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Zargan J, Jahangirian E, Khan HA, Ali S. Proteomic analysis of two novel peptides from the Odontobuthus doriae scorpion venom. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39287957 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2403612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The venom of the Odontobuthus doriae scorpion, prevalent in East Asia and Iran, has not been fully characterized. This study provides the first proteomic profile of O. doriae venom to explore its potential as a medical. 2D-PAGE analysis revealed 96 protein spots with isoelectric points from 3 to 9 and molecular weights between 6.6 to 205 kDa. Fourteen toxin fractions were isolated via HPLC, and SDS-PAGE showed seven protein bands ranging from 3.8 to 182 kDa. MALDI-TOF MS identified Peptide 1 and Peptide 2, resembling Hemoglobin beta-2 chain and Chaperonin HSP60 and suggest potential therapeutic applications for P1 and P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Zargan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran 1698715461, Iran
| | - Ehsan Jahangirian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran 1698715461, Iran
| | - Haider A Khan
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shakir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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2
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Wu A, Yue H, Huang F, Chen J, Xie F, Wang J, Wu J, Geng Z. Serum β2-microglobulin is closely associated with 3-month outcome of acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort study. Ir J Med Sci 2023; 192:1875-1881. [PMID: 36169913 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-03170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a frequent type of hemorrhagic stroke. Numerous studies have suggested that inflammation plays an important role in the injury and recovery of ICH. β2-microglobulin (β2M) is an inflammatory indicator with an unclear association with ICH development. This study aimed to explore the role of β2M in the outcome of patients with ICH after 3 months of ICH onset. METHODS The β2M and other baseline information of 231 patients with ICH were assessed (83 females and 148 males). We followed up with all patients 3 months after ICH onset, and severe disability or a worse outcome was our main focus. We collected the serum β2M levels, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores, and other relevant baseline information of each patient. We used multiple regression analysis to explore the association between β2M levels and follow-up outcomes. RESULTS Our results indicated that the β2M level of the good outcome (2.35 ± 0.84 mg/l) group was significantly lower than that of the poor outcome group (3.06 ± 1.71 mg/l) (P < 0.001). Further multiple regression analysis showed that β2M was regarded as a risk factor that was closely associated with the poor outcome 3 months after ICH onset (odds ratio = 2.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.22-4.19, P = 0.009). Further correlation analysis revealed that β2M was significantly correlated with NIHSS scores (r = 0.187, P = 0.004) and follow-up mRS scores (r = 0.25, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION β2M was a risk factor for early outcome after ICH onset, and high β2M level was associated with short-time poor prognosis of ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Juncang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230011, Anhui, China.
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Nejati-Koshki K, Roberts CT, Babaei G, Rastegar M. The Epigenetic Reader Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) Is an Emerging Oncogene in Cancer Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2683. [PMID: 37345019 PMCID: PMC10216337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are gene regulatory processes that control gene expression and cellular identity. Epigenetic factors include the "writers", "readers", and "erasers" of epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation. Accordingly, the nuclear protein Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) is a reader of DNA methylation with key roles in cellular identity and function. Research studies have linked altered DNA methylation, deregulation of MeCP2 levels, or MECP2 gene mutations to different types of human disease. Due to the high expression level of MeCP2 in the brain, many studies have focused on its role in neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that MeCP2 also participates in the tumorigenesis of different types of human cancer, with potential oncogenic properties. It is well documented that aberrant epigenetic regulation such as altered DNA methylation may lead to cancer and the process of tumorigenesis. However, direct involvement of MeCP2 with that of human cancer was not fully investigated until lately. In recent years, a multitude of research studies from independent groups have explored the molecular mechanisms involving MeCP2 in a vast array of human cancers that focus on the oncogenic characteristics of MeCP2. Here, we provide an overview of the proposed role of MeCP2 as an emerging oncogene in different types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 85991-56189, Iran;
| | - Chris-Tiann Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Ghader Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 57157-89400, Iran;
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
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4
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Althubiti M. β2-microglobulin is overexpressed in buccal cells of elderly and correlated with expression of p16 and inflammatory genes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103418. [PMID: 36065194 PMCID: PMC9440304 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β2M (Beta 2 microglobulin) is a small protein that is found in all nucleated cells, previous finding showed that its levels increased in the serum of the elderly. Buccal cell samples are none invasive approach for assessing the expression of target genes. There was rationality to assess the expression of β2M in buccal cells of people of a different group of ages. Indeed, the expression of β2M increased significantly with fold change 3.40, 4.80, 6.60**, 8.20*** and 12.04*** for the group of age 18–25 years, 26–35 years, 36–45 years, 46–55 years, and 56–70 years respectively. The same observation was seen with markers of biological aging (p16INK4a) with fold change 3.19, 3.90, 4.80*, 8.50*** and 12.40*** for the group of age 18–25 years, 26–35 years, 36–45 years, 46–55 years, and 56–70 years respectively. As expected, there was an increase in the inflammatory genes (IL-1 β and IL-6) expression in the elderly. Moreover, there was a direct significant correlation (r = 90, p < 0.001) between β2M expression and age (years), and the same direct significant correlation between p16INK4a expression and age (years) was also seen (r = 90, p < 0.001). In addition, a direct correlation between β2M and p16INK4a was also seen (r = 0.8.3, p < 0.001), there was also direct correlation between β2M and IL-1 β and IL-6 with (r = 0.5, p < 0.001; r = 0.68, p < 0.001) respectively. This evidence showed that β2M increased in buccal cells of the elderly compared to younger, and thereby buccal cells can be exploited to assess biological aging by measuring β2M levels, however, large sample size and using another assessing method such as β2M protein levels should be performed to confirm the results.
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Differential Sensitivity of the Protein Translation Initiation Machinery and mTOR Signaling to MECP2 Gain- and Loss-of-Function Involves MeCP2 Isoform-Specific Homeostasis in the Brain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091442. [PMID: 35563748 PMCID: PMC9105805 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic gene expression is controlled at multiple levels, including gene transcription and protein translation initiation. One molecule with key roles in both regulatory mechanisms is methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). MECP2 gain- and loss-of-function mutations lead to Rett Syndrome and MECP2 Duplication Syndrome, respectively. To study MECP2 gain-of-function, we generated stably transduced human brain cells using lentiviral vectors for both MECP2E1 and MECP2E2 isoforms. Stable overexpression was confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. We assessed the impact of MeCP2E1-E2 gain-of-function on the MeCP2 homeostasis regulatory network (MECP2E1/E2-BDNF/BDNF-miR-132), mTOR-AKT signaling, ribosome biogenesis, markers of chromatin structure, and protein translation initiation. We observed that combined co-transduction of MeCP2 isoforms led to protein degradation of MeCP2E1. Proteosome inhibition by MG132 treatment recovered MeCP2E1 protein within an hour, suggesting its induced degradation through the proteosome pathway. No significant change was detected for translation initiation factors as a result of MeCP2E1, MeCP2E2, or combined overexpression of both isoforms. In contrast, analysis of human Rett Syndrome brains tissues compared with controls indicated impaired protein translation initiation, suggesting that such mechanisms may have differential sensitivity to MECP2 gain- and loss-of-function. Collectively, our results provide further insight towards the dose-dependent functional role of MeCP2 isoforms in the human brain.
