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Menzie CA, Guiney PD, Belanger SE, Lee KC, Arts G, Opeolu BO, Silva de Assis HC. Incorporating a weight-of-evidence approach into a tiered assessment for chemicals management, with emphasis on program development and applications in developing countries and emerging economies. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024. [PMID: 39150204 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
A flexible approach is described for incorporating a weight-of-evidence (WoE) methodology into a tiered ecological risk assessment (ERA)/management framework for chemicals. The approach is oriented toward informing decisions about chemicals. Communication is regarded as a critical component of the risk assessment process. The paper resulted from insights gained from seven ERA workshops held by SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, www.setac.org) in the Asia-Pacific, African, and Latin American regions. Formal ERA methods are not fully developed or applied in many of these countries and assessments often begin with tables of risk values and test methods from countries where ERA is already implemented. While appropriate and sometimes necessary, workshop participants had questions about the reliability and relevance of using this information for regionally specific ecosystems with different receptors, fate processes, and exposure characteristics. The idea that an assessment of reliability and relevance of available information and the need for additional information was necessary at an early stage of the assessment process was considered. The judgment of reliability and relevance is central to WoE approaches along with the identification of information needs and the integration of such information. The need to engage in WoE considerations early and throughout the assessment process indicates that a tiered approach is appropriate for unifying the evaluation process in a consistent way from early screening-level steps to later more involved evaluations. The approach outlined in this article is complementary to WoE guidance developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and many national guidance documents. To link assessments of risk to management decisions, emphasis is given to communications at each tier between the risk assessor (technical side) and the decision-makers (policy and regulatory side). Tools and information sources are suggested for each tier and suggestions are meant to be illustrative and not prescriptive. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-15. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Menzie
- Principal, EcoSciences, Exponent Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Scott E Belanger
- Global Product Stewardship, Procter & Gamble (retired), West Chester, Ohio, USA
| | - Kuan-Chun Lee
- Procter & Gamble International Operations (SA) Singapore Branch, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gertie Arts
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Environmental Research, The Netherlands
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Miller DH, Villeneuve DL, Santana-Rodriguez KJ, Ankley GT. A Multidimensional Matrix Model for Predicting the Effects of Male-Biased Sex Ratios on Fish Populations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1066-1077. [PMID: 35020961 PMCID: PMC9586198 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments have established that exposure to certain endocrine-active substances prior to and/or during the period of sexual differentiation can lead to skewed sex ratios in fish. However, the potential long-term population impact of biased sex ratio depends on multiple factors including the life history of the species and whether the ratio is male or female-biased. In the present study, we describe a novel multidimensional, density-dependent matrix model that analyzes age class-structure of both males and females over time, allowing for the quantitative evaluation of the effects of biased sex ratio on population status. This approach can be used in conjunction with field monitoring efforts and/or laboratory testing to link effects on sex ratio due to chemical and/or nonchemical stressors to adverse outcomes in whole organisms and populations. For demonstration purposes, we applied the model to evaluate population trajectories for fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to prochloraz, an aromatase inhibitor, during sexual differentiation. The model also was used to explore the population impact in a more realistic exposure scenario in which both adult and early life stages of fish are exposed concurrently to prochloraz, which, in addition to altering sex ratio during development, can decrease vitellogenin and egg production in adult females. For each exposure scenario, the model was used to analyze total population size, numbers of females and of males, and sex specific recruitment of the F1 generation. The present study illustrates the utility of multidimensional matrix population models for ecological risk assessment in terms of integrating effects across a population of an organism even when chemical effects on individuals are manifested via different pathways depending on life stage. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1066-1077. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Miller
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Kelvin J. Santana-Rodriguez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Participant at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota
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Differential Molecular Responses of Zebrafish Larvae to Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of psychopharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems is a growing problem. Fluoxetine (FL) and its metabolite norfluoxetine (NF) are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Although they may be potentially harmful to non-target species, available knowledge on the effects of NF is sparse, relative to FL. This study aimed at contributing to the body of knowledge about the modes-of-action (MoA) of these compounds and their underlying mechanisms eliciting hazardous effects during the early development of the teleost model zebrafish (Danio rerio). One hour post-fertilisation (hpf), embryos were exposed up to 80 hpf to these compounds at levels found in surface waters and higher (FL, 0.0015 and 0.05 µM; NF, 0.00006 and 0.0014 µM). Developmental anomalies were observed at 8, 32 and 80 hpf. Larvae were collected at 80 hpf to assess the expression of 34 genes related to FL and NF MoA and metabolism, using qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR). Results showed that both compounds elicited an increased frequency of embryos exhibiting abnormal pigmentation, relative to controls. Gene expression alterations were more pronounced in FL- than in NF-exposed larvae. Cluster Analysis revealed two groups of genes discriminating between the drugs. for their marked opposing responses. Globally, downregulation of gene expression was typical of FL, whilst upregulation or no alteration was found for NF. These clusters identified were linked to the adrenergic pathway and to the retinoid and peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors. Overall, our data contradict the prevailing notion that NF is more toxic than FL and unveiled the expression levels of genes drd2b, 5-ht2c and abcc2 as possible markers of exposure to FL.
