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Liao LJ, Hsu WL, Chen CJ, Chiu YL. Feature Reviews of the Molecular Mechanisms of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1528. [PMID: 37371623 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare in most parts of the world but endemic in southern Asia. Here, we describe the molecular abnormalities in NPC and point out potential molecular mechanisms for future therapy. This article provides a brief up-to-date review focusing on the molecular pathways of NPC, which may improve our knowledge of this disease, and we also highlight some issues for further research. In brief, some heritable genes are related to NPC; therefore, people with a family history of NPC have an increased risk of this disease. Carcinogenic substances and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exposure both contribute to tumorigenesis through the accumulation of multiple genomic changes. In recent years, salted fish intake has decreased the impact on NPC, which implies that changing exposure to carcinogens can modify the risk of NPC. Eradication of cancer-associated viruses potentially eradicates cancer, and EBV vaccines might also prevent this disease in the future. Screening patients by using an EBV antibody is feasible in the high-risk group; plasma EBV DNA measurement could also be conducted for screening, prognosis, and monitoring of this disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NPC can further provide novel information for health promotion, disease screening, and precision cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jen Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lun Hsu
- Master Program of Big Data Analysis in Biomedicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Data Science Center, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
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Kougioumtsidou N, Vavoulidis E, Nasioutziki M, Symeonidou M, Pratilas GC, Mareti E, Petousis S, Chatzikyriakidou A, Grimbizis G, Theodoridis T, Miliaras D, Dinas K, Zepiridis L. DNA methylation patterns of RAR-β2 and RASSF1A gene promoters in FNAB samples from Greek population with benign or malignant breast lesions. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 49:153-164. [PMID: 32530576 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoter hypermethylation is common in Breast Cancer (BC) with studies mainly in histological specimens showing frequent methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) compared with normal tissues. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of promoter methylation of RAR-β2 and RASSF1A genes in breast FNAB material aiming to evaluate the methylation status of these two genes as biomarker for detecting BC in Greek population. METHODS FNAB material from 104 patients was collected for cytological evaluation and epigenetic analysis. DNA was extracted and subjected to bisulfite conversion. A methylation-specific PCR was carried out and the final products were separated with electrophoresis in 2% agarose gels. RESULTS From 104 samples, RASSF1A hypermethylation was observed in 78 (75%) and RAR-β2 hypermethylation in 64 (61.6%). 84% and 78% of the cases diagnosed with breast malignancy (n = 50) were methylated for RASSF1A and RAR-β2, respectively. Methylated RASSF1A and RAR-β2 were also detected in 88.3% and 76.5% in samples diagnosed as suspicious for malignancy (n = 17) and in 57.2% of samples diagnosed with atypia (n = 14). The Odds Ratio for breast malignancy was 4.545 in patients with RASSF1A hypermethylation and 9.167 in patients with RAR-β2 hypermethylation underlying their promoter's methylation positive correlation with breast malignancy. CONCLUSION To optimize the sensitivity and specificity of this epigenetic setting, more TSGs related to BC should be gradually imported in our evaluated methylation panel and be validated in a larger study sample with the aim that the obtained epigenetic profiles will provide clinicians with valuable tools for management of BC patients in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Kougioumtsidou
- Faculty of Medicine, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Vavoulidis
- Faculty of Medicine, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Molecular Cytopathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Nasioutziki
- Faculty of Medicine, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Molecular Cytopathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianthi Symeonidou
- Faculty of Medicine, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Chrysostomos Pratilas
- Faculty of Medicine, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Molecular Cytopathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Mareti
- Faculty of Medicine, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Molecular Cytopathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Petousis
- Faculty of Medicine, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Molecular Cytopathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthoula Chatzikyriakidou
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gregorios Grimbizis
- Faculty of Medicine, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Theodoridis
- Faculty of Medicine, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Miliaras
- Faculty of Medicine, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dinas
- Faculty of Medicine, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Zepiridis
- Faculty of Medicine, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Molecular Cytopathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ahmed AA, Adam Essa ME. Epigenetic alterations in female urogenital organs cancer: Premise, properties, and perspectives. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Zhang L, Hu D, Wang S, Zhang Y, Pang L, Tao L, Jia W. Association between dense PAX1 promoter methylation and HPV16 infection in cervical squamous epithelial neoplasms of Xin Jiang Uyghur and Han women. Gene 2020; 723:144142. [PMID: 31589957 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic alteration that may lead to carcinogenesis by silencing key tumor suppressor genes. Hypermethylation of the paired box gene 1 (PAX1) promoter is important in cervical cancer development. Here, PAX1 methylation levels were compared between Uyghur and Han patients with cervical lesions. Data on PAX1 methylation in different cervical lesions were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, whereas data on survival and PAX1 mRNA expression in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) were retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. MassARRAY spectrometry was used to detect methylation of 19 CpG sites in the promoter region of PAX1, whereas gene mass spectrograms were drawn by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction. PAX1 methylation in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and ICC was significantly higher than in normal tissues. PAX1 hypermethylation was associated with poor prognosis and reduced transcription. ICC-specific PAX1 promoter methylation involved distinct CpG sites in Uyghur and Han patients HPV16 infection in HSIL and ICC patient was significantly higher than in normal women (p < 0.05). Our study revealed a strong association between PAX1 methylation and the development of cervical cancer. Moreover, hypermethylation of distinct CpG sites may induce HSIL transformation into ICC in both Uyghur and Han patients. Our results suggest the existence of ethnic differences in the genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer. Finally, PAX1 methylation and HPV infection exhibited synergistic effects on cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Danni Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde 415003, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Lijuan Pang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China; Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.
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Hu Z, Ma D. The precision prevention and therapy of HPV-related cervical cancer: new concepts and clinical implications. Cancer Med 2018; 7:5217-5236. [PMID: 30589505 PMCID: PMC6198240 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide, with concepts and knowledge about its prevention and treatment evolving rapidly. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as a major factor that leads to cervical cancer, although HPV infection alone cannot cause the disease. In fact, HPV-driven cancer is a small probability event because most infections are transient and could be cleared spontaneously by host immune system. With persistent HPV infection, decades are required for progression to cervical cancer. Therefore, this long time window provides golden opportunity for clinical intervention, and the fundament here is to elucidate the carcinogenic pattern and applicable targets during HPV-host interaction. In this review, we discuss the key factors that contribute to the persistence of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis, emerging new concepts and technologies for cancer interventions, and more urgently, how these concepts and technologies might lead to clinical precision medicine which could provide prediction, prevention, and early treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- Department of Gynecological oncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhongshan 2nd RoadYuexiu, GuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, Hubei430030China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, Hubei430030China
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RASSF1A promoter methylation was associated with the development, progression and metastasis of cervical carcinoma: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 297:467-477. [PMID: 29288321 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RASSF1A promoter methylation has been reported in cervical cancer. However, clinical effect of RASSF1A promoter methylation in cervical cancer remains unclear. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between RASSF1A promoter methylation and cervical cancer and the association of RASSF1A promoter methylation with clinicopathological features. METHODS Electronic databases were searched to identify eligible publications. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed to assess the required study population information. RESULTS Twenty-six papers published from 2001 to 2017 were analyzed in the meta-analysis, including a total of 1820 patients with cervical cancer, 507 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions and 894 nonmalignant controls. RASSF1A promoter methylation was significantly increased in cervical cancer than in CIN lesions and nonmalignant tissue samples. In addition, RASSF1A promoter methylation was correlated with cervical cancer among two studies of blood and cytology samples (cancer vs nonmalignant controls). No correlation was found between RASSF1A promoter methylation and age factor, human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes or clinical stage. RASSF1A promoter methylation was associated with tumor grade (grade 3-4 vs 1-2: OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.12-4.77, P = 0.023), lymph node metastasis (yes vs no: OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.60-5.52, P = 0.001), tumor histology (squamous cell carcinoma vs adenocarcinoma: OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.22-1.08, P = 0.076), and HPV infection (positive vs negative: OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.73, P = 0.001). TSA showed that the cumulative Z-curve did not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundary for significant results. CONCLUSIONS RASSF1A promoter methylation may be associated with cervical cancer development, progression and metastasis. Methylated RASSF1A may be a noninvasive blood or cytology biomarker. Based on TSA, more studies are essential in the future.
