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Westwood DA, Patel O, Christophi C, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Progastrin: a potential predictive marker of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32:1061-1064. [PMID: 28432443 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-017-2822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Staging of colorectal cancer often fails to discriminate outcomes of patients with morphologically similar tumours that exhibit different clinical behaviours. Data from several studies suggest that the gastrin family of growth factors potentiates colorectal cancer tumourigenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether progastrin expression may predict clinical outcome in colorectal cancer. METHODS Patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma of identical depth of invasion who had not received neoadjuvant therapy were included. The patients either had stage IIa disease with greater than 3-year disease-free survival without adjuvant therapy or stage IV disease with liver metastases on staging CT. Progastrin expression in tumour sections was scored with reference to the intensity and area of immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Progastrin expression by stage IV tumours was significantly greater than stage IIa tumours with mean progastrin immunopositivity scores of 2.1 ± 0.2 versus 0.5 ± 0.2, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that progastrin expression may be predictive of aggressive tumour behaviour in patients with colorectal cancer and supports its clinical relevance and potential use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Westwood
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Oneel Patel
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Christophi
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Kumar JD, Steele I, Moore AR, Murugesan SV, Rakonczay Z, Venglovecz V, Pritchard DM, Dimaline R, Tiszlavicz L, Varro A, Dockray GJ. Gastrin stimulates MMP-1 expression in gastric epithelial cells: putative role in gastric epithelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G78-86. [PMID: 25977510 PMCID: PMC4504956 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00084.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pyloric antral hormone gastrin plays a role in remodeling of the gastric epithelium, but the specific targets of gastrin that mediate these effects are poorly understood. Glandular epithelial cells of the gastric corpus express matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, which is a potential determinant of tissue remodeling; some of these cells express the CCK-2 receptor at which gastrin acts. We have now examined the hypothesis that gastrin stimulates expression of MMP-1 in the stomach. We determined MMP-1 transcript abundance in gastric mucosal biopsies from Helicobacter pylori negative human subjects with normal gastric mucosal histology, who had a range of serum gastrin concentrations due in part to treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). The effects of gastrin were studied on gastric epithelial AGS-GR cells using Western blot and migration assays. In human subjects with increased serum gastrin due to PPI usage, MMP-1 transcript abundance was increased 2-fold; there was also increased MMP-7 transcript abundance but not MMP-3. In Western blots, gastrin increased proMMP-1 abundance, as well that of a minor band corresponding to active MMP-1, in the media of AGS-GR cells, and the response was mediated by protein kinase C and p42/44 MAP kinase. There was also increased MMP-1 enzyme activity. Gastrin-stimulated AGS-GR cell migration in both scratch wound and Boyden chamber assays was inhibited by MMP-1 immunoneutralization. We conclude that MMP-1 expression is a target of gastrin implicated in mucosal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dinesh Kumar
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Islay Steele
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew R. Moore
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Senthil V. Murugesan
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zoltan Rakonczay
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Viktoria Venglovecz
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rodney Dimaline
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Andrea Varro
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Graham J. Dockray
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
