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A Biomimetic Microfluidic Tumor Microenvironment Platform Mimicking the EPR Effect for Rapid Screening of Drug Delivery Systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9359. [PMID: 28839211 PMCID: PMC5571192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of tumor drug delivery in vivo is a daunting challenge due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we developed a biomimetic microfluidic tumor microenvironment (bMTM) comprising co-culture of tumor and endothelial cells in a 3D environment. The platform consists of a vascular compartment featuring a network of vessels cultured with endothelial cells forming a complete lumen under shear flow in communication with 3D solid tumors cultured in a tumor compartment. Endothelial cell permeability to both small dye molecules and large liposomal drug carriers were quantified using fluorescence microscopy. Endothelial cell intercellular junction formation was characterized by immunostaining. Endothelial cell permeability significantly increased in the presence of either tumor cell conditioned media (TCM) or tumor cells. The magnitude of this increase in permeability was significantly higher in the presence of metastatic breast tumor cells as compared to non-metastatic ones. Immunostaining revealed impaired endothelial cell-cell junctions in the presence of either metastatic TCM or metastatic tumor cells. Our findings indicate that the bMTM platform mimics the tumor microenvironment including the EPR effect. This platform has a significant potential in applications such as cell-cell/cell-drug carrier interaction studies and rapid screening of cancer drug therapeutics/carriers.
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Hexachlorobenzene promotes angiogenesis in vivo, in a breast cancer model and neovasculogenesis in vitro, in the human microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hayashi S, Ueno N, Murase A, Takada J. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of novel and diverse cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:846-67. [PMID: 24517373 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.864650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the pivotal role of cyclooxygenase (COX) in the inflammatory processes, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that suppress COX activities have been used clinically for the treatment of inflammatory diseases/syndromes; however, traditional NSAIDs exhibit serious side-effects such as gastrointestinal damage and hyper sensitivity owing to their COX-1 inhibition. Also, COX-2 inhibition-derived suppressive or preventive effects against initiation/proliferation/invasion/motility/recurrence/metastasis of various cancers/tumours such as colon, gastric, skin, lung, liver, pancreas, breast, prostate, cervical and ovarian cancers are significant. In this study, design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of various novel {2-[(2-, 3- and/or 4-substituted)-benzoyl, (bicyclic heterocycloalkanophenyl)carbonyl or cycloalkanecarbonyl]-(5- or 6-substituted)-1H-indol-3-yl}acetic acid analogues were investigated to seek and identify various chemotypes of potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, resulting in the discovery of orally potent agents in the peripheral-inflammation model rats. The SARs and physicochemical properties for the analogues are described as significant findings. For graphical abstract: see Supplementary Material. ( www.informahealthcare.com/enz ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Hayashi
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan Inc. , Taketoyo, Aichi , Japan
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Dai ZJ, Ma XB, Kang HF, Gao J, Min WL, Guan HT, Diao Y, Lu WF, Wang XJ. Antitumor activity of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on breast cancer in Vitro and in Vivo. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:53. [PMID: 23249419 PMCID: PMC3558357 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) promotes carcinogenesis, tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and immunosuppression. Meanwhile, COX-2 over-expression has been associated with tumor behavior and prognosis in several cancers. This study investigated the antitumor effects of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, Celecoxib, on breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Methods Human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured with different concentration (10, 20, 40 μmol/L) of celecoxib after 0-96 hours in vitro. MTT assay was used to determine the growth inhibition of breast cancer cells in vitro. The expression of COX-2 on mRNA was measured by real-time quantitive PCR analysis. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle of MCF-7 cells. Levels of PGE2 were measured by ELISA method. The in vivo therapeutic effects of celecoxib were determined using rat breast cancer chemically induced by 7,12-dimethylben anthracene (DMBA). Results The inhibition of proliferation of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro by celecoxib was observerd in time and dose dependent manner. Celecoxib effectively down-regulated the expression of COX-2. The cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1, and rate of cells in S phase was obviously decreased. Levels of PGE2 were inhibited by Celecoxib. The tumor incidence rate of the celecoxib group was lower than that of the control group. In addition, the tumor latency period of the celecoxib group was longer than that of the control group. Conclusions Celecoxib inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines in vitro, and prevented the occurrence of rat breast cancer chemically induced by DMBA. Therefore, celecoxib exhibits an antitumor activity and seems to be effective in anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Dai