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DNA Oncogenic Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress, Genomic Damage, and Aberrant Epigenetic Alterations. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3179421. [PMID: 28740569 PMCID: PMC5504953 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3179421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of human cancers is attributable to DNA oncogenic viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Unrepaired DNA damage is the most common and overlapping feature of these DNA oncogenic viruses and a source of genomic instability and tumour development. Sustained DNA damage results from unceasing production of reactive oxygen species and activation of inflammasome cascades that trigger genomic changes and increased propensity of epigenetic alterations. Accumulation of epigenetic alterations may interfere with genome-wide cellular signalling machineries and promote malignant transformation leading to cancer development. Untangling and understanding the underlying mechanisms that promote these detrimental effects remain the major objectives for ongoing research and hope for effective virus-induced cancer therapy. Here, we review current literature with an emphasis on how DNA damage influences HPV, HVB, and EBV replication and epigenetic alterations that are associated with carcinogenesis.
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Yin F, Wang N, Wang S, Yu F, Sun X, Yu X, Luo B, Zhao C, Wang Y. HPV16 oncogenes E6 or/and E7 may influence the methylation status of RASSFIA gene promoter region in cervical cancer cell line HT-3. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2324-2334. [PMID: 28260046 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Both human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the aberrant Ras associated domain family gene 1A (RASSF1A) promoter methylation status participate in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Some studies suggest that E6, and E7 are involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of RASSF1A. We mainly explored a possible involvement of HPV16 oncogenes E6 or/and E7 in RASSF1A promoter methylation status and possible roles of RASSF1A gene methylation in cervical cancer. Bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS) PCR combined with TA clone, methylation-specific PCR (MSP) were used to analyze methylation status of the RASSF1A gene promoter in HPV16/18-positive and HPV-negative cervical cancer cell lines; ectopically expressed HPV16 E6, E7 and E6/E7 cervical cancer cell lines; normal cervical and cervical cancer tissues. The mRNA and protein expression of RASSF1A was detected by RT-PCR and western blotting. Re-expression and downregulated promoter methylation status were detected in the ectopically expressed HPV16 E6 and E7 cervical cancer cell line HT-3. The methylation status and expression of RASSF1A could be downregulated or reactivated by 5-Aza-dc in HT-3 and C33A cells. Additionally, statistics showed significant hypermethylation of RASSF1A in cervical cancer samples compared to that in normal cervical samples (P<0.05). The false negative rate (FNR) was 6.25% by HC2 method, when reconfirmed by HPV detection combining the MY09/11, GP5+/6+ and SPF1/2 methods. The ectopic expression of HPV16 E6 and/or E7 may be involved in aberrant methylation and expression of the RASSF1A gene. RASSF1A gene expression could be regulated by its promoter methylation status. Additionally, the false negativity of the HPV detection may contribute to the uncertain relationship between HPV infection and aberrant RASSF1A promoter methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufen Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Huangdao District, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Fengsheng Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Chengquan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3180, USA
| | - Yankui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Senapati R, Senapati NN, Dwibedi B. Molecular mechanisms of HPV mediated neoplastic progression. Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:59. [PMID: 27933097 PMCID: PMC5123406 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus is the major etiological agent in the development of cervical cancer but not a sufficient cause. Despite significant research, the underlying mechanisms of progression from a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion to high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion are yet to be understood. Deregulation of viral gene expression and host genomic instability play a central role in virus-mediated carcinogenesis. Key events such as viral integration and epigenetic modifications may lead to the deregulation of viral and host gene expression. This review has summarized the available literature to describe the possible mechanism and role of viral integration in mediating carcinogenesis. HPV integration begins with DNA damage or double strand break induced either by oxidative stress or HPV proteins and the subsequent steps are driven by the DNA damage responses. Inflammation and oxidative stress could be considered as cofactors in stimulating viral integration and deregulation of cellular and viral oncogenes during the progression of cervical carcinoma. All these events together with the host and viral genetic and epigenetic modifications in neoplastic progression have also been reviewed which may be relevant in identifying a new preventive therapeutic strategy. In the absence of therapeutic intervention for HPV-infected individuals, future research focus should be directed towards preventing and reversing of HPV integration. DNA damage response, knocking out integrated HPV sequences, siRNA approach, modulating the selection mechanism of cells harboring integrated genomes and epigenetic modifiers are the possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmirani Senapati
- Virology Division, Regional Medical Research centre (ICMR), Nalco square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023 Odisha India
| | | | - Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- Virology Division, Regional Medical Research centre (ICMR), Nalco square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023 Odisha India
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Li JY, Huang T, Zhang C, Jiang DJ, Hong QX, Ji HH, Ye M, Duan SW. Association between RASSF1A Promoter Hypermethylation and Oncogenic HPV Infection Status in Invasive Cervical Cancer: a Meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:5749-54. [PMID: 26320446 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is the main cause of cancer-related mortality in women and is correlated with more than 15 risk cofactors, including infection of cervical cells with high-risk types of HPV (hrHPV). Indeed, both aberrant methylation of the RASSF1A promoter and hrHPV infection are often observed in cervical carcinomas. The purpose of our meta-analysis was to evaluate the role of RASSF1A promoter methylation and hrHPV infection in cervical cancer. Our meta-analysis involved 895 cervical cancer patients and 454 control patients from 15 studies. Our results suggested that RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation increased the risk of cervical cancer (OR=9.77, 95%CI=[3.06, 31.26], P=0.0001, I2=78%). By grouping cases according to cancer subtypes, we found that HPV infection was higher in cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) than in cervical adenocarcinomas/ adenosquamous cancers (ACs/ASCs) (OR=4.00, 95%CI=[1.41, 11.30], P=0.009, I2=55%). Interestingly, HPV infection tended to occur in cervical cancers with relatively low levels of RASSF1A promoter methylation (OR=0.59, 95%CI=[0.36, 0.99], P=0.05, I2=0%). Our study provides evidence of a possible interaction between HPV infection and RASSF1A promoter methylation in the development of cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yun Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China E-mail : ,
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Duenas-Gonzalez A, Medina-Franco JL, Chavez-Blanco A, Dominguez-Gomez G, Fernández-de Gortari E. Developmental DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in the treatment of gynecologic cancers. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 17:323-38. [PMID: 26559668 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methylation has become an attractive target for the treatment of cancer. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have proven useful for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome and are being evaluated in gynecological neoplasias. AREAS COVERED We provide an overview of the current knowledge on DNA methylation and cancer and the role of DNA methylation in cervical, ovarian and endometrial carcinomas. The results of recent clinical trials with demethylating agents for cervical and ovarian cancer treatment are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION There are few studies of DNA demethylating agents for cervical and ovarian cancer treatment; nevertheless, the results are promising. To accelerate these advances, there are at least two actions that can be simultaneously pursued. One is to greatly increase the number of small clinical exploratory trials with existing demethylating drugs and using methylome analyses to identify predictive factors for response and/or toxicity. The second is finding out epigenetic 'drivers' unique to gynecological cancers and their subtypes, and then proceed to clinical trials in a highly selected population of patients. It is expected that in the future, DNA demethylation could have a role in the treatment of gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- b Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City , México
| | - Alma Chavez-Blanco
- c Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , México
| | | | - Eli Fernández-de Gortari
- b Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México City , México
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Epigenetic Alteration by DNA Methylation of ESR1, MYOD1 and hTERT Gene Promoters is Useful for Prediction of Response in Patients of Locally Advanced Invasive Cervical Carcinoma Treated by Chemoradiation. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2015; 27:720-7. [PMID: 26344356 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Locally advanced invasive cervical cancer [International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) IIB/III] is treated by chemoradiation. The response to treatment is variable within a given FIGO stage. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the gene promoter methylation profile and corresponding transcript expression of a panel of six genes to identify genes which could predict the response of patients treated by chemoradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 100 patients with invasive cervical cancer in FIGO stage IIB/III who underwent chemoradiation treatment were evaluated. Ten patients developed systemic metastases during therapy and were excluded. On the basis of patient follow-up, 69 patients were chemoradiation-sensitive, whereas 21 were chemoradiation-resistant. Gene promoter methylation and gene expression was determined by TaqMan assay and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively, in tissue samples. RESULTS The methylation frequency of ESR1, BRCA1, RASSF1A, MLH1, MYOD1 and hTERT genes ranged from 40 to 70%. Univariate and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that gene promoter methylation of MYOD1, ESR1 and hTERT could predict for chemoradiation response. A pattern of unmethylated MYOD1, unmethylated ESR1 and methylated hTERT promoter as well as lower ESR1 transcript levels predicted for chemoradiation resistance. CONCLUSION Methylation profiling of a panel of three genes that includes MYOD1, ESR1 and hTERT may be useful to predict the response of invasive cervical carcinoma patients treated with standard chemoradiation therapy.
