1
|
Şeref C, Acar Ö, Kılıç M, Vural M, Sağlıcan Y, Saraç H, Coşkun B, İnce Ü, Esen T, Lack NA. Histologically benign PI-RADS 4 and 5 lesions contain cancer-associated epigenetic alterations. Prostate 2022; 82:145-153. [PMID: 34672371 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer has improved with the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Yet, even with MRI-guided biopsy 15%-35% of high-risk lesions (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] 4 and 5) are histologically benign. It is unclear if these false positives are due to diagnostic/sampling errors or pathophysiological alterations. To better understand this, we tested histologically benign PI-RAD 4 and 5 lesions for common malignant epigenetic alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRI-guided in-bore biopsy samples were collected from 45 patients with PI-RADS 4 (n = 31) or 5 (n = 14) lesions. Patients had a median clinical follow-up of 3.8 years. High-risk mpMRI patients were grouped based on their histology into biopsy positive for tumor (BPT; n = 28) or biopsy negative for tumor (BNT; n = 17). From these biopsy samples, DNA methylation of well-known tumor suppressor genes (APC, GSTP1, and RARβ2) was quantified. RESULTS Similar to previous work we observed high rates of promoter methylation at GSTP1 (92.7%), RARβ2 (57.3%), and APC (37.8%) in malignant BPT samples but no methylation in benign TURP chips. Interestingly, similar to the malignant samples the BNT biopsies also had increased methylation at the promoter of GSTP1 (78.8%) and RARβ2 (34.6%). However, despite these epigenetic alterations none of these BNT patients developed prostate cancer, and those who underwent repeat mpMRI (n = 8) demonstrated either radiological regression or stability. CONCLUSIONS Histologically benign PI-RADS 4 and 5 lesions harbor prostate cancer-associated epigenetic alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Şeref
- Department of Health Sciences, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Acar
- Department of Urology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Kılıç
- Department of Urology, VKF American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Vural
- Department of Radiology, VKF American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Sağlıcan
- Department of Pathology, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Saraç
- Department of Health Sciences, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilgen Coşkun
- Department of Radiology, VKF American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ümit İnce
- Department of Pathology, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tarık Esen
- Department of Urology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Urology, VKF American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nathan A Lack
- Department of Health Sciences, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Conteduca V, Hess J, Yamada Y, Ku SY, Beltran H. Epigenetics in prostate cancer: clinical implications. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:3104-3116. [PMID: 34430414 PMCID: PMC8350251 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and nucleosome remodeling, result in abnormal gene expression patterns that contribute to prostate tumor initiation and continue to evolve during the course of disease progression. Epigenetic modifications are responsible for silencing tumor-suppressor genes, activating oncogenic drivers, and driving therapy resistance and thus have emerged as promising targets for antineoplastic therapy in prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of epigenetics in prostate cancer with a particular emphasis on clinical implications. We review how epigenetic regulators crosstalk with critical biological pathways, including androgen receptor signaling, and how these interactions dynamically control prostate cancer transcriptional profiles. Because of their potentially reversible nature, restoration of a "normal" epigenome could provide a basis for innovative therapeutic strategies in prostate cancer. We highlight how particular epigenetic alterations are emerging as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and/or targets for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Dino Amadori" (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Judy Hess
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasutaka Yamada
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheng-Yu Ku
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Role of the Metzincin Superfamily in Prostate Cancer Progression: A Systematic-Like Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073608. [PMID: 33808504 PMCID: PMC8036576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity in men. Potentially important regulators of prostate cancer progression are members of the metzincin superfamily of proteases, principally through their regulation of the extracellular matrix. It is therefore timely to review the role of the metzincin superfamily in prostate cancer and its progression to better understand their involvement in this disease. A systematic-like search strategy was conducted. Articles that investigated the roles of members of the metzincin superfamily and their key regulators in prostate cancer were included. The extracted articles were synthesized and data presented in tabular and narrative forms. Two hundred and five studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 138 investigated the role of the Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) subgroup, 34 the Membrane-Tethered Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) subgroup, 22 the A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) subgroup, 8 the A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS) subgroup and 53 the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMP) family of regulators, noting that several studies investigated multiple family members. There was clear evidence that specific members of the metzincin superfamily are involved in prostate cancer progression, which can be either in a positive or negative manner. However, further understanding of their mechanisms of action and how they may be used as prognostic indicators or molecular targets is required.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dubuissez M, Paget S, Abdelfettah S, Spruyt N, Dehennaut V, Boulay G, Loison I, de Schutter C, Rood BR, Duterque-Coquillaud M, Leroy X, Leprince D. HIC1 (Hypermethylated in Cancer 1) modulates the contractile activity of prostate stromal fibroblasts and directly regulates CXCL12 expression. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4138-4154. [PMID: 33227080 PMCID: PMC7665237 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIC1 (Hypermethylated In Cancer 1) a tumor suppressor gene located at 17p13.3, is frequently deleted or epigenetically silenced in many human tumors. HIC1 encodes a transcriptional repressor involved in various aspects of the DNA damage response and in complex regulatory loops with P53 and SIRT1. HIC1 expression in normal prostate tissues has not yet been investigated in detail. Here, we demonstrated by immunohistochemistry that detectable HIC1 expression is restricted to the stroma of both normal and tumor prostate tissues. By RT-qPCR, we showed that HIC1 is poorly expressed in all tested prostate epithelial lineage cell types: primary (PrEC), immortalized (RWPE1) or transformed androgen-dependent (LnCAP) or androgen-independent (PC3 and DU145) prostate epithelial cells. By contrast, HIC1 is strongly expressed in primary PrSMC and immortalized (WMPY-1) prostate myofibroblastic cells. HIC1 depletion in WPMY-1 cells induced decreases in α-SMA expression and contractile capability. In addition to SLUG, we identified stromal cell-derived factor 1/C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (SDF1/CXCL12) as a new HIC1 direct target-gene. Thus, our results identify HIC1 as a tumor suppressor gene which is poorly expressed in the epithelial cells targeted by the tumorigenic process. HIC1 is expressed in stromal myofibroblasts and regulates CXCL12/SDF1 expression, thereby highlighting a complex interplay mediating the tumor promoting activity of the tumor microenvironment. Our studies provide new insights into the role of HIC1 in normal prostatic epithelial-stromal interactions through direct repression of CXCL12 and new mechanistic clues on how its loss of function through promoter hypermethylation during aging could contribute to prostatic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dubuissez
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France.,Present Address: Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sonia Paget
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Souhila Abdelfettah
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nathalie Spruyt
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Dehennaut
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Gaylor Boulay
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingrid Loison
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Clementine de Schutter
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Brian R Rood
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Martine Duterque-Coquillaud
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Leroy
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France.,Department of Pathology, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Leprince
