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Gemignani J, Gervain J. Brain responses to repetition-based rule-learning do not exhibit sex differences: an aggregated analysis of infant fNIRS studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2611. [PMID: 38297068 PMCID: PMC10831066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have repeatedly shown sex differences in some areas of language development, typically with an advantage for female over male children. However, the tested samples are typically small and the effects do not always replicate. Here, we used a meta-analytic approach to address this issue in a larger sample, combining seven fNIRS studies on the neural correlates of repetition- and non-repetition-based rule learning in newborns and 6-month-old infants. The ability to extract structural regularities from the speech input is fundamental for language development, it is therefore highly relevant to understand whether this ability shows sex differences. The meta-analysis tested the effect of Sex, as well as of other moderators on infants' hemodynamic responses to repetition-based (e.g. ABB: "mubaba") and non-repetition-based (e.g. ABC: "mubage") sequences in both anatomically and functionally defined regions of interests. Our analyses did not reveal any sex differences at birth or at 6 months, suggesting that the ability to encode these regularities is robust across sexes. Interestingly, the meta-analysis revealed other moderator effects. Thus in newborns, we found a greater involvement of the bilateral temporal areas compared to the frontal areas for both repetition and non-repetition sequences. Further, non-repetition sequences elicited greater responses in 6-month-olds than in newborns, especially in the bilateral frontal areas. When analyzing functional clusters of HbR timetraces, we found that a larger right-left asymmetry for newborn boys in brain responses compared to girls, which may be interpreted in terms of a larger right-left asymmetry in cerebral blood flow in boys than in girls early in life. We conclude that extracting repetition-based regularities from speech is a robust ability with a well-defined neural substrate present from birth and it does not exhibit sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gemignani
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Judit Gervain
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, CNRS &, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Valge M, Meitern R, Hõrak P. Morphometric traits predict educational attainment independently of socioeconomic background. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1696. [PMID: 31852467 PMCID: PMC6921596 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aim of this study is to describe the relationship between anthropometric traits and educational attainment among Estonian schoolchildren born between 1937 and 1962. We asked whether height, cranial volume and face width (a testosterone-dependent trait), measured in childhood predict later educational attainment independently of each other, family socioeconomic position (SEP) and sex. Associations between morphometric traits and education and their interactions with biosocial variables are of scholarly importance because higher education is nearly universally associated with low fertility in women, and often with high fertility in men. Hence, morphometric traits associated with educational attainment are targeted by natural selection and describing the exact nature of these associations is relevant for understanding the current patterns of evolution of human body size. Methods Data on morphometric measurements and family background of 11,032 Estonian schoolchildren measured between seven and 19 years of age were obtained from the study performed by Juhan Aul between 1956 and 1969. Ordinal logistic regression was used for testing the effects of morphometric traits, biosocial variables and their interaction on the cumulative probability of obtaining education beyond primary level. Results Of biosocial variables, family SEP was the most important determinant of educational attainment, followed by the sex, rural vs urban origin and the number of siblings. No significant interactions with morphometric traits were detected, i.e., within each category of SEP, rural vs urban origin and sex, taller children and those with larger heads and relatively narrower faces were more likely to proceed to secondary and/or tertiary education. The effect of height on education was independent of cranial volume, indicating that taller children did not obtain more educations because their brains were larger than those of shorter children; height per se was important. Conclusions Our main finding – that adjusting for other morphometric traits and biosocial variables, morphometric traits still robustly predicted educational attainment, is relevant for understanding the current patterns of evolution of human body size. Our findings suggest that fecundity selection acting on educational attainment could be partly responsible for the concurrent selection for smaller stature and cranial volume in women and opposite trends in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Valge