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Eder ML, Oliva-Teles L, Pinto R, Carvalho AP, Almeida CMR, Hornek-Gausterer R, Guimarães L. Microplastics as a vehicle of exposure to chemical contamination in freshwater systems: Current research status and way forward. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125980. [PMID: 34004584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by microplastics is increasing steadily worldwide, affecting all environments. Additionally, aquatic organisms are often exposed to mixtures of other contaminants, including various chemicals. Numerous studies reported adsorption of chemicals to microplastics, raising concern about their possible role as vehicles of exposure through transfer to biota. Nevertheless, until recently, the studies on the topic were mostly focused on the marine environment. In the past five years, however, plenty of publications contributed empirical data about freshwater ecosystems, raising the need for a critical appraisal of the information. Herein the scientific literature was reviewed and multivariate data analysis was done. The analysed studies employed widely different experimental designs, endpoints, test species, shapes and concentrations of various polymer types and chemicals, often not relevant for the freshwater environment. Our integrated analytical approach revealed unfathomable research gaps, given the theoretical knowledge available and lessons learned from research about the marine environment. Greater harmonization of laboratory studies investigating this topic is needed, as well as testing conditions reflecting real exposure scenarios. Furthermore, standardized testing protocols are urgently required to guide such experiments and improve the comparability of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lena Eder
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; University of Applied Sciences, FH Technikum Wien, Höchstädtplatz 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Oliva-Teles
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Pinto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - António Paulo Carvalho
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | | | - Laura Guimarães
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Stewart BD, Jenkins SR, Boig C, Sinfield C, Kennington K, Brand AR, Lart W, Kröger R. Metal pollution as a potential threat to shell strength and survival in marine bivalves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:143019. [PMID: 33160677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine bivalve molluscs, such as scallops, mussels and oysters, are crucial components of coastal ecosystems, providing a range of ecosystem services, including a quarter of the world's seafood. Unfortunately, coastal marine areas often suffer from high levels of metals due to dumping and disturbance of contaminated material. We established that increased levels of metal pollution (zinc, copper and lead) in sediments near the Isle of Man, resulting from historical mining, strongly correlated with significant weakening of shell strength in king scallops, Pecten maximus. This weakness increased mortality during fishing and left individuals more exposed to predation. Comparative structural analysis revealed that shells from the contaminated area were thinner and exhibited a pronounced mineralisation disruption parallel to the shell surface within the foliated region of both the top and bottom valves. Our data suggest that these disruptions caused reduced fracture strength and hence increased mortality, even at subcritical contamination levels with respect to current international standards. This hitherto unreported effect is important since such non-apical responses rarely feed into environmental quality assessments, despite potentially significant implications for the survival of organisms exposed to contaminants. Hence our findings highlight the impact of metal pollution on shell mineralisation in bivalves and urge a reappraisal of currently accepted critical contamination levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce D Stewart
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart R Jenkins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Boig
- Department of Physics, University of York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kevin Kennington
- Department of Environment Food and Agriculture, Isle of Man Government, Isle of Man
| | - Andrew R Brand
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William Lart
- Sea Fish Industry Authority, Grimsby, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Kröger
- Department of Physics, University of York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
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Nozari A, Do S, Trudeau VL. Applications of the SR4G Transgenic Zebrafish Line for Biomonitoring of Stress-Disrupting Compounds: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:727777. [PMID: 34867778 PMCID: PMC8635770 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.727777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic zebrafish models have been successfully used in biomonitoring and risk assessment studies of environmental pollutants, including xenoestrogens, pesticides, and heavy metals. We employed zebrafish larva (transgenic SR4G line) with a cortisol-inducible green fluorescence protein reporter (eGFP) as a model to detect stress responses upon exposure to compounds with environmental impact, including bisphenol A (BPA), vinclozolin (VIN), and fluoxetine (FLX). Cortisol, fluorescence signal, and mRNA levels of eGFP and 11 targeted genes were measured in a homogenized pool of zebrafish larvae, with six experimental replicates for each endpoint. Eleven targeted genes were selected according to their association with stress-axis and immediate early response class of genes. Hydrocortisone (CORT)and dexamethasone (DEX) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. All measurements were done in two unstressed and stressed condition using standardized net handling as the stressor. A significant positive linear correlation between cortisol levels and eGFP mRNA levels was observed (r> 0.9). Based on eGFP mRNA levels in unstressed and stressed larvae two predictive models were trained (Random Forest and Logistic Regression). Both these models could correctly predict the blunted stress response upon exposure to BPA, VIN, FLX and the negative control, DEX. The negative predictive value (NPV) of these models were 100%. Similar NPV was observed when the predictive models trained based on the mRNA levels of the eleven assessed genes. Measurement of whole-body fluorescence intensity signal was not significant to detect blunted stress response. Our findings support the use of SR4G transgenic larvae as an in vivo biomonitoring model to screen chemicals for their stress-disrupting potentials. This is important because there is increasing evidence that brief exposures to environmental pollutants modify the stress response and critical coping behaviors for several generations.