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Wang HX, Zhang R, Li Z, Wang LS, Yu Y, Wang Q, Ding Z, Zhang JP, Zhang MR, Xu LC. Cypermethrin induces Sertoli cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway associated with calcium. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:742-750. [PMID: 34484665 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cypermethrin, one kind of pyrethroid pesticides, has been shown to act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of Sertoli cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway associated with calcium (Ca2+) in cypermethrin-induced male reproductive toxicology. The mouse Sertoli cells TM4 were cultured with 0 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM and 80 μM of cypermethrin. We used flow cytometry, Fluo-4 AM, western blot and JC-1 Assay Kit to examine apoptosis, intracellular Ca2+, expressions of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway-related proteins and mitochondrial membrane potential. We found cypermethrin increased apoptosis rate of TM4 cells significantly and with a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Cypermethrin significantly decreased the protein expressions of cytosolic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt-c). The protein expressions of cytosolic Bcl-2-associated x (Bax), Cyt-c, cleaved caspase-3, calmodulin (CaM), Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinases II (CaMKII) and phosphorylated CaMKII were increased significantly in cypermethrin-exposed TM4 cells. Cypermethrin decreased mitochondrial membrane potential significantly. Then, Bcl-2 family and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKII pathway participate in cypermethrin-induced homeostasis. Ca2+ overload activates mitochondrial pathway by increasing permeability of mitochondrial membrane and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential. We suggest cypermethrin induces Sertoli cell apoptosis involving mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ regulated by Bcl-2 family and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKII pathway. The study provides a new insight into mechanisms involved in cypermethrin-induced male reproductive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Xue Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu-Shan Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Peng Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei-Rong Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Chun Xu
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, 209 Tong-Shan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Althubiti M, Elzubier M, Alotaibi GS, Althubaiti MA, Alsadi HH, Alhazmi ZA, Alghamdi F, El-Readi MZ, Almaimani R, Babakr A. Beta 2 microglobulin correlates with oxidative stress in elderly. Exp Gerontol 2021; 150:111359. [PMID: 33905876 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beta 2 microglobulin (Β2M) is expressed in all nucleated cells, it interplays with mediators to regulate and modulate cellular functions. Its role in aging associated disorders has been documented recently. Oxidative stress has been known to play a direct implication on these disorders. Therefore, there is a rationality to explore the function of Β2M in oxidative stress in elderly people. The aim of the study was to assess the Β2M levels in different group of age, and to study the correlation between Β2M and oxidative stress. Actually, the serum levels of Β2M increased significantly in old people comparing to youngers. In addition, there was a positive correlation between Β2M levels and the age of participants (p < 0.001). In addition, there was a positive correlation between Β2M levels and Malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.001), which underscored the possible role of Β2M in oxidative stress. To confirm the previous result, the correlation between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Β2M was assessed. There was a negative correlation between them (p < 0.001). These results suggested a possible role of Β2M in oxidative stress status in elderly people; in addition, it suggested the ability of using Β2M as a novel biomarker for oxidative stress. However, further work should be conducted to explore the exact role of Β2M in oxidative stress, and to include large sample size to confirm the results before translating the findings to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Althubiti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Elzubier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Hazim Hamed Alsadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Riyad Almaimani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullatif Babakr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Pejhan S, Del Bigio MR, Rastegar M. The MeCP2E1/E2-BDNF- miR132 Homeostasis Regulatory Network Is Region-Dependent in the Human Brain and Is Impaired in Rett Syndrome Patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:763. [PMID: 32974336 PMCID: PMC7471663 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett Syndrome (RTT) is a rare and progressive neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by de novo mutations in the X-linked Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene and is subjected to X-chromosome inactivation. RTT is commonly associated with neurological regression, autistic features, motor control impairment, seizures, loss of speech and purposeful hand movements, mainly affecting females. Different animal and cellular model systems have tremendously contributed to our current knowledge about MeCP2 and RTT. However, the majority of these findings remain unexamined in the brain of RTT patients. Based on previous studies in rodent brains, the highly conserved neuronal microRNA “miR132” was suggested to be an inhibitor of MeCP2 expression. The neuronal miR132 itself is induced by Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), a neurotransmitter modulator, which in turn is controlled by MeCP2. This makes the basis of the MECP2-BDNF-miR132 feedback regulatory loop in the brain. Here, we studied the components of this feedback regulatory network in humans, and its possible impairment in the brain of RTT patients. In this regard, we evaluated the transcript and protein levels of MECP2/MeCP2E1 and E2 isoforms, BDNF/BDNF, and miR132 (both 3p and 5p strands) by real time RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA in four different regions of the human RTT brains and their age-, post-mortem delay-, and sex-matched controls. The transcript level of the studied elements was significantly compromised in RTT patients, even though the change was not identical in different parts of the brain. Our data indicates that MeCP2E1/E2-BDNF protein levels did not follow their corresponding transcript trends. Correlational studies suggested that the MECP2E1/E2-BDNF-miR132 homeostasis regulation might not be similarly controlled in different parts of the human brain. Despite challenges in evaluating autopsy samples in rare diseases, our findings would help to shed some light on RTT pathobiology, and obscurities caused by limited studies on MeCP2 regulation in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Pejhan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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9
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Zhao J, Zhong S, Niu X, Jiang J, Zhang R, Li Q. The MHC class I-LILRB1 signalling axis as a promising target in cancer therapy. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12804. [PMID: 31267559 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are among the newest, cutting-edge methods for the treatment of cancer. Currently, they primarily influence T cell adaptive immunotherapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/B7 signalling pathways. These inhibitors fight cancer by reactivating the patient's own adaptive immune system, with good results in many cancers. With the discovery of the "Don't Eat Me" molecule, CD47, antibody-based drugs that target the macrophage-related innate immunosuppressive signalling pathway, CD47-SIRPα, have been developed and have achieved stunning results in the laboratory and the clinic, but there remain unexplained instances of tumour immune escape. While investigating the immunological tolerance of cancer to anti-CD47 antibodies, a second "Don't Eat Me" molecule on tumour cells, beta 2 microglobulin (β2m), a component of MHC class I, was described. Some tumour cells reduce their surface expression of MHC class I to escape T cell recognition. However, other tumour cells highly express β2m complexed with the MHC class I heavy chain to send a "Don't Eat Me" signal by binding to leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor family B, member 1 (LILRB1) on macrophages, leading to a loss of immune surveillance. Investigating the mechanisms underlying this immunosuppressive MHC class I-LILRB1 signalling axis in tumour-associated macrophages will be useful in developing therapies to restore macrophage function and control MHC class I signalling in patient tumours. The goal is to promote adaptive immunity while suppressing the innate immune response to tumours. This work will identify new therapeutic targets for the development of pharmaceutical-based tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xing Niu
- Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ruochen Zhang
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Qingchang Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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10
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Sheikholeslami K, Ali Sher A, Lockman S, Kroft D, Ganjibakhsh M, Nejati-Koshki K, Shojaei S, Ghavami S, Rastegar M. Simvastatin Induces Apoptosis in Medulloblastoma Brain Tumor Cells via Mevalonate Cascade Prenylation Substrates. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070994. [PMID: 31319483 PMCID: PMC6678292 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a common pediatric brain tumor and one of the main types of solid cancers in children below the age of 10. Recently, cholesterol-lowering “statin” drugs have been highlighted for their possible anti-cancer effects. Clinically, statins are reported to have promising potential for consideration as an adjuvant therapy in different types of cancers. However, the anti-cancer effects of statins in medulloblastoma brain tumor cells are not currently well-defined. Here, we investigated the cell death mechanisms by which simvastatin mediates its effects on different human medulloblastoma cell lines. Simvastatin is a lipophilic drug that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and has pleotropic effects. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase prevents the formation of essential downstream intermediates in the mevalonate cascade, such as farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and gernaylgerany parophosphate (GGPP). These intermediates are involved in the activation pathway of small Rho GTPase proteins in different cell types. We observed that simvastatin significantly induces dose-dependent apoptosis in three different medulloblastoma brain tumor cell lines (Daoy, D283, and D341 cells). Our investigation shows that simvastatin-induced cell death is regulated via prenylation intermediates of the cholesterol metabolism pathway. Our results indicate that the induction of different caspases (caspase 3, 7, 8, and 9) depends on the nature of the medulloblastoma cell line. Western blot analysis shows that simvastatin leads to changes in the expression of regulator proteins involved in apoptosis, such as Bax, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xl. Taken together, our data suggests the potential application of a novel non-classical adjuvant therapy for medulloblastoma, through the regulation of protein prenylation intermediates that occurs via inhibition of the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Sheikholeslami
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, BMSB 627, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Annan Ali Sher
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, BMSB 627, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Sandhini Lockman
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, BMSB 627, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Daniel Kroft
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, BMSB 627, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Meysam Ganjibakhsh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, BMSB 627, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, BMSB 627, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, BMSB 627, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Chen YJ, Wang WH, Wu WY, Hsu CC, Wei LR, Wang SF, Hsu YW, Liaw CC, Tsai WC. Novel histone deacetylase inhibitor AR-42 exhibits antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer cells by affecting multiple biochemical pathways. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183368. [PMID: 28829799 PMCID: PMC5567660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer with a 5-year survival rate of ~5%. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) participate in many cellular processes, including carcinogenesis, and pharmacological inhibition of HDACs has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy. In this study, we explored antitumor activity of the novel HDAC inhibitor AR-42 in pancreatic cancer. METHODS Human pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and PANC-1 were used in this study. Real-time PCR, RT-PCR, and western blotting were employed to investigate expression of specific genes and proteins, respectively. Translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor was investigated by immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation. The number of apoptotic cells, cell cycle stages, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation levels were determined by flow cytometry. Cell invasiveness was examined by the Matrigel invasion assay. Efficacy of AR-42 in vivo was evaluated by utilizing BxPC-3 xenograft mouse model. RESULTS AR-42 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by causing G2/M cell cycle arrest via regulating expression levels of genes and proteins involved in cell cycle. AR-42 also induced ROS generation and DNA damage, triggering apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells via both caspase-3-dependent and caspase-3-independent pathways. In addition, AR-42 increased expression levels of negative regulators of p53 (miR-125b, miR-30d, and miR33), which could contribute to lower expression level of mutant p53 in pancreatic cancer cells. Cell invasion assay showed that AR-42 reduced cancer cell aggressiveness and significantly diminished BxPC-3 xenograft tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION AR-42, a novel HDAC inhibitor, inhibited pancreatic cancer cells by regulating p53 expression, inducing cell cycle arrest, particularly at the G2/M stage, and activating multiple apoptosis pathways. Additionally, AR-42 inhibited cell invasiveness and potently suppressed pancreatic cancer tumors in vivo. We conclude that by virtue of its multiple mechanisms of action, AR-42 possesses a considerable potential as an antitumor agent in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jin Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Rung Wei
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Hsu
- Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Doctoral Degree Program of Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chi Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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12
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HOX gene expression predicts response to BCL-2 inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:301-309. [PMID: 27499136 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) such as venetoclax (ABT-199) and navitoclax (ABT-263) are clinically explored in several cancer types, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells. To identify robust biomarkers for BCL-2 inhibitor sensitivity, we evaluated the ex vivo sensitivity of fresh leukemic cells from 73 diagnosed and relapsed/refractory AML patients, and then comprehensively assessed whether the responses correlated to specific mutations or gene expression signatures. Compared with samples from healthy donor controls (nonsensitive) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients (highly sensitive), AML samples exhibited variable responses to BCL-2 inhibition. Strongest CLL-like responses were observed in 15% of the AML patient samples, whereas 32% were resistant, and the remaining exhibited intermediate responses to venetoclax. BCL-2 inhibitor sensitivity was associated with genetic aberrations in chromatin modifiers, WT1 and IDH1/IDH2. A striking selective overexpression of specific HOXA and HOXB gene transcripts were detected in highly BCL-2 inhibitor sensitive samples. Ex vivo responses to venetoclax showed significant inverse correlation to β2-microglobulin expression and to a lesser degree to BCL-XL and BAX expression. As new therapy options for AML are urgently needed, the specific HOX gene expression pattern can potentially be used as a biomarker to identify venetoclax-sensitive AML patients for clinical trials.