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liao Y, Xu K. Epigenetic regulation of prostate cancer: the theories and the clinical implications. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:279-290. [PMID: 30084432 PMCID: PMC6498736 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_53_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is the main mechanism that controls transcription of specific genes with no changes in the underlying DNA sequences. Epigenetic alterations lead to abnormal gene expression patterns that contribute to carcinogenesis and persist throughout disease progression. Because of the reversible nature, epigenetic modifications emerge as promising anticancer drug targets. Several compounds have been developed to reverse the aberrant activities of enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation, and some of them show encouraging results in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this article, we comprehensively review the up-to-date roles of epigenetics in the development and progression of prostate cancer. We especially focus on three epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. We elaborate on current models/theories that explain the necessity of these epigenetic programs in driving the malignant phenotypes of prostate cancer cells. In particular, we elucidate how certain epigenetic regulators crosstalk with critical biological pathways, such as androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and how the cooperation dynamically controls cancer-oriented transcriptional profiles. Restoration of a "normal" epigenetic landscape holds promise as a cure for prostate cancer, so we concluded by highlighting particular epigenetic modifications as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or new therapeutic targets for treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiji Liao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin C, Salzillo TC, Bader DA, Wilkenfeld SR, Awad D, Pulliam TL, Dutta P, Pudakalakatti S, Titus M, McGuire SE, Bhattacharya PK, Frigo DE. Prostate Cancer Energetics and Biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:185-237. [PMID: 31900911 PMCID: PMC8096614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers must alter their metabolism to satisfy the increased demand for energy and to produce building blocks that are required to create a rapidly growing tumor. Further, for cancer cells to thrive, they must also adapt to an often changing tumor microenvironment, which can present new metabolic challenges (ex. hypoxia) that are unfavorable for most other cells. As such, altered metabolism is now considered an emerging hallmark of cancer. Like many other malignancies, the metabolism of prostate cancer is considerably different compared to matched benign tissue. However, prostate cancers exhibit distinct metabolic characteristics that set them apart from many other tumor types. In this chapter, we will describe the known alterations in prostate cancer metabolism that occur during initial tumorigenesis and throughout disease progression. In addition, we will highlight upstream regulators that control these metabolic changes. Finally, we will discuss how this new knowledge is being leveraged to improve patient care through the development of novel biomarkers and metabolically targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchu Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Travis C Salzillo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Bader
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandi R Wilkenfeld
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dominik Awad
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prasanta Dutta
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean E McGuire
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smeets E, Lynch AG, Prekovic S, Van den Broeck T, Moris L, Helsen C, Joniau S, Claessens F, Massie CE. The role of TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 462:41-55. [PMID: 28870782 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are recently characterized dioxygenases that regulate demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further derivatives. The recent finding that 5hmC is also a stable and independent epigenetic modification indicates that these proteins play an important role in diverse physiological and pathological processes such as neural and tumor development. Both the genomic distribution of (hydroxy)methylation and the expression and activity of TET proteins are dysregulated in a wide range of cancers including prostate cancer. Up to now it is still unknown how changes in TET and 5(h)mC profiles are related to the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. In this review, we explore recent advances in the current understanding of how TET expression and function are regulated in development and cancer. Furthermore, we look at the impact on 5hmC in prostate cancer and the potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we tried to summarize the latest techniques for detecting and quantifying global and locus-specific 5hmC levels of genomic DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Smeets
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - A G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Prekovic
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Van den Broeck
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Moris
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C E Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Angulo JC, López JI, Ropero S. DNA Methylation and Urological Cancer, a Step Towards Personalized Medicine: Current and Future Prospects. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 20:531-549. [PMID: 27501813 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Urologic malignancies are some of the commonest tumors often curable when diagnosed at early stage. However, accurate diagnostic markers and faithful predictors of prognosis are needed to avoid over-diagnosis leading to overtreatment. Many promising exploratory studies have identified epigenetic markers in urinary malignancies based on DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA) expression that epigenetically regulate gene expression. We review and discuss the current state of development and the future potential of epigenetic biomarkers for more accurate and less invasive detection of urological cancer, tumor recurrence and progression of disease serving to establish diagnosis and monitor treatment efficacies. The specific clinical implications of such methylation tests on therapeutic decisions and patient outcome and current limitations are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier C Angulo
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Departamento Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Laureate Universities, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo Km 12.5, Getafe, 28905, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose I López
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Instituto BioCruces,Universidad del País Vasco (UPV-EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago Ropero
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh AN, Sharma N. Identification of key pathways and genes with aberrant methylation in prostate cancer using bioinformatics analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4925-4933. [PMID: 29066912 PMCID: PMC5644600 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s144725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), a multifocal clinically heterogeneous disease, is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous neoplasm in men worldwide. The epigenome of PCa is a typical representation of catastrophic model of epigenetic alterations during tumorigenesis and its progression. Alterations in methylation patterns in tumor suppressors, cell cycle, oncogenes and metabolism-related genes are the most commonly observed epigenetic alterations in PCa. In this study, we have developed a computational strategy to identify methylated biomarker signature panels as potential targets of PCa by screening >160 genes reported to be epigenetically dysregulated, and shortlisted 26 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) that significantly contribute to oncogenesis. The gene ontology and functional enrichment analysis were performed, which showed that identified DMGs contribute to cellular and metabolic processes such as cell communication, cell cycle, response to drugs, apoptosis and p53 signaling. The top hub genes AR, CDH13, CDKN2A, DAPK1, GSTP1, CD44 and RASSF1 identified from protein-protein interaction network construction using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes contributed to hormonal response, inflammatory response, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species activity and receptor kinase activity, which are related to hallmarks of cancer as revealed by their functional enrichment analysis by Cytoscape. These genes were further scrutinized for CpG islands, transcription start sites and positions of methylated cytosines to study their methylation profiles. Our analysis revealed high negative correlation values between methylation frequencies and gene expressions of the hub genes, namely, AR, CDH13, CDKN2A, DAPK1, CD44, GSTP1 and RASSF1, which can be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers for PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshika N Singh
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Gram – Lavale, Taluka – Mulshi, Pune, India
| | - Neeti Sharma
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Gram – Lavale, Taluka – Mulshi, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Corbin JM, Ruiz-Echevarría MJ. One-Carbon Metabolism in Prostate Cancer: The Role of Androgen Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1208. [PMID: 27472325 PMCID: PMC5000606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism differs significantly from the metabolism of non-transformed cells. This altered metabolic reprogramming mediates changes in the uptake and use of nutrients that permit high rates of proliferation, growth, and survival. The androgen receptor (AR) plays an essential role in the establishment and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), and in the metabolic adaptation that takes place during this progression. In its role as a transcription factor, the AR directly affects the expression of several effectors and regulators of essential catabolic and biosynthetic pathways. Indirectly, as a modulator of the one-carbon metabolism, the AR can affect epigenetic processes, DNA metabolism, and redox balance, all of which are important factors in tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on the role of AR-signaling on one-carbon metabolism in tumorigenesis. Clinical implications of one-carbon metabolism and AR-targeted therapies for PCa are discussed in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Corbin
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Maria J Ruiz-Echevarría
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center and Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adissu HA, McKerlie C, Di Grappa M, Waterhouse P, Xu Q, Fang H, Khokha R, Wood GA. Timp3 loss accelerates tumour invasion and increases prostate inflammation in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1831-43. [PMID: 26332574 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression and activity of proteases is implicated in inflammation and cancer progression. An important negative regulator of protease activity is TIMP3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3). TIMP3 expression is lacking in many cancers including advanced prostate cancer, and this may facilitate invasion and metastasis by allowing unrestrained protease activity. METHODS To investigate the role of TIMP3 in prostate cancer progression, we crossed TIMP3-deficient mice (Timp3(-/-)) to mice with prostate-specific deletion of the tumor suppressor Pten (Pten(-/-)), a well-established mouse model of prostate cancer. Tumor growth and progression were compared between Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) and control (Pten(-/-), Timp3(+/+)) mice at 16 weeks of age by histopathology and markers of proliferation, vascularity, and tumor invasion. Metalloproteinase activity within the tumors was assessed by gelatin zymography. Inflammatory infiltrates were assessed by immunohistochemistry for macrophages and lymphocytes whereas expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was assessed by quantitative real time PCR and multiplex ELISA. RESULTS Increased tumor growth, proliferation index, increased microvascular density, and invasion was observed in Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) prostate tumors compared to Pten(-/-), Timp3(+/+) tumors. Tumor cell invasion in Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) mice was associated with increased expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 and activation of MMP-2. There was markedly increased inflammatory cell infiltration into the TIMP3-deficient prostate tumors along with increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, and interleukin-1β; all of which are implicated in inflammation and cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights into the role of altered protease activity in promoting prostate cancer invasion and implicates prostate inflammation as an important promoting factor in prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hibret A Adissu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Di Grappa