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7
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Accolla C, Vaugeois M, Forbes VE. Similar individual-level responses to stressors have different population-level consequences among closely related species of trout. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133295. [PMID: 31635005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we applied an individual-based model to study the population-level impacts of sub-lethal stressors affecting the metabolic pathways of three closely related trout species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout, RT), Salmo trutta (brown trout, BT) and Oncorhynchus calrki stomias (greenback cutthroat trout, GCT). Both RT and BT are well-studied species, and the former is widely used as a standard cold-water test species. These species are known to outcompete GCT, which is listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. Our goal was to understand the extent to which stressor effects, which are often measured at the individual level, on taxonomically-related (i.e., surrogate) species can be informative of impacts on population dynamics in species that cannot be tested (e.g., listed species). When comparing stressor effects among species, we found that individual-level responses to each stressor were qualitatively comparable. Individual lengths and number of eggs decreased by similar percentages with respect to baseline, even if small quantitative differences were present depending on the physiological mode of action of the stressor. Individual-level effects in GCT were slightly greater when ingestion efficiency decreased, whereas effects in GCT and RT were greater when maintenance costs increased, and effects in BT were slightly greater when costs of growth increased. In contrast, results at the population level differed markedly among species with GCT the most impacted by sub-lethal stress effects on individual metabolism. Our findings suggest that using non-listed species to assess the risks of stressors to listed species populations may be misleading, even if the species are closely related and show similar individual-level responses. Mechanistic population models that incorporate species life history and ecology can improve inter-species extrapolation of stressor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Accolla
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Maxime Vaugeois
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Valery E Forbes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Crane M, Hallmark N, Lagadic L, Ott K, Pickford D, Preuss T, Thompson H, Thorbek P, Weltje L, Wheeler JR. Assessing the population relevance of endocrine-disrupting effects for nontarget vertebrates exposed to plant protection products. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:278-291. [PMID: 30520244 PMCID: PMC6850575 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The European Commission intends to protect vertebrate wildlife populations by regulating plant protection product (PPP) active substances that have endocrine-disrupting properties with a hazard-based approach. In this paper we consider how the Commission's hazard-based regulation and accompanying guidance can be operationalized to ensure that a technically robust process is used to distinguish between substances with adverse population-level effects and those for which it can be demonstrated that adverse effects observed (typically in the laboratory) do not translate into adverse effects at the population level. Our approach is to use population models within the adverse outcome pathway framework to link the nonlinear relationship between adverse effects at the individual and population levels in the following way: (1) use specific protection goals for focal wildlife populations within an ecosystem services framework; (2) model the effects of changes in population-related inputs on focal species populations with individual-based population models to determine thresholds between negligible and nonnegligible (i.e., adverse) population-level effects; (3) compare these thresholds with the relevant endpoints from laboratory toxicity tests to determine whether they are likely to be exceeded at hazard-based limits or the maximum tolerated dose/concentration from the experimental studies. If the population threshold is not exceeded, then the substance should not be classified as an endocrine disruptor with population-relevant adversity unless there are other lines of evidence within a weight-of-evidence approach to challenge this. We believe this approach is scientifically robust and still addresses the political and legal requirement for a hazard-based assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:278-291. © 2018 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Hallmark
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science DivisionRegulatory ToxicologySophia‐Antipolis CedexFrance
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG, Crop Science DivisionEnvironmental SafetyMonheim am RheinGermany
| | - Katharina Ott
- BASF SECrop Protection—EcotoxicologyLimburgerhofGermany
| | - Dan Pickford
- SyngentaJealott's Hill International Research StationBracknellUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Preuss
- Bayer AG, Crop Science DivisionEnvironmental SafetyMonheim am RheinGermany
| | - Helen Thompson
- SyngentaJealott's Hill International Research StationBracknellUnited Kingdom
