1
|
Wang T, He ZX, Yang J, Wu L, Qiu XW, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Riverine transport dynamics of PBDEs and OPFRs within a typical e-waste recycling zone: Implications for sink-source interconversion. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118677. [PMID: 35667171 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite ample evidence on spreading of e-waste derived hazardous materials, riverine transport of organic contaminants from e-waste recycling zones to surrounding areas has not been evaluated. To address this issue, passive and grab sampling methods were used to assess sediment-water diffusion and horizontal transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFRs) at upstream and downstream sites of two rivers in a typical e-waste recycling zone. Sediment acted as a source of BDE-17 with fluxes of 0.007-0.04 ng m-2 d-1 at all sampling sites. BDE-47 and BDE-99 reached equilibrium between overlying water and sediment porewater. Sediment interconverted from a sink at the upstream site to a source of OPFRs at the downstream site with a flux varying between -7.3 and 234 ng m-2 d-1. The amounts of OPFRs (11-45 g d-1) via horizontal riverine transport were greater than those of PBDEs (0.68-2 g d-1). The vertical sediment-water diffusion of PBDEs and OPFRs was not significant compared to horizontal riverine transport. The annual riverine outputs of PBDEs and OPFRs from the downstream sites were 250-330 g and 12,000-16,500 g, respectively, indicating the significance of riverine transport of organic contaminants from e-waste recycling zones to surrounding areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xia-Wen Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gidley PT, Lotufo GR, Kennedy AJ, Melby NL, Wooley AH, Laber CH, Burgess RM, Ruiz CE, Bridges TS. Effect of Activated Carbon in Thin Sand Caps Challenged with Ongoing PCB Inputs from Sediment Deposition: PCB Uptake in Clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Passive Samplers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:95-104. [PMID: 34669000 PMCID: PMC9093667 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing inputs, in the form of sediment deposition along with associated dissolved contaminants, have challenged the assessment of cap performance at contaminated sediment sites. To address this issue, thin 2-3 cm layer sand caps amended with activated carbon (AC) were investigated for the remediation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated marine sediments using 90-day mesocosms. All treatments were challenged with (1) ongoing clean or marker-PCB-spiked sediment inputs and (2) bioturbation. Bioaccumulation in hard clams (filter feeding near the cap-water interface) was evaluated to best understand cap effectiveness, relative to sheepshead minnows (confined to the surface water) and sandworms (which burrowed through the caps). All caps (sand and AC amended sand) provided isolation of native bedded PCBs (i.e., PCBs sourced from the bed), reducing uptake in organisms. Total PCB bioaccumulation in clams indicated that AC addition to the cap provided no benefit with spiked influx, or some benefit (56% reduction) with clean influx. Spiked input PCBs, when added to the depositional input sediment, were consistently detected in clams and passive samplers, with and without AC in the cap. PCB uptake by passive samplers located in the caps did not reflect the performance of the remedy, as defined by clam bioaccumulation. However, PCB uptake by passive samplers in the overlying water reasonably represented clam bioaccumulation results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Gidley
- Environmental Laboratory, ERDC, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- Environmental Laboratory, ERDC, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- Environmental Laboratory, ERDC, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Nicolas L Melby
- Environmental Laboratory, ERDC, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Allyson H Wooley
- Environmental Laboratory, ERDC, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Charles H Laber
- Environmental Laboratory, ERDC, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Robert M Burgess
- Office of Research and Development (ORD), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Carlos E Ruiz
- Environmental Laboratory, ERDC, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Todd S Bridges
- Environmental Laboratory, ERDC, US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rämö RA, Honkanen J, Nybom I, Gunnarsson JS. Biological Effects of Activated Carbon on Benthic Macroinvertebrates are Determined by Particle Size and Ingestibility of Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3465-3477. [PMID: 34748656 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of activated carbon (AC) to the surface of contaminated sediments is a promising technology for sediment remediation in situ. Amendment with AC has proved to be effective in reducing bioavailability and sediment-to-water release of hydrophobic organic contaminants. However, AC may cause positive or negative biological responses in benthic organisms. The causes of these effects, which include changes in growth, reproduction, and mortality, are unclear but are thought to be related to the size of AC particles. The present study investigated biological response to AC ranging from ingestible powdered AC to noningestible granular AC in two benthic deposit feeders: the polychaete Marenzelleria spp. and the clam Limecola balthica (syn. Macoma balthica). In the polychaete, exposure to powdered AC (ingestible) reduced both dry weight and carbon assimilation, whereas exposure to granular AC (noningestible) increased both dry weight and carbon assimilation. Responses in the clam were similar but less pronounced, indicating that response levels are species-specific and may vary within a benthic community. In addition, worms exposed to the finest ingestible AC particles had reduced gut microvilli length and reduced gut lumen, indicating starvation. These results strongly suggest that biological responses to AC depend on particle ingestibility, whereby exposure to ingestible particles may cause starvation through reduced bioavailability of food coingested with AC or due to rejection of AC-treated sediment as a food source. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3465-3477. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Rämö