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Alterations in gene promoter methylation and transcript expression induced by cisplatin in comparison to 5-Azacytidine in HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 404:181-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer is a genetic and epigenetic disease. Multiple genetic and epigenetic changes have been studied in cervical cancer; however, such changes are selected for during tumorigenesis and tumor aggression is not yet clear. Cervical cancer is a multistep process with accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in regulatory genes, leading to activation of oncogenes and inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor genes. In cervical cancer, epigenetic alterations can affect the expression of papillomaviral as well as host genes in relation to stages representing the multistep process of carcinogenesis.
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Zhang CY, Zhao YX, Xia RH, Han J, Wang BS, Tian Z, Wang LZ, Hu YH, Li J. RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation is a strong biomarker of poor survival in patients with salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110159. [PMID: 25302792 PMCID: PMC4193867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the clinicopathological parameters, molecular biomarkers are becoming increasingly important in the prognostic evaluation of cancer patients. This study aimed to determine the molecular alterations in the RAS association domain family protein1A gene (RASSF1A) in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and to evaluate the potential of such alterations as prognostic markers. One hundred and sixty-seven ACC tumor tissues and 50 samples of matched normal salivary gland tissues from the same patients were analyzed for RASSF1A promoter methylation status by bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) and/or methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Fifty ACC tumor tissues and matched normal salivary gland tissues were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by examining two microsatellite markers (D3S1478, D3S1621) at 3p21. RASSF1A gene mutations were detected by direct sequencing of all six exons in 50 tumor and normal tissue specimens. Over-all, RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation was detected in 35.3% (59/167) of ACC tissues and was associated with histologically solid tumor pattern (P = 0.002) and advanced TNM stage (P = 0.014). RASSF1A LOH was observed in 18.0% (9/50) of cases, and no somatic mutation of RASSF1A was detected in any cases. RASSF1A promoter methylation was associated with the poor over-all survival (Log-rank test, P <0.001) and disease-free survival (Log-rank test, P <0.001) and identified as an independent predicator of over-all patient survival (P = 0.009) and disease-free survival (P <0.001). It was concluded that RASSF1A methylation is involved in the development, differentiation and progression of ACC and is a strong independent biomarker of poor survival in ACC patients in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Xing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Hui Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Oral Pathology, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Shun Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Oral Pathology, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Hua Hu
- Department of Oral Pathology, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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RASSF1A inactivation unleashes a tumor suppressor/oncogene cascade with context-dependent consequences on cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2350-8. [PMID: 24732797 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01506-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The RASSF1A gene is one of the most frequently inactivated genes in over 30 different types of cancers (H. Donninger, M. D. Vos, and G. J. Clark, J. Cell Sci. 120:3163-3172, 2007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.010389). Despite the prevalence of RASSF1A silencing in human cancer, the mechanism by which RASSF1A functions as a tumor suppressor is not well understood. Characterization of the consequences of RASSF1A loss on epithelial cell proliferation revealed that RASSF1A expression suppresses both microRNA 21 (miR-21) expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. The mechanism of the former is through restraint of SCF(βTrCP)-dependent destruction of the repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) tumor suppressor and consequent inhibition of miR-21 promoter activation. The mechanism of the latter is through physical sequestration of MST2, which results in accumulation of inactivating S259 phosphorylation of RAF1. Whether or not inactivation of these RASSF1A regulatory relationships can unleash enhanced proliferative capacity is dependent upon the coupling of SCF(βTrCP) and miR-21 to suppression of SKP2 protein translation and stability. Airway epithelial cultures retain this coupling and therefore respond to RASSF1A inactivation by p27-dependent cell cycle arrest. In contrast, colonic crypt-derived epithelial cells have uncoupled SCF(βTrCP) from SKP2 and respond to RASSF1A inactivation by enhanced proliferation rates. These observations help account for context-specific molecular etiology of oncogenic transformation and suggest intervention strategies for recently developed SKP2 inhibitors.
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Liu WJ, Tan XH, Guo BP, Ke Q, Sun J, Cen H. Associations between RASSF1A promoter methylation and NSCLC: a meta-analysis of published data. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3719-24. [PMID: 23886171 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RASSF1A has been reported to be a candidate tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the association between RASSF1A promoter methylation and NSCLC remains unclear, particularly in regarding links to clinicopathologic features. METHODS Eligible studies were identified through searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Studies were pooled and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Funnel plots were also performed to evaluate publication bias. RESULTS Nineteen studies involving 2,063 cases of NSCLC and 1,184 controls were included in this meta-analysis. A significant association was observed between RASSF1A methylation and NSCLC in the complete data set (OR = 19.42, 95% CI: 14.04- 26.85, P < 0.001). Pooling the control tissue subgroups (heterogeneous/autologous) gave pooled ORs of 32.4 (95% CI, 12.4-84.5) and 17.7 (95% CI, 12.5-25.0) respectively. Racial subgroup (Caucasian/Asian) analysis gave pooled ORs of 26.6 (95% CI, 10.9-64.9) and 20.9 (95% CI, 14.4-30.4) respectively. The OR for RASSF1A methylation in poorly-differentiated vs. moderately/well-differentiated NSCLC tissues was 1.88 (95% CI, 1.32- 2.68, P<0.001), whereas there were no significant differences in RASSF1A methylation in relation to gender, pathology, TNM stage and smoking behavior among NSCLC cases. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests a significant association between RASSF1A methylation and NSCLC, confirming the role of RASSF1A as a tumor suppressor gene. Large-scale and well-designed case-control studies are needed to validate the associations identified in the present meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jian Liu
- Department of Chemotherapy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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18
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FIOLKA ROMAN, ZUBOR PAVOL, JANUSICOVA VERONIKA, VISNOVSKY JOZEF, MENDELOVA ANDREA, KAJO KAROL, LASABOVA ZORA, PLANK LUKAS, DANKO JAN. Promoter hypermethylation of the tumor-suppressor genes RASSF1A, GSTP1 and CDH1 in endometrial cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2878-86. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Korah R, Healy JM, Kunstman JW, Fonseca AL, Ameri AH, Prasad ML, Carling T. Epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A deregulates cytoskeleton and promotes malignant behavior of adrenocortical carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:87. [PMID: 23915220 PMCID: PMC3750604 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with high mutational heterogeneity and a generally poor clinical outcome. Despite implicated roles of deregulated TP53, IGF-2 and Wnt signaling pathways, a clear genetic association or unique mutational link to the disease is still missing. Recent studies suggest a crucial role for epigenetic modifications in the genesis and/or progression of ACC. This study specifically evaluates the potential role of epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A, the most commonly silenced tumor suppressor gene, in adrenocortical malignancy. Results Using adrenocortical tumor and normal tissue specimens, we show a significant reduction in expression of RASSF1A mRNA and protein in ACC. Methylation-sensitive and -dependent restriction enzyme based PCR assays revealed significant DNA hypermethylation of the RASSF1A promoter, suggesting an epigenetic mechanism for RASSF1A silencing in ACC. Conversely, the RASSF1A promoter methylation profile in benign adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs) was found to be very similar to that found in normal adrenal cortex. Enforced expression of ectopic RASSF1A in the SW-13 ACC cell line reduced the overall malignant behavior of the cells, which included impairment of invasion through the basement membrane, cell motility, and solitary cell survival and growth. On the other hand, expression of RASSF1A/A133S, a loss-of-function mutant form of RASSF1A, failed to elicit similar malignancy-suppressing responses in ACC cells. Moreover, association of RASSF1A with the cytoskeleton in RASSF1A-expressing ACC cells and normal adrenal cortex suggests a role for RASSF1A in modulating microtubule dynamics in the adrenal cortex, and thereby potentially blocking malignant progression. Conclusions Downregulation of RASSF1A via promoter hypermethylation may play a role in the malignant progression of adrenocortical carcinoma possibly by abrogating differentiation-promoting RASSF1A- microtubule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is one of the major causes of death in women worldwide. It is difficult to foresee a dramatic increase in cure rate even with the most optimal combination of cytotoxic drugs, surgery, and radiation; therefore, testing of molecular targeted therapies against this malignancy is highly desirable. Cervical cancer is a multistep process with accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in regulatory genes, leading to activation of oncogenes and inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). In the last decade, in addition to genetic alterations, epigenetic inactivation of TSGs by promoter hypermethylation has been recognized as an important and alternative mechanism in tumorigenesis. In cervical cancer, epigenetic alterations can affect the expression of papillomavirus as well as host genes in relation to stages representing the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Here we discuss these epigenetic alterations in cervical cancer focusing on DNA methylation.