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He Q, Gao H, Gao M, Qi S, Zhang Y, Wang J. Anti-Gastrins Antiserum Combined with Lowered Dosage Cytotoxic Drugs to Inhibit the Growth of Human Gastric Cancer SGC7901 Cells in Nude Mice. J Cancer 2015; 6:448-56. [PMID: 25874008 PMCID: PMC4392053 DOI: 10.7150/jca.11400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of anti-gastrin antiserum in combination with varied dosages of cytotoxic drugs (5-Fluorouracil (5FU) + Cisplatin (CDDP)) in vivo growth of the human gastric cancer cell-line, SGC-7901, which expressed cholecystokininB/gastrin receptors and secreted gastrin. The anti-gastrin antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits using a novel immunogen vaccine, which was composed of the common amino-terminal portion of human carboxy-amidated gastrin-17 (G17) and glycine-extended gastrin-17 (gly-G17) and the common carboxy-terminal portion of progastrin (in a 50:50 mixture) all covalently linked to tetanus toxoid (TT) by specific peptide spacers. The antiserum neutralized both G17 and gly-G17 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a synthetic progastrin peptide, as well, using an E. coli expressed his-tagged progastrin. The tumor was implanted subcutaneously into the backside of BALB/c nude mice, and the combination antibody-drug treatment using low dose combination chemotherapy had significantly reduced median tumor volumes (62% reduction; p =0.0018) and tumor weights (53% reduction; p =0.0062) when compared to the conventional high dose chemotherapy treated control mice that had a corresponding similar reductive effect, using just the two standard cytotoxic drugs alone; namely by reducing the tumor volumes (65%; p =0.0016) and tumor weights (59% reduction; p=0.0033). Importantly, the immunological treatment had little of the toxicities and side-effects of the full chemotherapy doses alone, which was effected by using a significant decrease in the dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs, while maintaining the same level of efficacy at reduction of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- 1. Biotechnology Center, Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China; ; 2. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- 1. Biotechnology Center, Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | | | | | - Yingqi Zhang
- 1. Biotechnology Center, Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- 1. Biotechnology Center, Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China; ; 2. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Cui XP, Qin CK, Zhang ZH, Su ZX, Liu X, Wang SK, Tian XS. HOXA10 promotes cell invasion and MMP-3 expression via TGFβ2-mediated activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1442-51. [PMID: 24464212 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HOXA10 is closely related to tumor progression in many human cancers. However, the role of HOXA10 in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of HOXA10 in pancreatic cancer cell invasion and migration. METHODS The effect of HOXA10 on the invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells was assessed by invasion and migration assays. The protein of transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGFβ2) was neutralized by TGFβ2 blocking antibody. The activation of p38 was inhibited by SB239063. RESULTS HOXA10 could promote the invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Knockdown of HOXA10 decreased the expressions of TGFβ2 and matrix metallopeptidase-3 (MMP-3) and suppressed the activation of p38. Conversely, overexpression of HOXA10 increased the levels of TGFβ2 and MMP-3. Further experiments identified that TGFβ2 contributed to the HOXA10-promoted invasion and migration and regulated MMP-3 expression and p38 activation. Additionally, inhibition of p38 suppressed cell invasion and MMP-3 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS HOXA10 promotes cell invasion and MMP-3 expression of pancreatic cancer cells via TGFβ2-p38 MAPK pathway. Thus, HOXA10 could be a useful target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ping Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jing Wu Road, Jinan, 250021, China,
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Zhao ZY, Han CG, Liu JT, Wang CL, Wang Y, Cheng LY. TIAM2 Enhances Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Invasion and Motility. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:6305-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Zhang MM, Peng T, Zhao K. Effect of endogenous and exogenous gastrin on PGE 2 and EGF expression in dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1914-1924. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i20.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effect of endogenous and exogenous gastrin on the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in rats to explore the role of gastrin (GAS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, EGF, PGE2, and EGF receptor (EGFR) in colorectal cancer.
METHODS: One hundred and forty rats were randomly divided into seven groups: DMH+GAS, DMH+PPI, DMH, DMH+GAS+PGL, DMH+PPI+PGL, DMH+PGL, and control group. The concentrations of GAS, EGF and PGE2 in serum and large intestine tissue homogenate were determined by radioimmunoassay. The expression of COX-2 and EGFR in the large intestine tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantified by optical density analysis.