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Li L, Dong M, Wang XG. The Implication and Significance of Beta 2 Microglobulin: A Conservative Multifunctional Regulator. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 129:448-55. [PMID: 26879019 PMCID: PMC4800846 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.176084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the current knowledge on the implication and significance of beta 2 microglobulin (β2M), a conservative immune molecule in vertebrate. DATA SOURCES The data used in this review were obtained from PubMed up to October 2015. Terms of β2M, immune response, and infection were used in the search. STUDY SELECTIONS Articles related to β2M were retrieved and reviewed. Articles focusing on the characteristic and function of β2M were selected. The exclusion criteria of articles were that the studies on β2M-related molecules. RESULTS β2M is critical for the immune surveillance and modulation in vertebrate animals. The dysregulation of β2M is associated with multiple diseases, including endogenous and infectious diseases. β2M could directly participate in the development of cancer cells, and the level of β2M is deemed as a prognostic marker for several malignancies. It also involves in forming major histocompatibility complex (MHC class I or MHC I) or like heterodimers, covering from antigen presentation to immune homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Based on the characteristic of β2M, it or its signaling pathway has been targeted as biomedical or therapeutic tools. Moreover, β2M is highly conserved among different species, and overall structures are virtually identical, implying the versatility of β2M on applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Products Processing, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wangdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoding, Hebei 072450, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora 80045, Colorado, USA
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Gautam PK, Acharya A. Antigenic Hsp70-peptide upregulate altered cell surface MHC class I expression in TAMs and increases anti-tumor function in Dalton's lymphoma bearing mice. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2023-32. [PMID: 25431260 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules not only provide a mechanistic framework for the cell-to-cell communication, but also possess broader biological function. Due to their ability to regulate presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), viral peptides which play an essential role in the regulation of immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes and by regulating cytolytic activities of immune cells. Tumor cells frequently do not express MHC class I molecules; as a result, tumor cells escape from immune surveillance. Cells surviving in tumor microenvironment are often characterized by a profound immune escape phenotype with alterations in MHC class I way of antigen processing. Cellular components of the tumor microenvironment, in particular alternatively activated M2 phenotype, are involved in tumor progression and suppression of anti-tumor immunity. Hsp70 is well recognized for its role in activating macrophages leading to enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines. It has been observed that Hsp70 derived from normal tissues do not elicit tumor immunity, while Hsp70 preparation from tumor cell associated with antigen are able to elicit tumor immunity. The finding shows that the expression of MHC class I (H2D(b)) drastically decreases in TAMs and Hsp70-peptide complex enhances H2D(b) expression in TAMs and it reverts back the suppressed function of TAMs into the M1 state of immunoregulatory phenotype that promotes tumor regression by enhanced antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Gautam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
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15
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Nomura T, Huang WC, Zhau HE, Josson S, Mimata H, Chung LWK. β2-Microglobulin-mediated signaling as a target for cancer therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:343-52. [PMID: 23848204 PMCID: PMC3931390 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113139990092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
β2-microglobulin (β2-m) has become the focus of intense scrutiny since the discovery of its undesirable roles promoting
osteomimicry and cancer progression. β2-m is a well-known housekeeping protein that forms complexes with the heavy chain of major
histocompatibility complex class I molecules, which are heterodimeric cell surface proteins that present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T
cells. On recognition of foreign peptide antigens on cell surfaces, T cells actively bind and lyse antigen-presenting cancer cells. In
addition to its roles in tumor immunity, β2-m has two different functions in cancer cells, either tumor promoting or tumor suppressing, in
cancer cell context-dependent manner. Our studies have demonstrated that β2-m is involved extensively in the functional regulation of
growth, survival, apoptosis, and even metastasis of cancer cells. We found that β2-m is a soluble growth factor and a pleiotropic signaling
molecule which interacts with its receptor, hemochromatosis protein, to modulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through
iron-responsive pathways. Specific antibodies against β2-m have remarkable tumoricidal activity in cancer, through β2-m action on iron
flux, alterations of intracellular reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and repair enzyme activities, β-catenin activation and cadherin
switching, and tumor responsiveness to hypoxia. These novel functions of β2-m and β2-m signaling may be common to several solid
tumors including human lung, breast, renal, and prostate cancers. Our experimental results could lead to the development of a novel class
of antibody-based pharmaceutical agents for cancer growth control. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent data regarding β2-m
as a promising new cancer therapeutic target and discuss antagonizing this therapeutic target with antibody therapy for the treatment of
localized and disseminated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Leland W K Chung
- Department of Urology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Olson CO, Zachariah RM, Ezeonwuka CD, Liyanage VRB, Rastegar M. Brain region-specific expression of MeCP2 isoforms correlates with DNA methylation within Mecp2 regulatory elements. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90645. [PMID: 24594659 PMCID: PMC3940938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MeCP2 is a critical epigenetic regulator in brain and its abnormal expression or compromised function leads to a spectrum of neurological disorders including Rett Syndrome and autism. Altered expression of the two MeCP2 isoforms, MeCP2E1 and MeCP2E2 has been implicated in neurological complications. However, expression, regulation and functions of the two isoforms are largely uncharacterized. Previously, we showed the role of MeCP2E1 in neuronal maturation and reported MeCP2E1 as the major protein isoform in the adult mouse brain, embryonic neurons and astrocytes. Recently, we showed that DNA methylation at the regulatory elements (REs) within the Mecp2 promoter and intron 1 impact the expression of Mecp2 isoforms in differentiating neural stem cells. This current study is aimed for a comparative analysis of temporal, regional and cell type-specific expression of MeCP2 isoforms in the developing and adult mouse brain. MeCP2E2 displayed a later expression onset than MeCP2E1 during mouse brain development. In the adult female and male brain hippocampus, both MeCP2 isoforms were detected in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, MeCP2E1 expression was relatively uniform in different brain regions (olfactory bulb, striatum, cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, brainstem and cerebellum), whereas MeCP2E2 showed differential enrichment in these brain regions. Both MeCP2 isoforms showed relatively similar distribution in these brain regions, except for cerebellum. Lastly, a preferential correlation was observed between DNA methylation at specific CpG dinucleotides within the REs and Mecp2 isoform-specific expression in these brain regions. Taken together, we show that MeCP2 isoforms display differential expression patterns during brain development and in adult mouse brain regions. DNA methylation patterns at the Mecp2 REs may impact this differential expression of Mecp2/MeCP2 isoforms in brain regions. Our results significantly contribute towards characterizing the expression profiles of Mecp2/MeCP2 isoforms and thereby provide insights on the potential role of MeCP2 isoforms in the developing and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl O. Olson
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robby M. Zachariah
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chinelo D. Ezeonwuka
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vichithra R. B. Liyanage
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Liyanage VRB, Zachariah RM, Rastegar M. Decitabine alters the expression of Mecp2 isoforms via dynamic DNA methylation at the Mecp2 regulatory elements in neural stem cells. Mol Autism 2013; 4:46. [PMID: 24238559 PMCID: PMC3900258 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-4-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant MeCP2 expression in brain is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism. In the brain of stressed mouse and autistic human patients, reduced MeCP2 expression is correlated with Mecp2/MECP2 promoter hypermethylation. Altered expression of MeCP2 isoforms (MeCP2E1 and MeCP2E2) is associated with neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of proper regulation of both isoforms. While known regulatory elements (REs) within the MECP2/Mecp2 promoter and intron 1 are involved in MECP2/Mecp2 regulation, Mecp2 isoform-specific regulatory mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that DNA methylation at these REs may impact the expression of Mecp2 isoforms. Methods We used a previously characterized in vitro differentiating neural stem cell (NSC) system to investigate the interplay between Mecp2 isoform-specific expression and DNA methylation at the Mecp2 REs. We studied altered expression of Mecp2 isoforms, affected by global DNA demethylation and remethylation, induced by exposure and withdrawal of decitabine (5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine). Further, we performed correlation analysis between DNA methylation at the Mecp2 REs and the expression of Mecp2 isoforms after decitabine exposure and withdrawal. Results At different stages of NSC differentiation, Mecp2 isoforms showed reciprocal expression patterns associated with minor, but significant changes in DNA methylation at the Mecp2 REs. Decitabine treatment induced Mecp2e1/MeCP2E1 (but not Mecp2e2) expression at day (D) 2, associated with DNA demethylation at the Mecp2 REs. In contrast, decitabine withdrawal downregulated both Mecp2 isoforms to different extents at D8, without affecting DNA methylation at the Mecp2 REs. NSC cell fate commitment was minimally affected by decitabine under tested conditions. Expression of both isoforms negatively correlated with methylation at specific regions of the Mecp2 promoter, both at D2 and D8. The correlation between intron 1 methylation and Mecp2e1 (but not Mecp2e2) varied depending on the stage of NSC differentiation (D2: negative; D8: positive). Conclusions Our results show the correlation between the expression of Mecp2 isoforms and DNA methylation in differentiating NSC, providing insights on the potential role of DNA methylation at the Mecp2 REs in Mecp2 isoform-specific expression. The ability of decitabine to induce Mecp2e1/MeCP2E1, but not Mecp2e2 suggests differential sensitivity of Mecp2 isoforms to decitabine and is important for future drug therapies for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Rm, 627, Basic Medical Sciences Bldg,, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada.