| | - Pernille Thorbek
- SyngentaJealott's Hill International Research StationBracknellUnited Kingdom
- Present address: BASF SE, APD/EELimburgerhofGermany
| | | | - James R Wheeler
- Corteva AgriscienceAgriculture Division of DowDuPontOxfordshireUnited Kingdom
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9
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Forbes VE, Railsback S, Accolla C, Birnir B, Bruins RJF, Ducrot V, Galic N, Garber K, Harvey BC, Jager HI, Kanarek A, Pastorok R, Rebarber R, Thorbek P, Salice CJ. Predicting impacts of chemicals from organisms to ecosystem service delivery: A case study of endocrine disruptor effects on trout. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:949-959. [PMID: 30179823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how mechanistic modeling can be used to predict whether and how biological responses to chemicals at (sub)organismal levels in model species (i.e., what we typically measure) translate into impacts on ecosystem service delivery (i.e., what we care about). We consider a hypothetical case study of two species of trout, brown trout (Salmo trutta; BT) and greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias; GCT). These hypothetical populations live in a high-altitude river system and are exposed to human-derived estrogen (17α‑ethinyl estradiol, EE2), which is the bioactive estrogen in many contraceptives. We use the individual-based model inSTREAM to explore how seasonally varying concentrations of EE2 could influence male spawning and sperm quality. Resulting impacts on trout recruitment and the consequences of such for anglers and for the continued viability of populations of GCT (the state fish of Colorado) are explored. inSTREAM incorporates seasonally varying river flow and temperature, fishing pressure, the influence of EE2 on species-specific demography, and inter-specific competition. The model facilitates quantitative exploration of the relative importance of endocrine disruption and inter-species competition on trout population dynamics. Simulations predicted constant EE2 loading to have more impacts on GCT than BT. However, increasing removal of BT by anglers can enhance the persistence of GCT and offset some of the negative effects of EE2. We demonstrate how models that quantitatively link impacts of chemicals and other stressors on individual survival, growth, and reproduction to consequences for populations and ecosystem service delivery, can be coupled with ecosystem service valuation. The approach facilitates interpretation of toxicity data in an ecological context and gives beneficiaries of ecosystem services a more explicit role in management decisions. Although challenges remain, this type of approach may be particularly helpful for site-specific risk assessments and those in which tradeoffs and synergies among ecosystem services need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery E Forbes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | | | - Chiara Accolla
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Bjorn Birnir
- Center for Complex and Nonlinear Science and Department of Mathematics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Randall J F Bruins
- Systems Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Nika Galic
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Kristina Garber
- Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bret C Harvey
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Henriette I Jager
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Andrew Kanarek
- Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Richard Rebarber
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Pernille Thorbek
- Environmental Safety, Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Salice
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, and the Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
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10
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Krzykwa JC, Olivas A, Sellin Jeffries MK. Development of cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental metrics as sublethal endpoints for the Fish embryo toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2530-2541. [PMID: 29920761 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity (FET) test has been proposed as a more humane alternative to current toxicity testing methods as younger organisms are thought to experience less distress during toxicant exposure. However, the FET test protocol does not include endpoints that allow for the prediction of sublethal adverse outcomes, limiting its utility relative to other test types. Researchers have proposed the development of sublethal endpoints for the FET test to increase its utility. The present study 1) developed methods for previously unmeasured sublethal metrics in fathead minnows (i.e., spontaneous contraction frequency and heart rate) and 2) investigated the responsiveness of several sublethal endpoints related to growth (wet wt, length, and growth-related gene expression), neurodevelopment (spontaneous contraction frequency, eye size, and neurodevelopmental gene expression), and cardiovascular function and development (pericardial area, heart rate, and cardiovascular system-related gene expression) as additional FET test metrics using the model toxicant 3,4-dichloroaniline. Of the growth, neurological, and cardiovascular endpoints measured, length, eye size, and pericardial area were found to be more responsive than the other endpoints evaluated. Future studies linking alterations in these endpoints to longer-term adverse impacts are needed to fully evaluate the predictive power of these metrics in chemical and whole-effluent toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2530-2541. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Alexis Olivas
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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11