RESULTS: The concentrations of GAS (pg/mL) in serum and large intestine tissue homogenate were significantly higher in the DMH+GAS (15.59 ± 2.90, 0.38 ± 0.11) and DMH+GAS+PGL (15.31 ± 5.66, 0.35 ± 0.10) groups than in the control group (8.64 ± 2.36, 0.16 ± 0.03) (all P < 0.05), and in DMH+PPI (20.50 ± 3.71, 0.45 ± 0.13) and DMH+PPI+PGL (19.90 ± 5.10, 0.37 ± 0.11) groups than in the DMH (13.12 ± 3.47, 0.19 ± 0.04), DMH+PGL (11.45 ± 5.13, 0.20 ± 0.05) and blank control groups (all P < 0.05). The concentrations of EGF (ng/mL) in serum and large intestine tissue homogenate were significantly higher in the DMH+GAS (4.26 ± 0.92, 0.011 ± 0.005) and DMH+GAS+PGL (4.29 ± 0.50, 0.009 ± 0.005) groups than in the control group (2.91 ± 0.54, 0.002 ± 0.0007) (all P < 0.05), and in DMH+PPI (5.20 ± 1.03, 0.015 ± 0.007) and DMH+PPI+PGL (5.13 ± 0.50, 0.011 ± 0.007) groups than in the DMH (3.76 ± 1.47, 0.004 ± 0.002), DMH+PGL (3.59 ± 1.12, 0.002 ± 0.0018) and control groups (all P < 0.05). The concentrations of PGE2 (pg/mL) in serum and large intestine tissue homogenate were higher in the DMH+GAS (76.03 ± 60.75, 2.74 ± 0.76) and DMH+PPI (70.29 ± 66.58, 2.42 ± 0.89) groups than in other groups, but the differences were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). Serum and tissue concentrations of GAS (32.06 pg/mg ± 15.84 pg/mg, 0.73 pg/mg ± 0.31 pg/mg), EGF (4.48 ng/mg ± 1.13 ng/mg, 0.045 ng/mg ± 0.020 ng/mg), PGE2 (99.05 pg/mg ± 60.80 pg/mg, 4.27 pg/mg ± 1.17 pg/mg) in adenocarcinoma were higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The IA of EGFR (17161.67 ± 9851.33) and COX-2 (21403.33 ± 11377.25) in the adenocarcinoma group was higher than that in the adenoma (5154.00 ± 2744.13, 7291.60 ± 2849.12) and control (3327.11 ± 1880.44, 4822.90 ± 2340.89) groups (all P < 0.05). The positive rates of EGFR (66.7%) and COX-2 (81.5%) expression in the adenocarcinoma group was higher than those in the control group (0%, 30%) (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Endogenous and exogenous gastrin could induce the expression of EGF and stimulate the secretion of PGE2 in colorectal cancer. PGL does not inhibit the effect of GAS on EGF. GAS, EGF, PGE2, EGFR, and COX-2 play an important role in the formation of colorectal cancer. EGFR and COX-2 are involved in the proliferation of colorectal tumors.
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Painter KJ, Armstrong NJ, Sherratt JA. The impact of adhesion on cellular invasion processes in cancer and development. J Theor Biol 2010; 264:1057-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baba M, Inoue M, Itoh K, Nishizawa Y. Blocking CD147 induces cell death in cancer cells through impairment of glycolytic energy metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:111-6. [PMID: 18616931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD147 is a multifunctional transmembrane protein and promotes cancer progression. We found that the anti-human CD147 mouse monoclonal antibody MEM-M6/1 strongly induces necrosis-like cell death in LoVo, HT-29, WiDr, and SW620 colon cancer cells and A2058 melanoma cells, but not in WI-38 and TIG-113 normal fibroblasts. Silencing or overexpression of CD147 in LoVo cells enhanced or decreased the MEM-M6/1 induced cell death, respectively. CD147 is known to form complex with proton-linked monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), which is critical for lactate transport and intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis. In LoVo cells, CD147 and MCT-1 co-localized on the cell surface, and MEM-M6/1 inhibited the association of these molecules. MEM-M6/1 inhibited lactate uptake, lactate release, and reduced pHi. Further, the induction of acidification was parallel to the decrease of the glycolytic flux and intracellular ATP levels. These effects were not found in the normal fibroblasts. As cancer cells depend on glycolysis for their energy production, CD147 inhibition might induce cell death specific to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Baba
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Research Institute, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan.