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Meitern
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peeter Hõrak
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
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Cho J, Holditch-Davis D, Su X, Phillips V, Biasini F, Carlo WA. Associations Between Hormonal Biomarkers and Cognitive, Motor, and Language Developmental Status in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Nurs Res 2017; 66:350-358. [PMID: 28661908 PMCID: PMC5604880 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infants are more prone to health problems and developmental delays than female infants. OBJECTIVES On the basis of theories of gender differences in brain development and social relationships, we explored associations between testosterone and cortisol levels with infant cognitive, motor, and language development ("infant development") in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, controlling for mother-infant interactions, characteristics of mothers and infants, and days of saliva collection after birth. METHODS A total of 62 mother-VLBW infant pairs were recruited from the newborn intensive care unit of a tertiary medical center in the Southeast United States. Data were collected through infant medical record review, biochemical measurement, observation of mother-infant interactions, and standard questionnaires. Infant development was assessed at 6 months corrected age (CA), and mother-infant interactions were observed at 3 and 6 months CA. RESULTS General linear regression with separate analyses for each infant gender showed that high testosterone levels were positively associated with language development of male infants after controlling for mother-infant interactions and other covariates, whereas high cortisol levels were negatively associated with motor development of female infants after controlling for mother-infant interactions. CONCLUSIONS Steroid hormonal levels may well be more fundamental factors for assessing infant development than infant gender or mother-infant interactions at 6 months CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Cho
- June Cho, PhD, RN, was Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, at the time this research was completed. She is now Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Diane Holditch-Davis, PhD, RN, FAAN, is Professor Emerita, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Xiaogang Su, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso. Vivien Phillips, BSN, RN, is Research Nurse Coordinator, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Fred Biasini, PhD, is Associate Professor, Director of Alabama UCEDD and LEND, Director of Civitan/Sparks Clinics, and Director of UAB Early Head Start, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Waldemar A. Carlo, MD, is Professor, Director of Division of Neonatology, and Director of Newborn Nurseries, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Kung KTF, Browne WV, Constantinescu M, Noorderhaven RM, Hines M. Early postnatal testosterone predicts sex-related differences in early expressive vocabulary. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 68:111-6. [PMID: 26970201 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During the first few years of life, girls typically have a larger expressive vocabulary than boys. This sex difference is important since a small vocabulary may predict subsequent language difficulties, which are more prevalent in boys than girls. The masculinizing effects of early androgen exposure on neurobehavioral development are well-documented in nonhuman mammals. The present study conducted the first test of whether early postnatal testosterone concentrations influence sex differences in expressive vocabulary in toddlers. It was found that testosterone measured in saliva samples collected at 1-3 months of age, i.e., during the period called mini-puberty, negatively predicted parent-report expressive vocabulary size at 18-30 months of age in boys and in girls. Testosterone concentrations during mini-puberty also accounted for additional variance in expressive vocabulary after other predictors such as sex, child's age at vocabulary assessment, and paternal education, were taken into account. Furthermore, testosterone concentrations during mini-puberty mediated the sex difference in expressive vocabulary. These results suggest that testosterone during the early postnatal period contributes to early language development and neurobehavioral sexual differentiation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson T F Kung
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK.