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Ankley GT, Coady KK, Gross M, Holbech H, Levine SL, Maack G, Williams M. A critical review of the environmental occurrence and potential effects in aquatic vertebrates of the potent androgen receptor agonist 17β-trenbolone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2064-2078. [PMID: 29701261 PMCID: PMC6129983 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trenbolone acetate is widely used in some parts of the world for its desirable anabolic effects on livestock. Several metabolites of the acetate, including 17β-trenbolone, have been detected at low nanograms per liter concentrations in surface waters associated with animal feedlots. The 17β-trenbolone isomer can affect androgen receptor signaling pathways in various vertebrate species at comparatively low concentrations/doses. The present article provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of the existing literature concerning exposure to and biological effects of 17β-trenbolone, with an emphasis on potential risks to aquatic animals. In vitro studies indicate that, although 17β-trenbolone can activate several nuclear hormone receptors, its highest affinity is for the androgen receptor in all vertebrate taxa examined, including fish. Exposure of fish to nanograms per liter water concentrations of 17β-trenbolone can cause changes in endocrine function in the short term, and adverse apical effects in longer exposures during development and reproduction. Impacts on endocrine function typically are indicative of inappropriate androgen receptor signaling, such as changes in sex steroid metabolism, impacts on gonadal stage, and masculinization of females. Exposure of fish to 17β-trenbolone during sexual differentiation in early development can greatly skew sex ratios, whereas adult exposures can adversely impact fertility and fecundity. To fully assess ecosystem-level risks, additional research is warranted to address uncertainties as to the degree/breadth of environmental exposures and potential population-level effects of 17β-trenbolone in sensitive species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2064-2078. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office or Research and Development, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Katherine K. Coady
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Gerd Maack
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roβlau, Germany
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12
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Andersson N, Arena M, Auteri D, Barmaz S, Grignard E, Kienzler A, Lepper P, Lostia AM, Munn S, Parra Morte JM, Pellizzato F, Tarazona J, Terron A, Van der Linden S. Guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors in the context of Regulations (EU) No 528/2012 and (EC) No 1107/2009. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05311. [PMID: 32625944 PMCID: PMC7009395 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This Guidance describes how to perform hazard identification for endocrine-disrupting properties by following the scientific criteria which are outlined in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/2100 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/605 for biocidal products and plant protection products, respectively.
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13
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Roush KS, Krzykwa JC, Malmquist JA, Stephens DA, Sellin Jeffries MK. Enhancing the fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity test: Optimizing embryo production and assessing the utility of additional test endpoints. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:45-53. [PMID: 29407737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity (FET) test has been identified as a potential alternative to toxicity test methods that utilize older fish. However, several challenges have been identified with the fathead minnow FET test, including: 1) difficulties in obtaining appropriately-staged embryos for FET test initiation, 2) a paucity of data comparing fathead minnow FET test performance to the fathead minnow larval growth and survival (LGS) test and 3) a lack of sublethal endpoints that could be used to estimate chronic toxicity and/or predict adverse effects. These challenges were addressed through three study objectives. The first objective was to optimize embryo production by assessing the effect of breeding group composition (number of males and females) on egg production. Results showed that groups containing one male and four females produced the largest clutches, enhancing the likelihood of procuring sufficient numbers of embryos for FET test initiation. The second study objective was to compare the performance of the FET test to that of the fathead minnow LGS test using three reference toxicants. The FET and LGS tests were similar in their ability to predict the acute toxicity of sodium chloride and ethanol, but the FET test was found to be more sensitive than the LGS test for sodium dodecyl sulfate. The last objective of the study was to evaluate the utility and practicality of several sublethal metrics (i.e., growth, developmental abnormalities and growth- and stress-related gene expression) as FET test endpoints. Developmental abnormalities, including pericardial edema and hatch success, were found to offer the most promise as additional FET test endpoints, given their responsiveness, potential for predicting adverse effects, ease of assessment and low cost of measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Roush
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jacob A Malmquist
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Dane A Stephens
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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14