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Mao WM, Li P, Zheng QQ, Wang CC, Ge MH, Hu FJ, Fang XH, Dong ZM, Ling ZQ. Hypermethylation-modulated downregulation of RASSF1A expression is associated with the progression of esophageal cancer. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:182-8. [PMID: 21722812 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chromosome 3p21 is an important locus harboring critical tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple tumors including esophageal carcinoma (EC). Aberrant promoter methylation is a fundamental mechanism of inactivation of TSGs in cancer. RASSF1A, a candidate tumor suppressor gene, recently cloned from the lung tumor locus at 3p21.3, is frequently inactivated by hypermethylation of its promoter region in a number of malignancies. We undertook this study to investigate the methylation status of RASSF1A and its significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS Real-time RT-PCR and real-time methylation-specific PCR (real-time MSP) were used to detect RASSF1A expression and the methylation status of the RASSF1A promoter, respectively, in 124 primary ESCC tissues. RESULTS Hypermethylation, partial methylation and unmethylation of the promoter region of RASSF1A were detected in 56 (45.2%), 23 (18.6%) and 45 (36.2%) of 124 ESCC samples, respectively. Unmethylation of the promoter region of RASSF1A was detected in 119 (96%) of the 124 corresponding noncancerous tissues. Five (4.0%) of 124 noncancerous tissues showed partial methylation. The presence of hypermethylation was statistically associated with loss of RASSF1A mRNA expression in primary ESCC (p <0.05). There were statistically significant correlations between the presence of hypermethylation and regional lymph node involvement (p=0.000), histological differentiation (p=0.009) and tumor stage (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that RASSF1A may be one of the ESCC-related TSGs located at 3p21, and hypermethylation of the CpG island promoter of the RASSF1A is associated with the progression of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-min Mao
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, PR China
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22
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Mitra S, Mazumder Indra D, Basu PS, Mondal RK, Roy A, Roychoudhury S, Panda CK. Alterations of RASSF1A in premalignant cervical lesions: clinical and prognostic significance. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:723-33. [PMID: 21809394 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the importance of RASSF1A and CACNA2D2, located in chromosomal 3p21.31 region, in the development of uterine cervical carcinoma (CACX). To this end, firstly the expression (RNA) profiles of RASSF1A and CACNA2D2 were screened in primary cervical carcinoma (CACX) samples which indicated highly reduced expression for both genes. Thereafter alterations (deletion/methylation) of these genes were analyzed in 23 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 110 CACX samples. In CIN, deletion was observed only for RASSF1A (26%), whereas methylation was in the following order: RASSF1A (35%) > CACNA2D2 (9%). However, in CACX their deletion frequencies were the same (50%) and methylation frequencies were comparable RASSF1A (33%), CACNA2D2 (27%). The reduced expression and molecular alterations of these genes were concordant. Overall alterations of RASSF1A showed association with CIN lesions and CACNA2D2 with disease progression from CIN → stage I/II. Interestingly, alterations of these genes showed significant association in CACX suggesting possible functional synergism during tumor progression. Alterations of RASSF1A and CACNA2D2 predicted poor prognosis for the patients. Moreover, RASSF1A alterations along with multiparity (≥5 yr) and early sexual debut (<19 yr) were determinants of worse prognosis. Our data suggests the association of RASSF1A and CACNA2D2 in cervical carcinogenesis and its importance in early diagnosis and prognosis of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sraboni Mitra
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Poreba E, Broniarczyk JK, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A. Epigenetic mechanisms in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:233-47. [PMID: 22704339 PMCID: PMC3365383 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About 15–20% of human cancers worldwide have viral etiology. Emerging data clearly indicate that several human DNA and RNA viruses, such as human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus, contribute to cancer development. Human tumor-associated viruses have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to disrupt specific cellular pathways to facilitate aberrant replication. Although oncogenic viruses belong to different families, their strategies in human cancer development show many similarities and involve viral-encoded oncoproteins targeting the key cellular proteins that regulate cell growth. Recent studies show that virus and host interactions also occur at the epigenetic level. In this review, we summarize the published information related to the interactions between viral proteins and epigenetic machinery which lead to alterations in the epigenetic landscape of the cell contributing to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Poreba
- Department of Molecular Virology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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Jiang L, Rong R, Sheikh MS, Huang Y. Cullin-4A·DNA damage-binding protein 1 E3 ligase complex targets tumor suppressor RASSF1A for degradation during mitosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:6971-8. [PMID: 21205828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor RASSF1A (RAS association domain family 1, isoform A) is known to play an important role in regulation of mitosis; however, little is known about how RASSF1A is regulated during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. In the present study, we have identified Cullin-4A (CUL4A) as a novel E3 ligase for RASSF1A. Our results demonstrate that DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) functions as a substrate adaptor that directly interacts with RASSF1A and bridges RASSF1A to the CUL4A E3 ligase complex. Depletion of DDB1 also diminishes intracellular interactions between RASSF1A and CUL4A. Our results also show that RASSF1A interacts with DDB1 via a region containing amino acids 165-200, and deletion of this region abolishes RASSF1A and DDB1 interactions. We have found that CUL4A depletion results in increased levels of RASSF1A protein due to increased half-life; whereas overexpression of CUL4A and DDB1 markedly enhances RASSF1A protein ubiquitination resulting in reduced RASSF1A levels. We further show that CUL4A-mediated RASSF1A degradation occurs during mitosis, and depletion of CUL4A markedly reverses mitotic-phase-stimulated RASSF1A degradation. We also note that overexpression of CUL4A antagonizes the ability of RASSF1A to induce M-phase cell cycle arrest. Thus, our present study demonstrates that the CUL4A·DDB1 E3 complex is important for regulation of RASSF1A during mitosis, and it may contribute to inactivation of RASSF1A and promoting cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma remains one of the most deadly human cancers with no effective cures for metastatic disease. The poor efficacy of current therapy in advanced melanoma highlights the need for better understanding of molecular mechanisms contributing to the disease. Recent work has shown that epigenetic changes, including aberrant DNA methylation, lead to alterations in gene expression and are as important in the development of malignant melanoma as the specific and well-characterized genetic events. Reversion of these methylation patterns could thus lead to a more targeted therapy and are currently under clinical investigation. The purpose of this review is to compile recent information on aberrant DNA methylation of melanoma, to highlight key genes and molecular pathways in melanoma development, which have been found to be epigenetically altered and to provide insight as to how DNA methylation might serve as targeted treatment option as well as a molecular and prognostic marker in malignant melanoma.