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Honkanen
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trannum HC, Raymond C, Næss R, Borgersen G, Gunnarsson JS, Schaanning MT. Long-term response of marine benthic fauna to thin-layer capping with powdered activated carbon in the Grenland fjords, Norway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145971. [PMID: 33652322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Grenland fjords in Norway have a long history of contamination by large emissions of dioxins and mercury. As a possible sediment remediation method in situ, thin-layer capping with powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay was applied at two test sites at 30 m and 95 m depth in the Grenland fjords. This study presents long-term effects of the AC treatment on the benthic community structure, i.e. nine years after capping. Capping with AC significantly reduced the number of species, their abundance and biomass at the two test sites, compared to uncapped reference sites. At the more shallow site, the dominant brittle star species Amphiura filiformis disappeared shortly after capping and did not re-establish nine years after capping. At the deeper site, the AC treatment also caused long-lasting negative effects on the benthic community, but some recovery was observed after nine years. Ecological indices used to assess environmental status did not capture the impaired benthic communities caused by the capping. The present study is the first documentation of negative effects of powdered AC on marine benthic communities on a decadal scale. Our results show that the benefits of reduced contaminant bioavailability from capping with AC should be carefully weighed against the cost of long-term detrimental effects on the benthic community. More research is needed to develop a thin-layer capping material that is efficient at sequestering contaminants without being harmful to benthic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde C Trannum
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; University of Agder, Center for Coastal Research, NO-4604 Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rita Næss
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild Borgersen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morten T Schaanning
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raymond C, Samuelsson GS, Agrenius S, Schaanning MT, Gunnarsson JS. Impaired benthic macrofauna function 4 years after sediment capping with activated carbon in the Grenland fjords, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16181-16197. [PMID: 33269443 PMCID: PMC7969561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The sediments in the Grenland fjords in southern Norway are heavily contaminated by large emissions of dioxins and mercury from historic industrial activities. As a possible in situ remediation option, thin-layer sediment surface capping with powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay was applied at two large test sites (10,000 and 40,000 m2) at 30-m and 95-m depths, respectively, in 2009. This paper describes the long-term biological effects of the AC treatment on marine benthic communities up to 4 years after treatment. Our results show that the capping with AC strongly reduced the benthic species diversity, abundance, and biomass by up to 90%. Vital functions in the benthic ecosystem such as particle reworking and bioirrigation of the sediment were also reduced, analyzed by using novel bioturbation and bioirrigation indices (BPc, BIPc, and IPc). Much of the initial effects observed after 1 and 14 months were still present after 49 months, indicating that the effects are long-lasting. These long-lasting negative ecological effects should be carefully considered before decisions are made on sediment remediation with powdered AC, especially in large areas, since important ecosystem functions can be impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Stefan Agrenius
- Department of Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schaanning MT, Beylich B, Gunnarsson JS, Eek E. Long-term effects of thin layer capping in the Grenland fjords, Norway: Reduced uptake of dioxins in passive samplers and sediment-dwelling organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128544. [PMID: 33065324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Grenlandfjords in South East Norway are severely contaminated with dioxins from a magnesium smelter operated between 1950 and 2001. In 2009, the proposal of thin-layer capping as a potential mitigation method to reduce spreading of dioxins from the fjord sediments, resulted in the set-up of a large-scale field experiment in two fjord areas at 30 and 100 m depth. After capping, several investigations have been carried out to determine effects on benthic communities and bioavailability of dioxins. In this paper we present the results on uptake of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) in passive samplers and two sediment-dwelling species exposed in boxcores collected from the test plots during four surveys between 2009 (after cap placement) and 2018. Sediment profile images (SPI) and analyses of dioxins revealed that the thin (1-5 cm) cap layers became buried beneath several centimeters of sediments resuspended from adjacent bottoms and deposited on the test plots after capping. Uptake reduction ratios (R) were calculated as dioxins accumulated in cores collected from capped sediments divided by dioxins accumulated in cores collected from uncapped reference sediments. Cap layers with dredged clay or crushed limestone had only short-term positive effect with R-values increasing to about 1.0 (no effect) 1-4 years after capping. In spite of the recontamination, cap layers with clay and activated carbon had significant long-term effects with R-values slowly increasing from 0.12-0.33 during the first three years to 0.39-0.46 in 2018, showing 54-61% reduced uptake of dioxins (PCDD/F-TE) nine years after capping with AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tu YJ, Premachandra GS, Boyd SA, Sallach JB, Li H, Teppen BJ, Johnston