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de Souza Machado AA, Kloas W, Zarfl C, Hempel S, Rillig MC. Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1405-1416. [PMID: 29245177 PMCID: PMC5834940 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 861] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (plastics <5 mm, including nanoplastics which are <0.1 μm) originate from the fragmentation of large plastic litter or from direct environmental emission. Their potential impacts in terrestrial ecosystems remain largely unexplored despite numerous reported effects on marine organisms. Most plastics arriving in the oceans were produced, used, and often disposed on land. Hence, it is within terrestrial systems that microplastics might first interact with biota eliciting ecologically relevant impacts. This article introduces the pervasive microplastic contamination as a potential agent of global change in terrestrial systems, highlights the physical and chemical nature of the respective observed effects, and discusses the broad toxicity of nanoplastics derived from plastic breakdown. Making relevant links to the fate of microplastics in aquatic continental systems, we here present new insights into the mechanisms of impacts on terrestrial geochemistry, the biophysical environment, and ecotoxicology. Broad changes in continental environments are possible even in particle-rich habitats such as soils. Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that microplastics interact with terrestrial organisms that mediate essential ecosystem services and functions, such as soil dwelling invertebrates, terrestrial fungi, and plant-pollinators. Therefore, research is needed to clarify the terrestrial fate and effects of microplastics. We suggest that due to the widespread presence, environmental persistence, and various interactions with continental biota, microplastic pollution might represent an emerging global change threat to terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Abel de Souza Machado
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin. Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz- Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries. Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research. Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Kloas
- Leibniz- Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries. Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Zarfl
- Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hempel
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin. Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research. Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin. Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research. Berlin, Germany
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15
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Brüggemann M, Licht O, Fetter É, Teigeler M, Schäfers C, Eilebrecht E. Knotting nets: Molecular junctions of interconnecting endocrine axes identified by application of the adverse outcome pathway concept. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:318-328. [PMID: 28984380 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To be defined as an endocrine disruptor, a substance has to meet several criteria, including the induction of specific adverse effects, a specific endocrine mode of action, and a plausible link between both. The latter criterion in particular might not always be unequivocally determined, especially because the endocrine system consists of diverse endocrine axes. The axes closely interact with each other, and manipulation of one triggers effects on the other. The present review aimed to identify some of the many interconnections between these axes. The focus was on fish, but data obtained in studies on amphibians and mammals were considered if they assisted in closing data gaps, because most of the endocrine mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. The review includes data both from ecotoxicological studies and on physiological processes and gives information on hormone/hormone receptor interactions or gene transcription regulation. The key events and key event relationships identified provide explanations for unexpected effects on one axis, exerted by substances suspected to act specifically on another axis. Based on these data, several adverse outcome pathway (AOP) segments are identified, describing connections between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes, the HPG and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axes, and the HPT and HPA/I axes. Central key events identified across axes were altered aromatase activity as well as altered expression and function of the proteins 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. Substance classes that act on more than one endocrine axis were, for example, goitrogens or aromatase inhibitors. Despite the wealth of information gathered, the present review only provides a few insights into the molecular nets of endocrine axes, demonstrating the complexity of their interconnections. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:318-328. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brüggemann
- Fraunhofer IME, Department of Ecotoxicology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Licht
- Fraunhofer ITEM, Department of Chemical Risk Assessment, Hannover, Germany
| | - Éva Fetter
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau, Germany
| | | | | | - Elke Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer IME, Department of Ecotoxicology, Schmallenberg, Germany
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16
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Dreier DA, Weltje L, Wheeler JR. Advancing the assessment of population stability as a protection goal in ecotoxicology. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2018; 14:150-152. [PMID: 29274263 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Dreier
- Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Crop Protection-Ecotoxicology, Limburgerhof, Germany
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17
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Leopold A, Roberts M, Matthiessen P. Ecotoxicological hazard and risk assessment of endocrine active substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:264-266. [PMID: 27862919 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This collection of papers provides state-of-the-art science on a complex topic that has been challenging for scientists and regulators for a long time. The papers emanated from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Pellston Workshop® Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment Approaches for Endocrine-Active Substances (EHRA). Forty-eight international experts met in early February 2016 to discuss whether the environmental risks posed by endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS) can be reliably assessed. The primary conclusion of the workshop was that if data on environmental exposure, effects on sensitive species and life-stages, delayed effects, and effects at low concentrations are robust, initiating environmental risk assessment of EDS is scientifically sound and reliable. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:264-266. © 2016 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike Roberts