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Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most commonly diagnosed gynecological cancer, and it has been shown to be a complex disease driven by abnormal genetic, and epigenetic alterations, as well as environmental factors. Epigenetic changes resulting in aberrant gene expression are dynamic and modifiable features of many cancer types. A significant epigenetic change is aberrant DNA methylation. In this review, we review evidence on the role of aberrant DNA methylation, examining changes in relation to endometrial carcinogenesis, and report on recent advances in the understanding of the contribution of aberrant DNA methylation to endometrial cancer with the emphasis on the role of dietary/ lifestyle and environmental factors, as well as opportunities and challenges of DNA methylation in endometrial cancer management and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hua Tao
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health and Health Professions; University at Buffalo, NY, USA.
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27
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Cheng HY, Gao Y, Lou G. DNA methylation of the RIZ1 tumor suppressor gene plays an important role in the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer. Eur J Med Res 2010; 15:20-4. [PMID: 20159667 PMCID: PMC3351843 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-15-1-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abtract
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Cheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
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28
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Cheng HY, Chen XW, Cheng L, Liu YD, Lou G. DNA methylation and carcinogenesis of PRDM5 in cervical cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1821-5. [PMID: 20213097 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PR (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ) domain proteins (PRDM) are a subfamily of the kruppel-like zinc finger gene products and play key roles during cell differentiation and malignant transformation. PRDM5 (PR domain containing 5 PFM2) is a new PR-domain-containing gene. The purpose of the present study was to examine the expression of PRDM5 and evaluate its carcinogenesis in cervical cancer. The relationship between DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing of PRDM5 was investigated in cervical cancer. METHODS PRDM5 expression was examined in cervical cancer cell lines and cervical tissues (12 normal and 42 cancerous) by using RT polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methylation status of the PRDM5 promoter was studied using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). RESULTS PRDM5 expression is reduced or lost in cervical cancers, compared with normal cervical tissues (P < 0.05). The current study results also showed that loss of PRDM5 is mediated by aberrant cytosine methylation of the PRDM5 promoter. There were 40.5% of carcinomas methylated, while none of normal tissues were methylated. PRDM5 mRNA expression was significantly higher (P = 0.000) in unmethylated (0.2634 ± 0.0674, mean ± SD), compared with methylated tissues (0.1007 ± 0.0993, mean ± SD). Last, treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor led to reactivation of PRDM5 expression in cell lines that had negligible PRDM5 expression at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of PRDM5 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or development of cervical cancer, and is considered to be caused in part by aberrant DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Cheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Heilongjiang 150081, China
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Cheung HH, Lee TL, Rennert OM, Chan WY. DNA methylation of cancer genome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 87:335-50. [PMID: 19960550 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating normal development and carcinogenesis. Current understanding of the biological roles of DNA methylation is limited to its role in the regulation of gene transcription, genomic imprinting, genomic stability, and X chromosome inactivation. In the past 2 decades, a large number of changes have been identified in cancer epigenomes when compared with normals. These alterations fall into two main categories, namely, hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes and hypomethylation of oncogenes or heterochromatin, respectively. Aberrant methylation of genes controlling the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, drug resistance, and intracellular signaling has been identified in multiple cancer types. Recent advancements in whole-genome analysis of methylome have yielded numerous differentially methylated regions, the functions of which are largely unknown. With the development of high resolution tiling microarrays and high throughput DNA sequencing, more cancer methylomes will be profiled, facilitating the identification of new candidate genes or ncRNAs that are related to oncogenesis, new prognostic markers, and the discovery of new target genes for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Hung Cheung
- Section on Developmental Genomics, Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Xiao G, Zhang T, Yao J, Ren J, Cao W, Wu G. The association between RASSF1 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility among people in Hubei Province of China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:646-9. [PMID: 19821102 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-009-0522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between Ala/Ser polymorphism in 133 codon of exon 3 region of the RASSF1 gene and genetic susceptibility of lung cancer in Hubei province Han population was investigated by a case-control study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was adopted to analyze the polymorphism of codon 133 of exon 3 in the RASSF1 gene of 100 pathologically diagnosed lung cancer patients, and 100 healthy controls. The relationship between different genotypes and the susceptibility of lung cancer was analyzed. Among 200 blood samples from Han people in Hubei Province, including 100 from lung cancer patients and 100 from healthy controls, the frequencies of Ala/Ala, Ala/Ser, Ser/Ser genotype of the RASSF1 in lung cancer patients were 83%, 16%, 1%, and those in healthy controls was 93%, 7%, 0% respectively, with the difference being statistically significant between two groups (P<0.05). The individuals with Ala/Ser genotype had higher risk of suffering from lung cancer, with an OR of 2.341, and 95% CI of 1.009-6.393 respectively. It was concluded that RASSF1Ala133Ser was a susceptible genetic factor of lung cancer. Ala/Ser genotype increased the risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geqiong Xiao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Chen W, Zhang X, Molijn A, Jenkins D, Shi JF, Quint W, Schmidt JE, Wang P, Liu YL, Li LK, Shi H, Liu JH, Xie X, Niyazi M, Yang P, Wei LH, Li LY, Li J, Liu JF, Zhou Q, Hong Y, Li L, Li Q, Zhou HL, Bian ML, Chen J, Qiao YL, Smith JS. Human papillomavirus type-distribution in cervical cancer in China: the importance of HPV 16 and 18. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:1705-13. [PMID: 19705288 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination against HPV 16 and 18 has the potential for effective prevention of high-grade precancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN)] 2/3) and ICC caused by these viruses (globally 50 and 70%, respectively) when employed in women prior to starting sexual activity. To provide data for decisions on HPV vaccination in China, we determined HPV type-distribution in ICC and CIN 2/3 from women of different regions within China. A multicenter study was conducted by randomized sampling of paraffin blocks of 664 ICC (630 squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]; 34 adenocarcinoma [ADC]), 569 CIN 2/3 cases from seven regions of China. Histological diagnosis was confirmed in 1,233 cases by consensus review. HPV DNA was detected using the SPF10 LiPA25 version 1 assay. HPV prevalence was 97.6% in SCC, 85.3% in adenocarcinoma, and 98.9% in CIN 2/3. HPV 16 (76.7%) and HPV 18 (7.8%) were the most common, together accounting for 84.5% of SCC, followed by HPV 31 (3.2%), HPV 52 (2.2%), and HPV 58 (2.2%). HPV positivity in SCC did not differ notably by region. However, SCC cases from women <or=34 years had higher HPV 16 positivity than women over 50 years, among whom HPV 52, 58, and 39 were more common. HPV 16 and 18 were under-represented, whereas HPV 31, 52, and 58 were over-represented in CIN2/3 compared to SCC. The potential impact of vaccines against oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 is estimated to be high (84.5%) against total SCC. These data are critical for China's future evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of current cervical cancer vaccines and of HPV-based screening guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Loginov VI, Khodyrev DS, Pronina IV, Kazubskaya TP, Ermilova VD, Gar’kavtseva RF, Braga EA. Methylation of the RASSF1A promoter region and the allelic imbalance frequencies in chromosome 3 critical regions correlate with progression of clear cell renal carcinoma. Mol Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893309030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wentzensen N, Sherman ME, Schiffman M, Wang SS. Utility of methylation markers in cervical cancer early detection: appraisal of the state-of-the-science. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 112:293-9. [PMID: 19054549 PMCID: PMC2673716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We wanted to identify the most promising methylation marker candidates for cervical cancer early detection. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed in Medline and weighted average frequencies for methylated genes stratified by tissue source and methods used were computed. RESULTS 51 studies were identified analyzing 68 different genes for methylation in 4376 specimens across all stages of cervical carcinogenesis. 15 genes, DAPK1, RASSF1, CDH1, CDKN2A, MGMT, RARB, APC, FHIT, MLH1, TIMP3, GSTP1, CADM1, CDH13, HIC1, and TERT have been analyzed in 5 or more studies. The published data on these genes is highly heterogeneous; 7 genes (CDH1, FHIT, TERT, CDH13, MGMT, TIMP3, and HIC1) had a reported range of methylation frequencies in cervical cancers of greater than 60% between studies. Stratification by analysis method did not resolve the heterogeneity. Three markers, DAPK1, CADM1, and RARB, showed elevated methylation in cervical cancers consistently across studies. CONCLUSIONS There is currently no methylation marker that can be readily translated for use in cervical cancer screening or triage settings. Large, well-conducted methylation profiling studies of cervical carcinogenesis could yield new candidates that are more specific for HPV-related carcinogenesis. New candidate markers need to be thoroughly validated in highly standardized assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Room 5012, Rockville, MD 20854-7234, USA.