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Kim Y, Kim H, Cho H, Bae Y, Suh K, Jung J. Direct comparison of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissues and bone marrow in mediating neovascularization in response to vascular ischemia. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 20:867-76. [PMID: 17982269 DOI: 10.1159/000110447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Although transplantation of MSC derived from bone marrow or adipose tissues has been shown in proangiogenic action in hindlimb ischemia model of nude mice, little information is available regarding comparison of the angiogenic potency between human adipose stromal cells (hADSC) and bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). We compared their therapeutic potential by transplantation of equal numbers of hADSC or hBMSC in a nude mice model of hindlimb ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS One day after creating hindlimb ischemia, mice were randomized to receive hADSC transplantation (hADSC group), hBMSC transplantation (hBMSC group), or vehicle transplantation (Control group). Two weeks after transplantation, the laser Doppler perfusion index was significantly higher in the hADSC group and hBMSC group than in the control group. Comparison between hADSC and hBMSC group showed better recovery of blood flow in hADSC group than in hBMSC group. Conditioned media from hADSC (hADSC-CM) showed better in vitro tube formation of hADSC than conditioned media from hBMSC (hBMSC-CM). hADSC showed higher expression of MMP3 and MMP9 than hBMSC. A MMP inhibitor, GM6001, and the transfection of MMP3 or MMP9 siRNA oligonucleotides inhibited in vitro tube formation of hADSC. Transplantation of MMP3 or MMP9 siRNA oligonucleotieds-transfected hADSC showed lower blood flow recovery and higher tissue injury than control oligonucelotide-transfected cells. CONCLUSION This study showed that hADSC can be an ideal source for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic disease in terms of efficacy, accessibility and available tissue amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
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Grabowska AM, Watson SA. Role of gastrin peptides in carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2007; 257:1-15. [PMID: 17698287 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin gene expression is upregulated in a number of pre-malignant conditions and established cancer through a variety of mechanisms. Depending on the tissue where it is expressed and the level of expression, differential processing of the polypeptide product leads to the production of different biologically active peptides. In turn, acting through the classical CCK-2R receptor, CCK-2R isoforms and alternative receptors, these peptides trigger signalling pathways which influence the expression of downstream genes that affect cell survival, angiogenesis and invasion. Here we review this network of events, highlighting the importance of cellular context for interpreting the role of gastrin peptides and a possible role for gastrin in supporting the early stage of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Grabowska
- Division of Pre-Clinical Oncology, D Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Tsareva SA, Moriggl R, Corvinus FM, Wiederanders B, Schütz A, Kovacic B, Friedrich K. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation promotes invasive growth of colon carcinomas through matrix metalloproteinase induction. Neoplasia 2007; 9:279-91. [PMID: 17460772 PMCID: PMC1854849 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is aberrantly activated in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). Here, we define the relationship between STAT3 function and the malignant properties of colon carcinoma cells. Elevated activation of STAT3 enhances invasive growth of the CRC cell lines. To address mechanisms through which STAT3 influences invasiveness, the protease mRNA expression pattern of CRC biopsies was analyzed and correlated with the STAT3 activity status. These studies revealed a striking coincidence of STAT3 activation and strong expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, -3, -7, and -9. Immunohistological examination of CRC tumor specimens showed a clear colocalization of MMP-1 and activated STAT3. Experimentally induced STAT3 activity in CRC cell lines enhanced both the level of MMP-1 mRNA and secreted MMP-1 enzymatic activity. A direct connection of STAT3 activity and transcription from the MMP-1 promoter was shown by reporter gene experiments. Moreover, high-affinity binding of STAT3 to STAT recognition elements in both the MMP-1 and MMP-3 promoter was demonstrated. Xenograft tumors arising from implantation of CRC cells into nude mice showed simultaneous appearance and colocalization of p-Y-STAT3 and MMP-1 expression. Our results link aberrant activity of STAT3 in CRC to malignant tumor progression through upregulated expression of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Tsareva
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Medical School, Jena, Germany
- Novosibirsk State Medical Academy, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian M Corvinus
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Medical School, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Wiederanders
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Medical School, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Boris Kovacic
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Karlheinz Friedrich
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Medical School, Jena, Germany