- Independent Consultant, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Matthiessen
- Independent Consultant, Beulah, Llanwrtyd Wells, Powys, United Kingdom
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18
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Coady KK, Biever RC, Denslow ND, Gross M, Guiney PD, Holbech H, Karouna-Renier NK, Katsiadaki I, Krueger H, Levine SL, Maack G, Williams M, Wolf JC, Ankley GT. Current limitations and recommendations to improve testing for the environmental assessment of endocrine active substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:302-316. [PMID: 27791330 PMCID: PMC6059567 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, existing regulatory frameworks and test systems for assessing potential endocrine active chemicals are described, and associated challenges are discussed, along with proposed approaches to address these challenges. Regulatory frameworks vary somewhat across geographies, but all basically evaluate whether a chemical possesses endocrine activity and whether this activity can result in adverse outcomes either to humans or to the environment. Current test systems include in silico, in vitro, and in vivo techniques focused on detecting potential endocrine activity, and in vivo tests that collect apical data to detect possible adverse effects. These test systems are currently designed to robustly assess endocrine activity and/or adverse effects in the estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone signaling pathways; however, there are some limitations of current test systems for evaluating endocrine hazard and risk. These limitations include a lack of certainty regarding: 1) adequately sensitive species and life stages; 2) mechanistic endpoints that are diagnostic for endocrine pathways of concern; and 3) the linkage between mechanistic responses and apical, adverse outcomes. Furthermore, some existing test methods are resource intensive with regard to time, cost, and use of animals. However, based on recent experiences, there are opportunities to improve approaches to and guidance for existing test methods and to reduce uncertainty. For example, in vitro high-throughput screening could be used to prioritize chemicals for testing and provide insights as to the most appropriate assays for characterizing hazard and risk. Other recommendations include adding endpoints for elucidating connections between mechanistic effects and adverse outcomes, identifying potentially sensitive taxa for which test methods currently do not exist, and addressing key endocrine pathways of possible concern in addition to those associated with estrogen, androgen, and thyroid signaling. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:302-316. © 2016 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Coady
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, Midland, Michigan, USA
- Address correspondence to
| | | | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Patrick D Guiney
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Hank Krueger
- Wildlife International, Division of EAG Laboratories, Easton, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven L Levine
- Global Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gerd Maack
- German Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia, USA
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19
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Parrott JL, Bjerregaard P, Brugger KE, Gray LE, Iguchi T, Kadlec SM, Weltje L, Wheeler JR. Uncertainties in biological responses that influence hazard and risk approaches to the regulation of endocrine active substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:293-301. [PMID: 27862884 PMCID: PMC8215718 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS) may have certain biological effects including delayed effects, multigenerational effects, and may display nonmonotonic dose-response (NMDR) relationships that require careful consideration when determining environmental hazards. Endocrine disrupting substances can have specific and profound effects when exposure occurs during sensitive windows of the life cycle (development, reproduction). This creates the potential for delayed effects that manifest when exposure has ceased, possibly in a different life stage. This potential underscores the need for testing in appropriate (sensitive) life stages and full life cycle designs. Such tests are available in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tool box and should be used to derive endpoints that can be considered protective of all life stages. Similarly, the potential for effects to be manifest in subsequent generations (multigenerational effects) has also been raised as a potential issue in the derivation of appropriate endpoints for EDS. However, multigenerational studies showing increasing sensitivity of successive generations are uncommon. Indeed this is reflected in the design of new higher tier tests to assess endocrine active substances (EAS) that move to extended one-generation designs and away from multi-generational studies. The occurrence of NMDRs is also considered a limiting factor for reliable risk assessment of EDS. Evidence to date indicates NMDRs are more prevalent in in vitro and mechanistic data, not often translating to adverse apical endpoints that would be used in risk assessment. A series of steps to evaluate NMDRs in the context of endocrine hazard and risk assessment procedures is presented. If careful consideration of delayed, multigenerational effects and NMDRs is made, it is feasible to assess environmental endocrine hazards and derive robust apical endpoints for risk assessment procedures ensuring a high level of environmental protection. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:293-301. © 2016 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- Address correspondence to