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qiang Xu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Keil KP, Vezina CM. DNA methylation as a dynamic regulator of development and disease processes: spotlight on the prostate. Epigenomics 2015; 7:413-25. [PMID: 26077429 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate development, benign hyperplasia and cancer involve androgen and growth factor signaling as well as stromal-epithelial interactions. We review how DNA methylation influences these and related processes in other organ systems such as how proliferation is restricted to specific cell populations during defined temporal windows, how androgens elicit their actions and how cells establish, maintain and remodel DNA methylation in a time and cell specific fashion. We also discuss mechanisms by which hormones and endocrine disrupting chemicals reprogram DNA methylation in the prostate and elsewhere and examine evidence for a reawakening of developmental epigenetic pathways as drivers of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Keil
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen X, Lin Z, Xue M, Si J, Chen S. Zic1 Promoter Hypermethylation in Plasma DNA Is a Potential Biomarker for Gastric Cancer and Intraepithelial Neoplasia. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207911 PMCID: PMC4514771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most common digestive cancers worldwide; however, most patients present at an advanced stage at initial diagnosis. Zic1 is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene that is epigenetically silenced in GC. In this study, we investigated Zic1 promoter methylation in plasma DNA as a novel molecular marker for the early diagnosis and monitoring of GC. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) assay was performed to detect Zic1 promoter methylation in plasma DNA from 20 healthy subjects, 50 gastric intraepithelial neoplasia patients, and 104 GC patients. The Zic1 promoter methylation rate in the plasma samples from the healthy control group was 0%, but it reached 54.0% in the intraepithelial neoplasia group and 60.6% in the GC group. The latter two values were significantly higher than that found in the healthy control group (p < 0.05), with a 100% specificity for intraepithelial neoplasia and GC diagnosis. The positive predictive value of plasma Zic1 promoter methylation for the diagnosis of intraepithelial neoplasia and GC was 100%. Methylation status in the GC group was not significantly associated with tumor size, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, or tumor invasion (p > 0.05). Assessment of the significance of detection of the carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) level and Zic1 promoter methylation rate for GC diagnosis revealed that the sensitivity of Zic1 promoter methylation was significantly higher than that of the CEA level as a marker and that the combined measurement of these two indices (parallel testing) improved sensitivity. Taken together, our results suggest that the Zic1 promoter methylation rate in plasma-derived DNA is of great significance for the early screening of GC and monitoring of tumorigenesis. Zic1 promoter methylation may serve as a novel non-invasive plasma biomarker for the early detection of GC and for risk assessment in high-risk populations. The combined measurement of the Zic1 promoter methylation rate and CEA level (parallel testing) may enhance the current guidelines for the early diagnosis of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenghua Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Si
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shujie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qu Z, Jiang Y, Li H, Yu DEC, Ding YT. Detecting abnormal methylation of tumor suppressor genes GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, and RASSF1A in hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2553-2558. [PMID: 26622888 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high rate of mortality. Further studies into epigenetic changes in HCC, particularly the abnormal methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), are required, since these changes may provide novel biomarkers for early screening and diagnosis of HCC. By using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), the present study detected the methylation status in the promoter region of 4 candidate TSGs, GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, and RASSF1A, respectively, in 35 paired HCC and tumor-adjacent liver tissues in addition to 20 normal liver tissues. Their effect on the initiation and progression of HCC was also investigated by analyzing the clinicopathological data. The results of the present study revealed that the methylation level of RIZ1 and GSTP1 genes in HCC was significantly increased compared with that in the adjacent tissues (P<0.01) and the normal liver tissues (P<0.01). The methylation frequency of P16 and RASSF1A genes was not significantly increased compared with that observed in the adjacent tissues (P>0.05) but was significantly increased compared with the normal tissues (P<0.01). In HCC tissues, the methylation frequency of the GSTP1 gene in tumors with capsular invasion was significantly increased compared with that in tumors without capsular invasion (P<0.05). The methylation frequency of P16 gene in hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg)-positive HCC patients was significantly increased compared with that in HbsAg-negative patients (P<0.05). The methylation status of RIZ1 and RASSF1A genes was not significantly correlated with the clinicopathological data (P>0.05). Previous studies have demonstrated that the methylation status of RIZ1 and GSTP1 genes is HCC-specific, and thus may be used as a biomarker to assist the clinical diagnosis of HCC. While the methylation of GSTP1 gene promoter may associate with the invasiveness of HCC, chronic hepatitis B virus infection may be the cause of methylation-induced P16 inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Changzhou First People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Changzhou First People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - DE-Cai Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Changes of protein expression in prostate cancer having lost its androgen sensitivity. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:1149-54. [PMID: 25953123 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-0985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The majority of prostate cancers require androgen hormones for growth, and androgen ablation is an important part of the systemic treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Nevertheless, most of these cancers eventually relapse as they become less sensitive to androgen ablation and anti-androgen treatment. Elucidating the molecular events that are responsible for the conversion of androgen-sensitive cancers to androgen-refractory tumors may reveal new therapeutic opportunities. METHODS In the present study, we investigated nine androgen-sensitive and nine androgen-refractory prostate cancer samples to evaluate the expression levels of 10 selected proteins that have been implicated in oncogenesis and cancer progression. RESULTS Our immunohistochemical data show that three of the investigated proteins (i.e., minichromosome maintenance-2, methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, and androgen receptor) are expressed at significantly different levels in the androgen-refractory cancer samples than in the androgen-sensitive tumors, whereas the expression levels of the seven other studied proteins (i.e., β-catenin, p27, p21, p16, Ki67, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, and geminin) are not significantly different regarding the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the increased expression of minichromosome maintenance-2 and decreased expression of methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase related to androgen receptor are indicative of the androgen-refractory stage in prostate cancer. Further studies are required to determine whether these expression changes play a causative role in the transition of androgen-sensitive to androgen-refractory prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Death associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK) is an important serine/theoreine kinase involved in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation. DAPK expression and activity are misregulated in multiple diseases including cancer, neuronal death, stoke, et al. Methylation of the DAPK gene is common in many types of cancer and can lead to loss of DAPK expression. In this review, we summarize the pathological status and functional roles of DAPK in disease and compare the published reagents that can manipulate the expression or activity of DAPK. The pleiotropic functions of DAPK make it an intriguing target and the barriers and opportunities for targeting DAPK for future clinical application are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Imbalanced cell death is a common phenomenon in many human diseases, including cancer. DAPK's essential function is in promoting apoptosis. DAPK interacts with stress-induced receptors through its death domain to initiate an apoptosis cascade. In addition, DAPK phosphorylates multiple cytosolic substrates and can mediate transfer of signaling pathways to the effector caspases. A series of studies demonstrated that, depending on stimuli, DAPK expression is regulated on both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Silencing of DAPK due to hypermethylation of its promoter was reported in many types of cancer. STAT3 and p52-NFkB transcription factors have been shown to down-regulate DAPK expression. In contrast, p53, C/EBP-β and Smad transcription factors bind to their specific response elements within the DAPK promoter and induce its transcription. Post-transcriptionally, DAPK undergoes alternative splicing, which results in the production of two functionally different isoforms. Moreover, miRNA 103 and miRNA 107 recently were shown to inhibit DAPK in colorectal cancer. Here we summarize our recent knowledge about transcriptional regulation of DAPK expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Benderska