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Grabowska AM, Hughes J, Watson SA. Use of interfering RNA to investigate the role of endogenous gastrin in the survival of gastrointestinal cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:464-73. [PMID: 17262081 PMCID: PMC2360027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin isoforms, acting through a variety of receptors, have proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the gastrin gene was used to investigate the role of endogenous gastrin in GI cancer cell survival. Downregulation of the gastrin gene in siRNA-transfected cells was measured using real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR. The most effective siRNA was tested in a panel of GI cancer cell lines at various concentrations and time points, and the effect on cell survival and apoptosis was measured using methyl thiazoyl tetrazolium (MTT) and caspase 3 activation assays. Gastrin siRNA reduced gene expression by more than 90% in a range of GI cancer cell lines. Downregulation of the gastrin gene was dose-dependent and effective over approximately 1 week in vitro. However, downregulation at the protein level was delayed by 3–4 days. Gastrin siRNA-transfected cells showed up to a 60% reduction in growth and up to a 50% increase in apoptosis compared with control siRNA-transfected cells. The effects were most marked in the cell line with the highest constitutive level of gastrin gene expression (human metastatic colon, C170HM2) and in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-treated cells as the gastrin promoter contains an EGF-response element, gERE. The ability of the siRNAs to reduce survival of these GI cell lines is further evidence of the importance of autocrine and/or intracrine gastrin loops in GI cancer, where expression of the gastrin gene and autonomous gastrin appears widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Grabowska
- Academic Unit of Cancer Studies, D Floor, West Block, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Jensen RT. Consequences of long-term proton pump blockade: insights from studies of patients with gastrinomas. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 98:4-19. [PMID: 16433886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors are being increasingly used and for longer periods of time, especially in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Each of these trends has led to numerous studies and reviews of the potential risk-benefit ratio of the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Both long-term effects of hypergastrinaemia due to the profound acid suppression caused by proton pump inhibitors as well as the effects of hypo-/achlorhydria per se have been raised and studied. Potential areas of concern that have been raised in the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors, which could alter this risk-benefit ratio include: gastric carcinoid formation; the development of rebound acid hypersecretion when proton pump inhibitor treatment is stopped; the development of tolerance; increased oxyntic gastritis in H. pylori patients and the possibility of increasing the risk of gastric cancer; the possible stimulation of growth of non-gastric tumours due to hypergastrinaemia; and the possible effect of the hypo/achlorhydria on nutrient absorption, particularly iron and vitamin B12. Because few patients with idiopathic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease/peptic ulcer disease have been treated long-term (i.e., >10 years), there is little known to address the above areas of potential concern. Most patients with gastrinomas with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have life-long hypergastrinaemia, require continuous proton pump inhibitors treatment and a number of studies report results of >5-10 years of tratment and follow-up. Therefore, an analysis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients can provide important insights into some of the safety concerns raised above. In this paper, results from studies of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome patients and other recent studies dealing with the safety concerns above, are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804, USA.
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Clarke PA, Dickson JH, Harris JC, Grabowska A, Watson SA. Gastrin enhances the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells via modulation of heparin-binding epidermal-like growth factor. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3504-12. [PMID: 16585174 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether gastrin modulates endothelial cell activity via heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) expression. Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) were assessed for tubule formation in the presence of amidated gastrin-17 (G17) and glycine-extended gastrin-17 (GlyG17) peptides. HB-EGF gene and protein expressions were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blotting, and HB-EGF shedding by ELISA. Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 were assessed by Western blotting. Chick chorioallantoic membrane studies measured the in vivo angiogenic potential of gastrin and microvessel density (MVD) was assessed in large intestinal premalignant lesions of hypergastrinaemic APC(Min) mice. MVD was also examined in human colorectal tumor and resection margin normals and correlated with serum-amidated gastrin levels (via RIA) and HB-EGF protein expression (via immunohistochemistry). HUVEC cells showed increased tubule and node formation in response to G17 (186%, P < 0.0005) and GlyG17 (194%, P < 0.0005). This was blockaded by the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK-2R) antagonists JB95008 and JMV1155 and by antiserum to gastrin and HB-EGF. Gastrin peptides increased HB-EGF gene expression/protein secretion in HUVEC and microvessel-derived endothelial cells and the levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9. G17 promoted angiogenesis in a chorioallantoic membrane assay, and MVD was significantly elevated in premalignant large intestinal tissue from hypergastrinaemic APC(Min) mice. In terms of the clinical situation, MVD in the normal mucosa surrounding colorectal adenocarcinomas correlated with patient serum gastrin levels and HB-EGF expression. Gastrin peptides, acting through the CCK-2R, enhance endothelial cell activity in models of angiogenesis. This may be mediated through enhanced expression and shedding of HB-EGF, possibly resulting from increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases. This proangiogenic effect translates to the in vivo and human situations and may add to the tumorigenic properties attributable to gastrin peptides in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Clarke