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Ma
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hua-Feng Kang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Wei-Li Min
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hai-Tao Guan
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yan Diao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Wang-Feng Lu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xi-Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
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Jin Z, Kim YJ, Park YK, Choi YD, Lee JH, Lee D, Choi CY, Juhng SW, Choi C. Type 3 Repeats of Thrombospondin-2 Increases Metastasis in Mouse Colorectal Cancer CT-26 Cells. Chonnam Med J 2010. [DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2010.46.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yoo Duk Choi
- Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Deresa Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Cheol Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Juhng
- Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chan Choi
- Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Hyde CAC, Missailidis S. Inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and its implication on cell proliferation and tumour-angiogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:701-15. [PMID: 19239926 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites have recently generated a heightened interest due to growing evidence of their significant role in cancer biology. Thus, inhibitors of the AA cascade, first and foremost COX inhibitors, which have originally been of interest in the treatment of inflammatory conditions and certain types of cardiovascular disease, are now attracting attention as an arsenal against cancer. An increasing number of investigations support their role in cancer chemoprevention, although the precise molecular mechanisms that link levels of AA, and its metabolites, with cancer progression have still to be elucidated. This article provides an overview of the AA cascade and focuses on the roles of its inhibitors and their implication in cancer treatment. In particular, emphasis is placed on the inhibition of cell proliferation and neo-angiogenesis through inhibition of the enzymes COX-2, 5-LOX and CYP450. Downstream effects of inhibition of AA metabolites are analysed and the molecular mechanisms of action of a selected number of inhibitors of catalytic pathways reviewed. Lastly, the benefits of dietary omega-3 fatty acids and their mechanisms of action leading to reduced cancer risk and impeded cancer cell growth are mentioned. Finally, a proposal is put forward, suggesting a novel and integrated approach in viewing the molecular mechanisms and complex interactions responsible for the involvement of AA metabolites in carcinogenesis and the protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and tumour prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A C Hyde
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK5 7AS, UK
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Park W, Oh YT, Han JH, Pyo H. Antitumor enhancement of celecoxib, a selective Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in a Lewis lung carcinoma expressing Cyclooxygenase-2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2008; 27:66. [PMID: 19000324 PMCID: PMC2621123 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The goal of this study was to determine the effects of a selective Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor on the inhibition of tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in a Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) animal model. Methods For immunoblot analysis of COX-2 and PGE2, cells were treated with irradiation in the presence or absence of celecoxib. The right thighs of male, 6-week old C57/BL mice were subcutaneously injected with 1 × 106 LLC cells. The animals were randomized into one of six groups: (1) no treatment, (2) 25 mg/kg celecoxib daily, (3) 75 mg/kg celecoxib daily, (4) 10 Gy irradiation, (5) 10 Gy irradiation plus 25 mg/kg celecoxib daily, and (6) 10 Gy irradiation plus 75 mg/kg celecoxib daily. Mice were irradiated only once, and celecoxib was administered orally. Mice were irradiated with 4-MV photons once the tumor volume of the control group reached 500 mm3. All mice were sacrificed when the mean tumor volume of control animals grew to 4000 mm3. The left lobes of the lungs were extracted for the measurement of metastatic nodules. Results Irradiation resulted in a dose-dependent increase in PGE2 