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätstrasse 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Deng J, Liang H, Ying G, Dong Q, Zhang L, Yu J, Fan D, Hao X. Clinical significance of the methylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine sites of protocadherin-10 promoter for evaluating the prognosis of gastric cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2014; 219:904-13. [PMID: 25260683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protocadherin-10 (PCDH10) has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple carcinomas. In this study, we intended to elucidate the clinical applicability of the methylation of CpG sites of PCDH10 promoter for prognostic prediction in gastric cancer (GC). STUDY DESIGN Qualitative and quantitative detections of PCDH10 promoter methylation were performed with methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and bisulphite genomic sequencing, respectively. The methylated statuses of 27 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites in PCDH10 promoter were detected in a series of 458 GC tissues to supply precise information of prognostic prediction. Associations between molecular, clinicopathologic, and survival data were analyzed. RESULTS Protocadherin-10 promoter methylation was found in 91.92% in all patients. Gastric cancer patients with 5 or more methylated CpG sites of PCDH10 promoter was significantly associated with poorer survival (p = 0.038). Meanwhile, methylation of combined CpG (-115, -108, -13, and +3) sites was also identified to provide elaborate survival discrimination for GC patients (p = 0.044). On multivariate survival analysis, methylation of combined CpG (-115, -108, -13, and +3) sites (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.255; p = 0.049) was identified to be an independent prognostic indicator of GC, as were N stage and T stage. Additionally, the methylation of combined CpG (-115, -108, -13, and +3) sites had smaller Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values than the other 2 independent predictors of the survival. Ultimately, we demonstrated that the methylation of combined CpG (-115, -108, -13, and +3) sites was negatively associated with PCDH10 expression in GC tissues. CONCLUSIONS The methylated CpG sites of PCDH10 promoter had significant applicability for clinical evaluation of the prognosis of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoguang Ying
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuping Dong
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xishan Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Epigenetic change is part of the carcinogenic process and a deep reservoir for biomarker discovery. Reversible methylation of cytosines is noteworthy because it can be measured accurately and easily by various molecular methods and DNA methylation patterns are linked to important tumourigenic pathways. Clinically relevant methylation changes are known in common human cancers such as cervix, prostate, breast, colon, bladder, stomach and lung. Differential methylation may have a central role in the development and outcome of most if not all human malignancies. The advent of deep sequencing holds great promise for epigenomics, with bioinformatics tools ready to reveal large numbers of new targets for prognosis and therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on two selected cancers, namely cervix and prostate, which illustrate the more general themes of epigenetic diagnostics in cancer. Also discussed is differential methylation of specific human and viral DNA targets and laboratory methods for measuring methylation biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila T Lorincz
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Adjakly M, Ngollo M, Lebert A, Dagdemir A, Penault-Llorca F, Boiteux JP, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D. Comparative effects of soy phytoestrogens and 17β-estradiol on DNA methylation of a panel of 24 genes in prostate cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:474-82. [PMID: 24641702 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.884236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Major phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein have been reported to have the ability to reverse DNA methylation in cancer cell lines. The mechanism by which genistein and daidzein have an inhibiting action on DNA methylation is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soy phytoestrogens and the natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) to determine whether one of the estrogen receptors is mobilized for the action of these compounds on DNA methylation. We also made a comparative study with a DNA methylation inhibitor (5-azacytidine) and a DNA methylation activator (budesonide). Three prostate cell lines, PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP, were treated with 40 μM genistein, 110 μM daidzein, 2 μM budesonide, 2 μM 5-azacytidine, and 10 μM E2. In these 3 human prostate cancer cell lines, we performed methylation quantification using methyl-profiler-DNA-methylation analysis. Soy phytoestrogens and E2 induced a demethylation of all the promoter regions studied except for those that were unmethylated in control cells. Our results showed that E2 induces, like soy phytoestrogen, a decrease in DNA methylation in prostate cancer cell lines. This action may be mediated through ERβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mawussi Adjakly
- a Centre Jean Perrin, Department of Oncogenetics, CBRV, Clermont-Ferrand, France and ERTICA, EA 4677 , University of Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Phin S, Moore MW, Cotter PD. Genomic Rearrangements of PTEN in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:240. [PMID: 24062990 PMCID: PMC3775430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) on chromosome 10q23.3 is a negative regulator of the PIK3/Akt survival pathway and is the most frequently deleted tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer. Monoallelic loss of PTEN is present in up to 60% of localized prostate cancers and complete loss of PTEN in prostate cancer is linked to metastasis and androgen-independent progression. Studies on the genomic status of PTEN in prostate cancer initially used a two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for PTEN copy number detection in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue preparations. More recently, a four-color FISH assay containing two additional control probes flanking the PTEN locus with a lower false-positive rate was reported. Combined with the detection of other critical genomic biomarkers for prostate cancer such as ERG, androgen receptor, and MYC, the evaluation of PTEN genomic status has proven to be invaluable for patient stratification and management. Although less frequent than allelic deletions, point mutations in the gene and epigenetic silencing are also known to contribute to loss of PTEN function, and ultimately to prostate cancer initiation. Overall, it is clear that PTEN is a powerful biomarker for prostate cancer. Used as a companion diagnostic for emerging therapeutic drugs, FISH analysis of PTEN is promisingly moving human prostate cancer closer to more effective cancer management and therapies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Devaney JM, Wang S, Funda S, Long J, Taghipour DJ, Tbaishat R, Furbert-Harris P, Ittmann M, Kwabi-Addo B. Identification of novel DNA-methylated genes that correlate with human prostate cancer and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2013; 16:292-300. [PMID: 23896626 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2013.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) harbors a myriad of genomic and epigenetic defects. Cytosine methylation of CpG-rich promoter DNA is an important mechanism of epigenetic gene inactivation in PCa. There is considerable amount of data to suggest that DNA methylation-based biomarkers may be useful for the early detection and diagnosis of PCa. In addition, candidate gene-based studies have shown an association between specific gene methylation and alterations and clinicopathologic indicators of poor prognosis in PCa. METHODS To more comprehensively identify DNA methylation alterations in PCa initiation and progression, we examined the methylation status of 485 577 CpG sites from regions with a broad spectrum of CpG densities, interrogating both gene-associated and non-associated regions using the recently developed Illumina 450K methylation platform. RESULTS In all, we selected 33 promoter-associated novel CpG sites that were differentially methylated in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and PCa in comparison with benign prostate tissue samples (false discovery rate-adjusted P-value <0.05; β-value 0.2; fold change >1.5). Of the 33 genes, hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated BNC1, FZD1, RPL39L, SYN2, LMX1B, CXXC5, ZNF783 and CYB5R2 as top candidate novel genes that are frequently methylated and whose methylation was associated with inactivation of gene expression in PCa cell lines. Pathway analysis of the genes with altered methylation patterns identified the involvement of a cancer-related network of genes whose activity may be regulated by TP53, MYC, TNF, IL1 and 6, IFN-γ and FOS in prostate pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Our genome-wide methylation profile shows epigenetic dysregulation of important regulatory signals in prostate carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Devaney