CT. Synthesis and evaluation of Fe 3O 4-impregnated activated carbon for dioxin removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128263. [PMID: 33297207 PMCID: PMC7733032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/PCDFs) are highly toxic organic pollutants in soils and sediments which persist over timescales that extend from decades to centuries. There is a growing need to develop effective technologies for remediating PCDD/Fs-contaminated soils and sediments to protect human and ecosystem health. The use of sorbent amendments to sequester PCDD/Fs has emerged as one promising technology. A synthesis method is described here to create a magnetic activated carbon composite (AC-Fe3O4) for dioxin removal and sampling that could be recovered from soils using magnetic separation. Six AC-Fe3O4 composites were evaluated (five granular ACs (GACs) and one fine-textured powder AC(PAC)) for their magnetization and ability to sequester dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD). Both GAC/PAC and GAC/PAC-Fe3O4 composites effectively removed DD from aqueous solution. The sorption affinity of DD for GAC-Fe3O4 was slightly reduced compared to GAC alone, which is attributed to the blocking of sorption sites. The magnetization of a GAC-Fe3O4 composite reached 5.38 emu/g based on SQUID results, allowing the adsorbent to be easily separated from aqueous solution using an external magnetic field. Similarly, a fine-textured PAC-Fe3O4 composite was synthesized with a magnetization of 9.3 emu/g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jen Tu
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai, 200234, China
| | | | - Stephen A Boyd
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brian J Teppen
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Cliff T Johnston
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, 550 Stadium Mall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gidley PT, Kennedy AJ, Lotufo GR, Wooley AH, Melby NL, Ghosh U, Burgess RM, Mayer P, Fernandez LA, Schmidt SN, Wang AP, Bridges TS, Ruiz CE. Bioaccumulation in Functionally Different Species: Ongoing Input of PCBs with Sediment Deposition to Activated Carbon Remediated Bed Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2326-2336. [PMID: 31233239 PMCID: PMC6993789 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon-amended bed sediments reduced total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation in 3 functionally different marine species, sandworms (Alitta virens), hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), during both clean and contaminated ongoing sediment inputs. Mesocosm experiments were conducted for 90 d to evaluate native, field-aged bed sediment PCBs, and ongoing input PCBs added 3 times a week. Simulated in situ remediation applied an activated carbon dose equal to the native organic carbon content that was premixed into the bed sediment for 1 mo. The highest bioaccumulation of native PCBs was in worms that remained in and directly ingested the sediment, whereas the highest bioaccumulation of the input PCBs was in fish that were exposed to the water column. When periodic PCB-contaminated sediment inputs were introduced to the water column, the activated carbon remedy had minimal effect on the input PCBs, whereas the native bed PCBs still dominated bioaccumulation in the control (no activated carbon). Therefore, remediation of only the local bedded sediment in environmental systems with ongoing contaminant inputs may have lower efficacy for fish and other pelagic and epibenthic organisms. While ongoing inputs continue to obscure remedial outcomes at contaminated sediment sites, the present study showed clear effectiveness of activated carbon amendment remediation on native PCBs despite these inputs but no remediation effectiveness for the input-associated PCBs (at least within the present study duration). Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2326-2336. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip T. Gidley
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Alan J. Kennedy
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Guilherme R. Lotufo
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
| | - Allyson H. Wooley
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Nicolas L. Melby
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Sediment Solutions, Ellicott City, MD, USA
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NHEERL/Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Loretta A. Fernandez
- Northeastern University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stine N. Schmidt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alice P. Wang
- Northeastern University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd S. Bridges
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Carlos E. Ruiz
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ting Y, Chen C, Ch'ng BL, Wang YL, Hsi HC. Using raw and sulfur-impregnated activated carbon as active cap for leaching inhibition of mercury and methylmercury from contaminated sediment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 354:116-124. [PMID: 29729600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-impregnated activated carbon (SAC) has been reported with a high affinity to Hg, but little research has done on understanding its potential as active cap for inhibition of Hg release from contaminated sediments. In this study, high-quality coconut-shell activated carbon (AC) and its derived SAC were examined and shown to have great affinity to both aqueous Hg2+ and methylmercury (MeHg). SAC had greater partitioning coefficients for Hg2+ (KD = 9.42 × 104) and MeHg (KD = 7.661 × 105) as compared to those for AC (KD = 3.69 × 104 and 2.25 × 105, respectively). However, AC appeared to have greater inhibition in total Hg (THg) leaching from sediment (14.2-235.8 mg-Hg/kg-sediment) to porewater phase as compared to SAC. 3 wt% AC amendment in sediment (235.8 mg/kg Hg) was the optimum dosage causing the porewater THg reduction by 99.88%. Moreover, significant inhibition in both THg and MeHg releases within the 83-d trial microcosm tests was demonstrated with active caps composed of SAC + bentonite, SAC + clean sediment, and AC + bentonite. While both AC and SAC successfully reduce the porewater Hg in sediment environment, the smaller inhibition in Hg release by SAC as compared to that by raw AC may suggest that possibly formed HgS nanoparticles could be released into the porewater that elevates the porewater Hg concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Boon-Lek Ch'ng