production. PGE2 synthesis decreased markedly after treatment with celecoxib alone or in combination with irradiation. Compared to mice treated with low dose celecoxib, mean tumor volume decreased significantly in mice treated with a high dose of celecoxib with or without irradiation. Mice treated with a high dose celecoxib alone, with irradiation alone, or with irradiation plus celecoxib had markedly fewer metastatic lung nodules than controls. The mean metastatic area was the smallest for mice treated with irradiation plus a high dose celecoxib. Conclusion Oral administration of high dose celecoxib significantly inhibited tumor growth, as compared to a low dose treatment. Radiotherapy in combination with high dose celecoxib delayed tumor growth and reduced the number of pulmonary metastases to a greater extent than celecoxib or radiotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Kobayashi H, Hashiguchi Y, Ueno H, Shinto E, Kajiwara Y, Mochizuki H. Absence of cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression is a predictor of tumor regression in rectal cancer treated with preoperative short-term chemoradiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:1354-62. [PMID: 17308999 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-006-0881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision has become the standard of care for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. This study was designed to determine whether pretreatment cyclooxygenase-2 and p53 protein expression were predictors of histopathologic response in patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative short-term chemoradiotherapy. METHODS Fifty-two patients with low rectal cancer received short-term preoperative chemoradiotherapy (20 Gy given in 5 daily doses of 4 Gy and concurrent administration of Tegafur/Uracil 400 mg/day), followed by total mesorectal excision. Cyclooxygenase-2 and p53 protein expression were measured by immunohistochemistry before and at the time of resection. Tumor regression grading was evaluated according to the criteria by Rodel (Grade 4, complete regression; Grade 3, regression >50 percent; Grade 2, 25-50 percent; Grade 1,<25 percent; and Grade 0, no regression). RESULTS Two patients had a pathologic complete response. Good response (Grade 3 + 4) was found in 57.7 percent of the resected specimens. Cyclooxygenase-2 was expressed in 80.8 percent of patients before chemoradiotherapy and in 100 percent after chemoradiotherapy. The rates of good response (Grade 3 + 4) were significantly associated with lack of cyclooxygenase-2 expression before chemoradiotherapy (P = 0.021). However, there was no correlation between p53 protein expression and tumor regression grading. CONCLUSIONS Patients with tumor lacking cyclooxygenase-2 expression before chemoradiotherapy are more likely to demonstrate good response to treatment. Cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression may be a marker for response to chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer.
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Kobayashi H, Uetake H, Higuchi T, Enomoto M, Sugihara K. JTE-522, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, inhibits growth of pulmonary metastases of colorectal cancer in rats. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:26. [PMID: 15743541 PMCID: PMC555553 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies have shown that individuals who regularly consume NSAIDs have lower rates of mortality associated with colorectal cancer. Because COX-2 inhibitors prevent tumor growth through some mechanisms, we assessed the effect of JTE-522, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, on pulmonary metastases of colon cancer in a rat model. Methods A suspension of 5 × 106 RCN-9 (rat colon cancer cells) was injected into the tail vein of 24 anesthetized male F344/DuCrj rats. Oral JTE-522 (0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg/day) was administered from the day before RCN-9 injection until the end of the study. Twenty-four days later, the lungs were removed from sacrificed rats and weighed. Pulmonary metastatic tumors were microscopically evaluated in the largest cross sections. We also performed immunohistochemical staining for both COX-2 and VEGF. Results JTE-522 dose-dependently decreased lung weight (p = 0.001) and the size of pulmonary metastatic tumors (p = 0.0002). However, the differences in the number of metastatic tumors among 4 groups were insignificant. Significant adverse effects of JTE-522 were undetectable. Immunohistochemical staining showed high levels of both COX-2 and VEGF in pulmonary metastatic tumors. Conclusion JTE-522 dose-dependently decreased the size, but not the number of pulmonary metastases. COX-2 inhibitors might block metastatic tumor growth, but not actual metastasis. Selective COX-2 inhibitors might be useful as therapeutic agents that inhibit the growth of metastatic tumors, as well as the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uetake
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Higuchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Masayuki Enomoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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