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation induces microRNA-dependent reexpression of functional RARβ and tumor regression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9812-7. [PMID: 23716670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304610110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a key effector of the innate immune system against viruses. Activation of TLR3 exerts an antitumoral effect through a mechanism of action still poorly understood. Here we show that TLR3 activation by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid induces up-regulation of microRNA-29b, -29c, -148b, and -152 in tumor-derived cell lines and primary tumors. In turn, these microRNAs induce reexpression of epigenetically silenced genes by targeting DNA methyltransferases. In DU145 and TRAMP-C1 prostate and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we demonstrated that polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-mediated activation of TLR3 induces microRNAs targeting DNA methyltransferases, leading to demethylation and reexpression of the oncosuppressor retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ). As a result, cancer cells become sensitive to retinoic acid and undergo apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides evidence of an antitumoral mechanism of action upon TLR3 activation and the biological rationale for a combined TLR3 agonist/retinoic acid treatment of prostate and breast cancer.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao T, He B, Pan Y, Li R, Xu Y, Chen L, Nie Z, Gu L, Wang S. The association of retinoic acid receptor beta2(RARβ2) methylation status and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62950. [PMID: 23675444 PMCID: PMC3652867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid receptor beta2(RARβ2) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, which has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor gene in different types of human tumors. Previous reports demonstrated that the frequency of RARβ2 methylation was significantly higher in prostate cancer patients compared with controls, but the relationship between RARβ2 promoter methylation and pathological stage or Gleason score of prostate cancer remained controversial. Therefore, a meta-analysis of published studies investigating the effects of RARβ2 methylation status in prostate cancer occurrence and association with both pathological stage and Gleason score in prostate cancer was performed in the study. A total of 12 eligible studies involving 777 cases and 404 controls were included in the pooled analyses. Under the random-effects model, the pooled OR of RARβ2 methylation in prostate cancer patients, compared to non-cancer controls, was 17.62 with 95%CI = 6.30-49.28. The pooled OR with the fixed-effects model of pathological stage in RASSF1A methylated patients, compared to unmethylated patients, was 0.67 (95%CI = 0.40-1.09) and the pooled OR of low-GS in RARβ2 methylated patients by the random-effect model, compared to high-GS RARβ2 methylated patients, was 0.54 (95%CI = 0.28-1.04). This study showed that RARβ2 might be a potential biomarker in prostate cancer prevention and diagnosis. The detection of RARβ2 methylation in urine or serum is a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool in prostate cancer. The present findings also require confirmation through adequately designed prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Gao
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bangshun He
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqin Pan
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yeqiong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenling Nie
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shukui Wang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shinojima T, Yu Q, Huang SK, Li M, Mizuno R, Liu ET, Hoon DSB, Lessard L. Heterogeneous epigenetic regulation of TIMP3 in prostate cancer. Epigenetics 2012; 7:1279-89. [PMID: 23023649 DOI: 10.4161/epi.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently downregulated in prostate cancer. The mechanisms involved in TIMP3 transcriptional repression are not fully understood, but evidence suggests that promoter hypermethylation may not be the predominant epigenetic alteration in prostate cancer. To clarify this issue, we examined the contribution of both CpG site promoter methylation and histone modifications on TIMP3 downregulation. Using publicly available data sets, we confirmed that TIMP3 mRNA expression is decreased in prostate tumors relative to normal glands. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed decreased TIMP3 levels in high-grade primary tumors, but promoter hypermethylation was only detected in 6 of 28 (21%) high-grade specimens. Similarly, in prostate cancer cells, TIMP3 hypermethylation was only observed in DU145 cells. Treatment of DU145 cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) restored TIMP3 expression, and this was significantly amplified by co-treating the cells with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Alternatively, in cells that did not exhibit aberrant TIMP3 methylation (LNCaP and PC3), TIMP3 expression could be upregulated by the combination of histone methylation inhibitor 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) and TSA. This reversal of transcriptional repression was associated with decreased H3K27me3 and increased H3K9ac histone marks at the TIMP3 promoter, as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Collectively, these results indicate that histone modifications can contribute to TIMP3 repression in the absence of promoter hypermethylation, and suggest that the combination of histone modifying agents could restore TIMP3 expression in prostate tumors harboring aberrant histone modifications at the TIMP3 promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Shinojima
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at St John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Majumdar S, Buckles E, Estrada J, Koochekpour S. Aberrant DNA methylation and prostate cancer. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:486-505. [PMID: 22547956 PMCID: PMC3219844 DOI: 10.2174/138920211797904061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cancer, a significant contributor to morbidity and a leading cause of cancer-related death in men in Western industrialized countries. In contrast to genetic changes that vary among individual cases, somatic epigenetic alterations are early and highly consistent events. Epigenetics encompasses several different phenomena, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA interference, and genomic imprinting. Epigenetic processes regulate gene expression and can change malignancy-associated phenotypes such as growth, migration, invasion, or angiogenesis. Methylations of certain genes are associated with PCa progression. Compared to normal prostate tissues, several hypermethylated genes have also been identified in benign prostate hyperplasia, which suggests a role for aberrant methylation in this growth dysfunction. Global and gene-specific DNA methylation could be affected by environmental and dietary factors. Among other epigenetic changes, aberrant DNA methylation might have a great potential as diagnostic or prognostic marker for PCa and could be tested in tumor tissues and various body fluids (e.g., serum, urine). The DNA methylation markers are simple in nature, have high sensitivity, and could be detected either quantitatively or qualitatively. Availability of genome-wide screening methodologies also allows the identification of epigenetic signatures in high throughput population studies. Unlike irreversible genetic changes, epigenetic alterations are reversible and could be used for PCa targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunipa Majumdar
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Van Neste L, Herman JG, Otto G, Bigley JW, Epstein JI, Van Criekinge W. The epigenetic promise for prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate 2012; 72:1248-61. [PMID: 22161815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis in men and a leading cause of death. Improvements in disease management would have a significant impact and could be facilitated by the development of biomarkers, whether for diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive purposes. The blood-based prostate biomarker PSA has been part of clinical practice for over two decades, although it is surrounded by controversy. While debates of usefulness are ongoing, alternatives should be explored. Particularly with recent recommendations against routine PSA-testing, the time is ripe to explore promising biomarkers to yield a more efficient and accurate screening for detection and management of prostate cancer. Epigenetic changes, more specifically DNA methylation, are amongst the most common alterations in human cancer. These changes are associated with transcriptional silencing of genes, leading to an altered cellular biology. METHODS One gene in particular, GSTP1, has been widely studied in prostate cancer. Therefore a meta-analysis has been conducted to examine the role of this and other genes and the potential contribution to prostate cancer management and screening refinement. RESULTS More than 30 independent, peer reviewed studies have reported a consistently high sensitivity and specificity of GSTP1 hypermethylation in prostatectomy or biopsy tissue. The meta-analysis combined and compared these results. CONCLUSIONS GSTP1 methylation detection can serve an important role in prostate cancer managment. The meta-analysis clearly confirmed a link between tissue DNA hypermethylation of this and other genes and prostate cancer. Detection of DNA methylation in genes, including GSTP1, could serve an important role in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
28
|
How Kit A, Nielsen HM, Tost J. DNA methylation based biomarkers: practical considerations and applications. Biochimie 2012; 94:2314-37. [PMID: 22847185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker is a molecular target analyzed in a qualitative or quantitative manner to detect and diagnose the presence of a disease, to predict the outcome and the response to a specific treatment allowing personalized tailoring of patient management. Biomarkers can belong to different types of biochemical molecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA or lipids, whereby protein biomarkers have been the most extensively studied and used, notably in blood-based protein quantification tests or immunohistochemistry. The rise of interest in epigenetic mechanisms has allowed the identification of a new type of biomarker, DNA methylation, which is of great potential for many applications. This stable and heritable covalent modification mostly affects cytosines in the context of a CpG dinucleotide in humans. It can be detected and quantified by a number of technologies including genome-wide screening methods as well as locus- or gene-specific high-resolution analysis in different types of samples such as frozen tissues and FFPE samples, but also in body fluids such as urine, plasma, and serum obtained through non-invasive procedures. In some cases, DNA methylation based biomarkers have proven to be more specific and sensitive than commonly used protein biomarkers, which could clearly justify their use in clinics. However, very few of them are at the moment used in clinics and even less commercial tests are currently available. The objective of this review is to discuss the advantages of DNA methylation as a biomarker, the practical considerations for their development, and their use in disease detection, prediction of outcome or treatment response, through multiple examples mainly focusing on cancer, but also to evoke their potential for complex diseases and prenatal diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre How Kit