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18
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Kong FL, Cheng W, Chen J, Liang Y. d-Ribose glycates β(2)-microglobulin to form aggregates with high cytotoxicity through a ROS-mediated pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 194:69-78. [PMID: 21864514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
β(2)-Microglobulin (β(2)M) modified with advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a major component of the amyloid deposits in hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis (HAA). However, the effect of glycation on the misfolding and aggregation of β(2)M has not been studied so far. Here we examine the molecular mechanism of aggregate formation of HAA-related ribosylated β(2)M in vitro. We find that the glycating agent d-ribose interacts with human β(2)M to generate AGEs that form aggregates in a time-dependent manner. Ribosylated β(2)M molecules are highly oligomerized compared with unglycated β(2)M, and have granular morphology. Furthermore, such ribosylated β(2)M aggregates show significant cytotoxicity to both human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and human foreskin fibroblast FS2 cells and induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Presence of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (1.0mM) attenuated intracellular ROS and prevented cell death induction in both SH-SY5Y and FS2 cells, indicating that the cytotoxicity of ribosylated β(2)M aggregates depends on a ROS-mediated pathway in both cell lines. In other words, d-ribose reacts with β(2)M and induces the ribosylated protein to form granular aggregates with high cytotoxicity through a ROS-mediated pathway. These findings suggest that ribosylated β(2)M aggregates could contribute to the dysfunction and death of cells and could play an important role in the pathogenesis of β(2)M-associated diseases such as HAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Lou Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
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Giorgetti S, Raimondi S, Pagano K, Relini A, Bucciantini M, Corazza A, Fogolari F, Codutti L, Salmona M, Mangione P, Colombo L, De Luigi A, Porcari R, Gliozzi A, Stefani M, Esposito G, Bellotti V, Stoppini M. Effect of tetracyclines on the dynamics of formation and destructuration of beta2-microglobulin amyloid fibrils. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:2121-31. [PMID: 21068391 PMCID: PMC3023509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of methods suitable for the conversion in vitro of native proteins into amyloid fibrils has shed light on the molecular basis of amyloidosis and has provided fundamental tools for drug discovery. We have studied the capacity of a small library of tetracycline analogues to modulate the formation or destructuration of β2-microglobulin fibrils. The inhibition of fibrillogenesis of the wild type protein was first established in the presence of 20% trifluoroethanol and confirmed under a more physiologic environment including heparin and collagen. The latter conditions were also used to study the highly amyloidogenic variant, P32G. The NMR analysis showed that doxycycline inhibits β2-microglobulin self-association and stabilizes the native-like species through fast exchange interactions involving specific regions of the protein. Cell viability assays demonstrated that the drug abolishes the natural cytotoxic activity of soluble β2-microglobulin, further strengthening a possible in vivo therapeutic exploitation of this drug. Doxycycline can disassemble preformed fibrils, but the IC(50) is 5-fold higher than that necessary for the inhibition of fibrillogenesis. Fibril destructuration is a dynamic and time-dependent process characterized by the early formation of cytotoxic protein aggregates that, in a few hours, convert into non-toxic insoluble material. The efficacy of doxycycline as a drug against dialysis-related amyloidosis would benefit from the ability of the drug to accumulate just in the skeletal system where amyloid is formed. In these tissues, the doxycycline concentration reaches values several folds higher than those resulting in inhibition of amyloidogenesis and amyloid destructuration in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Giorgetti
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia
| | - Sara Raimondi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia
| | - Katiuscia Pagano
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine
| | - Annalisa Relini
- the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome
- the Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa
| | - Monica Bucciantini
- the Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence
| | - Alessandra Corazza
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine
- the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome
| | - Federico Fogolari
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine
- the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome
| | - Luca Codutti
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine
| | - Mario Salmona
- the Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan, and
| | - Palma Mangione
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia
| | - Lino Colombo
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ada De Luigi
- the Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan, and
| | - Riccardo Porcari
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia
| | - Alessandra Gliozzi
- the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome
- the Department of Physics, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa
| | - Massimo Stefani
- the Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence
| | - Gennaro Esposito
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine
- the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome
| | - Vittorio Bellotti
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia
- the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome
| | - Monica Stoppini
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia
- the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome
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Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K, Huang S, Safa AR, Saadatzadeh MR, Murphy MP. 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide (CMH) targets mRNA of the c-FLIP variants and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 342:133-142. [PMID: 20446019 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major resistance factor for the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand TRAIL and in drug resistance in human malignancies. c-FLIP is an antagonist of caspases-8 and -10, which inhibits apoptosis and is expressed as long (c-FLIP(L)) and short (c-FLIP(S)) splice forms. c-FLIP is often overexpressed in various human cancers, including breast cancer. Several studies have shown that silencing c-FLIP by specific siRNAs sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL and anticancer agents. However, systemic use of siRNA as a therapeutic agent is not practical at present. In order to reduce or inhibit c-FLIP expression, small molecules are needed to allow targeting c-FLIP without inhibiting caspases-8 and -10. We used a small molecule inhibitor of c-FLIP, 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide (CMH), and show that CMH, but not its inactive analog, downregulated c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) mRNA and protein levels, caused poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) degradation, reduced cell survival, and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These results revealed that c-FLIP is a critical apoptosis regulator that can serve as a target for small molecule inhibitors that downregulate its expression and serve as effective targeted therapeutics against breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Bijangi-Vishehsaraei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, R3-C524, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Su Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, R3-C524, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ahmad R Safa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, R3-C524, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Michael P Murphy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Bullatacin triggered ABCB1-overexpressing cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent pathway. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:867123. [PMID: 19639048 PMCID: PMC2715821 DOI: 10.1155/2009/867123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper was to explore bullatacin-mediated multidrug-resistant cell apoptosis at extremely low concentration. To investigate its precise mechanisms, the pathway of cell apoptosis induced by bullatacin was examined. Bullatacin causes an upregulation of ROS and a downregulation of ΔΨm in a concentration-dependent manner in ABCB1-overexpressing KBv200 cells. In addition, cleavers of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP were observed following the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria after bullatacin treatment. However, neither cleavage of caspase-8 nor change of expression level of bcl-2, bax and Fas was observed by the same treatment. Pretreating KBv200 cells with N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant modulator, resulted in a significant reduction of ROS generation and cell apoptosis induced by bullatacin. Bullatacin-induced apoptosis was antagonized by z-LEHD-fmk, a caspase-9 inhibitor, but not by z-IETD-fmk, a caspase-8 inhibitor. These implied that apoptosis of KBv200 cells induced by bullatacin was associated with the mitochondria-dependent pathway that was limited to activation of apical caspase-9.