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Whiteside MA, Siegel EM, Unger ER. Human papillomavirus and molecular considerations for cancer risk. Cancer 2008; 113:2981-94. [PMID: 18980282 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a major cause of cancer globally, including cervical cancer. The HPV 'early' proteins, E6 and E7, are the chief oncoproteins involved in cancer progression. These oncoproteins are more highly expressed in high-grade dysplasias and invasive cancer coincident with reduced viral DNA replication and reduced production of infective progeny virions. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins interact with several cellular proteins-classically TP53 and RB1, respectively-leading to the degradation of several of these proteins, although all interactions do not necessarily result in the degradation of a cellular protein. HPV infection is also associated with viral and host DNA methylation changes, many of which also occur in cancer types not associated with HPV infection. The E6 and E7 interactions with cellular proteins and DNA methylation changes are associated with changes in the integrity of key cellular pathways that regulate genomic integrity, cell adhesion, the immune response, apoptosis, and cell cycle control. The alterations in key cellular pathways may provide useful biomarkers to improve the sensitivity of current cancer screening methods, such as the Papanicolaou test. This review provides a detailed summary of the interactions of E6 and E7 with cellular proteins and alterations in cellular DNA methylation associated with HPV infection. The importance of molecular biomarkers to the clinical setting, underserved populations, and general public health is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Whiteside
- Office of Cancer Surveillance, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee 37243, USA.
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Neyaz MK, Kumar RS, Hussain S, Naqvi SH, Kohaar I, Thakur N, Kashyap V, Das BC, Husain SA, Bharadwaj M. Effect of aberrant promoter methylation of FHIT and RASSF1A genes on susceptibility to cervical cancer in a North Indian population. Biomarkers 2008; 13:597-606. [PMID: 18608185 DOI: 10.1080/13547500802078859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As current evidence suggests the involvement of epigenetic modification of tumour suppressor genes in human cancer, we investigated the aberrant promoter methylation of FHIT and RASSF1A genes in human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical cancer in Indian women. We analysed 60 cervical cancer tissue biopsies of different clinical stage and histological grading and 23 healthy control samples with normal cervical cytology. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was performed to analyse the methylation status of FHIT and RASSF1A genes and confirmed by sequencing. Both patients and controls were screened for HPV infection and 98% of the HPV-infected cases showed positivity for HPV type 16. Aberrant promoter methylation of the FHIT gene was found in 28.3% (17/60) of cases and of the RASSF1A gene in 35.0% (21/60) of cases; promoter methylation of both the genes was found in 13.3% (8/60) of cervical cancer cases. Methylation was significantly (p<0.01) associated with the cervical cancer cases compared with controls. None of the 23 controls was found to be methylated in either of these genes. This is the first study indicating a correlation between the promoter methylation of FHIT and RASSF1A genes and the clinical stage and histological grading of cervical carcinoma in Indian women. Future studies are underway to examine the practical implications of these findings for use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kausar Neyaz
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology (ICMR), Noida, India
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Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer and Future Perspectives in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Vaccine 2008; 26 Suppl 12:M60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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37
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Chu TY. Risk Factors and Genetic Markers of Human Papillomavirus-induced Cervical Carcinogenesis: A Focus on Chinese Populations in Southeast Asia and Southern China. Tzu Chi Med J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1016-3190(08)60017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Wang SS, Smiraglia DJ, Wu YZ, Ghosh S, Rader JS, Cho KR, Bonfiglio TA, Nayar R, Plass C, Sherman ME. Identification of novel methylation markers in cervical cancer using restriction landmark genomic scanning. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2489-97. [PMID: 18381458 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant methylation of CpG islands in gene promoters often represents an early clonal event in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, defining methylation profiles may be useful for developing marker panels for early detection or predicting the risk of cancer precursors. To identify specific genes frequently methylated in cervical cancer, we conducted methylation profiling of 20 primary human cervical cancers using NotI-based restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS). Of 2,172 RLGS fragments analyzed (average, 1,753 CpG islands per patient), 186 RLGS fragments were lost in at least one tumor and 40 were lost in three or more. Methylation was identified in 19 (95%) of 20 tumor samples compared with normal DNA. Bisulfite sequencing was conducted to confirm RLGS results. Of the confirmed markers frequently methylated, we developed Methylight assays for two corresponding genes, nucleolar protein 4 (NOL4), and lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like protein 4 (LHFPL4), which were methylated in 85% and 55% of cancers, respectively. Using these assays, we further confirmed frequent CpG island methylation in the original cancers and in another independent series of 15 cervical cancers. We also showed methylation at a reduced frequency in a set of carefully reviewed cytology specimens demonstrating cells exfoliated from cancer precursor lesions. In summary, we identified, for the first time, NOL4 and LHFPL4 as novel methylation targets specific for cervical cancer. Inclusion of NOL4 and LHFPL4 in evaluating methylation panels for early detection, risk prediction, and etiologic research on cervical cancer is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia S Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852-7234, USA.
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39
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Bao YP, Li N, Smith JS, Qiao YL. Human papillomavirus type distribution in women from Asia: a meta-analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18:71-9. [PMID: 17466054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution in women with and without cervical neoplasia from Asia and to estimate the potential future impact of an HPV 16/18 prophylactic vaccine in this region. A meta-analysis was conducted including 79 studies using polymerase chain reaction to detect HPV types. A total of 5954, 1653, 958, and 16,803 women with invasive cervical cancer (ICC), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and normal cytology or histology were included, respectively. Type-specific prevalence of HPV types 6, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, and 82 were estimated and stratified by cervical lesion grade. Overall HPV prevalence was 85.9%, 81.0%, 72.9%, and 14.4%, respectively, in women with ICC, HSIL, LSIL, and normal cytology/histology. In ICC, HPV 16 was the predominant type (52.4%), followed by HPV 18, 58, 33, 52, 45, 31, and 35. The estimated HPV 16/18-positive fraction was 66.9%, 40.4%, 26.7%, and 3.3% in women with ICC, HSIL, LSIL, and normal cytology or histology, respectively. In ICC, the estimated HPV 16/18-positive fraction was about 70% in all Asian geographic regions, with the exception of Japan (51.3%). HPV 16/18 vaccines are estimated to provide about 67% protection against ICC in Asia. HPV 58 and 52 were among the five most common types in ICC in eastern and southeastern Asia but not in south central Asia. After HPV 16 and 18, the next most six common HPV types were 58, 33, 52, 45, 31, and 35 that accounted for additional 20% of cervical cancer cases in Asia. For optimal population coverage, these HPV carcinogenic types should be considered for second-generation HPV prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-P Bao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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40
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Abstract
RASSF1A (Ras association domain family 1 isoform A) is a recently discovered tumor suppressor whose inactivation is implicated in the development of many human cancers. Although it can be inactivated by gene deletion or point mutations, the most common contributor to loss or reduction of RASSF1A function is transcriptional silencing of the gene by inappropriate promoter methylation. This epigenetic mechanism can inactivate numerous tumor suppressors and is now recognized as a major contributor to the development of cancer. RASSF1A lacks apparent enzymatic activity but contains a Ras association (RA) domain and is potentially an effector of the Ras oncoprotein. RASSF1A modulates multiple apoptotic and cell cycle checkpoint pathways. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that it serves as a scaffold for the assembly of multiple tumor suppressor complexes and may relay pro-apoptotic signaling by K-Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Donninger
- Molecular Targets Group, Department of Medicine, J. G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 119C Baxter Boulevard, 580 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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van der Weyden L, Adams DJ. The Ras-association domain family (RASSF) members and their role in human tumourigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2007; 1776:58-85. [PMID: 17692468 PMCID: PMC2586335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins play a direct causal role in human cancer with activating mutations in Ras occurring in approximately 30% of tumours. Ras effectors also contribute to cancer, as mutations occur in Ras effectors, notably B-Raf and PI3-K, and drugs blocking elements of these pathways are in clinical development. In 2000, a new Ras effector was identified, RAS-association domain family 1 (RASSF1), and expression of the RASSF1A isoform of this gene is silenced in tumours by methylation of its promoter. Since methylation is reversible and demethylating agents are currently being used in clinical trials, detection of RASSF1A silencing by promoter hypermethylation has potential clinical uses in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. RASSF1A belongs to a new family of RAS effectors, of which there are currently 8 members (RASSF1-8). RASSF1-6 each contain a variable N-terminal segment followed by a Ras-association (RA) domain of the Ral-GDS/AF6 type, and a specialised coiled-coil structure known as a SARAH domain extending to the C-terminus. RASSF7-8 contain an N-terminal RA domain and a variable C-terminus. Members of the RASSF family are thought to function as tumour suppressors by regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis. This review will summarise our current knowledge of each member of the RASSF family and in particular what role they play in tumourigenesis, with a special focus on RASSF1A, whose promoter methylation is one of the most frequent alterations found in human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton Cambridge, UK.