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Fondation Jean Dausset - CEPH, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rosenbaum E, Begum S, Brait M, Zahurak M, Maldonado L, Mangold LA, Eisenberger MA, Epstein JI, Partin AW, Sidransky D, Hoque MO. AIM1 promoter hypermethylation as a predictor of decreased risk of recurrence following radical prostatectomy. Prostate 2012; 72:1133-9. [PMID: 22127895 PMCID: PMC3360823 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prognostic significance of six epigenetic biomarkers (AIM1, CDH1, KIF1A, MT1G, PAK3, and RBM6 promoter hypermethlation) in a homogeneous group of prostate cancer patients, following radical prostatectomy (RP). PATIENTS AND METHODS Biomarker analyses were performed retrospectively on tumors from 95 prostate cancer patients all with a Gleason score of 3 + 4 = 7 and a minimum follow-up period of 8 years. Using Quantitative Methylation Specific PCR (QMSP), we analyzed the promoter region of six genes in primary prostate tumor tissues. Time to any progression was the primary endpoint and development of metastatic disease and/or death from prostate cancer was a secondary endpoint. The association of clinicopathological and biomolecular risk factors to recurrence was performed using the Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model for multivariate analysis. To identify independent prognostic factors, a stepwise selection method was used. RESULTS At a median follow-up time of 10 years, 48 patients (50.5%) had evidence of recurrence: Biochemical/PSA relapse, metastases, or death from prostate cancer. In the final multivariate analysis for time to progression, the significant factors were: Older age, HR = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.0) (P = 0.03), positive lymph nodes HR = 2.11 (95% CI: 1.05, 4.26) (P = 0.04), and decreased hypermethylation of AIM1 HR = 0.45 (95% CI: 0.2, 1.0) (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Methylation status of AIM1 in the prostate cancer specimen may predict for time to recurrence in Gleason 3 + 4 = 7 patients undergoing prostatectomy. These results should be validated in a larger and unselected cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Rosenbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee C, Zhang Q, Zi X, Dash A, Soares MB, Rahmatpanah F, Jia Z, McClelland M, Mercola D. TGF-β mediated DNA methylation in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2012; 1:78-88. [PMID: 25133096 PMCID: PMC4131550 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2012.05.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all tumors harbor a defective negative feedback loop of signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation, including DNA methylation, are fundamental to normal cellular function and also play a major role in carcinogenesis. Recent evidence demonstrated that TGF-β signaling mediates cancer development and progression. Many key events in TGF-β signaling in cancer included auto-induction of TGF-β1 and increased expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), suggesting that DNA methylation plays a significant role in cancer development and progression. In this review, we performed an extensive survey of the literature linking TGF-β signaling to DNA methylation in prostate cancer. It appeared that almost all DNA methylated genes detected in prostate cancer are directly or indirectly related to TGF-β signaling. This knowledge has provided a basis for our future directions of prostate cancer research and strategies for prevention and therapy for prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang M, Park JY. DNA methylation in promoter region as biomarkers in prostate cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 863:67-109. [PMID: 22359288 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-612-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland is the most common site of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Recent emerging molecular biological technologies help us to know that epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation within the regulatory (promoter) regions of genes are associated with transcriptional silencing in cancer. Promoter hypermethylation of critical pathway genes could be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. In this chapter, we updated current information on methylated genes associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer. Over 40 genes have been investigated for methylation in promoter region in prostate cancer. These methylated genes are involved in critical pathways, such as DNA repair, metabolism, and invasion/metastasis. The role of hypermethylated genes in regulation of critical pathways in prostate cancer is discussed. These findings may provide new information of the pathogenesis, the exciting potential to be predictive and to provide personalized treatment of prostate cancer. Indeed, some epigenetic alterations in prostate tumors are being translated into clinical practice for therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihi Yang
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Controls, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jerónimo C, Bastian PJ, Bjartell A, Carbone GM, Catto JW, Clark SJ, Henrique R, Nelson WG, Shariat SF. Epigenetics in Prostate Cancer: Biologic and Clinical Relevance. Eur Urol 2011; 60:753-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
33
|
Paone A, Galli R, Fabbri M. MicroRNAs as New Characters in the Plot between Epigenetics and Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2011; 2:62. [PMID: 22303357 PMCID: PMC3268615 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) still represents a leading cause of death. An increasing number of studies have documented that microRNAs (miRNAs), a subgroup of non-coding RNAs with gene regulatory functions, are differentially expressed in PCA respect to the normal tissue counterpart, suggesting their involvement in prostate carcinogenesis and dissemination. Interestingly, it has been shown that miRNAs undergo the same regulatory mechanisms than any other protein coding gene, including epigenetic regulation. In turn, miRNAs can also affect the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes by targeting effectors of the epigenetic machinery, therefore indirectly affecting the epigenetic controls on these genes. Among the genes that undergo this complex regulation, there is the androgen receptor (AR), a key therapeutic target for PCA. This review will focus on the role of epigenetically regulated and epigenetically regulating miRNAs in PCA and on the fine regulation of AR expression, as mediated by this miRNA–epigenetics interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Paone
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yu J, Liu P, Cui X, Sui Y, Ji G, Guan R, Sun D, Ji W, Liu F, Liu A, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Jin Y, Bai J, Geng J, Xue Y, Qi J, Lee KY, Fu S. Identification of novel subregions of LOH in gastric cancer and analysis of the HIC1 and TOB1 tumor suppressor genes in these subregions. Mol Cells 2011; 32:47-55. [PMID: 21533545 PMCID: PMC3855460 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-2316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified 3 overlapping regions showing loss of heterozygosity (LOH, R(1)-R(3) from 11 to 30 cM) on chromosome 17 in 45 primary gastric cancers (GCs). The data indicated the presence of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) on chromosome 17 involved in GC. Among the putative TSGs in these regions, HIC1 (in SR(1)) and TOB1 (in SR(3)) remain to be examined in GC. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and western blot, we evaluated the expression and regulation status for HIC1 and TOB1 protein in GC. We narrowed down the deletion intervals on chromosome 17 and defined five smaller LOH subregions, SR(1)-SR(5) (0.54 to 3.42 cM), in GC. We found that HIC1 had downregulated expression in 86% (91/106) and was methylated in 87% (26/30) of primary GCs. Of the primary GCs showing downregulation of HIC1 protein, 75% (18/24) had methylated HIC1 gene. TOB1 was either absent or expressed at reduced levels in 75% (73/97) of the GC samples. In addition, a general reduction was found in total and the ratio of unphosphorylated to phosphorylated TOB1 protein levels in the differentiated GC cell lines. Further analysis revealed significant simultaneous downregulation of both HIC1 and TOB1 protein in GC tissue microarray samples (67%, 52/78) and in primary GCs (65%, 11/17). These results indicate that silencing of HIC1 and TOB1 expression is a common occurrence in GC and may contribute to the development and progression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingcui Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peng Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yu Sui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Guohua Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Rongwei Guan
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fangli Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - An Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jiping Qi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cytogenomic aberrations associated with prostate cancer. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:57-67. [PMID: 21504704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic changes associated with prostate cancer have finally begun to elucidate some of the mechanisms involved in the etiology of this complex and common disease. We highlight consistent and relatively frequent abnormalities seen by various methodologies. Specifically, the results of conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies, genome-wide association studies with single nucleotide polymorphisms, recurrent gene fusions, and epigenetic analyses are discussed.
Collapse
|
36
|
DNA methylation profile during multistage progression of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Virchows Arch 2011; 459:201-11. [PMID: 21494759 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations are known to be involved in the carcinogenesis of peripheral pulmonary adenocarcinoma (ADC). However, epigenetic abnormalities have not been extensively investigated in the following multistage progression sequence: atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), to invasive ADC. To determine the potential role of promoter methylation during ADC development of the lung, we examined methylation status in 20 normal, 20 AAH, 30 AIS, and 60 ADC lung tissues and compared methylation status among the lesions. The MethyLight assay was used to determine the methylation status of 18 CpG island loci, which were hypermethylated in ADC compared to noncancerous lung tissues. The mean number of methylated CpG island loci was significantly higher in ADC than in AAH and AIS, (p < 0.003 between ADC and AAH, p < 0.005 between ADC and AIS). Aberrant methylation of HOXA1, TMEFF2, and RARB was frequently observed in preinvasive lesions, including AAH and AIS. Furthermore, methylation of PENK, BCL2, RUNX3, DLEC1, MT1G, GRIN2B, CDH13, CCND2, and HOXA10 was significantly more frequent in invasive ADC than AAH or AIS. Our results indicate that epigenetic alterations are involved in the multistep progression of pulmonary ADC development, and aberrant CpG island methylation accumulates during multistep carcinogenesis. In addition, aberrant methylation of HOXA1, TMEFF2, and RARB occurred in preinvasive lesions, which indicates that epigenetic alterations of these genes are involved in the early stages of pulmonary ADC development. In contrast, hypermethylation of PENK, BCL2, RUNX3, DLEC1, MT1G, GRIN2B, CDH13, CCND2, and HOXA10 was more frequent in invasive ADC than in preinvasive lesions, which indicates that methylation of these genes occurs later during tumor invasion in the AAH-AIS-ADC sequence.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostate gland is the most common site of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in American men. It is well known that epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation within the regulatory (promoter) regions of genes are associated with transcriptional silencing in cancer. Promoter hypermethylation of critical pathway genes could be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. METHODS This review discusses current information on methylated genes associated with prostate cancer development and progression. RESULTS Over 30 genes have been investigated for promoter methylation in prostate cancer. These methylated genes are involved in critical pathways, such as DNA repair, metabolism, and invasion/metastasis. The role of hypermethylated genes in regulation of critical pathways in prostate cancer is reviewed. CONCLUSIONS These findings may provide new information of the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Certain epigenetic alterations in prostate tumors are being translated into clinical practice for therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Y Park