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22
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Wang M, Harhaji L, Lamberth K, Harndahl M, Buus S, Heegaard NHH, Claesson MH, Nissen MH. Modified human beta 2-microglobulin (desLys(58)) displays decreased affinity for the heavy chain of MHC class I and induces nitric oxide production and apoptosis. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:203-12. [PMID: 19281532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) is the light chain of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, and is a prerequisite for the binding of peptides to the heavy chain and their presentation to CD8+ T cells. beta2m can be modified in vivo and in vitro by proteolytic cleavage by complement C1 and subsequent carboxypeptidase B-like activity--processes that lead to the generation of desLys(58) beta2m (dbeta2m). This work aims to study the effect of dbeta2m on peptide binding to MHC-I, the influence of dbeta2m on the binding of beta2m to the MHC-I heavy chain and the biological activity of dbeta2m. Both beta2m and dbeta2m are able to support the generation of MHC-I/peptide complexes at 18 degrees C, but complexes formed in the presence of dbeta2m destabilize at 37 degrees C. Moreover, a 250 times higher concentration of dbeta2m than of beta2m is needed to displace MHC-I associated beta2m from the cell surface. In addition, only beta2m is able to restore MHC-I/peptide complex formation on acid-treated cells whereas dbeta2m appears to bind preferentially to denatured MHC-I heavy chains. In cell cultures, exogenously added dbeta2m, but not beta2m, induces apoptotic cell death in monocytic leukaemic cell lines but spares other kinds of leukaemic cells. Additionally, the presence of dbeta2m, and to a lesser extent beta2m, enhances IFN-gamma-induced NO production by monocytic leukaemic cells. In conclusion, these data show that dbeta2m is not able to support the formation of a stable tri-molecular MHC-I complex at physiological temperature and that dbeta2m exerts other biological functions compared to beta2m when bound to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Beta2-microglobulin: emerging as a promising cancer therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2008; 14:25-30. [PMID: 19056512 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-microglobulin, a MHC class I subunit, is found to act similarly to a prototypical oncogenic factor capable of stimulating growth and progression of various cancers and plays a key regulatory role in stimulating cancer bone metastasis. Free beta2M in serum or urine has been regarded as an independent biomarker in several cancers. Specific antibodies to beta2M have remarkable tumoricidal activity for both solid tumors and blood malignancies and are shown to be selective to tumor cells, but caused no toxicity in normal cells. These surprising data strongly suggest that beta2M is a promising new therapeutic target for human cancers.
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24
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Giorgetti S, Raimondi S, Cassinelli S, Bucciantini M, Stefani M, Gregorini G, Albonico G, Moratti R, Montagna G, Stoppini M, Bellotti V. 2-Microglobulin is potentially neurotoxic, but the blood brain barrier is likely to protect the brain from its toxicity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 24:1176-81. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Currid CA, O'Connor DP, Chang BD, Gebus C, Harris N, Dawson KA, Dunn MJ, Pennington SR, Roninson IB, Gallagher WM. Proteomic analysis of factors released from p21-overexpressing tumour cells. Proteomics 2006; 6:3739-53. [PMID: 16739131 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor is a key regulator of cell cycle progression and has also been observed to influence the expression of genes associated with several age-related disorders. Previous work has shown that expression of p21 in tumour cells mediates an antiapoptotic and mitogenic paracrine effect, which is in contrast to the arrested state of p21-expressing cells. Here, we have employed SELDI-MS technology to characterise, at a proteomic level, factors released from HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells displaying inducible p21 expression. Conditioned media from induced and noninduced cells were profiled on a range of diverse ProteinChip arrays and subjected to SELDI-MS analysis. Evaluation of proteins binding onto IMAC, Q10 or CM10 surfaces led to the discovery of a number of putative p21-regulated factors. We further validated three p21-regulated proteins observed at 10.2, 11.7 and 13.4 kDa. Using Q Ceramic HyperD fractionation columns, we were able to selectively enrich for each of these three proteins. Subsequent SDS-PAGE and MS analysis of tryptic digests identified the 13.4 kDa protein as cystatin C and the 10.2 kDa protein as pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP). Judging by the apparent MW and the pI of the 11.7 kDa protein, we reasoned that it may be beta-2-microglobulin, which was confirmed by subsequent identification. Increased levels of cystatin C and beta-2-microglobulin in conditioned media from p21-expressing cells was confirmed by antibody capture experiments using anticystatin C and anti-beta-2-microglobulin antibodies on preactivated PS-20 arrays. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased expression of intracellular and extracellular cystatin C and beta-2-microglobulin in p21-expressing cells, compared to noninduced controls. Increased levels of PPBP were validated in cell lysates from p21-expressing cells. The three secreted factors that we have identified in this study, have all been shown previously to have growth modulating effects and, as such, may contribute to the observed mitogenic and anti-apoptotic paracrine activity of p21-expressing [corrected] cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Currid
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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26
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Park SJ, Wu CH, Choi MR, Najafi F, Emami A, Safa AR. P-glycoprotein enhances TRAIL-triggered apoptosis in multidrug resistant cancer cells by interacting with the death receptor DR5. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:293-307. [PMID: 16753135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The death-inducing cytokine TRAIL is a promising agent for anticancer therapy since it preferentially kills cancer versus normal cells; however, some cancer cells are TRAIL-resistant. We initially explored whether overexpression of the MDR1 gene product P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which causes multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells, also contributes to TRAIL-resistance. Surprisingly, our results revealed that P-gp-overexpression enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis not only in neoplastic cells transfected with the MDR1 gene but also in MDR variants selected with cytotoxic anticancer agents. Mechanistic analysis of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the MDR1-transfected MCF-7 breast cancer cell line BC-19 revealed that TRAIL-triggered significantly more apoptosis in these cells compared with parental MCF-7 cells by binding to the TRAIL receptor DR5. DR5 but not DR4 engagement by TRAIL attenuated cellular ATP levels by robustly stimulating P-gp ATPase activity, and thus triggered P-gp-dependent apoptosis by depletion of the cellular ATP pool. In addition to hyperactive P-gp-mediated ATP hydrolysis, TRAIL-induced, P-gp-potentiated apoptosis was associated with activation of caspases-6, -7, -8, and -9; Bid cleavage; and mitochondrial depolarization. P-gp interacted with the TRAIL receptors DR4, DR5, and DcR1 in plasma membranes and enhanced TRAIL binding to DR5. Interestingly, the decreased level of the decoy TRAIL receptor, DcR1, in BC-19 cells further sensitized these cells to TRAIL. Therefore, both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways are involved in this process. These findings for the first time reveal that TRAIL treatment preferentially causes apoptosis in P-gp-overexpressing MDR cells, and suggests significant clinical implications for the use of TRAIL in treating neoplasms that have failed chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/pharmacology
- Caspase 8
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mitochondrial Membranes/drug effects
- Mitochondrial Membranes/physiology
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut R4-119, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
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27
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Piazza R, Pierno M, Iacopini S, Mangione P, Esposito G, Bellotti V. Micro-heterogeneity and aggregation in β2-microglobulin solutions: effects of temperature, pH, and conformational variant addition. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2006; 35:439-45. [PMID: 16520957 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-006-0051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We show that beta(2)-microglobulin solutions in physiological conditions contain a tiny fraction of aggregates, which can hardly be filtered out and tend to re-form spontaneously. At physiological pH the fractional amount and size distribution of the latter aggregates do not depend on temperature. Conversely, in the pH range typical of the peri-articular tissue acidosis that often occurs in hemodialysis, temperature increase leads to fast and irreversible growth of the aggregates. Quite similar, but strongly enhanced aggregation effects can be induced even in physiological conditions by adding a very small amount of DeltaN6, a naturally occurring truncated isoform of beta(2)-m known to promote fibrillogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Piazza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Nucleare, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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28