| | - Poul Bjerregaard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristin E Brugger
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - L Earl Gray
- USEPA, Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Research, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sarah M Kadlec
- University of Minnesota, Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Crop Protection-Ecotoxicology, Limburgerhof, Germany
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20
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Matthiessen P, Ankley GT, Biever RC, Bjerregaard P, Borgert C, Brugger K, Blankinship A, Chambers J, Coady KK, Constantine L, Dang Z, Denslow ND, Dreier DA, Dungey S, Gray LE, Gross M, Guiney PD, Hecker M, Holbech H, Iguchi T, Kadlec S, Karouna-Renier NK, Katsiadaki I, Kawashima Y, Kloas W, Krueger H, Kumar A, Lagadic L, Leopold A, Levine SL, Maack G, Marty S, Meado J, Mihaich E, Odum J, Ortego L, Parrott J, Pickford D, Roberts M, Schaefers C, Schwarz T, Solomon K, Verslycke T, Weltje L, Wheeler JR, Williams M, Wolf JC, Yamazaki K. Recommended approaches to the scientific evaluation of ecotoxicological hazards and risks of endocrine-active substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:267-279. [PMID: 28127947 PMCID: PMC6069525 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A SETAC Pellston Workshop® "Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment Approaches for Endocrine-Active Substances (EHRA)" was held in February 2016 in Pensacola, Florida, USA. The primary objective of the workshop was to provide advice, based on current scientific understanding, to regulators and policy makers; the aim being to make considered, informed decisions on whether to select an ecotoxicological hazard- or a risk-based approach for regulating a given endocrine-disrupting substance (EDS) under review. The workshop additionally considered recent developments in the identification of EDS. Case studies were undertaken on 6 endocrine-active substances (EAS-not necessarily proven EDS, but substances known to interact directly with the endocrine system) that are representative of a range of perturbations of the endocrine system and considered to be data rich in relevant information at multiple biological levels of organization for 1 or more ecologically relevant taxa. The substances selected were 17α-ethinylestradiol, perchlorate, propiconazole, 17β-trenbolone, tributyltin, and vinclozolin. The 6 case studies were not comprehensive safety evaluations but provided foundations for clarifying key issues and procedures that should be considered when assessing the ecotoxicological hazards and risks of EAS and EDS. The workshop also highlighted areas of scientific uncertainty, and made specific recommendations for research and methods-development to resolve some of the identified issues. The present paper provides broad guidance for scientists in regulatory authorities, industry, and academia on issues likely to arise during the ecotoxicological hazard and risk assessment of EAS and EDS. The primary conclusion of this paper, and of the SETAC Pellston Workshop on which it is based, is that if data on environmental exposure, effects on sensitive species and life-stages, delayed effects, and effects at low concentrations are robust, initiating environmental risk assessment of EDS is scientifically sound and sufficiently reliable and protective of the environment. In the absence of such data, assessment on the basis of hazard is scientifically justified until such time as relevant new information is available. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:267-279. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Matthiessen
- independent Consultant, Dolfan Barn, Beulah, Llanwrtyd Wells, Powys, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Poul Bjerregaard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christopher Borgert
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Dept Physiol Sciences, CEHT, Univ of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristin Brugger
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amy Blankinship
- Office of Pesticide Programs, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
| | - Janice Chambers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Katherine K Coady
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy D Denslow
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David A Dreier
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Steve Dungey
- Environment Agency, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - L Earl Gray
- US Environmental Agency, Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Patrick D Guiney
- Molecular & Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre and School of the Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sarah Kadlec
- University of Minnesota, Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | | | - Werner Kloas
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anu Kumar
- CSIRO, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Ecotoxicology, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Steven L Levine
- Global Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gerd Maack
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Sue Marty
- Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | - James Meado
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Fish Health Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ellen Mihaich
- Environmental and Regulatory Resources, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenny Odum
- Regulatory Science Associates, Binley Business Park, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Ortego
- Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanne Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Pickford
- Syngenta, Jealotts Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Roberts
- Independent Consultant, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tamar Schwarz
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia, USA
| | - Kunihiko Yamazaki
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of the Environment, Tokyo, Japan
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