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Devaney J, Stirzaker C, Qu W, Song JZ, Statham AL, Patterson KI, Horvath LG, Tabor B, Coolen MW, Hulf T, Kench JG, Henshall SM, Pe Benito R, Haynes AM, Mayor R, Peinado MA, Sutherland RL, Clark SJ. Epigenetic Deregulation Across Chromosome 2q14.2 Differentiates Normal from Prostate Cancer and Provides a Regional Panel of Novel DNA Methylation Cancer Biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 20:148-59. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
39
|
Ahmed H. Promoter methylation in prostate cancer and its application for the early detection of prostate cancer using serum and urine samples. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2010; 2:17-33. [PMID: 24179382 PMCID: PMC2908742 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the second leading cause of
cancer death in men. However, prostate cancer can be effectively treated and
cured, if it is diagnosed in its early stages when the tumor is still confined
to the prostate. Combined with the digital rectal examination, the PSA test has
been widely used to detect prostate cancer. But, the PSA screening method for
early detection of prostate cancer is not reliable due to the high prevalence of
false positive and false negative results. Epigenetic alterations including
hypermethylation of gene promoters are believed to be the early events in
neoplastic progression and thus these methylated genes can serve as biomarkers
for the detection of cancer from clinical specimens. This review discusses DNA
methylation of several gene promoters during prostate carcinogenesis and
evaluates the usefulness of monitoring methylated DNA sequences, such as
GSTP1, RASSF1A, RARβ2 and galectin-3, for early detection
of prostate cancer in tissue biopsies, serum and urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mishra DK, Chen Z, Wu Y, Sarkissyan M, Koeffler HP, Vadgama JV. Global methylation pattern of genes in androgen-sensitive and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:33-45. [PMID: 20053773 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Promoter DNA methylation of CpG islands is an important epigenetic mechanism in cancer development. We have characterized the promoter methylation profile of 82 genes in three prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3, and DU145) and two normal prostate cell lines (RWPE1 and RWPE2). The methylation pattern was analyzed using a Panomics gene array system that consists of immobilized probes of known gene promoters on a nitrocellulose membrane. Methylation binding protein-purified methylated DNA was hybridized on the membrane and detected by the chemiluminescence method. We analyzed methylation profile in normal (RWPE1) versus cancerous cells and androgen receptor (AR)-sensitive (LNCaP) versus AR-negative cells (DU145 and PC3). Our study shows that >50% of the genes were hypermethylated in prostate cancer cells compared with 13% in normal cell lines. Among these were the tumor suppressor (RB, TMS1, DAPK, RBL1, PAX6, and FHIT), cell cycle (p27KIP1 and CDKN2A), transporters (MDR1, MLC1, and IGRP), and transcription factor (STAT1, CIITA, MYOD, and NPAT) genes. Relative methylation pattern shows that most of these genes were methylated from 5-fold to >10-fold compared with the normal prostate cells. In addition, promoter methylation was detected for the first time in target genes such as RIOK3, STAT5, CASP8, SRBC, GAGE1, and NPAT. A significant difference in methylation pattern was observed between AR-sensitive versus AR-negative cancer cells for the following genes: CASP8, GPC3, CD14, MGMT, IGRP, MDR1, CDKN2A, GATA3, and IFN. In summary, our study identified candidate genes that are methylated in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Kumar Mishra
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Department of Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
CpG island hypermethylation and repetitive DNA hypomethylation in premalignant lesion of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Virchows Arch 2009; 455:343-51. [PMID: 19763613 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) is the premalignant lesion of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHC), and there are no published data regarding epigenetic changes throughout disease progression from normal biliary epithelia to BilIN to EHC. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of CpG island hypermethylation and repetitive DNA hypomethylation in BilIN. A total of 50 EHCs, 31 BilINs, and 31 normal cystic duct samples were analyzed for their methylation status in seven genes and two repetitive DNA elements. The number of methylated genes increased with disease progression (normal bile duct, 0.6; BilIN, 2.0; EHC, 3.6; P < 0.001). The methylation level of examined genes was significantly higher in BilIN than in normal samples (TMEFF2, HOXA1, NEUROG1, and RUNX3, P < 0.05) and in EHC than in BilIN samples (TMEFF2, HOXA1, NEUROG1, RUNX3, RASSF1A, and APC, P < 0.05). Long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) and juxtacentromeric satellite 2 (SAT2) methylation levels were markedly lower in EHC than in normal duct and BilIN samples, and BilIN samples showed a decrease of SAT2 methylation levels but no decrease of LINE-1 methylation levels compared to normal samples. These findings suggest that most of cancer-specific CpG island hypermethylation occur in the stage of BilIN and that CpG island hypermethylation seems to occur earlier than repetitive DNA element hypomethylation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Mavis CK, Morey Kinney SR, Foster BA, Karpf AR. Expression level and DNA methylation status of glutathione-S-transferase genes in normal murine prostate and TRAMP tumors. Prostate 2009; 69:1312-24. [PMID: 19444856 PMCID: PMC2836025 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione-S-transferase (Gst) genes are downregulated in human prostate cancer, and GSTP1 silencing is mediated by promoter DNA hypermethylation in this malignancy. We examined Gst gene expression and Gst promoter DNA methylation in normal murine prostates and Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) tumors. METHODS Primary and metastatic tumors were obtained from TRAMP mice, and normal prostates were obtained from strain-matched WT mice (n = 15/group). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to measure GstA4, GstK1, GstM1, GstO1, and GstP1 mRNA expression, and Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining was used to measure GstM1 and GstP1 protein expression. MassARRAY Quantitative Methylation Analysis was used to measure DNA methylation of the 5' CpG islands of GstA4, GstK1, GstM1, GstO1, and GstP1. TRAMP-C2 cells were treated with the epigenetic remodeling drugs decitabine and trichostatin A (TSA) alone and in combination, and Gst gene expression was measured. RESULTS Of the genes analyzed, GstM1 and GstP1 were expressed at highest levels in normal prostate. All five Gst genes showed greatly reduced expression in primary tumors compared to normal prostate, but not in tumor metastases. Gst promoter methylation was unchanged in TRAMP tumors compared to normal prostate. Combined decitabine + TSA treatment significantly enhanced the expression of 4/5 Gst genes in TRAMP-C2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Gst genes are extensively downregulated in primary but not metastatic TRAMP tumors. Promoter DNA hypermethylation does not appear to drive Gst gene repression in TRAMP primary tumors; however, pharmacological studies using TRAMP cells suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in Gst gene repression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory K Mavis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hoque MO. DNA methylation changes in prostate cancer: current developments and future clinical implementation. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:243-57. [PMID: 19379083 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Promoter hypermethylation is associated with the loss of expression of tumor-suppressor genes in cancer. Currently, several genome-wide technologies are available and have been utilized to examine the extent of DNA methylation in discovery-based studies involving several physiological and disease states. Although early in the process, aberrant DNA methylation is gaining strength in the fields of cancer risk assessment, diagnosis and therapy monitoring in different cancer types. There is a need to improve existing methods for early diagnosis of prostate cancer and to identify men at risk for developing aggressive disease. Because of the ubiquity of DNA methylation changes and the ability to detect methylated DNA in several body fluids (e.g., blood and urine), this specifically altered DNA may serve, on one hand, as a possible new screening marker for prostate cancer and, on the other hand, as a tool for therapy monitoring in patients having had neoplastic disease of the prostate. Since many prostate cancer patients present with advanced disease and some present with nonspecific elevation of prostate-specific antigen without prostate cancer, early detection with high specificity and sensitivity is considered to be one of the most important approaches to reduce mortality and unwanted tension of the men with high prostate-specific antigen. Therefore, an effective screening test would have substantial clinical benefits. Furthermore, methylation markers of risk of progression of disease in patients having prostate cancer permits immediate commencement of specific treatment regimens and probably longer survival and better quality of life. This review illustrates the current benefits and limitations of potentially useful prostate cancer methylation markers that have considerable existing data and touches upon other future markers as well as the field of methylation in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Obaidul Hoque