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O'Brian CA, Chu F. Post-translational disulfide modifications in cell signaling--role of inter-protein, intra-protein, S-glutathionyl, and S-cysteaminyl disulfide modifications in signal transmission. Free Radic Res 2005; 39:471-80. [PMID: 16036322 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500073931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling entails a host of post-translational modifications of effector-proteins. These modifications control signal transmission by regulating the activity, localization or half-life of the effector-protein. Prominent oxidative modifications induced by cell-signaling reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cysteinyl modifications such as S-nitrosylation, sulfenic acid and disulfide formation. Disulfides protect protein sulfhydryls against oxidative destruction and simultaneously influence cell signaling by engaging redox-regulatory sulfhydryls in effector-proteins. The types of disulfides implicated in signaling span (1) protein S-glutathionylation, e.g. as a novel mode of Ras activation through S-glutathionylation at Cys-118 in response to a hydrogen-peroxide burst, (2) intra-protein disulfides, e.g. in the regulation of the stability of the protein phosphatase Cdc25C by hydrogen-peroxide, (3) inter-protein disulfides, e.g. in the hydrogen peroxide-mediated inactivation of receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase alpha (RPTPalpha) by dimerization and (4) protein S-cysteaminylation by cystamine. Cystamine is a byproduct of pantetheinase-catalyzed pantothenic acid recycling from pantetheine for biosynthesis of Coenzyme A (CoA), a ubiquitous and metabolically indispensable cofactor. Cystamine inactivates protein kinase C-epsilon (PKCepsilon), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and tissue transglutaminase by S-cysteaminylation-triggered mechanisms. The importance of protein S-cysteaminylation in signal transmission in vivo is evident from the ability of cystamine administration to rescue the intestinal inflammatory-response deficit of pantetheinase knockout mice. These mice lack the predominant epithelial pantetheinase isoform and have sharply reduced levels of cystamine/cysteamine in epithelial tissues. In addition, intraperitoneal administration of cystamine significantly delays neurodegenerative pathogenesis in a Huntington's disease mouse model. Thus, cystamine may serve as a prototype for the development of novel therapeutics that target effector-proteins regulated by S-cysteaminylation.
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29
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Mauri P, Scarpa A, Nascimbeni AC, Benazzi L, Parmagnani E, Mafficini A, Della Peruta M, Bassi C, Miyazaki K, Sorio C. Identification of proteins released by pancreatic cancer cells by multidimensional protein identification technology: a strategy for identification of novel cancer markers. FASEB J 2005; 19:1125-7. [PMID: 15985535 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3000fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify novel proteins released by cancer cells that are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling using small-volume samples and automated technology. We applied multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), which incorporates two-dimensional capillary chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to small quantities of serum-free supernatants of resting or phorbol ester-activated Suit-2 pancreatic cancer cells. Selected markers were validated in additional pancreatic cancer cell lines, primary cancers, and xenografted cancer cells. MudPIT analysis of 10 microl of supernatants identified 46 proteins, 21 of which are classified as secreted, and 10 have never been associated with pancreatic cancer. These include CSPG2/versican, Mac25/angiomodulin, IGFBP-1, HSPG2/perlecan, syndecan 4, FAM3C, APLP2, cyclophilin B, beta2 microglobulin, and ICA69. Evidence that cancer cells release these proteins in vivo was obtained for CSPG2/versican and Mac25/angiomodulin by immunohistochemistry on both primary pancreatic cancers and in a model consisting of Suit-2 cells embedded in an amorphous matrix and implanted in athymic mice. MudPIT allowed efficient and rapid identification of proteins released by cancer cells, including molecules previously undescribed in the type of cancer analyzed. Our finding that pancreatic cancer cells secrete a series of proteoglycans, including versican, perlecan, syndecan 1 and 4, challenges the common view that fibroblasts of tumor stroma are the sole source of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Mauri
- Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Milano, Italy
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30
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Park SJ, Wu CH, Gordon JD, Zhong X, Emami A, Safa AR. Taxol Induces Caspase-10-dependent Apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51057-67. [PMID: 15452117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406543200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol (paclitaxel) is known to inhibit cell growth and trigger significant apoptosis in various cancer cells. Although taxol induces apoptosis of cancer cells, its exact mechanism of action is not yet known. In this study we investigated death receptors, FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD), the activation of caspases-10 and -8 as well as the downstream caspases, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in taxol-induced apoptosis in the CCRF-HSB-2 human lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. Pretreating the cells with neutralizing antibodies to Fas, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor 1, or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors (DR4 and DR5) did not affect taxol-induced apoptosis, but transfection of the cells with a dominant negative FADD plasmid resulted in inhibition of taxol-induced apoptosis, revealing that taxol induces apoptosis independently of these death receptors but dependently on FADD. Furthermore, the drug induced activation of caspases-10, -8, -6, and -3, cleaved Bcl-2, Bid, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and lamin B, and down-regulated cellular levels of FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP) and X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). However, despite the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in taxol-treated cells, caspase-9 was not activated. Inhibitors of caspases-8, -6, or -3 partially inhibited taxol-induced apoptosis, whereas the caspase-10 inhibitor totally abrogated this process. Taxol-induced apoptosis was also associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim) and a significant increase in ROS generation. However, increased ROS production was not directly involved in taxol-triggered apoptosis. Therefore, these results demonstrate for the first time that taxol induces FADD-dependent apoptosis primarily through activation of caspase-10 but independently of death receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry
- Annexin A5/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Caspase 10
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 6
- Caspase 8
- Caspase 9
- Caspases/biosynthesis
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival
- Coloring Agents/pharmacology
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, Dominant
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Membrane Potentials
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Tetrazolium Salts/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Indiana University Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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31
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Pham NA, Jacobberger JW, Schimmer AD, Cao P, Gronda M, Hedley DW. The dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane targets pathways of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and oxidative stress in human pancreatic cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1239.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anticancer effects of the dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane were investigated in the human pancreatic cancer cell lines MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1. Sulforaphane-treated cells accumulated in metaphase as determined by flow cytometry [4C DNA content, cyclin A(−), cyclin B1(+), and phospho-histone H3 (Ser10)(+)]. In addition, treated cells showed nuclear apoptotic morphology that coincided with an activation of caspase-8, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and loss of plasma membrane integrity. The initial detection of caspase-3 cleavage occurring in G2-M arrest was independent of a change in phospho-cdc2 (Tyr15) protein; consequently, sulforaphane treatment combined with UCN-01 had no significant impact on cellular toxicity. Incubations at higher sulforaphane doses (>10 μmol/L) resulted in cleavage of caspase-3 in the G1 subpopulation, suggesting that the induction of apoptosis and the sulforaphane-induced mitosis delay at the lower dose are independently regulated. Cellular toxicity in MIA PaCa-2, and to a greater extent in PANC-1, was positively correlated with a decrease in cellular glutathione levels, whereas sustained increases in glutathione observed in MIA PaCa-2 cells or the simultaneous incubation with N-acetyl-l-cysteine in PANC-1 cells were associated with resistance to sulforaphane-induced apoptosis. Daily sulforaphane i.p. injections (375 μmol/kg/d for 3 weeks) in severe combined immunodeficient mice with PANC-1 s.c. tumors resulted in a decrease of mean tumor volume by 40% compared with vehicle-treated controls. Our findings suggest that, in addition to the known effects on cancer prevention, sulforaphane may have activity in established pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu-An Pham