| | - Wendy V Browne
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
| | - Mihaela Constantinescu
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
| | - Rebecca M Noorderhaven
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
| | - Melissa Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
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Barbu S, Nardy A, Chevrot JP, Guellaï B, Glas L, Juhel J, Lemasson A. Sex Differences in Language Across Early Childhood: Family Socioeconomic Status does not Impact Boys and Girls Equally. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1874. [PMID: 26696938 PMCID: PMC4667010 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Child sex and family socioeconomic status (SES) have been repeatedly identified as a source of inter-individual variation in language development; yet their interactions have rarely been explored. While sex differences are the focus of a renewed interest concerning emerging language skills, data remain scarce and are not consistent across preschool years. The questions of whether family SES impacts boys and girls equally, as well as of the consistency of these differences throughout early childhood, remain open. We evaluated consistency of sex differences across SES and age by focusing on how children (N = 262), from 2;6 to 6;4 years old, from two contrasting social backgrounds, acquire a frequent phonological alternation in French - the liaison. By using a picture naming task eliciting the production of obligatory liaisons, we found evidence of sex differences over the preschool years in low-SES children, but not between high-SES boys and girls whose performances were very similar. Low-SES boys' performances were the poorest whereas low-SES girls' performances were intermediate, that is, lower than those of high-SES children of both sexes but higher than those of low-SES boys. Although all children's mastery of obligatory liaisons progressed with age, our findings showed a significant impeding effect of low-SES, especially for boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Barbu
- EthoS- Animal and Human Ethology, UMR 6552, University of Rennes 1 - CNRSRennes, France
| | - Aurélie Nardy
- LIDILEM - Linguistique et Didactique des Langues Etrangères et Maternelles, University of Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Chevrot
- LIDILEM - Linguistique et Didactique des Langues Etrangères et Maternelles, University of Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
- IUF - Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
| | - Bahia Guellaï
- EthoS- Animal and Human Ethology, UMR 6552, University of Rennes 1 - CNRSRennes, France
- LECD - Laboratory of Ethology, Cognition, Development, University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La DéfenseNanterre, France
| | - Ludivine Glas
- EthoS- Animal and Human Ethology, UMR 6552, University of Rennes 1 - CNRSRennes, France
| | - Jacques Juhel
- Center for Research in Psychology, Cognition, Communication, University of Rennes 2Rennes, France
| | - Alban Lemasson
- EthoS- Animal and Human Ethology, UMR 6552, University of Rennes 1 - CNRSRennes, France
- IUF - Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
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Cho J, Su X, Phillips V, Holditch-Davis D. Association of Maternal and Infant Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol and Infant Gender With Mother-Infant Interaction in Very-Low-Birthweight Infants. Res Nurs Health 2015; 38:357-68. [DOI: 10.1002/nur.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- June Cho
- Assistant Professor; School of Nursing; University of Alabama at Birmingham; NB 1019E 1720 2nd Ave. South Birmingham Alabama 35294
| | - Xiaogang Su
- Associate Professor; Department of Mathematical Sciences; University of Texas at El Paso; El Paso Texas
| | - Vivien Phillips
- Research Nurse Coordinator; Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine; Division of Neonatology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
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Jamnadass ESL, Keelan JA, Hollier LP, Hickey M, Maybery MT, Whitehouse AJO. The perinatal androgen to estrogen ratio and autistic-like traits in the general population: a longitudinal pregnancy cohort study. J Neurodev Disord 2015; 7:17. [PMID: 26085846 PMCID: PMC4470005 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-015-9114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal androgen exposure has been hypothesized to be linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While previous studies have found a link between testosterone levels in amniotic fluid and autistic-like traits, a similar relationship has not been found for testosterone in umbilical cord blood. However, it may be the net biological activity of multiple androgens and estrogens that influences postnatal effects of prenatal sex steroids. Accordingly, composite levels of androgens (A) and estrogens (E) were investigated, along with their ratio, in relation to autistic-like traits in young adulthood. METHODS Sex steroid data in umbilical cord blood were available from 860 individuals at delivery. Samples were analyzed for androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone) and estrogens (estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol). Levels of bioavailable testosterone, estradiol, and estrone were measured and used to calculate A and E composites and the A to E ratio. Participants were approached in early adulthood to complete the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) as a self-report measure of autistic-like traits, with 183 males (M = 20.10 years, SD = 0.65 years) and 189 females (M =19.92 years, SD = 0.68 years) providing data. RESULTS Males exhibited significantly higher androgen composites and A to E composite ratios than females. Males also scored significantly higher on the details/patterns subscale of the AQ. Subsequent categorical and continuous analyses, which accounted for covariates, revealed no substantial relationships between the A/E composites or the A to E ratio and the AQ total or subscale scores. CONCLUSIONS The current study found no link between the A/E composites or the A to E ratio in cord blood and autistic-like traits in the population as measured by the AQ. These outcomes do not exclude the possibility that these sex steroid variables may predict other neurodevelopmental traits in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha S. L. Jamnadass