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42
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Widodo N, Deocaris CC, Kaur K, Hasan K, Yaguchi T, Yamasaki K, Sugihara T, Ishii T, Wadhwa R, Kaul SC. Stress chaperones, mortalin, and pex19p mediate 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine-induced senescence of cancer cells by DNA methylation-independent pathway. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:246-55. [PMID: 17389721 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.3.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA demethylating agents are used to reverse epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressors in cancer therapeutics. Understanding of the molecular and cellular factors involved in DNA demethylation-induced gene desilencing and senescence is still limited. We have tested the involvement of two stress chaperones, Pex19p and mortalin, in 5-Aza-2' deoxycytidine (5AZA-dC; DNA demethylating agent)-induced senescence. We found that the cells overexpressing these chaperones were highly sensitive to 5AZA-dC, and their partial silencing eliminated 5AZA-dC-induced senescence in human osteosarcoma cells. We demonstrate that these chaperones modulate the demethylation and chromatin remodeling-dependent (as accessed by p16(INK4A) expression) and remodeling-independent (such as activation of tumor suppressor p53 pathway) senescence response of cells. Furthermore, we found the direct interactions of 5AZA-dC with these chaperones that may alter their functions. We conclude that both mortalin and Pex19p are important mediators, prognostic indicators, and tailoring tools for 5AZA-dC-induced senescence in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashi Widodo
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Choi CH, Lee KM, Choi JJ, Kim TJ, Kim WY, Lee JW, Lee SJ, Lee JH, Bae DS, Kim BG. Hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3p in cervical cancer. Cancer Lett 2007; 255:26-33. [PMID: 17467893 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the promoter methylation status and LOH of the chromosome 3p genes, von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-beta), RAS association domain family 1A (RASSF1A), and fragile histidine triad (FHIT), in 37 samples of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and corresponding noncancerous tissues. We also analyzed the expression of RAR-beta protein by immunohistochemistry. Promoter hypermethylation in RAR-beta and FHIT was detected in 41% and 24% of tumors, respectively, whereas, no hypermethylation was detected in the corresponding noncancerous tissues. LOH in the regions of VHL, RAR-beta, RASSF1A, and FHIT was observed in 3%, 30%, 22%, and 10% of informative cases, respectively. There were no correlations between LOH and promoter hypermethylation for all of these genes. Absent immunostaining of RAR-beta protein correlated with hypermethylation and/or LOH of RAR-beta gene. In addition, it correlated with higher level of SCC antigen and more frequent lymph node metastasis. Although biallelic inactivation by hypermethylation and concomitant LOH was infrequent, the high frequency of promoter hypermethylation and/or LOH of RAR-beta and FHIT suggest that they play a role in cervical carcinogenesis independently. In addition, expression of RAR-beta protein might be used as a prognostic factor in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chel Hun Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gokul G, Gautami B, Malathi S, Sowjanya AP, Poli UR, Jain M, Ramakrishna G, Khosla S. DNA methylation profile at the DNMT3L promoter: a potential biomarker for cervical cancer. Epigenetics 2007; 2:80-5. [PMID: 17965599 PMCID: PMC2080824 DOI: 10.4161/epi.2.2.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic events play a prominent role during cancer development. This is evident from the fact that almost all cancer types show aberrant DNA methylation. These abnormal DNA methylation levels are not restricted to just a few genes but affect the whole genome. Previous studies have shown genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and gene-specific hypermethylation to be a hallmark of most cancers. Molecules like DNA methyltransferase act as effectors of epigenetic reprogramming. In the present study we have examined the possibility that the reprogramming genes themselves undergo epigenetic modifications reflecting their changed transcriptional status during cancer development. Comparison of DNA methylation status between the normal and cervical cancer samples was carried out at the promoters of a few reprogramming molecules. Our study revealed statistically significant DNA methylation differences within the promoter of DNMT3L. A regulator of de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B, DNMT3L promoter was found to have lost DNA methylation to varying levels in 14 out of 15 cancer cervix samples analysed. The present study highlights the importance of DNA methylation profile at DNMT3L promoter not only as a promising biomarker for cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer among women worldwide, but also provides insight into the possible role of DNMT3L in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinathan Gokul
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD); Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhimana Gautami
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD); Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
| | - Surapaneni Malathi
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD); Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
| | - A. Pavani Sowjanya
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD); Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Meenakshi Jain
- Mediciti Rural Hospital; Medchal Mandal; Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD); Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjeev Khosla
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD); Nacharam, Hyderabad, India
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Kang S, Kim HS, Seo SS, Park SY, Sidransky D, Dong SM. Inverse correlation between RASSF1A hypermethylation, KRAS and BRAF mutations in cervical adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 105:662-6. [PMID: 17360030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma is increasing, few genetic and epigenetic changes in its progression have been described. We hypothesized that RASSF1A methylation and KRAS and BRAF mutations may play an important role in cervical adenocarcinoma. METHODS Archival primary carcinoma tissues (n=258) in uterine cervix consisting cervical adenocarcinomas (n=115) and squamous cell carcinomas (n=143) were evaluated for activating mutations of BRAF and KRAS and promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A using methylation specific PCR and specific sequence analysis. HPV E7 Type-specific PCR was used for HPV-16 and -18 status. RESULTS KRAS mutations were found in 16 adenocarcinomas (13.9%), while BRAF mutations were found in 5 (4.3%). RASSF1A methylation was found in 27 adenocarcinomas (23.5%) and inversely correlated with KRAS and/or BRAF mutation (p=0.002) in cervical adenocarcinoma. In cervical squamous cell carcinomas, KRAS mutations were detected only in 1 (0.7%) cases and RASSF1A hypermethylation was detected in 2 (1.4%). The frequency of KRAS mutation and RASSF1A methylation were significantly different between adenocarcinomas (P<0.001) and squamous cell carcinomas (P<0.001). Neither KRAS mutation nor RASSF1A methylation were associated with HPV status. RASSF1A hypermethylation and KRAS mutations and BRAF mutations are inversely correlated and play an important role in the development of adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS These results are suggesting that these two histological types of cervical cancer arise through different molecular pathways in tumor development. Different genetic/epigenetic alterations may explain the possible different therapeutic responsiveness between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix seen in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokbom Kang
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 411-769, Republic of Korea
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46
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Lai HC, Lin YW, Chang CC, Wang HC, Chu TW, Yu MH, Chu TY. Hypermethylation of two consecutive tumor suppressor genes, BLU and RASSF1A, located at 3p21.3 in cervical neoplasias. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 104:629-35. [PMID: 17097722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although initiated by human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical carcinogenesis demands other cofactors to shape its natural course. Epigenetic effects such as DNA methylation, are considered to contribute to carcinogenesis process. METHODS The methylation status of BLU and RASSF1A, as well as the HPV infection status, were assessed in a full spectrum of cervical neoplasia, including 45 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 63 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 107 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 23 adenocarcinomas (AC), and 44 normal control tissues. RESULTS The BLU was methylated in 76.9% of SCC, 57.4% of HSIL, 20.0% of LSIL and 12.5% of normal tissues (P<0.001). The RASSF1A was methylated in 15% of SCC, 17.5% of HSIL, but not in LSIL or normal tissues (P<0.001). In AC, 43.5% of patients showed BLU methylation and 26.1% RASSF1A methylation, significantly higher than the corresponding control frequencies of 12.5% (P=0.005) and 0% (P=0.001), respectively. There was an insignificant trend toward loss of BLU methylation with advancing clinical stages of SCC (84.8%, 67.7%, and 63.6% in stages I, II, and III/IV, respectively; P=0.08). Patients with LSIL infected with high-risk HPV showed a higher rate of BLU methylation than those without HPV (38.8% vs 9.1%, respectively; P=0.057). The methylation of RASSF1A was inversely related to HPV infection in patients with HSIL/SCC (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the methylation of BLU and RASSF1A genes is associated with cervical carcinogenesis, which could be clinically important in the future molecular screening of cervical neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Cheng Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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47