- 1Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 2Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | | | - Aaron D. Schimmer
- 1Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 2Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Pinjiang Cao
- 2Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Marcella Gronda
- 2Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - David W. Hedley
- 1Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 2Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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32
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Corbiere C, Liagre B, Terro F, Beneytout JL. Induction of antiproliferative effect by diosgenin through activation of p53, release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and modulation of caspase-3 activity in different human cancer cells. Cell Res 2004; 14:188-96. [PMID: 15225412 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that a plant steroid, diosgenin, altered cell cycle distribution and induced apoptosis in the human osteosarcoma 1547 cell line. The objective of this study was to investigate if the antiproliferative effect of diosgenin was similar for different human cancer cell lines such as laryngocarcinoma HEp-2 and melanoma M4Beu cells. Moreover, this work essentially focused on the mitochondrial pathway. We found that diosgenin had an important and similar antiproliferative effect on different types of cancer cells. In addition, our new results show that diosgenin-induced apoptosis is caspase-3 dependent with a fall of mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear localization of AIF and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Diosgenin treatment also induces p53 activation and cell cycle arrest in the different cell lines studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Corbiere
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, UPRES EA 1085, Faculte de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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33
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MacManus JP, Graber T, Luebbert C, Preston E, Rasquinha I, Smith B, Webster J. Translation-state analysis of gene expression in mouse brain after focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:657-67. [PMID: 15181373 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000123141.67811.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Confounding any genome-scale analysis of gene expression after cerebral ischemia is massive suppression of protein synthesis. This inefficient translation questions the utility of examining profiles of total transcripts. Our approach to such postischemic gene profiling in the mouse by microarray analysis was to concentrate on those mRNAs bound to polyribosomes. In our proof-of-principle study, polysomally bound and unbound mRNAs were subjected to microarray analysis: of the 1,161 transcripts that we found to increase after ischemia, only 36% were bound to polyribosomes. In addition to the expected increases in heat-shock proteins and metallothioneins, increases in several other bound transcripts involved in the promotion of cell survival or antiinflammatory behavior were noted, such as CD63 (Lamp3), Lcn2 (lipocalin-2), Msn (moesin), and UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2), all of which showed increases in cognate protein by Western blotting. The list of heretofore nonfunctionally annotated transcripts (RIKEN clones/ESTs) that increased appeared to be novel. How some transcripts are selected in ischemic brain for translation into protein, while others are rejected, is not clear. The length of the 5'-UTR in the ischemically induced transcripts that occur in the NCBI RefSeq database did not indicate any general tendency to be more than 200 nt, nor to be longer than the 5'-UTRs of the unbound transcripts. Thus, the presence of a complex 5'-UTR region with internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) or polypyrimidine tracts (TOP) does not appear to be the basis of selection for translation in ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P MacManus
- Experimental Stroke Group, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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34
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Koh SH, Kim SH, Kwon H, Park Y, Kim KS, Song CW, Kim J, Kim MH, Yu HJ, Henkel JS, Jung HK. Epigallocatechin gallate protects nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells from oxidative-radical-stress-induced apoptosis through its effect on phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 118:72-81. [PMID: 14559356 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) pathway during oxidative-stress-induced injury were studied using H2O2-treated PC12 cells, which were differentiated by nerve growth factor (NGF). Following 100 microM H2O2 exposure, the viability of differentiated PC12 cells (EGCG or z-VAD-fmk pretreated vs. not pretreated) was evaluated the number of viable cell with Trypan blue and 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl (MTT). Additionally, expression of cytochrome c, caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), PI3K/Akt and GSK-3 was examined using Western blot analyses. EGCG or z-VAD-fmk-pretreated PC12 cells showed an increase of viability compared to untreated PC12 cells, and pretreatment of PC12 cells with either agent induced a dose-dependent inhibition of caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. However, inhibition of cytochrome c release was only detected in EGCG-pretreated cells. Upon examination of the PI3K/Akt and GSK-3 upstream pathway, Western blots of EGCG pretreated cells showed decreased immunoreactivity (IR) of Akt and GSK-3 and increased IR of p85a PI3K, phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated GSK-3. In contrast, no changes were seen in z-VAD-fmk-pretreated cells. These results show that EGCG affects the PI3K/Akt, GSK-3 pathway as well as downstream signaling, including the cytochrome c and caspase-3 pathways. Therefore, it is suggested that EGCG-mediated activation of PI3K/Akt and inhibition of GSK-3 could be a new potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of General Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, KFDA, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Conventional treatment of acute leukemia involves the use of cytotoxic agents (chemotherapy), but other strategies have been explored. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic have clearly been effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), which creates the possibility that other types of acute leukemia can be conquered by selectively inducing differentiation and/or apoptosis. A great number of investigations have been performed to elucidate the mechanisms and search for effective agents in the treatment of other types of acute leukemia by these new strategies. Progress at the molecular level has been achieved in explaining the mechanisms of action of ATRA and arsenic compounds, and several new agents have emerged, although their clinical effectiveness remains to be confirmed. Mechanism-/gene-based targeted therapy and a combination of different strategies will improve the treatment of acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yi Wang
- Shanghai Second Medical University, Shangai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Abstract
Conventional treatment of acute leukemia involves the use of cytotoxic agents (chemotherapy), but other strategies have been explored. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic have clearly been effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), which creates the possibility that other types of acute leukemia can be conquered by selectively inducing differentiation and/or apoptosis. A great number of investigations have been performed to elucidate the mechanisms and search for effective agents in the treatment of other types of acute leukemia by these new strategies. Progress at the molecular level has been achieved in explaining the mechanisms of action of ATRA and arsenic compounds, and several new agents have emerged, although their clinical effectiveness remains to be confirmed. Mechanism-/gene-based targeted therapy and a combination of different strategies will improve the treatment of acute leukemia.
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