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Cheng Hsi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abel S, Akkanen J. A Combined Field and Laboratory Study on Activated Carbon-Based Thin Layer Capping in a PCB-Contaminated Boreal Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4702-4710. [PMID: 29606006 PMCID: PMC6150667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The in situ remediation of aquatic sediments with activated carbon (AC)-based thin layer capping is a promising alternative to traditional methods, such as sediment dredging. Applying a strong sorbent like AC directly to the sediment can greatly reduce the bioavailability of organic pollutants. To evaluate the method under realistic field conditions, a 300 m2 plot in the PCB-contaminated Lake Kernaalanjärvi, Finland, was amended with an AC cap (1.6 kgAC/m2). The study lake showed highly dynamic sediment movements over the monitoring period of 14 months. This led to poor retention and rapid burial of the AC cap under a layer of contaminated sediment from adjacent sites. As a result, the measured impact of the AC amendment was low: Both the benthic community structure and PCB bioaccumulation were similar on the plot and in surrounding reference sites. Corresponding follow-up laboratory studies using Lumbriculus variegatus and Chironomus riparius showed that long-term remediation success is possible, even when an AC cap is covered with contaminated sediment. To retain a measurable effectiveness (reduction in contaminant bioaccumulation), a sufficient intensity and depth of bioturbation is required. On the other hand, the magnitude of the adverse effect induced by AC correlated positively with the measured remediation success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Abel
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- E-mail:
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mustajärvi L, Eek E, Cornelissen G, Eriksson-Wiklund AK, Undeman E, Sobek A. In situ benthic flow-through chambers to determine sediment-to-water fluxes of legacy hydrophobic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:854-862. [PMID: 28881309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated sediment can release hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) and thereby act as a secondary source of primarily legacy hazardous substances to the water column. There is therefore a need for assessments of the release of HOCs from contaminated sediment for prioritization of management actions. In situ assessment of HOC sediment-to-water flux is currently done with (closed) benthic flux chambers, which have a sampling time exceeding one month. During this time, the water inside the chamber is depleted of oxygen and the effect of bioturbation on the sediment-to-water release of HOCs is largely ignored. Here we present a novel benthic flux chamber, which measures sediment-to-water flux of legacy HOCs within days, and includes the effect of bioturbation since ambient oxygen levels inside the chamber are maintained by continuous pumping of water through the chamber. This chamber design allows for sediment-to-water flux measurements under more natural conditions. The chamber design was tested in a contaminated Baltic Sea bay. Measured fluxes were 62-2300 ng m-2 d-1 for individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 5.5-150 ng m-2 d-1 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These fluxes were 3-23 times (PAHs) and 12-74 times (PCBs) higher than fluxes measured with closed benthic chambers deployed in parallel at the same location. We hypothesize that the observed difference in HOC flux between the two chamber designs are partly an effect of bioturbation. This hypothesized effect of bioturbation was in accordance with literature data from experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mustajärvi
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Ann-Kristin Eriksson-Wiklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emma Undeman
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Samuelsson GS, Raymond C, Agrenius S, Schaanning M, Cornelissen G, Gunnarsson JS. Response of marine benthic fauna to thin-layer capping with activated carbon in a large-scale field experiment in the Grenland fjords, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14218-14233. [PMID: 28421523 PMCID: PMC5486621 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment with thin-layer capping was conducted in the Grenland fjords, Norway, for remediation in situ of mercury and dioxin-contaminated sediments. Experimental fields at 30 and 95 m depth were capped with (i) powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay (AC+cla`y), (ii) clay, and (iii) crushed limestone. Ecological effects on the benthic community and species-feeding guilds were studied 1 and 14 months after capping, and a total of 158 species were included in the analyses. The results show that clay and limestone had only minor effects on the benthic community, while AC+clay caused severe perturbations. AC+clay reduced the abundance, biomass, and number of species by up to 90% at both 30 and 95 m depth, and few indications of recovery were found during the period of this investigation. The negative effects of AC+clay were observed on a wide range of species with different feeding strategies, although the suspension feeding brittle star Amphiura filiformis was particularly affected. Even though activated carbon is effective in reducing sediment-to-water fluxes of dioxins and other organic pollutants, this study shows that capping with powdered AC can lead to substantial disturbances to the benthic community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Göran S Samuelsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Svensk Ekologikonsult, Vegagatan 3, 113 29, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Agrenius
- Department of Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadium, 0806, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|