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Wisman GBA, Nijhuis ER, Hoque MO, Reesink-Peters N, Koning AJ, Volders HH, Buikema HJ, Boezen HM, Hollema H, Schuuring E, Sidransky D, van der Zee AGJ. Assessment of gene promoter hypermethylation for detection of cervical neoplasia. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1908-14. [PMID: 16736496 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current cervical cancer screening is based on morphological assessment of Pap smears and associated with significant false negative and false positive results. Previously, we have shown that detection of hypermethylated genes in cervical scrapings using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (QMSP) is a promising tool for identification of squamous cell cervical cancer. Aim of the present pilot-study was to evaluate presence of hypermethylated genes in cervical carcinogenesis, both in squamous cell as well as adenocarcinomas. Cervical scrapings were obtained from 30 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer (20 squamous cell carcinomas and 10 adenocarcinomas) and 19 women with histologically normal cervices. The scraped cells were used for determination of promoter hypermethylation by QMSP for 12 genes and for morphological assessment. Overall, CALCA, DAPK, ESR1, TIMP3, APC and RAR-beta2 promoters were significantly more often hypermethylated in cancers than in controls, while adenocarcinomas were more often hypermethylated above the highest control ratio for APC, TIMP3 and RASSF1A promoters. Combining 4 genes (CALCA, DAPK, ESR1 and APC) yielded a sensitivity of 89% (with all adenocarcinomas identified), equal to cytomorphology (89%) and high-risk human papilloma virus (Hr-HPV; 90%). The 4-gene QMSP proved theoretically superior to cytomorphology as well as Hr-HPV in specificity (100% vs. 83 and 68%, respectively), because cytology identified 3 controls as moderate or severe dyskaryosis and 6 controls were positive for Hr-HPV. In conclusions, QMSP of 4 gene promoters combined appears to have comparable sensitivity and potentially better specificity in comparison to "classic" cytomorphological assessment and Hr-HPV detection. QMSP holds promise as a new diagnostic tool for both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bea A Wisman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kang S, Kim JW, Kang GH, Lee S, Park NH, Song YS, Park SY, Kang SB, Lee HP. Comparison of DNA hypermethylation patterns in different types of uterine cancer: cervical squamous cell carcinoma, cervical adenocarcinoma and endometrial adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2168-71. [PMID: 16331610 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma (CA) is rising, whereas the incidence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) continues to decrease. However, it is still unclear whether different molecular characteristics underlie these 2 types of cervical carcinoma. To better understand the epigenetic characteristics of cervical carcinoma, we investigated the DNA promoter hypermethylation profiles in CA and CSCC. In addition, we investigated whether DNA hypermethylation patterns might be used for the molecular diagnosis of CA and endometrial adenocarcinoma (EA). Using the bisulfite-modification technique and methylation-specific PCR, we examined the aberrant promoter hypermethylation patterns of 9 tumor suppressor genes (APC, DAPK, CDH1, HLTF, hMLH1, p16, RASSF1A, THBS1 and TIMP3) in 62 CSCCs, 30 CAs and 21 EAs. After Bonferroni correction adjustment (statistically significant at p < 0.0055), we found that the aberrant hypermethylations of CDH1 and DAPK were more frequent in CSCCs than in CAs (80.6% vs. 43.3%, p = 0.001; 77.4% vs. 46.7%, p = 0.005), whereas HLTF and TIMP3 were more frequently methylated in CAs (3.2% vs. 43.3%, p < 0.001; 8.1% vs. 53.3%, p = 0.001). The hypermethylations of RASSF1A and APC were more frequent in CAs than in CSCCs, but this was not significant (9.7% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.008; and 14.5% vs. 40.0%, respectively, p = 0.009). In addition, RASSF1A hypermethylation was significantly more frequent in EAs than in CAs (81.0% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.001). In conclusion, the existence of these unique methylation patterns in these cancers suggests that their tumorigenesis may involve different epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokbom Kang
- Center for Uterine Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Zhang J, Martins CR, Fansler ZB, Roemer KL, Kincaid EA, Gustafson KS, Heitjan DF, Clark DP. DNA methylation in anal intraepithelial lesions and anal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6544-9. [PMID: 16166431 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anal intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with human papillomavirus infection and may progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is increasing in immunocompromised patients. We hypothesize that anal intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with abnormal DNA methylation and that detection of these events may be used to improve screening programs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Seventy-six patients were identified who underwent anal cytology screening and subsequent biopsy at our institution between 1999 and 2004. The specimens from these patients included 184 anal biopsies [normal, n = 57; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), n = 74; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), n = 41; and invasive SCC, n = 12] and 37 residual liquid-based anal cytology specimens (normal, n = 11; LSIL, n = 12; HSIL, n = 14). The methylation status of the following genes was determined for each biopsy and cytology sample using real-time methylation-specific PCR: HIC1, RASSF1, RARB, CDKN2A, p14, TP73, APC, MLH1, MGMT, DAPK1, and IGSF4. RESULTS Methylation-specific PCR analysis of biopsy samples revealed that DNA methylation was more common in SCC and HSIL than LSIL and normal mucosa. Specifically, methylation of IGSF4 and DAPK1 was prevalent in SCC (75% and 75% of cases, respectively) and HSIL (59% and 71%, respectively) but was absent in LSIL and normal biopsy samples. Methylation profiles of cytologic samples were similar to those found in the biopsy samples. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant DNA methylation is a frequent event in anal HSIL and SCC. Methylation of IGSF4 and DAPK1 is specific for HSIL and SCC, and may serve as a useful molecular biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Dueñas-González A, Lizano M, Candelaria M, Cetina L, Arce C, Cervera E. Epigenetics of cervical cancer. An overview and therapeutic perspectives. Mol Cancer 2005; 4:38. [PMID: 16248899 PMCID: PMC1291396 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-4-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer remains one of the greatest killers of women worldwide. It is difficult to foresee a dramatic increase in cure rate even with the most optimal combination of cytotoxic drugs, surgery, and radiation; therefore, testing of molecular targeted therapies against this malignancy is highly desirable. A number of epigenetic alterations occur during all stages of cervical carcinogenesis in both human papillomavirus and host cellular genomes, which include global DNA hypomethylation, hypermetylation of key tumor suppressor genes, and histone modifications. The reversible nature of epigenetic changes constitutes a target for transcriptional therapies, namely DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors. To date, studies in patients with cervical cancer have demonstrated the feasibility of reactivating the expression of hypermethylated and silenced tumor suppressor genes as well as the hyperacetylating and inhibitory effect upon histone deacetylase activity in tumor tissues after treatment with demethylating and histone deacetylase inhibitors. In addition, detection of epigenetic changes in cytological smears, serum DNA, and peripheral blood are of potential interest for development of novel biomolecular markers for early detection, prediction of response, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INCan/IIB), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INCan/IIB), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City. Mexico
| | - Myrna Candelaria
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucely Cetina
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Arce
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Cervera
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
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