Julie G In
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
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16
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In JG, Foulke-Abel J, Estes MK, Zachos NC, Kovbasnjuk O, Donowitz M. Human mini-guts: new insights into intestinal physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13:633-642. [PMID: 27677718 PMCID: PMC5079760 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of indefinitely propagating human 'mini-guts' has led to a rapid advance in gastrointestinal research related to transport physiology, developmental biology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology. These mini-guts, also called enteroids or colonoids, are derived from LGR5+ intestinal stem cells isolated from the small intestine or colon. Addition of WNT3A and other growth factors promotes stemness and results in viable, physiologically functional human intestinal or colonic cultures that develop a crypt-villus axis and can be differentiated into all intestinal epithelial cell types. The success of research using human enteroids has highlighted the limitations of using animals or in vitro, cancer-derived cell lines to model transport physiology and pathophysiology. For example, curative or preventive therapies for acute enteric infections have been limited, mostly due to the lack of a physiological human intestinal model. However, the human enteroid model enables specific functional studies of secretion and absorption in each intestinal segment as well as observations of the earliest molecular events that occur during enteric infections. This Review describes studies characterizing these human mini-guts as a physiological model to investigate intestinal transport and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G In
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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17
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Abstract
The protocols described in this unit were developed to monitor membrane traffic in cultured cell monolayers that display hepatic polarity. In general, the assays are designed to visualize and/or quantitate membrane trafficking by monitoring the fates of antibodies bound to specific membrane proteins. We first describe how to infect cells with recombinant adenovirus, the preferred method for introducing exogenous genes into hepatic cells. We next provide a morphological assay to monitor basolateral to apical transcytosis. In a supporting protocol, we describe how to visualize apical recycling and/or retention. In an additional supporting protocol, we provide a semi-quantitative method to measure the relative extents of apical delivery. Finally, we describe quantitative assays to measure basolateral internalization and recycling. The methods presented in this unit provide a relatively simple, yet powerful approach to examining hepatic membrane traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G In
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
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18
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Sathiyamoorthy S, In JG, Gayathri S, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Gene ontology study of methyl jasmonate-treated and non-treated hairy roots of Panax ginseng to identify genes involved in secondary metabolic pathway. Genetika 2010; 46:932-939. [PMID: 20795497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, known as Korean ginseng have been a valuable and important folk medicine in East Asian countries. It mainly used to maintain the homeostasis of the human body, with the presence ofginsenosides and non-saponin compounds like phenol compounds, acidic polysaccharides and polyethylene compounds. Functional genomics aid to annotate based on gene ontology. In this study, we focused on the genes involving in secondary metabolic pathways and to visualize temporal changes of gene expression in ginseng hairy roots with methyl ester methyl jasmonate (MeJA) along with non-treated hairy roots. A 5.774 EST clones were clustered and assembled as 501 contigs and 2.955 singletons. Annotations categorized with molecular functions, biological processes, cellular compounds of gene ontological terms and biochemical functions, enzyme commission to sequences were assigned to metabolic pathways of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Comparatively, EST sequences are assigned to cellular process, metabolic process, biotic and abiotic stress stimuli, developmental and biological regulations and transports are up-regulated 2-3 fold in MeJA treated hairy roots. 46 different sub groups of enzymes found in the MeJA treated plants. These annotated ESTs represents a significant proportion of the P. ginseng and provides molecular resource for developmental of microarrays for gene expression studies concerning development, metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sathiyamoorthy
- Korean Ginseng Center and Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 449-701
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Abstract
Myelin and lymphocyte protein 2 (MAL2) has been identified as a hepatic transcytotic regulator that mediates delivery from basolateral endosomes to the subapical compartment (SAC). However, overexpression of polymeric immunoglobulin A-receptor (pIgA-R) in polarized, hepatic WIF-B cells led to the dramatic redistribution of MAL2 into the Golgi and all the transcytotic intermediates occupied by the receptor. Although overexpressed hemagglutinin and dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV) distributed to the same compartments, MAL2 distributions did not change indicating the effect is selective. Cycloheximide treatment led to decreased pIgA-R and MAL2 intracellular staining, first in the Golgi then the SAC, suggesting they were apically delivered and that MAL2 was mediating the process. This was tested in Clone 9 cells (that lack endogenous MAL2). When expressed alone, pIgA-R was restricted to the Golgi whereas when coexpressed with MAL2, it distributed to the surface, was internalized and delivered to MAL2-positive puncta. In contrast, DPPIV distributions were independent of MAL2. Surface delivery of newly synthesized pIgA-R, but not DPPIV, was enhanced greater than ninefold by MAL2 coexpression. In WIF-B cells where MAL2 expression was knocked down, pIgA-R, but not DPPIV, was retained in the Golgi and its basolateral delivery was impaired. Thus, in addition to its role in transcytosis, MAL2 also regulates pIgA-R delivery from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G In
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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