- Academic Unit of Cancer Studies, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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He H, Pannequin J, Tantiongco JP, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Glycine-extended gastrin stimulates cell proliferation and migration through a Rho- and ROCK-dependent pathway, not a Rac/Cdc42-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G478-88. [PMID: 15845872 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00034.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Both amidated gastrin (Gamide) and glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) stimulate gastrointestinal cell proliferation and migration. Binding of Gamide to the cholecystokinin-2 receptor activates small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42), and dominant-negative mutants of Rho or Cdc42 block Gamide-stimulated cell proliferation and survival. In comparison, little is known about the Ggly signaling transduction pathway leading to cell proliferation and migration. The present study examined the roles of the small G proteins Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 in Ggly-induced proliferation and migration of the mouse gastric epithelial cell line IMGE-5. Ggly stimulated the activation of Rho and its downstream effector protein ROCK. The activation of Rho and ROCK mediated Ggly-induced cell proliferation and migration as inhibition of Rho by C3, or ROCK by Y-27632, completely blocked these effects of Ggly. Ggly also stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, and stimulation was reversed by addition of C3 and Y-27632. In contrast to the effects of Rho and ROCK, inhibition of the Rac or Cdc42 pathways by expression of dominant-negative mutants of Rac or Cdc42 did not affect Ggly-induced cell proliferation and migration. These results demonstrate that Ggly stimulates IMGE-5 cell proliferation and migration through a Rho/ROCK-dependent pathway but not via Rac- or Cdc42-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Melbourne, Austin Health, Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Müerköster S, Isberner A, Arlt A, Witt M, Reimann B, Blaszczuk E, Werbing V, Fölsch UR, Schmitz F, Schäfer H. Gastrin suppresses growth of CCK2 receptor expressing colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:952-68. [PMID: 16143134 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The role of amidated gastrin17 (G17) and the gastrin/CCKB/CCK2 receptor in colorectal carcinogenesis is still a controversial issue. Here, we investigated the effect of G17 on proliferation and apoptosis of CCK2 receptor-expressing human colon cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Proliferation was determined by cell counting and cell cycle analysis. Apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V staining, TUNEL staining, caspase-3/7 assay, and JC1 (delta psi) assay. Signal-transduction pathways were analyzed by Western blotting and gel-shift and luciferase assays. An in vivo tumor model with subcutaneously inoculated colon cancer cells in SCID mice was used, and systemic hypergastrinemia was induced by omeprazole. RESULTS In Colo320 cells stably transfected with the wild-type CCK2 receptor (Colo320wt) or in Lovo cells endogenously expressing CCK2 receptors, G17 treatment inhibited proliferation along with a G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the administration of G17 significantly augmented apoptosis of CCK2 receptor-expressing cells. In contrast, G17 had no effect on proliferation and apoptosis in Colo320 cells stably transfected with a tumor-derived CCK2 receptor mutant (Colo320mut) or in cells lacking CCK2 receptor expression. Systemic hypergastrinemia in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice suppressed the growth of Colo320wt tumors accompanied by enhanced apoptosis as compared with untreated tumors. In contrast, omeprazole did not affect Colo320mut tumors reflecting a loss-of-function state of the CCK2(mut) receptor. This is supported by the observation that, in Colo320wt cells, but not in Colo320mut cells, G17 treatment induced the MAPK/ERK/AP-1 pathway and inhibited the activity of NF-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS G17 exerts an antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect on human colon cancer cells expressing the wild-type CCK2 receptor. This supports the view that amidated gastrin prevents rather than promotes colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Müerköster
- Division of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Dockray G, Dimaline R, Varro A. Gastrin: old hormone, new functions. Pflugers Arch 2004; 449:344-55. [PMID: 15480747 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-004-1347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is exactly a century since the gastric hormone gastrin was first described as a blood-borne regulator of gastric acid secretion. The identities of the main active forms of the hormone (the "classical gastrins") and their cellular and molecular sites of action in regulating acid secretion have all attracted sustained attention. However, recent work on peptides derived from the gastrin precursor that do not stimulate acid secretion ("non-classical gastrins"), together with studies on mice over-expressing the gene, or in which the gastrin gene has been deleted, suggest hitherto unsuspected roles in regulating cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Moreover, microarray and proteomic studies have identified previously unsuspected target genes of the classical gastrins. Some of the newer actions have implications for our understanding of the progression to cancer in oesophagus, stomach, pancreas and colon, all of which have recently been linked in one way or another to dysfunctional signalling involving products of the gastrin gene. The present review focuses on recent progress in understanding the biology of both classical and non-classical gastrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Dockray
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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