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB II, 5M.07, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cho NY, Kim JH, Moon KC, Kang GH. Genomic hypomethylation and CpG island hypermethylation in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm. Virchows Arch 2008; 454:17-23. [PMID: 19048291 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Altered DNA methylation in cancer cells is characterized by focal CpG island hypermethylation and diffuse genomic hypomethylation. Both types of aberrant methylation are frequently found in human prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa). Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PIN), a precursor lesion of PCa, has been demonstrated to contain CpG island hypermethylation, but little is known about the role of DNA hypomethylation. We analyzed the methylation status at 12 CpG island loci and at two repetitive DNA elements (LINE-1 and SAT2) from normal prostate (n = 20), PIN (n = 25), and PCa (n = 35) tissues using MethyLight assay or combined bisulfite restriction analysis. The methylation levels in LINE-1 and SAT2 decreased with progression of lesion types from normal prostate to PIN to PCa (P < 0.05), whereas promoter CpG island loci displayed increased methylation. Ten genes were found to be hypermethylated in a cancer-specific manner and were further analyzed in another set of PCa tissues (n = 64). The number of methylated genes was closely associated with TNM stage, Gleason sum, and preoperative serum PSA levels (P = 0.020, 0.073, 0.033, respectively). These results suggest that genomic hypomethylation and CpG island hypermethylation, common among PCas, are early events in prostate carcinogenesis and may be implicated in the development of PIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chrisofos M, Papatsoris AG, Lazaris A, Deliveliotis C. Precursor Lesions of Prostate Cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 44:243-70. [PMID: 17453919 DOI: 10.1080/10408360601177236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several morphological lesions have been proposed that may act as potential precursor lesions of prostate cancer. These are the morphologically distinct entities of focal atrophy or post-atrophic hyperplasia (PAH), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) or adenosis, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). The diagnostic criteria of low-and high-grade PIN (LGPIN and HGPIN, respectively) and of lesions suspicious for cancer (LSC) have been established. In the present review, we present the current knowledge about the precursor lesions of prostate cancer. We focus on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical markers, and differential diagnosis of PIN. The similarities between HGPIN and prostate cancer are also discussed. Furthermore, potential markers and management strategies (that is, repeat biopsy, chemoprevention, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy) are outlined along with updated recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Chrisofos
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Sismanoglio General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Identification of novel tumor markers in prostate, colon and breast cancer by unbiased methylation profiling. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2079. [PMID: 18446232 PMCID: PMC2323612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation is a common epigenetic abnormality in cancer and may serve as a useful marker to clone cancer-related genes as well as a marker of clinical disease activity. To identify CpG islands methylated in prostate cancer, we used methylated CpG island amplification (MCA) coupled with representational difference analysis (RDA) on prostate cancer cell lines. We isolated 34 clones that corresponded to promoter CpG islands, including 5 reported targets of hypermethylation in cancer. We confirmed the data for 17 CpG islands by COBRA and/or pyrosequencing. All 17 genes were methylated in at least 2 cell lines of a 21-cancer cell line panel containing prostate cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, and breast cancer. Based on methylation in primary tumors compared to normal adjacent tissues, NKX2-5, CLSTN1, SPOCK2, SLC16A12, DPYS and NSE1 are candidate biomarkers for prostate cancer (methylation range 50%-85%). The combination of NSE1 or SPOCK2 hypermethylation showed a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 95% in differentiating cancer from normal. Similarly NKX2-5, SPOCK2, SLC16A12, DPYS and GALR2 are candidate biomarkers for colon cancer (methylation range 60%-95%) and GALR2 hypermethylation showed a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 95%. Finally, SLC16A12, GALR2, TOX, SPOCK2, EGFR5 and DPYS are candidate biomarkers for breast cancer (methylation range 33%-79%) with the combination of EGFR5 or TOX hypermethylation showing a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 92%. Expression analysis for eight genes that had the most hypermethylation confirmed the methylation associated silencing and reactivation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. Our data identify new targets of transcriptional silencing in cancer, and provide new biomarkers that could be useful in screening for prostate cancer and other cancers.
Collapse
|
47
|
Highlights from: The 2008 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium; February 14-16, 2008; San Francisco, CA. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1558-7673(11)70045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
48
|
Diaw L, Woodson K, Gillespie JW. Prostate cancer epigenetics: a review on gene regulation. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2007; 1:313-25. [PMID: 19936097 PMCID: PMC2759139 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in western countries, and its incidence is increasing steadily worldwide. Molecular changes including both genetic and epigenetic events underlying the development and progression of this disease are still not well understood. Epigenetic events are involved in gene regulation and occur through different mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Both DNA methylation and histone modifications affect gene regulation and play important roles either independently or by interaction in tumor initiation and progression. This review will discuss the genes associated with epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer progression: their regulation and importance as possible markers for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Diaw
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute/Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4605, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bostwick DG, Meiers I, Shanks JH. Glutathione S-transferase: differential expression of alpha, mu, and pi isoenzymes in benign prostate, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1394-401. [PMID: 17555796 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) comprise a family of enzymes which are critical for inactivation of toxins and carcinogens. We examined the cellular expression of multiple subclasses of GST immunohistochemically in 25 radical prostatectomy specimens with clinically localized prostate cancer. Gleason scores ranged from 5 to 9, and pathologic stages varied from pT2a to pT3b (all N0M0). Antibodies were directed against GST Ya, Yc, and Yk (alpha subclass), Yb1 (micro subclass), and YPr (pi subclass). The percentage of positive cells and intensity of staining was assessed for benign epithelium, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma. GSTalpha (Ya) was detected in 30% of cells (mean) in benign acini, 4.9% of cells in high-grade PIN, and 4.5% of cells in adenocarcinoma. The corresponding results for alpha (Yk), micro (Yb1), and pi (Yp) were 12.7%, 10.9%, and 3.5%; 8.7%, 5.2%, and 0.6%; and 66.7,% 0%, and 0%, respectively. GST Yc (alpha subclass) displayed the lowest level of expression, with diffuse weak staining in scattered benign secretory cells and only single cells (<1%) in high-grade PIN and carcinoma. These results demonstrate consistent reduction or loss of expression of all subclasses of GST with progression of prostatic neoplasia from benign epithelium to high-grade PIN and carcinoma. We hypothesize that carcinogenesis in the prostate results from impaired cellular handling of mutagenic agents owing to reduction or loss of expression of multiple GST and other detoxifying and antimutagenesis agents.
Collapse
|
50
|
Perry AS, Loftus B, Moroose R, Lynch TH, Hollywood D, Watson RWG, Woodson K, Lawler M. In silico mining identifies IGFBP3 as a novel target of methylation in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1587-94. [PMID: 17453001 PMCID: PMC2359953 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter hypermethylation is central in deregulating gene expression in cancer. Identification of novel methylation targets in specific cancers provides a basis for their use as biomarkers of disease occurrence and progression. We developed an in silico strategy to globally identify potential targets of promoter hypermethylation in prostate cancer by screening for 5′ CpG islands in 631 genes that were reported as downregulated in prostate cancer. A virtual archive of 338 potential targets of methylation was produced. One candidate, IGFBP3, was selected for investigation, along with glutathione-S-transferase pi (GSTP1), a well-known methylation target in prostate cancer. Methylation of IGFBP3 was detected by quantitative methylation-specific PCR in 49/79 primary prostate adenocarcinoma and 7/14 adjacent preinvasive high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, but in only 5/37 benign prostatic hyperplasia (P<0.0001) and in 0/39 histologically normal adjacent prostate tissue, which implies that methylation of IGFBP3 may be involved in the early stages of prostate cancer development. Hypermethylation of IGFBP3 was only detected in samples that also demonstrated methylation of GSTP1 and was also correlated with Gleason score ⩾7 (P=0.01), indicating that it has potential as a prognostic marker. In addition, pharmacological demethylation induced strong expression of IGFBP3 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Our concept of a methylation candidate gene bank was successful in identifying a novel target of frequent hypermethylation in early-stage prostate cancer. Evaluation of further relevant genes could contribute towards a methylation signature of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Perry
- Department of Haematology and Academic Unit of Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|