- />School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
- />Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Keelan
- />School of Women’s and Infant’s Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lauren P. Hollier
- />Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and the Royal Women’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Murray T. Maybery
- />School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Andrew J. O. Whitehouse
- />Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
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Hollier LP, Keelan JA, Jamnadass ESL, Maybery MT, Hickey M, Whitehouse AJO. Adult digit ratio (2D:4D) is not related to umbilical cord androgen or estrogen concentrations, their ratios or net bioactivity. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91:111-7. [PMID: 25594498 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ratio of second digit length to fourth digit length (2D:4D) has been extensively used in human and experimental research as a marker of fetal sex steroid exposure. However, very few human studies have measured the direct relationship between fetal androgen or estrogen concentrations and digit ratio. AIMS We investigated the relationships between both androgen and estrogen concentrations in umbilical cord blood and digit ratio in young adulthood. In addition we calculated measures of total serum androgen and total estrogen bioactivity and investigated their relationship to digit ratio. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS An unselected subset of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study (159 female; 182 male). OUTCOME MEASURES Cord serum samples were collected immediately after delivery. Samples were assayed for androgen (testosterone, Δ4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone) and estrogen (estrone, estradiol, estriol, estetrol) concentrations using liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Digit ratio measurements were taken from hand photocopies at age 19-22years. RESULTS For both males and females, there were no significant correlations between digit ratio and any androgen or estrogen concentrations considered individually, the testosterone to estradiol ratio, total androgen bioactivity measure or ratio of androgen to estrogen bioactivity (all p>.05). In males, but not females, total estrogen bioactivity was negatively correlated with left hand digit ratio (r=-.172, p=.02), but this relationship was no longer significant when adjusted for variables known to affect sex steroid concentrations in cord blood. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that digit ratio is not related to fetal androgens or estrogens at late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Hollier
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia; Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- School of Women's and Infant's Health, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Esha S L Jamnadass
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia; Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Murray T Maybery
- Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and the Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Hollier LP, Maybery MT, Keelan JA, Hickey M, Whitehouse AJO. Perinatal testosterone exposure and cerebral lateralisation in adult males: evidence for the callosal hypothesis. Biol Psychol 2014; 103:48-53. [PMID: 25148786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two competing theories address the influence of foetal testosterone on cerebral laterality: one proposing exposure to high foetal testosterone concentrations is related to atypical lateralisation (Geschwind-Galaburda hypothesis), the other that high foetal testosterone concentrations exaggerate typical lateralisation (callosal hypothesis). The current study examined the relationship between cord testosterone concentrations and cerebral laterality for language and spatial memory in adulthood. Male participants with high (>0.15nmol) and low (<0.10nmol) cord testosterone levels were invited to take part in the study (n=18 in each group). Cerebral laterality was measured using functional Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, while participants completed word generation and visual short-term memory tasks. Typical left lateralisation of language was more common in the high-testosterone group than in the low-testosterone group, χ(2)=4.50, df=1, p=034. Spatial memory laterality was unrelated to cord testosterone level. Our findings indicate that foetal testosterone exposure is related to language laterality in a direction that supports the callosal hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Hollier
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia; Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Murray T Maybery
- Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- School of Women's and Infant's Health, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne and The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Hollier LP, Keelan JA, Hickey M, Maybery MT, Whitehouse AJO. Measurement of androgen and estrogen concentrations in cord blood: accuracy, biological interpretation, and applications to understanding human behavioral development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:64. [PMID: 24829559 PMCID: PMC4014673 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurately measuring hormone exposure during prenatal life presents a methodological challenge and there is currently no "gold standard" approach. Ideally, circulating fetal hormone levels would be measured at repeated time points during pregnancy. However, it is not currently possible to obtain fetal blood samples without significant risk to the fetus, and therefore surrogate markers of fetal hormone levels must be utilized. Umbilical cord blood can be readily obtained at birth and largely reflects fetal circulation in late gestation. This review examines the accuracy and biological interpretation of the measurement of androgens and estrogens in cord blood. The use of cord blood hormones to understand and investigate human development is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P. Hollier
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
- Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Keelan
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Murray T. Maybery
- Neurocognitive Development Unit, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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